[HN Gopher] Multitasking Doesn't Work
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Multitasking Doesn't Work
        
       Author : giuliomagnifico
       Score  : 155 points
       Date   : 2021-10-08 12:38 UTC (10 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (health.clevelandclinic.org)
 (TXT) w3m dump (health.clevelandclinic.org)
        
       | aeturnum wrote:
       | It's certainly true, in my experience, that trying to do two or
       | more things "at once" disrupt my focus and increase my error
       | rate, but I think that high level gloss on the situation is
       | unhelpful for technology workers.
       | 
       | Of course, if I ever had the opportunity to work on a single
       | task, I can be very productive at that. Easiest way to get into
       | flow state. However, that isn't common for my work. Often,
       | instead, I am working on something that crosses many boundaries
       | and has unavoidable downtime. For instance, right now I am
       | working on visualizing erlang processes using Phoenix and d3js to
       | see if I can detect unusual memory use growth. I'm going back and
       | forth between erlang docs and Phoenix views and elixir code and
       | javascript (with, of course, lots of reading and searching in
       | between). I have no idea if that's multitasking, but when I have
       | to move from one layer to another I experience the same kind of
       | disruption and need to refocus as I do when I'm interrupted.
       | 
       | Another quality of multi-tasking that I frequently experience is
       | the difference between needing to respond to external stimulus
       | v.s. being able to orchestrate multiple processes to run in
       | parallel. They both involve context switching and loss of focus,
       | but there are huge differences in the order of magnitude.
        
       | 1121redblackgo wrote:
       | Its kind of cool seeing this reality become known by more and
       | more people to the point where I think most people kind of
       | understand this now. Just a small piece of evidence for this is
       | the resurgence, and regaining popularity, of the one monitor
       | workflow.
        
       | sys_64738 wrote:
       | My job description says I must multitask.
        
       | tyronehed wrote:
       | It has to do with whether or not the person being tested is right
       | brain dominant or left brain dominant. The vast majority of
       | people are left brain dominant and for them multitasking is
       | extremely difficult because of the linear sequential nature of
       | the left hemisphere.
       | 
       | Right brained people, those with the right brain dominant over
       | the left, have an easier time multitasking because the right
       | brain is image oriented. The right brain processes information as
       | images are processed, In a visual simultaneous manner.
        
         | Guidii wrote:
         | There's debate on the left-brain/right-brain model, which I
         | think has been somewhat debunked[1][2]
         | 
         | That being said, brains are weird and if you find you can
         | multitask then go for it. I've gathered data on my own attempts
         | to multitask and established that I cannot.
         | 
         | [1]
         | https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130814190513.h...
         | [2] https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/right-brainleft-brain-
         | ri...
        
       | falcolas wrote:
       | As someone who fights with ADHD, I strive to intentionally
       | single-task. It doesn't always work, but not having to keep
       | several things in the forefront of my mind make it more possible
       | to be productive.
       | 
       | Alarms and lists serve as my task manager, since my brain fails
       | at it by default.
        
         | hosh wrote:
         | Curious, are you able to have parallel thought streams?
         | 
         | I know two people who can, and they both have ADD. (But when I
         | asked around, many others who have ADD can't, though they are
         | capable of fast context switching).
        
           | mullen wrote:
           | > Curious, are you able to have parallel thought streams?
           | That's the problem. Parallel thought streams is where all my
           | productivity issues come from.
        
           | falcolas wrote:
           | Nope. My brain will context switch very quickly between
           | threads sometimes, but that's often outside of my control.
        
       | joe_the_user wrote:
       | Whenever these studies come up, it makes me wonder "how exactly
       | are they defining task and multi-task here".
       | 
       | For example, driving involves keeping the car at a reasonable,
       | avoiding obstacles on and off the road, deciding whether you need
       | to turn soon, noticing the condition of the vehicle and related
       | things. These could all be considered tasks and are indeed
       | difficult to keep straight when one begins driving. But they can
       | indeed be done together. And while it might be easier to somehow
       | do each separately, the combined task of driving isn't possible
       | without this "multitasking".
       | 
       | I understand that nearly everyone talking about multitasking here
       | is referencing whether or not tasks at work can be efficiently
       | combined. But I don't think that addresses the larger issues
       | (what's a single task, when two tasks intersect, how can you not
       | multitask, is the difficulty of "multitasking" a limitation of
       | humans or is it that the task itself becomes inherently more
       | difficult).
        
       | commandlinefan wrote:
       | This has been known and demonstrated for decades, but we're still
       | ordered to do it anyway. If I were more of a conspiracy theory
       | type I would think that Machiavellian managers demand
       | multitasking precisely because they know that it _does_ cause
       | problems that they can blame on their underlings later whenever
       | anything goes wrong so they come out looking great. But that
       | would be crazy talk, of course.
        
       | danans wrote:
       | > One study found that just 2.5% of people are able to multitask
       | effectively.
       | 
       | .. and a queue of anxious white collar parents forms to get their
       | child tested to determine if they are in the 2.5% /s
        
       | sleepysysadmin wrote:
       | I feel like I never quite got the answer of why it doesn't work.
       | It's also pretty nuanced.
       | 
       | If I have laundry, dishwashing, etc going. I am multitasking but
       | I don't need to expend attention.
       | 
       | So there's certainly a threshold where multitasking becomes a
       | problem.
       | 
       | In MSP world, I didn't control my own schedule. If the schedulers
       | thought I only needed 30 minutes to do a 3 hour task. That's all
       | you got. Some coworkers would hard limit. Put the 30 minutes in
       | and leave the job unfinished.
       | 
       | The stated rule was double/triple billing; which is a felony but
       | you know they'll throw you to the wolves if you actually break
       | the law and get caught. However, the rule was that if you needed
       | more time. You had to work on multiple things at once. If you did
       | not accomplish a task, you had to set the ticket back with
       | justification why you didn't get it done. About 25% of the time
       | if you didnt get it done and put in a justification. Someone
       | would come talk with you.
       | 
       | Not to help, but usually chastise you.
        
         | kaba0 wrote:
         | Once it's a habit, it is automatically executed without active
         | attention, so the majority of your daily routine is simply not
         | an activity you "partake in".
        
       | zozin wrote:
       | Hasn't this been debunked for a while? To prove this all you need
       | to do is have test subjects listen to a podcast or audiobook and
       | then distract them with something for a second or two and the
       | results will undoubtedly show that the vast majority of listeners
       | stopped paying attention and what was heard was not
       | comprehended/absorbed. Humans tend to think they are capable of
       | more than they really are.
        
         | hosh wrote:
         | Although rare, there are humans capable of parallel thoughts.
        
           | milesvp wrote:
           | What's interesting is you can see the seperate patterns on an
           | fmri. It's also known that people advanced in certain kinds
           | of meditation are very likely to show dual gamma waves. I
           | think it's suspected that it's something that can be trained,
           | although it's very possible only people with the ability are
           | drawn to practice these meditations.
        
             | kaba0 wrote:
             | It sounds very interesting, could you please expand on
             | it/give me some keywords I can look into it?
        
               | milesvp wrote:
               | Well, I've been looking, and mostly what I've been able
               | to find is references to papers that show strong
               | correlation with Buddhist monks and exceptional gamma
               | waves. The paper I'm thinking of may have not been
               | reproducible, and fallen off the radar. I would have seen
               | it no later than 2011. I might be quoting a book on
               | neuroscience as well (I went through a phase where I was
               | looking at neuroscience for inspiration for AI research).
               | I think the idea was that people who meditate while doing
               | certain types of "mindless" tasks seem to be able to hold
               | 1 wave around that task, while holding another wave
               | around other thoughts. What I can't remember is if this
               | was a one gamma wave per hemisphere scenario, or 2 for
               | the whole brain.
               | 
               | If you're interested at least in consciousness and brain
               | waves, you could do worse than to look into reading some
               | of the references in "States of Consciousness:
               | Experimental Insights into Meditation, Waking, Sleep and
               | Dreams" Dean Cvetkovic & Irena Cosic Editors
        
         | krageon wrote:
         | I can write a comment on hackernews and have a verbal
         | conversation at the same time (i.e. typing noises happen when
         | mouth noises happen, no pausing or swapping) just fine. If
         | that's not multitasking, I don't know what is. I will grant you
         | most folks I've met or asked about it cannot do it.
        
           | kaba0 wrote:
           | That works more like your brain feeding in a few words, and
           | typing itself is muscle memory that requires no active
           | attention. If a word doesn't look right, it "throws an
           | interrupt", and you will look into it with active thought,
           | and then quickly returning to your speech -- which yet again
           | can talk "automatically", while it has a full buffer.
           | 
           | Pretty much the exact same way as modern hardware works.
        
       | agumonkey wrote:
       | multitasking done right can give more pleasure (juggling with
       | more complexity tickles your brain) and productivity but it's
       | difficult to grasp.
        
       | rmason wrote:
       | I worked for a millennial once and multitask was his favorite
       | word. Tried it for awhile but I made way more mistakes. Course he
       | rode me for those mistakes.
       | 
       | So I only pretended to multitask and my error rate plummeted.
       | Does each generation have to figure this out on their own?
        
       | Aerroon wrote:
       | I don't doubt that multitasking makes us less efficient and more
       | prone to mistakes, but the question is by how much?
       | 
       | Sometimes it might be worth multitasking and being less efficient
       | at both tasks. If I'm washing the dishes and listening to a
       | podcast I'm completely okay if I'm at 80% efficiency at washing
       | the dishes and paying attention to the podcast. Neither activity
       | generally requires all my attention. The same goes for many other
       | activities that we do.
       | 
       | Playing a video game and listening to a lecture is probably still
       | better than just playing the video game. Just don't expect to
       | absorb the lecture as well as you would if you were to fully
       | concentrate on it.
        
         | xyzzyz wrote:
         | Yeah, I like listening to books when doing household chores, as
         | I can do those almost entirely on autopilot, with very little
         | thought required at all.
         | 
         | I also listen to books when doing hobby woodworking, as most of
         | the time spent is on rather menial tasks like sanding or
         | planing. However, not all of it is like that, and you often
         | need to focus, do some calculation or planning. During those
         | times, I need to pause the book, as I can neither focus on it
         | nor on the task at hand.
         | 
         | Human bodies have lots of ability to multitask, it's just their
         | brains have very little.
        
         | voakbasda wrote:
         | More generally, multitasking can improve your outlook and
         | mental well-being. Mix a fun task with a menial task, and the
         | instantaneous toll of the work balances out better.
        
           | katbyte wrote:
           | Yep. And actually provide some Motivation to do the task/help
           | with procrastination.
        
           | Blikkentrekker wrote:
           | World class chess players in tournaments often walk around
           | during the game and do so on their own turn or go to the bar
           | and have a drink.
           | 
           | "I think better when I walk." is a commonly heard statement;
           | many research scientists when thinking about a problem also
           | take a walk outside and find that thinking while walking
           | improves it.
           | 
           | But in soft science research without any real definitions
           | it's of course quite easy to not incorporate such things
           | because terms have no meaning and then say that "research
           | proves it" while all it did is prove things about their _ad
           | hoc_ definition of "multitasking" which is far removed from
           | the real world.
        
       | overview wrote:
       | I haven't read the article, but the title irrefutably contradicts
       | a very interesting understanding of multitasking shared by Dr.
       | Andrew Huberman on the Huberman Lab podcast.
       | 
       | Maybe by being provocative and choosing an absolute position on
       | the matter, the author was hoping to attract readers.
       | 
       | For those interested in the explanation given by Huberman, skip
       | to the section titled "Multi-Tasking Is Real" found in the
       | description of the video [0].
       | 
       | [0] https://youtu.be/H-XfCl-HpRM
        
       | winternett wrote:
       | Forgot where I read it, but one of my favorite quotes on multi
       | tasking is:
       | 
       | "You're not really multitasking, you're just screwing up multiple
       | things at the same time"
       | 
       | I do however feel a great sense of accomplishment whenever I have
       | several browser windows open while I work though. :|
        
         | pdpi wrote:
         | > I do however feel a great sense of accomplishment whenever I
         | have several browser windows open while I work though. :|
         | 
         | This is a subtle point. I can easily have 10 tabs open and swap
         | between them while mono-tasking. E.g -- ignoring for a moment
         | the fact I'm writing on HN... -- right now I have 4 tabs open
         | on Sentry, where I'm comparing stack traces for a couple of
         | instances of two related errors. I have another tab on the
         | relevant PR, and a few more with docs pages for the relevant
         | APIs/libraries. Swapping between these things isn't
         | multitasking, it's just managing the complexity of the one
         | single task.
        
       | at_a_remove wrote:
       | If only a hundred million bonehead "managers" understood this
       | concept. They still think they can multitask their way to free
       | FTEs materializing out of nothing.
        
       | bandie91 wrote:
       | according to my experience human multitasking can work until
       | tasks do not conflict which of your "peripherial" they want to
       | use. ie. people can think and talk while peeling potato. but
       | often they can not effectively type on the computer and talk
       | about something else.
        
       | naveen99 wrote:
       | To me moving your hands and legs independently in dancing is
       | multitasking, and I can't do it. But some people can dance and
       | juggle.
       | 
       | Best I can do is reading hacker news while compiling or training
       | a convolution network.
       | 
       | But anyone can hire multiple people to do multiple tasks.
        
       | tombert wrote:
       | I definitely feel like I'm generally less productive when I have
       | music on for a majority of things, though I will put on
       | headphones with one key exception: if the noise the headphones
       | tune out is more distracting than the music I would be listening
       | to.
       | 
       | Though typically when I _do_ put on music to work, it 's old
       | Amiga soundtracks or something. I wonder how much the difference
       | in levels of distraction for lyrics vs. no lyrics.
        
         | scrumbledober wrote:
         | I think there's a big difference between lyrics vs no lyrics,
         | as well as known vs unknown music. I have a much harder time
         | not paying attention to the lyrics (or even melody of an
         | instrumental song) that i know well than music I haven't heard
         | before.
        
       | robomartin wrote:
       | I multitask precisely as a multitasking OS does. It works
       | reasonably well. This is to say, I do focus on one thing at a
       | time and task-switch. When I task switch I store the state
       | information I need to return to the prior task.
       | 
       | I generally keep a text document open all the time. When I have
       | to task switch I write down where I am leaving the current task
       | and what I have to do when I come back. Sometimes it is a couple
       | of lines of text. Other times I have to add more to it.
       | 
       | For me this works very well. It avoids the issue of an
       | interruption or having to deal with multiple things in a day
       | killing your productivity because it takes an hour to get your
       | brain back into the prior task.
       | 
       | Simple. Effective. At the end of the day it looks like you did
       | multiple things simultaneously, just like a multitasking OS. In
       | other words, my system tick is >= 1 hour, not milliseconds.
        
       | gumby wrote:
       | While I agree with the article, this paragraph is, erm, a
       | distraction:
       | 
       | > Other studies suggest that people who frequently "media
       | multitask" (like listening to music while checking email or
       | scrolling through social media while watching a movie) are more
       | distracted and less able to focus their attention even when
       | they're performing only one task
       | 
       | The causality could just as well run the other way: people with
       | poor focus adherence presumnly exhibit it regardless of the
       | amount of distraction.
        
       | _wldu wrote:
       | I once worked with a mathematician in a research group who said,
       | "Multitasking destroys me". I did not know what he meant at the
       | time, but I do now.
       | 
       | If your job is to be "on the bottom of things" doing careful
       | calculations and designs, you should not multitask. But if your
       | job is to be "on top of things", then you will have to.
       | 
       | Can't mix the two safely.
       | 
       | You do not want the engineer/architect calculating the load on a
       | beam to be checking email, on slack, answering the phone and
       | other "on top of things" tasks.
       | 
       | But some managers think you are a slacker if you are not running
       | around with your hair on fire at all times. They don't understand
       | the difference.
        
         | kaba0 wrote:
         | And I'm fairly sure I would perform much better at university
         | if the courses were exactly the same, just serial. I really
         | like getting to the very depth of an interesting subject, but
         | doing a few hours a week of one will simply kill my brain. As
         | soon as it finds it interesting, it has to context switch to
         | the next one.
        
           | jagged-chisel wrote:
           | Education disruption: Serial University where you can take a
           | course at a time, spending all your available time on that
           | course, completing the work in much less than a quarter or
           | semester if you like. Graduation from SU should result in a
           | degree or it's no better than every other self-study option
           | available at the moment.
        
         | snarf21 wrote:
         | That is an interesting way to describe it and makes a lot of
         | sense. One thing that I see discussed a lot is a question of
         | value. Engineers message each other across the day lots of
         | times and it causes the same multitasking issues and break of
         | concentration for "bottom of things". However, sometimes that
         | may unblock two other engineers for several days of productive
         | work. This is where structure matters. Having a tech lead that
         | can handle all these interruptions is ideal but it takes
         | someone who can balance the managing and the execution. It is
         | also the mark of a good manager; someone who understands that
         | their success is actually to make everyone else successful and
         | that means shielding them from the nonsense.
        
       | Zababa wrote:
       | This looks like a content farm article with no substance.
       | 
       | > Other studies suggest that people who frequently "media
       | multitask" (like listening to music while checking email or
       | scrolling through social media while watching a movie) are more
       | distracted and less able to focus their attention even when
       | they're performing only one task.
       | 
       | Compared to what? Music for me is usually a way of escaping the
       | hell that can be open spaces.
        
       | fouric wrote:
       | I think that multitasking between multiple _tasks_ has been
       | somewhat-generally known to not be possible (for most people) for
       | a while now. However, this part of the article was novel:
       | 
       | > Other studies suggest that people who frequently "media
       | multitask" (like listening to music while checking email or
       | scrolling through social media while watching a movie) are more
       | distracted and less able to focus their attention even when
       | they're performing only one task.
       | 
       |  _This_ was novel to me. Listening to music negatively affects
       | your ability to focus? I guess it 's time to throw out my
       | headphones...
       | 
       | Well, but that article links to "Multicosts of Multitasking"[1],
       | which references studies made on "heavy multitaskers", defined as
       | having high "MMI" scores. What's MMI?
       | 
       | "A high MMI score means an individual engages in a lot of media
       | multitasking (e.g., checking email while also perusing Facebook
       | and watching Netflix), and a low score means he or she does not
       | (e.g., checking email without any secondary media)."
       | 
       | Whoa there - checking Netflix and Facebook are _completely
       | different_ than listening to music, and it should be obvious that
       | the former two are mutually exclusive with performing other tasks
       | (simultaneously) - but that doesn 't imply the same for music.
       | 
       | I think that the HN submission page might be making some
       | unsupported claims...
       | 
       | [1] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7075496/
        
         | hinkley wrote:
         | I think they also need to control for a lot of different
         | elements here that they probably haven't in their subject group
         | and methods. Including neurodivergence, but also how engaging
         | the task is.
         | 
         | It's not uncommon to hear claims from neurodivergent people
         | about achieving optimal stimulation levels to perform a task.
         | That can be increasing stimulation with music or motion, or
         | decreasing it by blocking out sound with ear plugs. I've seen
         | these play out and it seems to work. I think it's also safe to
         | assume that someone wearing noise cancelling headphones is
         | swapping one set of sounds for a quieter or at least less
         | distracting one. If in fact they aren't just tuning people out
         | by wearing headphones and not playing anything.
         | 
         | And even neurotypical people can maintain throughput on a
         | boring task by accompanying it to music. Laborers and militia
         | just being the most obvious in media. I've talked to a couple
         | of neurodivergent people who admit to "singing" a song in their
         | head while working. Just because you don't hear the music,
         | doesn't mean there's no music.
        
         | slightwinder wrote:
         | > > Other studies suggest that people who frequently "media
         | multitask" (like listening to music while checking email or
         | scrolling through social media while watching a movie) are more
         | distracted and less able to focus their attention even when
         | they're performing only one task. > > This was novel to me.
         | Listening to music negatively affects your ability to focus? I
         | guess it's time to throw out my headphones...
         | 
         | The part about Movies and Social media makes sense. They are
         | both "heavy" tasks, so they each have their demand. But Music?
         | I would say it depends on the music. Some is distracting, some
         | not. There is optimized music for concentration, usually found
         | in video games. But there is also "heavy" music that demands
         | your attention, IMHO usually those with lyrics, especially
         | inspirational lyrics.
         | 
         | I'm curious whether they checked the type of music in those
         | studies.
        
         | lmilcin wrote:
         | > This was novel to me. Listening to music negatively affects
         | your ability to focus? I guess it's time to throw out my
         | headphones...
         | 
         | Not so fast.
         | 
         | Actually, listening can help you focus _IF_ it helps you block
         | some other distraction _AND_ you choose something that you can
         | stop focusing on.
         | 
         | When I worked at the office I used headphones whenever I wanted
         | to block off chatter around me.
         | 
         | I also have tinnitus -- light music helps me mask it so it
         | stops being distracting.
        
         | 3pt14159 wrote:
         | No study will convince me about music and my personal ability
         | to focus. It needs to be the right music (Emancipator, Nicola
         | Cruz, etc) but I can write 2000 to 5000 lines of high quality,
         | tested code with the right song on repeat for the day and I
         | know its the same for many others.
        
           | dboreham wrote:
           | Trance Techno all the way for coding.
        
             | beebeepka wrote:
             | I find techno too engaging most of the time. Progressive
             | and trance are my usual white noise for work
        
           | fouric wrote:
           | Two counter-points:
           | 
           | First, the point of a study is to be _generalizeable_ - that
           | is, to apply to as many people as possible, usually _other_
           | than oneself. If a particular technique applies to you, that
           | 's great! However, most people aren't you. _Starting_ with a
           | known general principle /technique (most people can't
           | multitask) will, on average, put you in a better position
           | than randomly picking someone's anecdotal evidence.
           | 
           | Second, there are many documented cases where self-assessment
           | of one's own traits or capabilities is inaccurate.
           | Performance while cognitively impaired (alcohol & sleep
           | deprivation), assessment of skill as a novice (Dunning-
           | Kruger), and the ability to multitask are all well-known
           | cases of it, with many more lesser known (e.g. whether one is
           | a "visual" or "verbal" learner[1]) - so, you should be wary
           | about having too much self-confidence in your own
           | capabilities, _especially_ for something as poorly-understood
           | as software engineering.
           | 
           | [1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rhgwIhB58PA
        
             | 3pt14159 wrote:
             | > First, the point of a study is to be generalizeable
             | 
             | That's why I specified myself. I completely understand the
             | difference between generalizable results and individual
             | results.
             | 
             | > many documented cases where self-assessment of one's own
             | traits or capabilities is inaccurate
             | 
             | I completely understand that self-assessment is flawed, but
             | there is also something to understanding oneself and
             | trusting a self-assessment that is born out over decades of
             | experience. I have never even come close to being as
             | productive as I can be with the right musical piece and
             | sharing this insight with others may prompt further
             | research that sheds new nuance on the topic.
        
           | idontwantthis wrote:
           | I just started getting into 20th century Italian film
           | soundtracks for coding. I don't know why, but it's doing
           | wonders for me.
        
             | prancer_or_vix wrote:
             | Suggestions?
             | 
             | Where do you find them?
        
           | sg47 wrote:
           | I listen to Bach or Beethoven when I need to really focus.
           | Works wonders. I use it sparingly so that I don't get bored.
        
             | dave78 wrote:
             | I used to find that listening to music without lyrics
             | (classical, movie themes, etc.) did it. Lately though I
             | just listen to a local radio station that plays music I
             | like.
             | 
             | I think I'm convinced that the difference is how well I
             | know the music - listening to the radio is all songs that
             | I've heard hundreds of times, so I don't think I'm
             | subconsciously spending effort listening to the lyrics
             | since I know them already?
        
               | 988747 wrote:
               | For me my poor English becomes an advantage here - I can
               | listen to rock music and completely ignore lyrics, if
               | they are in English and I don't deliberately focus on
               | them. But if the radio starts playing something in my own
               | language then it becomes distracting, even if I heard the
               | song hundreds times before.
        
           | FalconSensei wrote:
           | > with the right song on repeat for the day
           | 
           | that's the key. You are possibly using 'the right song' to
           | isolate yourself, so that helps you concentrate. The fact
           | that it's on repeat also makes you don't pay much attention
           | to it anymore. But try to listen to 'the wrong song', or
           | worse 'the wrong new song', and it's probably going to have
           | some effect.
           | 
           | I mostly listen to 'concentration music' and lo-fi without
           | vocals. Put something more complex and with lyrics...
        
         | yumaikas wrote:
         | I'd be very heavily interested in how much things like ADHD
         | affects that media-multitasking bit.
        
         | jklinger410 wrote:
         | Sorry, there is no way something like Trance music is less
         | distracting than the background noise of real life. Just seems
         | absurd to me.
        
           | sureglymop wrote:
           | As someone with ADHD, the background noise of real life is
           | really distracting to me. I need noise cancellation
           | headphones which play no sound to really deeply focus.
        
           | II2II wrote:
           | Given how many people are saying that they need music to
           | concentrate, I was thinking something along the same lines
           | and realized that listening to music doesn't necessarily
           | contradict the study. It may simply be a case of people using
           | music to pull their attention back to the task at hand in
           | cases where the environment would pull their attention away.
        
           | hosh wrote:
           | People have different ways their brain is wired. What's
           | absurd for you doesn't make it a good test for universal
           | experience.
           | 
           | Trance is distracting for me, but melodic progression works
           | well for me, and sometimes vocal chillout trance. I still
           | have to process random stuff with background noise from an
           | urban setting, even on one of those noise generators.
           | 
           | Back when I was living in a more rural setting, the song
           | birds, the wind between the trees, the rain makes for
           | something that is easier for me to focus.
           | 
           | That is what works for me. My wife has difficulty
           | concentrating without Netflix in the background.
        
             | jklinger410 wrote:
             | I just feel like the practicality of it is silly. Music
             | doesn't help you focus, compared to what? Pure silence?
             | 
             | Music helps me focus more than say, a noisy coffee shop.
        
           | kdmccormick wrote:
           | %s/less/more?
        
         | skeeter2020 wrote:
         | >> like listening to music while checking email or scrolling
         | through social media while watching a movie
         | 
         | These are definitely not all same, unless you're literally just
         | spinning the mouse wheel like a fidget spinner or watching a
         | Fast & Furious movie. Even more complex music isn't the same as
         | ambient or generic background music.
        
         | tharkun__ wrote:
         | Not novel to me personally at all but I know that other people
         | claim (perhaps rightfully so) that music helps them
         | concentrate.
         | 
         | I can't. Especially not with repetitive, melodic music like
         | other siblings say helps them. That's an absolute killer as I
         | starts repeating the melody in my head. Potentially even after
         | I shut the music itself off.
         | 
         | My suspicion is that many people have too many other
         | distractions and music helps them because it's less distracting
         | than the other things. Some people say white noise, such as
         | from an AC helps them sleep. It drives me crazy and I can't
         | fall asleep at all. It does beat a busy street with cars
         | zooming by, revving, honking etc.
         | 
         | Where music can help if there's a mundane repetitive task I
         | need to just get done, because automating it does not make
         | sense at that point. Certain music helps. Allegedly farmers use
         | the same technique to make strawberry pickers faster.
         | 
         | Have you never heard of or witnessed people that turn off their
         | car stereo when they need to drive backwards?
        
           | tiluha wrote:
           | Music keeps my mind destracted enough that i don't get bored
           | quickly and can enter the "flow state". If i get stuck i stop
           | the music because it does negatively affect my ability to
           | solve complex problems. Once i planned how to proceed, my
           | music impaired brain is capable enough to finish the job.
        
           | katbyte wrote:
           | Different people are different? I can focus and be productive
           | while watching tv shows or listening to music - but I
           | frequently miss things in the show (which I'm ok with), and I
           | know people who just can't even have it on nearby without it
           | distracting them from the task.
        
             | tharkun__ wrote:
             | That's half my point, yes. Plus the fact that many many
             | people probably just claim it helps them concentrate
             | because it helps them drown out worse distractions. If
             | these other distractions didn't exist, the music however
             | would make it worse. Unfortunately though you can also get
             | used to a certain noise floor though and if that noise
             | floor is gone, that's uncomfortable in its own right. If
             | you've never been, try to find one of those complete
             | silence rooms where even your footsteps 'disappear'. It's
             | deafening.
             | 
             | Your TV example I think shows some of this very nicely. You
             | are able to drown out the TV in your head but you aren't
             | able to actually multitask. If you were, you'd know what
             | went on in the show and also get your task done
             | productively. Unless the TV itself drowns out other more
             | distracting things, just not having the TV on would
             | probably be better for concentration.
             | 
             | YMMV in case you are so used to all the noise that you need
             | "something there" because otherwise you get say tinnitus.
             | 
             | I do the TV thing too sometimes but inadvertently. I watch
             | TV, am a little bored perhaps and start say reading HN and
             | at some point notice that the show is over. I totally
             | drowned out the show.
        
           | zuppy wrote:
           | for me it works... sort of. the music helps me concentrate,
           | but that's only because it eliminates the background noise. i
           | would rather have silence, but this can't happen when almost
           | everywhere you get open offices. so i guess it's both, it's
           | worse than silence but it's better than what open office
           | provides.
        
         | MarkLowenstein wrote:
         | I find that various white-ish noise sources help me a lot. I've
         | tried everything down to "10 hours of baby crying" [1].
         | 
         | My favorite lately is the La Palma volcano live-streams.
         | 
         | [1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7pj3IHcQw8
        
         | kenjackson wrote:
         | It seems like this would also be task dependent. I've read
         | other studies that listening to music while running helps
         | people run longer, as an example. I know when I (used to) lift
         | weights -- having the right music was a huge motivational
         | factor for heavy lifts.
         | 
         | For activities that require more intellectual attention, the
         | articles assertion would be accurate to me personally.
        
         | smoldesu wrote:
         | I'm one of the worst when it comes to media multitasking, I
         | actually watch uncut full-length stream archives at my own
         | leisure alongside podcasts and whatever new music is out. A lot
         | of it is knowing _when_ to listen, not _what_. It 's a lot
         | easier to focus when you designate the music for work time, the
         | podcasts for transit, and the streams for laundry-folding. I
         | found it very liberating when I realized that I could really
         | consume whatever media I wanted, as long as I made sure to fill
         | the appropriate times with things I like.
        
         | anaphor wrote:
         | I find that I can focus better if I listen to a single track on
         | repeat (I've done it literally for hours). The repetition helps
         | for some reason because you're not surprised.
        
           | anaphor wrote:
           | And if you enjoy piano, there's some music specially created
           | for this purpose https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexations
        
         | yboris wrote:
         | I suspect "music" means different things for people.
         | 
         | Any time I have vocals / lyrics in music, it drags my attention
         | away - so I only listen to non-vocal (in my case electronic)
         | music.
        
           | hinkley wrote:
           | When this has come up before there are always a couple people
           | who say they can't listen to music in a language they know,
           | but listening to another language doesn't bother them.
           | 
           | For me, and one of the reasons I HATE open office plans, I
           | cannot focus if I can _almost_ hear a conversation. Speaking
           | at a normal tone would be far less distracting. Similarly,
           | someone is speaking in a language with too many borrow words
           | in English. Overhearing Germanic languages in particular, my
           | brain keeps trying to treat it like an English speaker with
           | mush-mouth or having a stroke. If I just squeeze my brain
           | harder with my furrowed brow, it will all make sense.
        
           | mlok wrote:
           | An alternative may be to listen to songs in a language you
           | don't understand.
        
         | fxtentacle wrote:
         | I find that music with lyrics is almost as distracting as
         | people trying to talk to me. But music without lyrics is great
         | to keep me awake. So I guess estimating the true effect of
         | music on productivity will have a lot of variables that need to
         | be accounted for.
        
         | foobiekr wrote:
         | In my experience, music and noise generators help, but silence
         | (and a clean desk, both literally and in terms of visual
         | distraction) helps more.
         | 
         | Music, to me, seems to be the perfumed room deodorizer of noisy
         | environments - it drowns out something that's a problem rather
         | than lending concentration. I understand why people use it in
         | open workspaces.
         | 
         | When running or exercising music is great because it distracts
         | the conscious mind and lets you avoid getting lost in thought.
         | I think this is the same task it serves when, for example,
         | coding. But hard tasks require that otherwise distracted mind
         | and that's where it falls apart.
         | 
         | But obviously YMMV.
        
         | QuercusMax wrote:
         | In my personal experience, listening to music is fine (and
         | helps keep me on task while waiting for builds and tests and
         | such) when I'm working on well-understood bits. But if there's
         | something novel or complicated, I have to turn it off or else I
         | just can't get into the right frame of mind.
        
           | superfrank wrote:
           | Maybe it's just my personal experience, but I find the
           | reverse of that is also true. If the music itself is novel, I
           | find it much harder to focus on the task at hand.
           | 
           | I've got about 50 albums that I rotate through while I'm
           | coding and I can focus on the task at hand fairly well with
           | those on, but if I put on a new album by an artist I like, my
           | ability to concentrate on code goes way down.
        
             | dabernathy89 wrote:
             | I've got the same experience, especially with music that
             | has lyrics. I've got a few favorites that I can listen to
             | just fine while working.
        
           | mettamage wrote:
           | I experience exactly this as well. I liberally use my volume
           | up and down keys.
           | 
           | Perhaps the following is too personal of a take, but we're
           | talking about music YMMV ;-)
           | 
           | Here it comes:
           | 
           | Music doesn't make me feel lonely when I'm behind a computer.
           | And feeling lonely is what made me into a mediocre
           | programmer. For years I've not touched a computer because it
           | just feels so isolating when you do it for 8 to 10 hours
           | straight.
           | 
           | But with music, with music I feel a shared experience between
           | me, the artist, the feelings and the concepts. It helps that
           | this form of "musical reasoning" doesn't cost me a lot of
           | brainpower since I've been doing this on autopilot since I
           | was a kid.
        
           | UglyToad wrote:
           | Exactly this, I think music helps with energy/motivation to
           | smash through a well understood but fairly uninteresting
           | task, which outside of the HN Elite is most of our day to
           | days.
           | 
           | For understanding a new concept or problem the finding here
           | probably applies.
        
           | richardatlarge wrote:
           | Psychology research has long shown that outside factors
           | impact poor performance but are not a factor in skilled work,
           | which may apply here
        
           | pdmccormick wrote:
           | This reflects my experience as well. When I more or less know
           | what I'm doing (where my typing is essentially the rate
           | limiting step), playing familiar music helps me to focus, but
           | when I really need to stop and think about what I'm trying to
           | accomplish, I prefer as much silence as possible (I'll even
           | switch from headphones to large hearing protection earmuffs,
           | the kind you should wear if you're working with heavy
           | equipment).
        
           | A4ET8a8uTh0 wrote:
           | I will build on it. Even type of music may make a difference
           | in your mental state. Soothing background piano music may
           | actually help your focus, while lyric heavy cadence of note
           | distractions will do anything but since it is virtually
           | designed for a distraction.
        
             | JJMcJ wrote:
             | Also a significant difference between music with singing,
             | and purely instrumental music.
             | 
             | The human voice is highly distracting for most people.
        
             | r3trohack3r wrote:
             | This is exactly it for me. For any task that has to do with
             | words - writing, reading, code - lyrics are devastating.
             | Even "lyric like" music, where an instrument is imitating
             | speech for a track, grabs too much of my attention for me
             | to focus.
             | 
             | For most tasks, lyric free chill hop is a perfect balance.
             | It replaces the chaos of my environment with a predictable
             | backdrop that can fade out of focus.
             | 
             | But for tasks that require extreme focus, like putting
             | together a novel (to me) algorithm or exploring a new code
             | base, even chillhop is too much. I have to find a place
             | with absolute silence - anything that grabs my attention is
             | devastating to the task at hand.
        
             | miketery wrote:
             | Agreed. I use brain.fm (no affiliation) and have found it
             | great for focusing. While I ride around the city on a bike
             | or euc, I find faster pace music great for getting in the
             | zone / flow state.
             | 
             | For the latter example, I wonder how much of it is though
             | neaural networks wired together fire together. In essence
             | Ive always listened to music while riding so it feels right
             | and known, what if I had ridden all this time without
             | music, would I be better? I don't know.
        
               | kentrf wrote:
               | Good on you for actually getting any useful out of
               | brain.fm
               | 
               | I've tried it a couple of years ago, and for me it was
               | mostly repeating tunes and nothing particularly good for
               | programming/focus work.
        
             | spfzero wrote:
             | Anything with Lyrics wrecks my concentration. Somehow my
             | mind just can't stop tracking speech. Instrumental is OK,
             | but silence is too.
             | 
             | I know lots of people though who must have music on, or
             | they simply cannot concentrate. For them, it might be that
             | the music gives the mind something to hold on to, kind of a
             | rail to help stay on track, and in the absence of that,
             | their mind would wander farther afield.
        
               | definitelyhuman wrote:
               | The podcast Flow State changed my life - lyric-less music
               | to drive focus, built around 30m pomodoro intervals.
               | Highly recommended
        
               | fsckboy wrote:
               | pomodoro, being italian for tomato, what is a 30m
               | interval of it? minutes i'm guessing rather than meters,
               | but who knows...
        
               | nsp wrote:
               | For the sibling comment - minutes, the original timer was
               | apparently shaped like a tomato
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomodoro_Technique
        
               | maicro wrote:
               | One thing I've heard recommended, and enjoyed a bit
               | myself, is to listen to music with lyrics in a language
               | that you don't speak (at all, I'd say) - the (heavy
               | conjecture) theory being that the foreign language isn't
               | recognized and parsed as "speech", so avoids the language
               | areas of the brain.
        
               | bjelkeman-again wrote:
               | Or music which you know very well, works for me. Hard
               | rock from the late seventies go in one ear and out the
               | other when I am writing.
        
               | QuercusMax wrote:
               | For me it's Rob Zombie's Hellbilly Deluxe. Not proud of
               | it, but something about it gets me into a flow state for
               | coding sessions.
        
               | progre wrote:
               | Nothing to be ashamed of, that album is great!
        
               | shaan7 wrote:
               | > might be that the music gives the mind something to
               | hold on to
               | 
               | The way it feels to me is it gives me a consistent
               | background to work. For example, once I have decided on a
               | particular way to solve a problem and its time to code -
               | I put a long DnB track.
               | 
               | Another way to describe it is that it gives my brain's
               | CPU a consistent clock, so to speak xD
        
               | toss1 wrote:
               | YES. I can listen to things w/lyrics while doing CAD
               | work; with any task requiring language, text, etc. it is
               | too distracting, although some calm instrumentals are
               | tolerable.
               | 
               | When I really get focused on a bit of work, whatever
               | music is playing literally disappears - if you came to me
               | 3min later and offered me $millions to tell you what song
               | just played, I'd get nothing.
               | 
               | Cats are even more amazing - I can't find it right now,
               | but I remember in reading studies in some of my college
               | neuroscience classes where electrodes were put on cats to
               | track their audio system with a clock/metronome sound in
               | the background. You can trace the signal processing up
               | through various nodes of the system at successively
               | higher levels. When a mouse was let into the area, the
               | metronome click trace disappeared from the data of almost
               | every level of processing - it was entirely filtered out
               | almost at the raw audio stage when the mouse showed up.
               | That's focus.
        
               | progre wrote:
               | I'm finding myself deep in black and doom metal while
               | coding. Both genres are kind of droning with very
               | saturated sound spectrums, the main diffrence is the
               | tempo of the songs really. Most importantly though, the
               | vocals are generally growled and very low in the mix.
               | Absolute best is vocals in languages I can't understand.
               | Clean vocals breaks my concentration.
        
               | rpmisms wrote:
               | Check out Batushka. Black Metal with lyrics in Old Church
               | Slavonic. Guarantee you won't understand anything. Also
               | very black and beautiful music.
        
             | [deleted]
        
             | Xelbair wrote:
             | i would argue that it isn't the type of music that affects
             | you.
             | 
             | it's your familiarity with it.
        
               | jeffreygoesto wrote:
               | That is my personal experience as well. The more familiar
               | music is, and the better it matches my mood, the better
               | it works as background for programming. When I was under
               | a stress maximum, this (the whole CD) [0] blew away all
               | distractions and got me super focused.
               | 
               | [0] https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=NzkxZfhgHso
        
             | PicassoCTs wrote:
             | We are primed by nature to take anything social more
             | important than everything else, except nature dangers. It
             | makes totally sense to block out social cues
             | "conversations" like lyrics to focus.
        
             | MaxBarraclough wrote:
             | > Soothing background piano music may actually help your
             | focus
             | 
             | As I understand it, the relevant studies do not support
             | this.
        
         | Pokepokalypse wrote:
         | Media multitasking is great.
         | 
         | Tragic though, for advertisers.
        
         | joe_the_user wrote:
         | " _I think that multitasking between multiple_ tasks _has been
         | somewhat-generally known to not be possible (for most people)
         | for a while now_ "
         | 
         | But what is a task? You emphasize the term and I have a general
         | concept of what a task is in work and other contexts. But that
         | seems too fluid to make broad statements about human behavior -
         | even with studies combining two activities. How do we know one
         | person's doing a task isn't another person's multitasking? It's
         | intuitively plausible that two activities logically will be
         | somewhat harder than doing each in sequence. But are all such
         | combinations identical? A lot of challenging activities do
         | involve the combination of subtasks - firefighters might break
         | into a building looking for survivors while monitoring the
         | situation of the building for safety. Just about any video
         | involves satisfying multiple constraint simulateously, if they
         | didn't, they'd be boring, etc.
        
         | Blikkentrekker wrote:
         | > _I think that multitasking between multiple tasks has been
         | somewhat-generally known to not be possible (for most people)
         | for a while now. However, this part of the article was novel:_
         | 
         | There is no actual definition of what would constitute a "task"
         | here and that alone makes all of it quite dubious in the way
         | you outline and any other things in how it's often
         | extrapolated.
        
         | dboreham wrote:
         | For me music is quite different than speech. Background music
         | helps focus. Background speech kills it. Basically my brain
         | tracks one or other source. Either I follow the podcast that's
         | playing, and totally ignore the work task, or vice-versa.
        
         | passivate wrote:
         | I tend to be skeptical of most studies that come out of
         | psychology. Over half of them seem to be junk -
         | 
         | https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2015.18248
         | 
         | That's not to say other areas are better by default. There is
         | just a lot of junk science out there. "Study says X" is
         | meaningless to me personally. "Study X was reproduced by A, B,
         | C" is something I'd take notice of.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | marcosdumay wrote:
         | > Listening to music negatively affects your ability to focus?
         | 
         | All that phrase means is that an habit of listening to music
         | while you do something is correlated with lessen focus while
         | not listening to music.
         | 
         | There's no causality there, and there's nothing about how deep
         | is the focus while listening to music.
        
         | p410n3 wrote:
         | What is "listening" to music though. I remember multiple
         | instances where I put on a Spotify playlist or an album, and
         | went into full-focus for 2hrs, only to realize that I disabled
         | looping and I have actually not heard any music for half the
         | time at least.
        
         | ScoobleDoodle wrote:
         | I wonder if it comes down to the intentional, sustained focus
         | of ones attention?
         | 
         | Or how does an open office compare to listening to music?
         | 
         | For me I sometimes use music to mollify ruminative thoughts or
         | feelings that intrude and distract me. Which results in a net
         | increase in focus. Similar for the din of the open office.
         | 
         | When I need deep thinking time both background noise and music
         | are too interruptive or distracting and I need full silence.
         | But I don't require that level of focus all the time.
        
       | arichard123 wrote:
       | I still don't understand what multitasking is. When does a series
       | of actions become a single task instead of multiple tasks? Is it
       | purpose?
        
         | agumonkey wrote:
         | Probably a matter of mental categorization with overlapping
         | intermediate states.
        
         | passivate wrote:
         | I think its sort of a madeup term. I don't think emergent
         | phenomenon can be divided into "tasks" the way we think of them
         | in the real world. If as you're thinking on a task you're also
         | recalling prior memories - is that multi tasking?
        
       | PaulHoule wrote:
       | (1) If you are a software dev you probably have a process that
       | involves waiting for compiles, builds, downloads, etc. At the
       | very least you have to have one thing you do when you are
       | waiting.
       | 
       | (2) Frequently people multitask to manage their emotions. It is
       | like having a choice between a room that is too cold and too hot
       | and you can be comfortable moving from one to the other.
        
         | Spivak wrote:
         | To expand on (1). Preemptive multitasking is the one that
         | doesn't work very well because it interrupts your flow and the
         | cost of context switching is high. Cooperative multitasking is
         | fantastic since you only task switch when you're blocked.
        
         | allenu wrote:
         | Similar to (1), I somewhat have a process for async
         | discussions.
         | 
         | Sometimes, when I know starting a Slack thread will lead to
         | lots of discussion, I wait until I have mental space to be
         | ready to switch to them. Once those conversations start, it's
         | very hard to concentrate on the current task.
         | 
         | Other times, I know people will take a long time to respond, so
         | I'll kick off those discussions early and be comfortable in
         | being able to context switch away from it when needed.
        
         | adrianmonk wrote:
         | For #1, I try to pick a task that's closely related to the main
         | task at hand. I think related tasks can help retain focus
         | rather than losing it by shifting gears.
         | 
         | For example, while my code is compiling, I might think through
         | the specific steps I'm going to take to try it out when I run
         | it here in a minute. Or try to plan out the next change I'm
         | going to make to the code if this current code works. Or start
         | a list of some unit tests I need to add.
        
       | kosasbest wrote:
       | I've organized my life in such a way that I deliberately avoid
       | multi-tasking since I read years ago that it doesn't work, and
       | have proven to myself over the years that it doesn't work. YMMV.
       | One thing I have done is introduce friction into my workflow. So
       | I have a dedicated hard-drive that I boot into that is _strictly_
       | for coding. Another is _strictly_ for news  & social media. This
       | way if I'm coding, I am less likely to slide into
       | Hackernews/Reddit/Twitter/Whatever. Friction is good and more
       | people need to leverage it.
        
         | ghgr wrote:
         | > So I have a dedicated hard-drive that I boot into that is
         | strictly for coding. Another is strictly for news & social
         | media. This way if I'm coding, I am less likely to slide into
         | Hackernews/Reddit/Twitter/Whatever. Friction is good and more
         | people need to leverage it.
         | 
         | But then you're also less likely to get back to work once you
         | are in social media, aren't you?
        
           | sharkjacobs wrote:
           | I don't think that would be a problem unless you often find
           | yourself absent mindedly almost accidentally starting to work
           | when you mean to be taking a break.
        
           | jscud wrote:
           | I imagine the point is to not slide over to social media
           | until the coding is done, at least for a predetermined
           | segment of time. Is that the idea?
        
         | Blikkentrekker wrote:
         | I'm fairly certain you do multitask in someone's definition
         | thereof; you have simply defined what you are doing as "one
         | task" and someone else might disagree and this alone makes me
         | suspect of all literature on this matter.
        
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