[HN Gopher] Yamaha DX7 Technical Analysis
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Yamaha DX7 Technical Analysis
        
       Author : jacquesm
       Score  : 264 points
       Date   : 2021-10-21 05:57 UTC (17 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (ajxs.me)
 (TXT) w3m dump (ajxs.me)
        
       | weatherlight wrote:
       | I was under the impression that, despite the name, the Yamaha FM
       | synths didn't actually use frequency Modulation but rather phase
       | modulation. With Frequency modulation you can't have an operator
       | feed back on its self.
       | 
       | If you take a DX7 patch and implement it on something like the
       | PreenFM2 or PreenFM3 (which uses actual FM), any algorithm with
       | more than a few operators is going to sound quite different.
       | 
       | I still love the old Yamaha FM synths though, the lo-fi-ness of
       | the DACs are so musical/magical.
       | 
       | Here's a IDM track I made with just the Yamaha TX81z 4op FM
       | synth. https://soundcloud.com/cassilda_and_carcosa/ontologies-
       | tape-...
        
         | jacquesm wrote:
         | Wow, that transported me right back to my first experience
         | listening to Kraftwerk. Thank you, keep it up, very well done!
        
           | xattt wrote:
           | I'm getting Aphex Twin out of this!
        
             | weatherlight wrote:
             | 7\
             | 
             | Thanks!
        
         | tekstar wrote:
         | Woah! Are the drums also TX81Z? That sounds great!
        
           | weatherlight wrote:
           | TX81z sampled and trigger with an elektron rytm mk2. also,
           | thanks!
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | klodolph wrote:
         | > I was under the impression that, despite the name, the Yamaha
         | FM synths didn't actually use frequency Modulation but rather
         | phase modulation. With Frequency modulation you can't have an
         | operator feed back on its self.
         | 
         | It's true that it's phase modulation, but phase is just the
         | derivative of frequency, and the derivative is a linear
         | operator (essentially a 6dB/oct EQ). So I don't think it's an
         | especially important piece of terminology to get correct.
         | 
         | The statement about feedback is actually backwards. You cannot
         | directly incorporate feedback into a phase modulation system.
         | In the Yamaha system, the feedback is delayed by a sample to
         | make it work. In an FM synth, this would not be necessary, and
         | you could just directly feed the output back into the input.
        
           | tgv wrote:
           | I think direct feedback in PM is possible, at least for low
           | modulation indices. The Yamaha implementation is in software,
           | so a one sample delay is the easiest implementation
           | (otherwise you'd have to solve a rather complex equation at
           | every step).
        
             | klodolph wrote:
             | The distinction that I'm making is exactly that. You can't
             | incorporate direct feedback into a phase modulation
             | synthesizer, you need to incorporate delay into the
             | feedback path. By comparison, you can use direct feedback
             | with subtractive or FM synthesis.
             | 
             | The one-sample delay basically turns the feedback into an
             | iterated function system. With certain parameters, you end
             | up with aperiodic results--cool in theory, but in practice,
             | often just used as a noise source.
        
               | tgv wrote:
               | But if we take the simplest example, f(x) = sin(x +
               | c*f(x)), we can solve it, (numerically). If I run it up
               | to 0.5p for c=0.5, I get something that's (obviously)
               | very close to the function with a short delay. So I take
               | that as the possibility of direct feedback, although in a
               | electronic circuit, feedback also has a minute delay.
        
           | nyanpasu64 wrote:
           | > phase is just the derivative of frequency, and the
           | derivative is a linear operator (essentially a 6dB/oct EQ).
           | 
           | FM (if strong enough to create negative frequencies) and PM
           | are equivalent when you're modulating a signal with a sine
           | wave. As soon as you chain modulators, they're no longer
           | mathematically equivalent or capable of producing the same
           | sounds, since frequency-modulating a signal by a complex wave
           | is different from phase-modulating a signal by the same
           | complex wave (which can produce sharp corners given a bounded
           | input with sharp corners).
        
           | weatherlight wrote:
           | One thing that is different in the preenfm2 compared to the
           | Yamahas stuff is, that it uses linear FM and therefore will
           | not do operator feedback.
           | 
           | The guy behind the preenfm2 says, that feedback is not that
           | important, when you have a variety of waveforms for
           | modulation. Linear FM also has the advantage of being a bit
           | "friendlier/warmer" when using complex waveforms as
           | modulators (Higher harmonics of the modulator will have a
           | smaller effect than in phase modulation).
           | 
           | One thing you loose when not having feedback: The normal
           | feedback happens after the amplification/envelope if I
           | remember correctly Therefore the amount of feedback scales
           | with the amplitude. With feedback you therefore get less
           | harmonics and therefore a "softer" sound at lower amplitudes.
           | This is quite useful, because it mirrors the behavior of most
           | natural sound sources. It is the same idea as using a lowpass
           | gate or using the same envelope for the amp and the filter in
           | subtractive synthesis. Of course FM synths give you enough
           | options to get this effect in another way. I still like the
           | yamaha style feedback though....
        
             | klodolph wrote:
             | I will say--my personal experience, in dissecting DX7
             | presets, is that feedback is not really used that much. If
             | you are porting DX7 sounds to a different architecture, you
             | can remove the feedback and replace it with something like
             | a noise source, or another operator, much of the time, or
             | even remove it altogether.
             | 
             | This is just my personal experience. I often dig through
             | DX7 patches in order to reimplement them for demoscene
             | projects.
             | 
             | Sounds like you're getting good use out of the TX81Z. I
             | have the TX802, which is _on paper_ a better synth, but
             | controlling it from a DAW is much more of a pain because
             | the program change messages control the "performance",
             | rather than the patch. So it's been exiled from my rack, at
             | least for now.
        
               | weatherlight wrote:
               | if you try to control the parameters on the TX81z while
               | its receiving midi info, it starts to "skip" and the
               | notes start to lag, lol.
               | 
               | I wish i had a TX802 or a fs1r yamaha. Those are so nice!
        
         | weatherlight wrote:
         | also on spotify ->
         | https://open.spotify.com/track/0m3XklXAjsJAnSMgl2Upif?si=391...
        
       | S_A_P wrote:
       | Anecdote I read on Gearspace- Nine Inch Nails used to destroy
       | DX7s on stage during their tour. They would basically go to pawn
       | shops in each town they played and buy up the DX7s. They were so
       | reliable that they typically didnt have to worry about whether or
       | not they worked, and the keyboard was great for playing and
       | controlling other things via midi. They sold in such numbers that
       | they were ubiquitous, but kinda sad to know that many were
       | destroyed unnecessarily...
       | 
       | https://gearspace.com/board/electronic-music-instruments-and...
       | 
       | check post #34 from Charlie Clouser who toured with them in that
       | era and is also a pretty well known producer/engineer
        
       | jmcguckin wrote:
       | For a number of years, the FM patent was the most profitable
       | patent that Stanford owned. It's interesting that it was a patent
       | from the music department - not engineering, not biotech that
       | made the most money...
        
       | metaphor wrote:
       | > _In mathematical terms, FM synthesis is achieved by using the
       | instantaneous amplitude of a sound wave (the modulator) to adjust
       | the rate of change in the phase angle of another wave (the
       | carrier)._
       | 
       | > _As convoluted as this sounds, it makes more sense when
       | visualised:_ [1]
       | 
       | ...but does it??
       | 
       | [1]
       | https://ajxs.me/static/img/articles/dx7_technical_analysis/f...
        
         | buildsjets wrote:
         | If you understand Bessel Basis Functions, or the design and
         | tuning of motorcycle carburetors, then it makes perfect sense.
         | If you are uneducated on these and similar arithmatic
         | summations of wave functions, then it will make no sense.
        
         | rcxdude wrote:
         | "rate of change of the phase angle" is just a convoluted way of
         | saying 'frequency'
        
           | jacobvosmaer wrote:
           | I'm not sure. Intuitively I would think "phase angle" means
           | "offset into the sine wave lookup table".
           | 
           | If you step through the lookup table with constant size
           | steps, you would get a sine wave. If the steps are not
           | constant size then you get a distorted sine wave. The "rate
           | of change of the phase angle" would then be the step size.
        
             | ajxs wrote:
             | Author here: This is one reason why I used that term. I was
             | definitely thinking in terms of the 'phase accumulator'
             | looking up the sin table.
             | 
             | Everyone is absolutely right that this is the same as
             | _frequency_. I think I was used that particular poetic
             | flourish to emphasise how complicated the academic,
             | mathematic explanation is, in contrast with the diagram.
             | Quite likely I picked up that exact phrasing of _" phase
             | angle"_ from some academic literature in particular.
        
               | joeberon wrote:
               | > This is exactly why I used that term
               | 
               | That's a lie, because:
               | 
               | > I think I was used that particular poetic flourish to
               | emphasise how complicated the academic, mathematic
               | explanation is, in contrast with the diagram
               | 
               | is a totally different to what the person you are
               | replying to said
        
               | ajxs wrote:
               | I've edited my post to clarify. It's _a reason_ why I
               | used that term. The second part of my post is not
               | directly addressing what GP said. One of my aims in
               | writing this article was to create something that could
               | be interesting to read, with someone like myself as the
               | target audience. Part of that involves using some
               | artistic flourish.
        
             | HelloNurse wrote:
             | What matters for FM is an instantaneous quantity: the
             | derivative or increment of the instantaneous phase, i.e.
             | how the phase changes from sample to sample.
             | 
             | What is usually called frequency, and has the same value in
             | boring cases like an unvarying sinusoid, is the inverse of
             | the period of the resulting sound as someone would hear it,
             | which is not instantaneous and needs on the order of one
             | period's worth of samples (usually more) to estimate, for a
             | certain definition of period (e.g. interval between zero
             | crossings) or a certain mathematically reasonable
             | calculation (e.g. estimating the frequency of the strongest
             | component from a fixed-length window of past samples).
        
             | joeberon wrote:
             | "frequency" would mean the same thing in your weird
             | practical analogy.
        
               | cto_of_antifa wrote:
               | Be polite, please.
        
             | rcxdude wrote:
             | This is exactly how direct digital synthesis works and the
             | 'step size' is labelled 'frequency' (specifically,
             | frequency in HZ = step size / size of table * update rate)
        
         | armchairhacker wrote:
         | Idk what's going on with the modulated carrier in that image.
         | Here's a better visualization:
         | https://flypaper.soundfly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/AM_...
         | 
         | Notice how, when the modulator wave is at its top the FM wave
         | is very short, and when the modulator wave is at its bottom the
         | FM wave is very long.
         | 
         | FM = adjust the frequency (width) of the carrier based on the
         | absolute value of the modulator.
        
           | ajxs wrote:
           | Author here: Thanks for pointing this mistake out! I'm not
           | sure how I didn't validate this. I believe the mistake lies
           | in the _absolute value_ aspect of the formula. Unfortunately
           | I can 't find the script I used to create those diagrams.
           | I've been meaning to revisit this article, and update it with
           | some of my more recent discoveries. I'll make sure to update
           | this when I do so!
        
             | metaphor wrote:
             | Link to the Chowning paper[1] is broken too; hazarding a
             | guess that neither AES nor Prof. Fessler would mind.
             | 
             | [1] https://web.eecs.umich.edu/~fessler/course/100/misc/cho
             | wning...
        
         | ajuc wrote:
         | > ...but does it??
         | 
         | I think in this case the clearest explanation is the equations
         | + graphs:                   1. modulator(t) = sin(t)         2.
         | carrier(t) = sin(t*4)         3. result(t) = sin(t*4 + d
         | modulator(t)/dt) = sin(t*4 + cos(t))
         | 
         | http://www.fooplot.com/#W3sidHlwZSI6MCwiZXEiOiI0K3NpbigxMCp4...
         | 
         | EDIT: it's wrong, see below
        
           | MauranKilom wrote:
           | I'm pretty sure you need an integral in there somewhere, no?
        
         | 8bitsrule wrote:
         | It helps me to think of the difference between AM and FM radio.
         | 
         | In an AM radio signal, the frequency of the carrier is
         | constant; the amplitude of the audio modulates the _amplitude_
         | of the carrier.
         | 
         | In an FM radio signal, the amplitude of the audio modulates the
         | _frequency_ of the carrier. That 's the difference!
         | 
         | In musical terms, I very much like some analog, and some FM,
         | synthesizers. But certainly, back in the day, getting some rich
         | sounds out of FM synths was _a lot_ cheaper than analog. (Just
         | in terms of the cost of patch cords alone ;-) Without Chowning
         | there wouldn 't _have been_ a synthpop era!
        
       | parabyl wrote:
       | Interestingly, the DX7's log drum patch is having a massive
       | comeback in the South African genre Amapiano. I would draw a
       | parallel here to the 808 bass, in that I wouldn't be surprised to
       | see the Log Drum become a lasting element in South African
       | electronic music.
        
         | mns06 wrote:
         | I've been trying to figure out what this genre of African music
         | is called for ages. Thanks!
        
       | tgv wrote:
       | Plogue, a Canadian software company, have recently released a
       | (software) emulation of the DX-7 in excruciating detail. Here you
       | can see part of the trouble they went through:
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJ97iXQrqzw. Suffice to say that
       | they used a logic analyzer to discover gritty details that no
       | other analysis of the DX-7 I know has ever paid attention of.
        
         | z5h wrote:
         | I like to think I'm a synth nerd in the know, and certainly
         | chat a lot and read synth forums. But Plogue have flown under
         | my radar. This looks like great stuff at a good price. Do you
         | own any of their soft synths?
        
           | tekstar wrote:
           | I think they have a decently lengthen demo period for all
           | their plugins. I remember playing with many of them in the
           | past for a period
        
           | S_A_P wrote:
           | Plogue has been around for a while but nobody could fault you
           | for missing them. I have been and active member of KVR VST
           | for over 20 years which is where I heard of them but never
           | owned anything of theirs. It was only recently announced that
           | they released this 'sample accurate' DX7 clone.
           | 
           | I have TX7 for and the Arturia DX-7V. Typically FM or Phase
           | Distortion(Casio CZ synths) arent really the type of sound I
           | go for, but they definitely shine in clanky metallic
           | dissonance.
        
             | TheOtherHobbes wrote:
             | Bidule has been around for _ages_ - at least 10 and maybe
             | even 20 years.
        
           | tgv wrote:
           | I have two of their sample players (one for Garritan
           | products, and their free sfz player), I've got Bidule (which
           | is a semi-modular environment where you can combine
           | processing units and plugins in complex graphs; a bit like
           | Reaktor), and recently bought the OPS7, because it sounds so
           | damn authentic and is fun to play with: it has two layers, so
           | you get something similar to the DX-1/5 sound.
        
           | tecleandor wrote:
           | They have some great things. I bought their Bitcrusher plugin
           | years ago, which is really fun, and I think I still receive
           | software updates for that.
           | 
           | Chipsounds is great if you're into 8-bit / chiptunes and the
           | like (they also have a "chipsynths" series of plugins
           | emulating SNES/MEGADRIVE, and other classic game consoles,
           | but I haven't tested them...)
           | 
           | And Bidule is quite a thing. Is some sort of modular VST
           | synth with tremendous options for routing that seems very
           | well suited to prepare live performances. The Philip Glass
           | Ensemble, through Michael Resman has used it at least once to
           | make complex live setups: https://www.plogue.com/michael-
           | riesman.html
        
           | jlarcombe wrote:
           | they're super great, their software is ace. we used to work
           | with them at my old company and they're lovely people too!
        
         | noizejoy wrote:
         | Another venerable DX7 software emulation worth mentioning is
         | the free and open source Dexed[0], which also doubles as a
         | patch librarian for a real DX7.
         | 
         | [0] https://asb2m10.github.io/dexed/
        
           | 867-5309 wrote:
           | dexed is in the Acknowledgements of the main article
        
           | tomcam wrote:
           | Wow, thank you
        
         | yobbo wrote:
         | Mind blown
        
           | jacquesm wrote:
           | Why?
        
             | weatherlight wrote:
             | The DAC conversion is hard to nail in combined with the
             | 12-bit certain crunchiness to the old Yamaha FM synths.
        
               | AstralStorm wrote:
               | I think using 15-bit ADPCM u-law would be a quick and
               | dirty approximation. Or similar ADPCM.
        
               | nyanpasu64 wrote:
               | Retro synth emulators are terrible at proper analog audio
               | emulation. Higan (the "most accurate" SNES emulator) uses
               | cubic teaming for the output without an attempt to
               | emulate the stairstepped ZOH DAC or analog lowpass, or
               | implement a brick wall. Plogue is one of the few
               | developers to produce proper analog emulation, and they
               | say they document all their research
               | (https://youtu.be/V3yWXVAZgO0), but I'll have to check
               | again to see if I can find it in the video or not.
        
         | jacquesm wrote:
         | Thank you, most interesting.
        
       | mikewarot wrote:
       | The numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) aka Direct Digital
       | Synthesizer (DDS) at the heart of this is one of the most elegant
       | things I've encountered. I once used an NCO to adjust for belt
       | speed variation in a machine that applied hot glue to corrugated
       | boxes in a production environment. The CPU I had at the time was
       | constrained to 512 Bytes of EEPROM to store the program in, and
       | it (the NCO) really helped fit that along with all the I/O to
       | read the input thumbwheels into the thing.
       | 
       | The customer kept adding features, and when I was all done, I had
       | all the code in 511 bytes.
       | 
       | All a phase accumulator is is a long register you add to, and
       | only take the top N bits off of. It's quite easy to have 64 bits
       | of frequency resolution, regardless of how many bits your SINE
       | table lookup is going to the DAC.
        
         | jacquesm wrote:
         | > I had all the code in 511 bytes
         | 
         | What a waste ;)
         | 
         | It's funny how this works though: customer makes yet another
         | request, at first your response is 'forget it'. Then, late at
         | night when the house is quiet you really start to think about
         | it and bit by bit the solution starts to present itself. Then a
         | highly annoying bout of code golf later you manage to squeeze
         | the feature in, and end up with more free space than you had
         | before...
        
         | HeyLaughingBoy wrote:
         | I have to ask. Was the MCU by chance an MC68HC705K1?
         | 
         | Asking for a friend :-)
        
           | mikewarot wrote:
           | It was a 68HC11, I forget the specific model number, they had
           | a few development boards for $68.11 in the local college
           | bookstore, so that's how I prototyped it. ;-)
        
             | HeyLaughingBoy wrote:
             | I asked because in interviews I used to mention the amount
             | of functionality I stuffed into a 'K1, which ISTR had 511
             | bytes of program memory.
             | 
             | I recall that HC11 version too! I bought the PLCC version
             | and made my own dev board with a through hole PLCC socket
             | :-)
             | 
             | [edit] memory just caught up to me. The HC05K1 had 504
             | bytes of program memory, not 511.
        
       | QuadrupleA wrote:
       | I've been restoring a closely related DX11 recently - one
       | interesting tidbit of over-engineering, the keyboard matrix for
       | the tact switches on the front panel (not just the musical keys)
       | has a diode for every switch, to apparently allow "chords" of 3
       | or more programming buttons to be held and scanned at once. Can't
       | see why it's needed during programming of the patches, but I
       | might be missing something. Maybe someone had a kickback deal
       | with the diode vendor to ship an extra 40 of them per unit :).
        
         | jacquesm wrote:
         | I think without that diode there would be ambiguity about which
         | switch is pressed, it keeps the rows and columns in the matrix
         | separate so no current can flow back to other rows/colums when
         | one key is pressed.
        
           | QuadrupleA wrote:
           | You can definitely do 2 simultaneous keys unambiguously
           | without diodes; 3 keys is where you sometimes get "phantom
           | keys" by bridging other rows / columns to each other. Depends
           | on the matrix layout though, if you have say an 8 x 8 matrix
           | for 64 keys and each pressed key is on the same column or
           | row, you can read 8 simultaneously without any problems.
           | 
           | Most PC keyboards leverage this so they can skip diodes, and
           | just route the matrix so that common simultaneous
           | combinations (modifier keys, WASD for games etc.) don't
           | interfere with each other.
        
             | jacquesm wrote:
             | Hm. I don't know about that, I thought that the problem
             | already existed for 2 diagonally opposing sets of buttons:
             | you can't tell the difference between the two.
             | 
             | so:                      | | | | | |
             | ---+-+-+-+-+-+-----            | | | | | |
             | ---+-+-*-+-+-+-----                    | | | | | |
             | ---+-+-+-*-+-+-----            | | | | | |
             | 
             | and                      | | | | | |
             | ---+-+-+-+-+-+-----            | | | | | |
             | ---+-+-+-*-+-+-----                    | | | | | |
             | ---+-+-*-+-+-+-----            | | | | | |
             | 
             | Would look identical to the CPU without diodes.
        
               | TheOtherHobbes wrote:
               | https://patents.google.com/patent/US5430443
        
               | jacquesm wrote:
               | Ah I see, clever!
               | 
               | So in essence because the diode solution requires rows
               | times columns diodes and this one only has a couple of
               | parts per row and per column it scales better and for
               | larger keyboards will end up with a substantially reduced
               | parts count and a simpler circuit.
               | 
               | That patent is quite a bit younger than the synth though,
               | so it's kind of logical that that technique would not be
               | used, and my hunch on why they used those diodes back
               | then is likely correct, even if we have a smarter way of
               | doing this now.
        
               | QuadrupleA wrote:
               | That should work fine - the CPU would scan / energize
               | each row independently and then check which columns are
               | connected.
        
               | QuestingElf wrote:
               | On a related note (pun intended) I once had a problem
               | with one of these synths and its rubber contact strip. I
               | would hit certain keys then hear a neighbor note or the
               | same note an octave away. I thought there was a short in
               | the scanning circuitry (I had resoldered some joints that
               | appeared weak earlier by a ribbon connector for the
               | keybed.)
               | 
               | Turns out the rubber contact strip was installed
               | inverted. I think this one didn't have notches to make
               | sure it was oriented correctly. After flipping it, notes
               | sounded as expected.
        
       | klodolph wrote:
       | Also note--there's no interpolation. Those 4096 entries in the
       | table? That's all you get. The chip will not interpolate between
       | them.
        
         | kennywinker wrote:
         | This was the first thing I scanned the article for. Without
         | interpolation, my understanding is there's likely a TON of
         | aliasing in the raw output, but then that goes through a 16khz
         | lowpass filter that chops everything above 16khz off - cleaning
         | it up.
        
           | jacquesm wrote:
           | I wonder if there is a nice spot where the audio pre-lowpass
           | filter can be pulled out to listen to.
           | 
           | The inverting input of IC56 might be a good place.
        
       | lars-b2018 wrote:
       | Really good article. My first synth, that I had to save up for as
       | a teen, was a DX7. However, wasn't FM synthesis part of the New
       | England Digital's Synclavier system, which was available in the
       | late 70s? Certainly the DX7 was really the first mass-market
       | commercial offering, but I believe the Synclavier was first to
       | market with frequency modulation. I wonder what the arrangement
       | was with John Chowning, if anything, on this.
       | 
       | https://120years.net/wordpress/the-synclavier-ii-new-england...
        
         | TonyTrapp wrote:
         | I think this explains the timeline quite well:
         | https://priceonomics.com/the-father-of-the-digital-synthesiz...
         | 
         | > Somewhere in this lull, a tiny Vermont-based synthesizer
         | company aptly named the New England Digital Corporation beat
         | Yamaha to the punch by producing the world's first digital
         | synthesizer, the "Synclavier." Though only 20 units were sold
         | at $41,685 each, and they were all reserved for top-notch
         | musicians, Stanford took no chances, and swiftly sued the
         | company for infringing on its FM synthesis patent. From that
         | point forward, the university received a sum of $43 every time
         | a Synclavier was sold.
         | 
         | Yamaha had been working on FM synthesis for a few years already
         | at that point.
        
           | achairapart wrote:
           | The DX7 was the first affordable, fully digital programmable
           | keyboard to hit the market.
           | 
           | Also, technology for digital synthesis was already there, the
           | big game was to avoid patent infringement from other
           | companies.
           | 
           | For example, Casio invented the "Vowel-consonant synthesis"
           | used in their 80s Casiotone keyboards mostly to prevent
           | conflicts with an existing patent from Allen Organs[0]. And
           | later, they came out with the "Phase Distortion Synthesis" as
           | an *alternative* FM synthesis[1].
           | 
           | [0]: See the bottom of this page:
           | http://weltenschule.de/TableHooters/Casio_CT-410V.html
           | 
           | [1]: https://electricdruid.net/phase-distortion-synthesis/
        
           | grumpyprole wrote:
           | There's a solo album by Eddie Jobson (circa 1985) "Theme of
           | Secrets", which is an excellent showcase for the Synclavier
           | (IIRC the entire album is done with it).
        
             | jacquesm wrote:
             | That's a pretty good record, I still have it. The opening
             | song sounds like a marble falling on a huge sheet of glass.
             | Quite the sound effect for the time.
        
       | ChrisMarshallNY wrote:
       | I used a DX7 to write my MIDI driver for the Mac, in the late
       | 1980s. I never really played it. I was a bass player.
       | 
       | By the time it was ready for release, Apple released their own
       | driver, so I just open-sourced my work.
       | 
       | I gave the DX7 to someone. Can't remember who.
        
       | mdp2021 wrote:
       | Waiting now for the SY99 ;)
        
         | ajxs wrote:
         | Author here: I wish! I own a TG77, and it's an absolutely
         | amazing synth. While I don't have any direct experience with
         | the SY99, the 77 was so far ahead of its time. The sheer amount
         | of features packed into the synth alone is an engineering feat.
        
           | speed_spread wrote:
           | I have an SY77 that I'm scared of. It's my second oldest
           | synth and yet the deepest, craziest machine of all the
           | studio. I can't fathom the engineering process that went
           | behind it.
        
           | pea wrote:
           | I've got a 99 and, outside of the dated fx and sequencing
           | abilities, I think the only real difference is that you can
           | load your own waves for the RCM modulation? I think you can
           | hack the 77s to do that too.
           | 
           | Oh, and it's even more unbelievably massive and heavy. I will
           | never part with it - they are the most criminally underrated
           | synths, and it's crazy they are still often priced lower than
           | the DX series.
           | 
           | It would be great if someone would built a better live editor
           | for them though.
        
       | inetsee wrote:
       | If anyone is interested in exploring software based FM synthesis,
       | Csound is capable of doing FM synthesis [1], and can model the
       | Yamaha TX81Z FM Synthesizer [2]. (I had one years ago and I loved
       | the sounds).
       | 
       | [1] https://csound.com/docs/manual/SiggenFmsynth.html
       | 
       | [2] https://csound.com/icsc2019/proceedings/3.pdf
        
       | joeberon wrote:
       | I love the DX7 but it's a shame that the maximum LFO frequency is
       | so low. It really hampers the sound design possibilities
        
         | boondaburrah wrote:
         | I think I saw somewhere that you can actually tell the LFO is
         | done in software because it actually slows down if you move the
         | sliders a lot while the CPU tries to pay attention to too much
         | at once.
        
           | joeberon wrote:
           | Yeah it's a shame, on the other chips you can get amazingly
           | air-y textures by setting the LFO to noise and then putting
           | the frequency all the way up. See this video for example:
           | https://youtu.be/_xL3qr-9-ZE
        
             | jacquesm wrote:
             | It sounds to me as though a firmware patch should be able
             | to fix that to some extent. The main culprit here is the
             | interrupt service routine, which while tight likely isn't
             | immune to some code golfing.
        
             | boondaburrah wrote:
             | Would sacrificing an operator and setting it to constant
             | mode instead of mult work for this? You'd have to use the
             | feedback operator if you wanted something noisy though.
        
               | klodolph wrote:
               | The operators actually contribute phase, not frequency,
               | and there are very limited ways that they can be routed.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | fho wrote:
       | Yamaha builds so much stuff that this could have been about ... a
       | boat ... a motorcycle ... a guitar ... or the iconic synth :-)
        
         | rvense wrote:
         | Once, when traveling in mountainous Central Asia, the road was
         | blocked by a mudslide. The digger that came in to clear the way
         | for us was a Samsung...
        
         | davidjade wrote:
         | Or a sailboat... that one always surprises me.
        
         | kennywinker wrote:
         | https://www.theonion.com/yamaha-ceo-pleased-with-current-pro...
         | 
         | > Yamaha CEO Pleased With Current Production Of Jet Skis, Alto
         | Saxophones, Snowmobiles, Power Generators, Scooters, Golf Carts
         | 
         | An all time fav
        
       | ronenlh wrote:
       | I love the overlap of Tech and music production.
       | 
       | By the way, if anyone is interested in a modern, affordable,
       | nostalgic incarnation of the DX7, check the "reface" edition.
        
       | tibbydudeza wrote:
       | The synth that made a new genre of music possible - 80's music
       | would not have been the same without it.
        
       | jdub wrote:
       | I know Raph for his graphics, typeface and desktop work, so
       | seeing his name pop up in this was a surprise! Can't keep a good
       | genius down.
        
       | TheOtherHobbes wrote:
       | There's a history of Chowning and FM here. Practical FM is
       | closely linked to CCRMA's Samson Box which was designed by Peter
       | Samson of System Concepts, who were better known for building
       | affordable(ish) DEC KL10 clones.
       | 
       | https://120years.net/tag/ccrma/
       | 
       | When Chowning met Dave Bristow, who was Yamaha's product
       | specialist and designed many of the DX7 presets, he apparently
       | asked if Bristow could explain FM to him because he didn't really
       | understand how to use it.
       | 
       | This was partly a joke and... partly not. It was also before they
       | wrote this together:
       | 
       | http://www.burnkit2600.com/manuals/fm_theory_and_application...
        
       | varispeed wrote:
       | > Each operator has its own phase accumulator. The patent
       | describes a 96 stage shift register to store the phase increment
       | for the 6 operators each of the synth's 16 voices.
       | 
       | Why this was allowed to be patented? This is a pretty much
       | obvious thing to do when you have this kind of limitations.
       | 
       | It seems like people reviewing patents don't really understand
       | what they are about. There is plenty of stuff like this in audio
       | space.
       | 
       | E.g. this one
       | https://patents.google.com/patent/US20170060527A1/en
        
         | ssalazar wrote:
         | This specific technique for synthesizing a single operator
         | wasn't patented, its one small part of a much broader patent.
        
         | ajxs wrote:
         | The Dave Smith quote in the footnotes springs to mind:
         | 
         |  _" If you have a lot of patents and somebody comes after you,
         | chances are one of your patents will overlap enough with one of
         | their patents that you can negotiate a deal so nobody gets
         | hurt. Whereas if you don't have anything to offer and you have
         | nothing in your stable of patents, then you're stuck"_
         | 
         | The article I sourced this quote from can be found here:
         | http://summit.sfu.ca/item/7720
         | 
         | I just chalked this kind of weird specificity up to the legal
         | minutiae required to patent musical hardware. Maybe someone
         | with legal experience can weigh in on this. I'm guessing that
         | if you go into this level of detail regarding the technical
         | implementation, it probably makes it much easier to litigate
         | patent infringement later, and narrows the possibility that
         | someone else can get away with a similar implementation. The
         | titles of some of Yamaha's other musical patents are pretty
         | obscure: _" Electronic musical instrument with user
         | programmable tone generator modules (5,040,448)"_, _"
         | Electronic musical instrument capable of varying a tone
         | synthesis operation algorithm (4,558,857)"_, etc.
        
       | knoke wrote:
       | How is it possible that no one here mentions Korg's wundermachine
       | Volca FM, a tiny DX7 compatible, Dexed/KQ Dixie controllable and
       | cheap midi synth with endless possibilities?
        
       | QuestingElf wrote:
       | I really appreciated both the technical descriptions (esp. those
       | lookup tables) and the historical portions saying where the DX-7
       | was in relation to other Yamaha FM synths like the 4-operator
       | ones.
       | 
       | I originally got very interested in this when discovering the
       | YM-2151 chip that made 80's arcade game sounds was also found in
       | pro-audio keyboards. They used a very similar YM-2164. This got
       | me to explore the whole DX line including DX-7, DX-9, DX-27S and
       | that keytar that's still popular for bass and talkbox, the
       | DX-100.
        
       | danbmil99 wrote:
       | Awesome -- the DX7 had a huge musical impact.
        
         | jacquesm wrote:
         | I repair them to keep them in play, impossible to get some of
         | the parts so I tend to use one that is too far gone to repair a
         | number (usually three or so) of others and then I still end up
         | with some more spares that might come in handy later.
         | 
         | They are _incredibly_ durable, one that I got had been in a
         | fire but it still worked, even though more than half of the
         | keyboard had been burned off. The mainboard went on to repair
         | one that was otherwise good but had a fried CPU. Another one I
         | got had been owned by a touring musician, who apparently didn
         | 't know about flight cases :) There wasn't a lick of paint on
         | the outer case. I got it for free because it wouldn't turn on
         | any more. Turned out that the voltage selector had somehow been
         | moved in transport and got stuck between the two settings,
         | leaving it disconnected. That was the fastest fix ever, there
         | simply wasn't anything wrong with it. (And good thing that
         | voltage selector had not been pushed a tiny little bit further
         | because then it would have been end-of-story for sure).
         | 
         | So, I have a pretty large collection of spares, looms, main
         | boards, display boards, keys (they do break, especially as the
         | plastic ages it can get more brittle, more so in synths that
         | have been in the sun), switches, PSUs and so on. Every now and
         | then I put an ad out to get people to sell me their broken ones
         | or to help them out and then a new batch of working DX-7's goes
         | back into the world. It's never going to make me a dime,
         | especially not when counting the time but it feels pretty good
         | to keep these oldies alive, and to see how happy musicians are
         | when their baby works again.
        
           | boondaburrah wrote:
           | The DX7ii I have is a fucking tank of a machine and I'm
           | playing it until it breaks, fixing it, and then playing it
           | some more. I guess I kind of understand typical "car guys"
           | now.
           | 
           | The best part is being able to map the sliders to /almost/
           | any parameter within a patch, so it's possible to have
           | expressive control over the tonality of your instrument while
           | playing live. Sure it involves menu diving to figure out
           | ahead of time, but I'm a programmer. It's really more about
           | the joy of being like "this sound needs more wonk, lets tie
           | this parameter to the output of this other function and
           | ooOOOH not what I was expecting but let's go"
        
             | jacquesm wrote:
             | Hah! You're using it like it was intended to be used, the
             | DX-7 is first and foremost a performing musician's tool,
             | that's exactly why it was built as strong as it was, made
             | to be tossed in the back of the car on the way to gigs.
             | 
             | If you ever can't find a part let me know.
        
           | jacobvosmaer wrote:
           | Only original DX7's, or also the DX7ii?
           | 
           | Opening up the DX7ii (and other synths from the same time) is
           | a pain compared to the nice hinge construction you get on the
           | original DX7.
        
             | jacquesm wrote:
             | So far I've only seen the originals, a DX7ii would be hard
             | because I don't have a stash of spares for them so the
             | first couple would likely end up as donors.
        
           | iseanstevens wrote:
           | I'd love to see some pictures of the super beat up ones that
           | still work :)
        
             | jacquesm wrote:
             | Ah, that's a missed chance. I never thought of that. That
             | one chassis is long gone (I took off it what I could) and
             | the burned keyboard I took apart outside the house. The
             | keys that were still good went into the spares bin.
             | 
             | Next time I have one of these die-hards I'll be sure to
             | take pictures.
        
           | WalterGR wrote:
           | That's amazing. How does a person learn to repair older
           | electronics tech like that?
        
             | jacquesm wrote:
             | It's the level of tech that I grew up with so I'm not sure
             | where you'd learn it other than just to get your hands on
             | one and to start digging in. Very few tools required if you
             | stick to the test-and-replace-subsystems level, a
             | screwdriver, a good DVM, a soldering iron (a good one,
             | preferably one that is isolated from mains), a lot of spare
             | time and a notebook so that you can keep track of what you
             | find and build up a store of knowledge over time to help
             | diagnose problems faster.
             | 
             | About 200K DX-7's were made, which is enough that you can
             | find them and not so many that there is no value in
             | repairing them, on top of that the degree to which people
             | are attached to their synths is something that still amazes
             | me. The level of emotion when a dead synth comes back to
             | life with the owners is always quite gratifying, it's some
             | of the best time spent for me.
        
               | l33tbro wrote:
               | You don't happen to have a hi-hat decay slider for an
               | MPC60 lying around? Can't find a replacement for the life
               | of me, and I've taken to sad attempts like this when the
               | opportunity arises :D
        
               | jacquesm wrote:
               | The cap? Or the actual slider? If you have the specs of
               | the slider I can dig around for a suitable substitute,
               | alternatively I can go on the lookout for a donor synth.
        
               | l33tbro wrote:
               | Will email you picture ;)
        
               | jacquesm wrote:
               | Ok! jacques@modularcompany.com
        
           | nkozyra wrote:
           | In the 90s, when FM was considered inherently uncool, the DX7
           | was the keyboard du jour to use as a controller and
           | subsequently smash to pieces in live sets for industrial,
           | ebm, techno.
           | 
           | They were dirt cheap and as mentioned, insanely solid.
           | 
           | Same thing happened to to the Casio CZ line. I bought one at
           | a time they were very undesirable for $75 and they now go for
           | $500+
           | 
           | There's a financial lesson in here somewhere
        
             | nobleach wrote:
             | The only problem with using it as a controller (The
             | original DX7) was that their MIDI implementation was
             | incomplete. So you only got velocity values of 0-100
             | instead of 0-127. It still has a wonderful key-bed. I've
             | owned a couple of 'em.
        
             | Zenst wrote:
             | I had a CZ101 in the day, preferred the sound from PD
             | synthesis as it was better at base sounds IMHO.
             | 
             | That and the DX7 was used to death and more so - 99% just
             | used the pre-sets and got to stage that you could name the
             | sound they used on a sound and all got cliche.
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | RusticCajun wrote:
           | Do you work at all with KX88's? I've got one laying around.
           | Got it for the college dorm. Wasn't as good as my acoustic,
           | but it kept my fingers working. How can I contact you
           | directly?
        
             | jacquesm wrote:
             | Haven't seen one in the wild yet,
             | jacques@modularcompany.com is my email.
        
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