[HN Gopher] What the Irish Ate Before Potatoes
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       What the Irish Ate Before Potatoes
        
       Author : vinnyglennon
       Score  : 179 points
       Date   : 2021-10-16 21:54 UTC (1 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.bonappetit.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.bonappetit.com)
        
       | dghughes wrote:
       | I find it amazing that Ireland would be eating a plant from the
       | west coast of an isolated mountainous region of South America
       | less than 100 years after Europeans went there. Even things like
       | oranges and bananas were rare in the late 1800s early 1900s in
       | the US and Canada.
       | 
       | It's amazing how much of food from the Americas mostly central
       | and southern is normal everyday food. What would we all be eating
       | if the Americas went undiscovered until recently?
        
         | pvaldes wrote:
         | And there are lots of foods to discover still in the mountains
         | of tropical areas
        
         | EdwardDiego wrote:
         | Well, a staple food of the native people of New Zealand was a
         | sweet potato originating from South America, they brought it
         | with them in the 13th century when settling NZ from 'Hawaiki',
         | their ancestral homeland that is thought to be either the Cook
         | or Society Islands.
         | 
         | https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Chronolo...
        
         | Gustomaximus wrote:
         | > bananas were rare in the late 1800s early 1900
         | 
         | My father in law born in Norway in 1950s can remember getting
         | excited because the store had these bananas he'd heard about.
         | He ate his first one with the skin and didn't think they were
         | so great.
        
           | Symbiote wrote:
           | British children in the 1940s were familiar enough with
           | bananas that they missed them during WW2 [1]. Import was
           | banned during the war because the refrigerated ships were
           | needed elsewhere (and the voyage was risky), but resumed in
           | the early 1950s (?). They were widely imported from the 1880s
           | up until WW2 [2], but I'm not sure how often the typical
           | person would eat one.
           | 
           | (And I don't know how much of this British Empire trade would
           | have spread to Ireland.)
           | 
           | [1] https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/03/a2
           | 734...
           | 
           | [2] https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/11486/RSCAS_2
           | 009...
        
         | stephenhuey wrote:
         | Bread and pasta, perhaps?
        
           | hn_throwaway_99 wrote:
           | Though that pasta would be pretty bland without any tomato
           | sauce!
           | 
           | Also weird to think that, as much as many people associate
           | tomatoes with Italy, they were also brought from the
           | Americas.
        
             | axiolite wrote:
             | > Though that pasta would be pretty bland without any
             | tomato sauce!
             | 
             | Fettuccine alfredo.
        
               | zeckalpha wrote:
               | > Created by Alfredo di Lelio I (1882-1959)
               | 
               | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fettuccine_Alfredo
               | 
               | Many things we assume Italians ate forever are relatively
               | new: Brocollini, Tiramisu, Ciabatta were all created in
               | the 20th century.
        
               | MandieD wrote:
               | A lot of HN (myself included) is older than ciabatta
               | (1982!)
               | 
               | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciabatta
        
             | igouy wrote:
             | Here you'll find non-tomato condimento --
             | 
             | https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sauces_Shapes_Pasta_th
             | e...
        
             | thaumasiotes wrote:
             | > Though that pasta would be pretty bland without any
             | tomato sauce!
             | 
             | You'd use onions and garlic. Those are both still massively
             | popular today.
             | 
             | Cheese, garlic, and oil are all staples for flavoring
             | pasta, and none of them rely on a new world crop.
        
               | vram22 wrote:
               | And cheese and garlic are used with bread too.
        
             | ImprovedSilence wrote:
             | All good thoughts. I think Italy has the soil and weather
             | for goood tomatoes though, so it took off. That said, I
             | think most sauces in Italy are not tomato based. Simple
             | things like Oil and salt is pretty common on pasta (and
             | VERY tasty if u ask me). But to the point, yeah, bread,
             | pasta, and olive oil...
        
             | amatic wrote:
             | Carbonara, though. Pasta, eggs, bacon, cheese and pepper.
             | Pigs, cows and wheat came with the first farmers, some 6k
             | years ago. Chicken around 2k years ago, but they could have
             | used other eggs. Pepper much later, silk road trade. I
             | imagine they could have had something like carbonara a long
             | time ago.
        
               | igouy wrote:
               | Guanciale.
               | 
               | https://cookandeatbetter.wordpress.com/2010/05/06/recipe-
               | box...
        
         | cto_of_antifa wrote:
         | It's always been discovered. People lived there.
        
         | thriftwy wrote:
         | A signature plant for south of Russia/Ukraine, an eastern
         | europe speciality, is also a new world plant: Sunflower.
        
         | juki wrote:
         | This comes up surprisingly often on HN, but there isn't really
         | anything surprising about it. The whole reason Europeans went
         | to the Americas was to bring back things to be sold in European
         | markets. They might have been a bit disappointed when potatoes
         | turned out to be so easy to grow in European climates that
         | there was no money to be made by importing them, though.
        
         | deaddodo wrote:
         | Ireland specifically switched to potatoes as a part of the
         | tenant farming system the British instituted on the Island and
         | its desire throughout Europe combined with the necessity to
         | grow enough food to feed themselves off the product.
         | 
         | Pre-Colombian exchanges, Ireland mostly ate oats/grains, a
         | small variety of veggies and fruits, dairy goods (cheese and
         | milk), meats (cattle and sheep) and a lot of fish. You can
         | still see a bit of this variety in certain areas like Howth in
         | Dublin and the less touched western towns.
        
           | dghughes wrote:
           | My ancestors left Ireland only to arrive in Canada to the
           | same system of absentee landlords i.e. the British who took
           | nearly everything from tenants, the farmers.
        
           | EdwardDiego wrote:
           | Yep, the potato was favoured for the ability to grow enough
           | food to feed your family on the shitty scraps of ground your
           | absentee landlords "allowed" you to keep.
           | 
           | In a similar vein, the potato revolutionised Maori inter-
           | tribal warfare when introduced to Aotearoa New Zealand
           | (possibly more so than the musket), as you could grow far
           | more calories from the same soil with potatoes than the
           | traditional kumara/sweet potato - and they kept far better
           | than kumara while on the move.
           | 
           | This allowed for longer campaigning against opposing tribes,
           | which led to widespread mass migrations to escape enemy
           | tribes - hence why the area now occupied by Auckland Tamaki
           | Makaurau, our largest city, was mostly depopulated when
           | Europeans started settling it.
           | 
           | And of course, those mass migrations led to more conflicts.
        
             | Jensson wrote:
             | Yeah, as a rule of thumb potato and rice can feed twice as
             | many people compared to wheat or other crops. Europe had
             | neither so the potato was an instant hit since the
             | alternative was to starve.
        
               | Spooky23 wrote:
               | The other factor is that potatoes can be concealed
               | easily, so when armies swept through to seize food, you'd
               | keep your potatoes and not starve.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | irrational wrote:
       | I want to seen an article like this for every food culture that
       | is now heavily associated with foods from the Americas. Italy
       | without tomatoes? No chilis? No beans? No corn? Etc. No potatoes
       | means no vodka for the Russians.
        
         | hohloma wrote:
         | Russian vodka is made from wheat.
        
         | raffraffraff wrote:
         | Indian. Imagine an Indian menu without baigan, aloo, chili
         | peppers or rich tomato based sauces (chana masala).
        
         | OJFord wrote:
         | The Portuguese brought chillies to India from SA, before which
         | they used black pepper for (obviously milder) heat.
         | 
         | That was a bit of a 'mind blown' moment for me when I saw it on
         | _Raja, Rasoi, aur apni Kahaaniyaan_ (kings, kitchens, and their
         | stories^) - quite a nice food /history/culture programme, each
         | episode being a different region in India.
         | 
         | (^to save someone pointing it out, it's actually 'king,
         | kitchen, and his [or its] stories', I just thought that sounded
         | more awkward, and confuses my description of it being a
         | different region, sometimes king, food, culture etc. each
         | episode.)
        
       | justshowpost wrote:
       | Wheat, oat and barley?
        
         | pvaldes wrote:
         | Plus sea birds, seafood, seals an whales. Americans ate a lot
         | of acorns also, and many europeans did, so maybe irish did the
         | same
         | 
         | And of course lots of rabbits
        
       | rffrancon wrote:
       | "They did eat meat, of course, though the reliance on milk meant
       | that beef was a rarity"
       | 
       | I find that hard to believe. Cows need to be pregnant to milk.
       | Roughly half of their calves would be male. Which were primarily
       | valuable as meat. Further, cows produce more milk than their
       | calves require, which means calves could be matured.
       | 
       | Beef was probably proportionally as prevalent as diary.
        
         | watwut wrote:
         | That 0.5 calve per cow would amount to rare. Plus, meat is
         | prseved in form of sausage or dry meat - not steak or raw form.
        
         | praxulus wrote:
         | You can only mature the calves if you can spare the milk, and
         | you get a lot more calories from just drinking the milk.
         | 
         | A cow produces roughly 40 times more calories worth of milk
         | over its lifetime than you get from the beef from one animal.
         | There's no way it would be similarly prevalent unless they were
         | raising herds specifically for beef.
        
       | dpeck wrote:
       | Gastropod had a great episode about potatoes that touched on this
       | and a lot of the myths / great man of history stories about the
       | introduction of the potato into Europe. Worth a listen if you're
       | into food, history, and related topics
       | https://gastropod.com/this-spuds-for-you/
        
       | cyocum wrote:
       | For those who want more on this topic, you will want to read
       | Early Irish Farming by Fergus Kelly
       | (http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/462769441) and Early Medieval
       | Ireland, AD 400-1100 by Aidan O'Sullivan, et al.
       | (http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1257790078).
        
       | dustintrex wrote:
       | In Scandinavia, which is nearly as potato-heavy as Ireland,
       | turnips were a primary staple crop before the potato came around,
       | so much so that in much of the world the rutabaga, a large
       | version of the turnip, is known as a "swede". I would be
       | surprised if this was not the case in pre-1600s Ireland as well.
       | 
       | FWIW, in nearby Scotland "neeps and tatties" (turnips & potatoes)
       | is still the canonical accompaniment to haggis.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | yesbabyyes wrote:
         | > the rutabaga, a large version of the turnip, is known as a
         | "swede".
         | 
         | And "rutabaga" is from "rotabagge", the dialectal word for
         | turnip in the region of Smaland, from where the majority of
         | Swedish immigrants to North America came (over 1 million Swedes
         | emigrated to North America in the second half of the 19th
         | century).
        
           | dustintrex wrote:
           | TIL!
        
           | RandallBrown wrote:
           | And here I thought Smaland was just a cute name for the kids
           | area at Ikea.
        
             | fifilura wrote:
             | It is actually somewhat suitable. Not only because "sma"
             | means small in swedish.
             | 
             | But also because the 1800s version of the ball-pit
             | consisted of lots of round pebbles, put there particularly
             | in Smaland by some evil ice-sheet-wielding mastermind, that
             | the kids played with by carrying them from the barren
             | Smalandish fields.
        
             | yesbabyyes wrote:
             | Actually, it's kind of the other way around: IKEA, and
             | Ingvar Kamprad, its founder, are from Smaland. He started
             | selling matches as a young boy (connecting to another
             | Swedish business empire of yore, Swedish Match and its
             | founder Ivar Kreuger).
             | 
             | IKEA is an acronym: Ingvar Kamprad, Elmtaryd, Agunnaryd.
             | Elmtaryd was the Kamprad family farm and Agunnaryd is the
             | nearby village.
             | 
             | My father-in-law is from the very same area in Smaland as
             | Kamprad, and they were born the same year.
        
           | celticninja wrote:
           | I knew what a swede was and had heard the term rutabaga, just
           | never knew they were the same thing.
        
         | noneeeed wrote:
         | Oh, my goodness, the whole turnip/swede thing has always
         | confused me, but never enough to investigate as I don't eat
         | them very often.
        
         | riedel wrote:
         | In Germany some less digestible Inulin rich roots were also
         | commonly used before the potatoe became ubiquitous like the
         | Jerusalem Artichoke (which also was imported like potatoes).
         | Now they are mostly used to produce alcohol. Scorzonera are
         | still quite popular.
        
           | _nalply wrote:
           | I cook them once a year. They taste good but it's a pain to
           | peel away the black and tacky skin.
        
       | intrepidhero wrote:
       | Wait, Rowanberries are edible?
       | 
       | > Rowan fruit contains sorbic acid, and when raw also contains
       | parasorbic acid (about 0.4%-0.7% in the European rowan[15]),
       | which causes indigestion and can lead to kidney damage, but heat
       | treatment (cooking, heat-drying etc.) and, to a lesser extent,
       | freezing, renders it nontoxic by changing it to the benign sorbic
       | acid. They are also usually too astringent to be palatable when
       | raw.
       | 
       | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan
       | 
       | Oh, only kinda.
        
         | pvaldes wrote:
         | There were even selected for that, but we talk about a
         | different species Sorbus domestica that is like a small pear.
         | Sorbus aucuparia is the wild one.
         | 
         | Both edible if processed, domestica is cultured by its fruit
         | but pears are better, so is rare nowadays unless you live in a
         | very cold place.
        
         | zoomablemind wrote:
         | Somehow I remember that Rowan fruits taste more palatable (even
         | sweteer) after the first frosty week.
        
           | Tagbert wrote:
           | Other fruits are like that. In North America, the native
           | persimmon is highly astringent and inedible until after the
           | first frost and then it becomes very sweet.
        
         | quickthrower2 wrote:
         | Like beans that need to be cooked and processed carefully
         | before consumption.
        
           | tvb12 wrote:
           | Beans have to be carefully processed? I soak them in a half-
           | gallon Ball jar for at least a day, but that's pretty much
           | it. I usually swap the water out a few times because I
           | procrastinate pretty badly when it comes to cooking and the
           | water gets murky after half a day or so. If I haven't cooked
           | them by the next morning I toss them in the fridge so that
           | they don't start smelling sour. What have I been neglecting
           | to do, and when should I expect it to kill me?
        
             | nanomonkey wrote:
             | Actually the lacto-fermentation process that you're
             | starting to do to the beans is great for getting rid of the
             | phytic acid and other "anti-nutrients". Just rinse them and
             | add clean water before cooking them. Tossing in a teaspoon
             | of baking soda will off set any acid produced from the
             | process which might cause the beans to remain too firm
             | while cooking.
        
             | lathiat wrote:
             | When I think of beans I just think botulism. But that's
             | more to do with preserving them, not sure this within a day
             | or two cooking method applies there.
             | https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/communication/home-canning-
             | an...
        
               | loonster wrote:
               | Reheating to 176F for 10 minutes (or 185F for 5m) will
               | deactivate the botulinum toxin.
               | 
               | This won't kill the botulism spores, just the toxin that
               | can kill you.
        
             | pvaldes wrote:
             | Yes, they are poisonous raw. Not a real problem because
             | they are swallowed will go out again entire but you can't
             | made bread from beans without a lot of troubles
        
             | dunham wrote:
             | Just certain varieties are toxic if not properly cooked. I
             | think red kidney beans are one of them.
        
             | sbierwagen wrote:
             | >cooking
             | 
             | That's all you need. Thorough cooking deactivates the
             | phytohaemagglutinin, which otherwise would give you a bad
             | time https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytohaemagglutinin
             | 
             | >Poisoning can be induced from as few as five raw beans,
             | and symptoms occur within three hours, beginning with
             | nausea, then vomiting, which can be severe and sustained
             | (profuse), followed by diarrhea.
        
               | billfruit wrote:
               | Another issue might be that the water used for soaking,
               | will froth up, and start to smell bad. This happens if it
               | is let standing for longer than 12 hours usually.
        
             | cheese_goddess wrote:
             | Why is everyone constantly tossing (or banging etc) things
             | when they're cooking? I'm usually very careful with my
             | cooking ingredients and handle them delicately and with
             | calm, measured motions. I'm especially careful when I'm
             | chopping up things with a small cleaver or a very big
             | knife, say, or when I'm frying things. I would never dare
             | "bang" something in the oven (as I've seen a few recipes
             | instruct).
        
       | jmclnx wrote:
       | Some ancient roman historians wrote about this diet also. I never
       | saw the full text
        
       | malkia wrote:
       | from relatively lower carb, to quite the high carb!
        
       | Lio wrote:
       | > though the reliance on milk meant that beef was a rarity
       | 
       | Something fishy about that statement.
       | 
       | Here's the thing about cows, they cone in two sexes.
       | 
       | If you drink a lot of milk you've got to keep a lot of cows
       | pregnant. You only need a few bulls that.
       | 
       | That means you got to do something with the male calves you don't
       | need for milk and don't want to feed.
       | 
       | They don't magically disappear. They either eat them as veal
       | calves (minus the crate) or eat them as bullocks.
        
         | i_am_proteus wrote:
         | Male cattle were castrated and used as draught animals ("oxen")
         | in many European societies.
         | 
         | Either way, dairy cattle and draught cattle would get butchered
         | and eaten at end of useful life, unless they died of disease.
         | And there was also plenty of cattle raised for food in the
         | areas that had the land for it.
        
         | dekken_ wrote:
         | they might have not owned a bull but rented one when needed.
        
           | TheSpiceIsLife wrote:
           | How is that a response to the parent comment?
           | 
           | Milking cows need to be having calves regularly so they keep
           | producing milk.
           | 
           | Not owning a bull doesn't make that problem go away.
        
             | OJFord wrote:
             | Is that true? I know nothing about the dairy industry, but
             | human wet nurses aren't constantly pregnant so they can do
             | their job, as I understand it production's just a gradual
             | response to the 'request'.
        
               | stormdennis wrote:
               | Good point, cows are usually "dried out" prior to being
               | impregnated again.
        
           | karatinversion wrote:
           | But they still get half their calves with no long term future
           | as dairy cows - so someone will end up eating most of them.
        
             | watwut wrote:
             | That would give you the rare meat. No one claims they were
             | vegetarians.
             | 
             | But, if they killed and eate 0.5 young males per cow per
             | year, that would make the meat available once per year per
             | cow. They could dry it or make sausage or whatever, but
             | that does not make it a lot.
        
               | progre wrote:
               | Good thing, there is this other animal that basically
               | eats garbage and shits fertilizer. The byproduct of this
               | is a surpus of pork a few times a year.
        
               | watwut wrote:
               | The claim people take offense for is specifically about
               | beef - not about pork.
               | 
               | But really, at least based on what my grandmother said,
               | meat was luxury item once a week thing. Cooked in away
               | that uses it to the max. They were relatively well off
               | small farm family, they were not poor. The traditional
               | food I read about when I read about historical lifestyles
               | was also largely non-meat. (Not to be confused with
               | vegetarian, like bacon etc was part of it)
               | 
               | The eat meat everyday thing we have going on was not a
               | thing in the past. It requires huge amount of animals
               | being raised and killed, meat to be stored in freezers
               | and so on.
        
         | Spooky23 wrote:
         | Rich people ate the beef. Usually the normal folks would eat
         | less desired cuts.
         | 
         | Overall, ranching and dairy are almost always two different
         | businesses with different factors.
         | 
         | Chicken and eggs are similar. Traditionally, young chicken was
         | rare as the economics of a traditional farm were such that
         | eating chickens were akin to killing the golden goose.
         | Likewise, keeping beef cattle around consumes a lot of grass
         | that could have made butter.
         | 
         | Another factor to consider that as the British took over, their
         | inheritance laws took over, so farm plots would get divided
         | over time. Large herds became increasingly difficult.
        
       | secondcoming wrote:
       | The most famous story about cattle raiding is this one:
       | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tain_Bo_Cuailnge
       | 
       | (Contains spoilers)
        
       | uyt wrote:
       | TIL about "bog butter" and half a dozen other culinary terms that
       | I've never heard of. Maybe for good reasons we don't make these
       | food anymore? (banbidh, old curds, real curds, bainne clabair,
       | sowens, flummery, etc)
        
         | stan_rogers wrote:
         | Clabber (bainne clabair) is still going strong, at least where
         | the Ulster Scots washed ashore in the States.
        
         | dustintrex wrote:
         | Pastoral societies like Mongolia still retain many of these:
         | 
         | http://www.khovsgoldairyproject.org/news/mongolia/dairy-prod...
         | 
         | Iceland also has quite a selection of dairy, with skyr recently
         | becoming trendy.
        
         | MPSimmons wrote:
         | A _lot_ of these things sound like various kinds of cottage
         | cheese, yogurt and cultured butter. I would guess we _do_ make
         | things they might recognize, just with modern standards of
         | cleanliness.
        
           | amyjess wrote:
           | Also, these are all staples of Indian diets even in modern
           | day: paneer, raita, ghee, etc.
        
         | m0llusk wrote:
         | Seems more like issues with production and markets. When my
         | parents were growing up on a farm they made butter and sold it
         | at market, but the creme freshe which was a byproduct of the
         | whole process was considered to have no value and they cooked
         | with it because it could not be sold. Now creme freshe is
         | considered a luxury gourmet ingredient for fine cooking and
         | commands a premium. Food fashions vary wildly.
        
         | chadcmulligan wrote:
         | I have vague memories of my (Irish) grandmother making flummery
         | when I was young. It tasted like strawberry mousse or junket
         | iirc.
        
         | bobthepanda wrote:
         | I imagine the need for bog butter probably declined, in
         | particular due to the advent of refrigerating things.
         | 
         | It turns out that burying things in the fairly cool,
         | temperature-stable, low-oxygen ground is fairly decent at
         | preserving things. Kimchi in Korea was traditionally produced
         | in this manner.
        
       | rangoon626 wrote:
       | This continuing to propagate this stereotype is offensive to
       | Irish people, such as myself. Why was this allowed to get posted
       | here, Dang?
        
         | ninechars wrote:
         | I'm Irish. I didn't know this stuff. I found it interesting.
         | Calm down kid.
        
         | pvaldes wrote:
         | An historical fact is just a fact. There is not point in being
         | outraged by the truth that Irish (as many other places) eat
         | lots of some particular food.
        
         | fenderbluesjr wrote:
         | I'm Irish.. what is offensive about it? Potatoes are a big part
         | of our culinary history
        
           | stanford_labrat wrote:
           | I'm Irish as well...my family's food joke is that nothing
           | grows in Ireland except: milk, fish, and potatoes (and meat,
           | if you're lucky!)
        
             | eropple wrote:
             | My family's includes rocks. Lots of rocks grow there.
        
               | vram22 wrote:
               | I'm not Irish, but Irish friends tell me that tons of air
               | grows there too. In fact, that may be while it is called
               | Eire.
        
           | raffraffraff wrote:
           | I don't get it either, and I'm also Irish (born here, lives
           | here all my life)
        
           | [deleted]
        
         | lljk_kennedy wrote:
         | I think you'll be hard pressed to find an Irish person who'd be
         | offended at this... I thought it was a great read (as an Irish
         | person).
        
       | phenkdo wrote:
       | Honest question, not meaning to be offensive or hurtful at all. I
       | know how raw the wounds of the famine are etc.
       | 
       | How do historians _objectively_ - provided there is one - view
       | the British empire 's involvement in Ireland over much of the
       | last millennium? Was it particularly repressive vis-a-vis other
       | medieval empires in their dominions/spheres of influence?
        
         | Spooky23 wrote:
         | It was colonialism, with all of the attributes associated with
         | it. Irish were seen as a lesser people and various phases and
         | the machinery of empire acted appropriately.
         | 
         | IMO it is a similar story to India in many ways. The Brits
         | leveraged and undermined the existing power structure and
         | extracted value at whatever cost deemed appropriate. Was there
         | some "benefit"... at some level yes. Were there atrocities and
         | disgusting levels of suffering without the consent of the
         | governed? Yes.
        
           | uptime wrote:
           | There is a very interesting podcast on the Irish/Indian
           | overlap. The Irish themselves are not spotless but there was
           | some support. This duo does well researched stuff and helps a
           | lot if you are interested in Brexit and NI.
           | https://www.theirishpassport.com/podcast/ireland-and-
           | india-a...
        
         | mkmk wrote:
         | Not an exact answer, but I heartily endorse the
         | /r/AskHistorians/ subreddit for these types of questions. It is
         | moderated quite differently from the rest of Reddit, and
         | questions like this are answered in-depth. There are several
         | threads on the Irish Potato Famine that may answer a subset of
         | your question.
        
         | cyocum wrote:
         | To help answer your first question, I would recommend reading
         | Gaelic and Gaelicized Ireland in the Middle Ages, 2nd ed. by K.
         | W. Nicholls (http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/471778201) and A New
         | History of Ireland, Volume II and III
         | (http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/495293791 and
         | http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/299242437 respectively). As for
         | your second question, I am not an expert enough to answer
         | because I tend to study the earlier period before the Norman
         | invasion.
        
       | cheese_goddess wrote:
       | > In 1690, one British visitor to Ireland noted that the natives
       | ate and drank milk "above twenty several sorts of ways and what
       | is strangest for the most part love it best when sourest." He was
       | referring to bainne clabair, which translates as "thick milk,"
       | and was probably somewhere between just straight-up old milk and
       | sour cream.
       | 
       | Today, "bainne clabair" ("soured milk" according to wikipedia:
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clabber_(food)) is called clabber.
       | It's basically a kind of very acidic yogurt made with mesophilic
       | (room temperature) fermentation by the lactic acid bacteria that
       | are naturally present in raw milk. You just leave a jar of raw
       | milk out for the night and in the morning, you enjoy your
       | clabber.
       | 
       | Or get food poisoning, if you're unlucky :P
       | 
       | Edit - you can also make clabber, more safely, with kefir and
       | pasteurised milk. Kefir normally makes a kind of very runny
       | yogurt but, depending on the milk, you can get a very firm yogurt
       | instead. In my experience, non-homogenised milk of good quality
       | (preferrably from grass-fed cows) and, interestingly, UHT milk,
       | clabber well. UHT milk kind of makes more sense: it's already
       | undergone the heat treatment necessary to make yogurt and all
       | it's missing is the acid produced by lactic acid bacteria.
       | Normally, this is done relatively quickly by thermophilic
       | bacteria (Lactobacilus Bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus)
       | at 45 degrees C, but a longer fermentation at room temperature
       | with mesophilic strains can have the same effect. I, anyway, have
       | made plenty of kefir-clabber this way, and also a few cheeses. If
       | you collect the clabber and drain it in a cheesecloth, you can
       | then form it and even age it. I've aged a couple of (tiny) wheels
       | for up to four months and they were not bad, just a bit strong.
        
       | twobitshifter wrote:
       | It's mentioned in passing but my understanding is that parsnips
       | were much much more popular.
        
       | nly wrote:
       | Fun Irish fact: pubs in Ireland are closed on St Patrick's Day.
       | 
       | There's also a variety of delicious, regional potato based
       | products that, until very recently, you won't have found anywhere
       | else but in Ireland. The way boxty is made for instance, is crazy
       | to me.
        
         | Mongey wrote:
         | pubs in Ireland are not closed on St. Patricks day.
        
         | spacec0wb0y wrote:
         | Yes, and no turkeys are consumed at thanksgiving and no music
         | is played at mardi gras.
        
         | another-dave wrote:
         | This reminds me of that thing where people read the newspaper &
         | say "wow, I can't believe they got $MY_AREA_OF_EXPERTISE so
         | wrong" but then turn the page & take in other stories as if
         | they were gospel truth.
         | 
         | Next time someone tells me a fun fact about another country I
         | shall remember the 'closed pubs' of Ireland on Paddy's Day!
        
           | nly wrote:
           | Yeah, I clearly misremembered/mistrusted what my partner
           | (Irish) told me and paid the karma cost :) Oh well.
        
           | agustif wrote:
           | > "wow, I can't believe they got $MY_AREA_OF_EXPERTISE so
           | wrong"
           | 
           | Gell-Mann amnesia effect
        
         | john-n wrote:
         | Not sure where you got this from, but this is entirely
         | incorrect.
        
           | raffraffraff wrote:
           | Probably confused it with Good Friday, another big day on the
           | Catholic calendar.
        
         | paleotrope wrote:
         | Potato pancakes? Those seem pretty common around the world.
         | 
         | I looked up some recipes and I am not sure I understand what it
         | considered special about them.
        
           | implements wrote:
           | It's a good way to use potato and flour, and makes a nice
           | breakfast fried in butter alongside an egg.
        
         | rat87 wrote:
         | seems outdated
         | 
         | https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/all-pubs-ireland-...
         | 
         | You may be surprised to learn that all the pubs in Ireland used
         | to be closed on St. Patrick's Day, which is now by and large
         | considered a drinking holiday.
         | 
         | Up until the 1970s, Irish law prohibited pubs opening on March
         | 17 as a mark of respect for this religious day. It was feared
         | that leaving the pubs open would be too tempting for some
         | during Lent and would lead to a disrespectful amount of
         | drunkenness on this most solemn day.
        
         | annamargot wrote:
         | Your fun fact is hilarious from an American perspective. It's
         | the biggest day for bars and pubs in the US and it's not close.
         | 
         | It's funny how Irish culture in America seems so different from
         | its motherland counterpart. Same or more so for Italian. No
         | judgements either way. Just interesting how diaspora cultures
         | evolve
        
           | nly wrote:
           | Well, just because the pubs are closed it doesn't mean they
           | don't drink.
           | 
           | I'm unsure if it's true, but I've been told one reason racing
           | is popular on St Pats is because the tracks serve alcohol.
        
             | GeneralTspoon wrote:
             | This whole thing is nonsense - pubs aren't closed. And most
             | people aren't anywhere near a race track on St. Patricks's
             | Day. Unless they're in Cheltenham, which is in a different
             | country.
        
           | GeneralTspoon wrote:
           | This "fact" isn't a fact. Pubs aren't anywhere near closed in
           | Ireland on St. Patrick's day.
           | 
           | It's probably the busiest day of the year for them.
        
             | disgruntledphd2 wrote:
             | So, this was true until the 30's or so.
             | 
             | So it's possible that this was passed down the generations
             | as fact. It's not true any more though.
        
               | basisword wrote:
               | Only a guess but this would likely have been because St.
               | Patrick's Day is a "holy day". People attend church (lots
               | still do although in the last couple of decades it's
               | declined massively) and closing pubs would be in line
               | with how some other "holy days" are treated. An example
               | of this is Easter in Northern Ireland. There are still
               | some relatively strict licensing laws over the Easter
               | weekend (although these are about to modernise) with pubs
               | shit for large parts of it.
        
           | secondcoming wrote:
           | The most obvious difference is that it seems to be called St
           | Patty's Day in the US, for some reason. Nobody in Ireland
           | calls it that.
        
             | DFHippie wrote:
             | And people call it St Patrick's day in the US as well.
        
           | ac29 wrote:
           | > Your fun fact is hilarious from an American perspective.
           | It's the biggest day for bars and pubs in the US and it's not
           | close.
           | 
           | Must be a regional thing. Its not like that where I live, and
           | a quick search suggests both New Years Eve and Thanksgiving
           | Eve are busier days (which matches my experience).
        
       | loonster wrote:
       | Anyone know of a good milk recipe book?
        
       | fy20 wrote:
       | > There was drinking milk, and buttermilk, and fresh curds, and
       | old curds, and something called "real curds," and whey mixed with
       | water to make a refreshing sour drink
       | 
       | This sounds a lot like Lithuania today. If you go into most
       | supermarkets the milk products section is usually bigger than the
       | produce section.
       | 
       | They also like potatoes. Usually served with milk products...
        
       | loonster wrote:
       | Great read,Thanks.
        
       | andygrd wrote:
       | This whole thread is straying very close to a lot of anti-Irish
       | racist tropes.
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | beaconstudios wrote:
       | > from the 12th century on, there are records of butter flavored
       | with onion and garlic, and local traditions of burying butter in
       | bogs.
       | 
       | > Grains, either as bread or porridge, were the other mainstay of
       | the pre-potato Irish diet
       | 
       | What's your favourite Irish food? Mind's garlic bread.
        
       | jasonhansel wrote:
       | > As traditional as it seems, the Irish Soda Bread that you might
       | be trundling out this weekend wasn't invented until 19th century,
       | since baking soda wasn't invented until the 1850s.
       | 
       | Interesting fact: prior to the development of baking soda,
       | ammonium (specifically, ammonium carbonate) was a commonly used
       | leavening agent for cookies and crackers. It was obtained by
       | distilling ground-up deer antlers, giving it the traditional name
       | "salt of hartshorn".
        
       | weatherlight wrote:
       | Guess which country is tied for dead last. (Lactose intolerance)
       | 
       | https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/lactose-i...
        
         | Daub wrote:
         | Ireland is also the world leader in Coeliac disease.
        
         | secondcoming wrote:
         | I thought it might be Viking related, but Norway has three
         | times the levels of intolerance as Denmark.
        
           | 3np wrote:
           | I always wrote it down to generally large intake of fresh
           | milk and dairy. Norway has more mountains and less pastures
           | compared to Denmark and Sweden.
        
         | spurgu wrote:
         | Quite surprised Finland isn't in the top 10, it has similar
         | historical importance here.
        
           | boomboomsubban wrote:
           | The source for that page has a much better layout, and shows
           | Finland at 12th. There seems to be a separate lactose
           | intolerance that also affects people starting when they are
           | infants and it's most common in Finland.
           | 
           | https://milk.procon.org/lactose-intolerance-by-country/
        
         | hn_throwaway_99 wrote:
         | Wow, expected to see those other Northern European countries up
         | at the top of the lactose tolerance list, but was surprised to
         | see Niger. Googling brought up some interesting data on how
         | lactase persistence was selected for in Africa.
        
           | chrisco255 wrote:
           | The lists are based on intolerance not tolerance, so the top
           | list is inverted. This depicts the percentage of each
           | population that is lactose intolerant, so Denmark and Ireland
           | are among the top countries in the world for lactose
           | tolerance:
           | 
           | Denmark - 4% Ireland - 4% Sweden - 7% United Kingdom - 8% New
           | Zealand - 10% Netherlands - 12% Norway - 12% Niger - 13%
           | Belgium - 15% Cyprus - 16%
        
       | tummybug wrote:
       | I'm Irish, there still exists a lot of pride for potatoes here. I
       | have a small allotment here as part of a communal garden and each
       | spring there is probably more excitement about the potatoes crops
       | than any other. People want to know what types you are planting,
       | how early to put them down, tips for managing damage from a late
       | frost etc. Not to mention it really is a productive crop and
       | really can last all winter when stored correctly and you can be
       | self sufficient for "spuds" from a relatively small sized plot.
        
         | throwawaymanbot wrote:
         | Floury Irish potato varieties are among the best in the world.
         | Once you taste them you can't go back to waxy potatoes.
        
         | chrisseaton wrote:
         | You have a potato theme park don't you?
        
           | knolan wrote:
           | It's a potato crisp (US:chip) theme park.
           | 
           | https://taytopark.ie/
        
             | xor99 wrote:
             | Tayto was the first/one of to infuse the flavour into the
             | crisp (US:chip). Before that there were little salt packets
             | that you sprinkled. The guy who invented the process was
             | nicknamed "Spud" Murphy.
        
             | throwawaymanbot wrote:
             | Taytos cheese and Onion crisps are the finest Potato chip I
             | have ever eaten.
        
       | ramesh31 wrote:
       | The population of Ireland was actually greater in 1840 than it is
       | today [0]. It's hard to overstate just what a catastrophic event
       | the potato famine was.
       | 
       | [0]
       | https://www.mapspictures.com/ireland/history/ireland_populat...
        
       | fouc wrote:
       | > McDonald's fries to dip in your Shamrock Shake
       | 
       | I briefly thought a Shamrock Shake was gonna be gravy flavored.
       | Anyone think a gravy flavored shake could work?
        
         | gaganyaan wrote:
         | I think a gravy-flavored shake is just called gravy
        
           | kupopuffs wrote:
           | Is there ice cream in normal gravy???
        
             | thaumasiotes wrote:
             | There's plenty of fat in gravy. There's water. It's served
             | warm, so the water is not ice, but what more do you want?
        
       | webwielder2 wrote:
       | I read in the book 1493 that the Irish were basically the
       | healthiest Europeans post-potato and pre-famine because
       | potatoes+milk is as nutritionally complete a diet as you could
       | find.
        
         | redis_mlc wrote:
         | When the Irish (and I think Scots) went to university back in
         | the day, they took a barrel of potatoes with them for the
         | semester as their "meal plan."
         | 
         | So they ate potatoes two to three times per day, every day.
        
         | jamil7 wrote:
         | > because potatoes+milk is as nutritionally complete a diet as
         | you could find.
         | 
         | That can't be true.
        
           | TheSpiceIsLife wrote:
           | If we limit the scope to macronutriens it is indeed correct.
           | 
           | If you could choose only one food to eat, potatoes would be a
           | wise choice. Every other single food will cause you to become
           | deficient much more quickly.
           | 
           | Disclosure: studied nutritional medicine
        
             | chrisco255 wrote:
             | No, ruminant meat such as beef or steak or even fatty fish
             | such as salmon is a far more complete source of nutrition.
             | Pre-agricultural humans lived almost exclusively on meat
             | for hundreds of thousands of years. Potatoes lack certain
             | essential nutrients meat does not, such as Vitamin D,
             | Vitamin K, heme iron, zinc, omega 3s, etc.
             | 
             | Our bodies are highly adapted and evolved for meat only
             | diets: https://www.timesofisrael.com/for-2-million-years-
             | humans-ate...
        
               | NoImmatureAdHom wrote:
               | Yep.
        
               | TheSpiceIsLife wrote:
               | When you say "meat" you probably mean all the edible
               | parts of an animal, organs meat.
               | 
               | Then I would probably agree.
        
               | rsj_hn wrote:
               | Yeah, when we talk of traditional societies eating meat,
               | it wasn't just ribeye and potatoes. Liver, bone marrow,
               | brains -- all of that was consumed and these contain a
               | lot of nutrition that you don't replicate with a steady
               | diet of filet mignon. It's a shame how Americans no
               | longer eat liver.
        
               | Tagbert wrote:
               | You seem to be ignoring the "gatherer" half of "hunter-
               | gatherer". I've seen no widespread acceptance that pre-
               | agricultural people ate only meat. They would have eaten
               | a large number of plants, nuts, roots, fruits as well as
               | insects and anything else they could find. You can find
               | this in coprolites preserved in habitable caves.
        
               | chrisco255 wrote:
               | No, the name hunter-gatherer does not imply that 50% of
               | the calories were obtained from plants.
               | 
               | I linked to an article explaining that point, which
               | includes the source and evidence.
               | 
               | Especially during the deep glacial periods of the ice
               | age, which was most of the last 1 million years, humans
               | sustained themselves almost entirely on meat.
        
             | i_am_proteus wrote:
             | Better potatoes than the flesh of a pastured ruminant?
        
           | Linosaurus wrote:
           | You'd need some added restraints to make it possibly
           | plausible. 'Best among affordable 2-food diets', maybe. Which
           | is quite different.
        
       | silisili wrote:
       | Rather interesting, I remember reading that humans could
       | generally survive off a diet of only milk and potatoes years ago.
       | Of course sarcastically I immediately thought 'mashed potatoes
       | are a superfood then.'
       | 
       | Can't find the exact source now, but this one will do -
       | https://www.straightdope.com/21343924/could-i-survive-on-not...
        
       | helsinkiandrew wrote:
       | I thought that all Northern European food has been highly milk
       | based for thousands of years, hence the Roman insult of "Butter
       | eaters":
       | 
       | https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/history-of-milk
       | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=28532968
        
         | igammarays wrote:
         | Also: It was butter, the Japanese thought, which made Europeans
         | so peculiarly rank: bata-kusai they called them (using the
         | English word for the foul substance): "butter-stinkers." The
         | terms Bata-kusai, "stinking of butter," is still a derogatory
         | term for things obnoxiously Western.
         | 
         | > http://www.webexhibits.org/butter/countries-japan.html
        
           | WalterBright wrote:
           | People smell like what they eat. People who eat the same
           | stuff you do, don't notice that you smell.
        
             | maxerickson wrote:
             | Europeans also tend to have more apocrine sweat glands than
             | Asians.
             | 
             | https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/body-odor-
             | asia...
        
             | biofox wrote:
             | Well... now I feel extremely self conscious.
        
             | loonster wrote:
             | I used to work with a very obese man doing blue collar
             | work. When he sweats, he smelled like a deep frier.
        
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