[HN Gopher] Why Are Fast Food Workers Signing Noncompetes?
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       Why Are Fast Food Workers Signing Noncompetes?
        
       Author : jseliger
       Score  : 95 points
       Date   : 2021-09-30 02:15 UTC (20 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.nytimes.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.nytimes.com)
        
       | vsskanth wrote:
       | Naive question, but I wonder if non-competes have been tested in
       | the supreme court if they violate the constitution. Seems like
       | the very concept is an infringement on personal liberty and if
       | extended too far comes a bit too close to indentured servitude,
       | especially in this era of specialization where your livelihood is
       | heavily tied to your profession.
       | 
       | Edit: Also, NDAs exist for IP and confidentiality, so why non-
       | competes ?
        
         | hemloc_io wrote:
         | From one law class I took the way it was explained is this.
         | 
         | The original purpose of non-competes was for people like
         | C-Suite executives, and sales people. The point being that you
         | don't want sales people walking out the door and taking a whole
         | client list with them etc. This makes sense because you want to
         | protect things like IP, strategy etc. The theory goes that
         | companies wouldn't want to build up long term strategies or
         | technologies if those people can just walk out the door and
         | bring those things with them. It's also unfair to the company
         | that a salesperson can walk out the door with a client list.
         | 
         | For your standard employee it shouldn't be used, but in 2008
         | when the recession happened companies got away with it and now
         | it's standard even if they're unenforceable. They get "blue
         | penned" a lot, where the terms of the non-compete get changed
         | in court. IANAL but non-competes have been around forever and I
         | doubt they would violate things like the 13th amendment or
         | something like that.
         | 
         | Tbh I think the best of both worlds would be that you force
         | companies to do the thing Wall Street Traders get. If you want
         | to sign a non-compete the company has to pay out the employee's
         | salary for X amount of years the company wants them off the
         | market. Provides a nice balance where the company can't just
         | non-compete everyone b/c now they have skin in the game.
        
           | dragonwriter wrote:
           | > From one law class I took the way it was explained is this
           | 
           | > The original purpose of non-competes was for people like
           | C-Suite executives, and sales people
           | 
           | It wasn't; the original purpose of noncompetes was for lower-
           | rank guildsmen employed by guildmasters; we know this because
           | there are British cases adjudicating them back to at least
           | the early 15th Century and statutes restricting them back to
           | at least the mid 16th.
           | 
           | So, take any explanation that starts with the "C-suite and
           | salespeople" origin story as suspect.
        
             | petermcneeley wrote:
             | Its interesting because I am guessing that this might be
             | done today as educational debt. There were probably laws
             | against debt back in the 15th century which prohibited this
             | solution.
        
       | thepenis wrote:
       | Harrumph!
       | 
       | This is the fag talk I want to see on HackerNews!
       | 
       | Harrumph!
        
       | crocodiletears wrote:
       | I've never heard of a fast food worker signing a noncompete
       | agreement, and the only evidence that the author provides is that
       | 12% of workers earning under 20k annually are under some form of
       | noncompete without any context or breakdown by industry sector.
       | 
       | Noncompete clauses are awful imo, but the framing seems
       | disingenuous.
        
         | larrybud wrote:
         | From a few years back, but here's an example:
         | https://www.cnbc.com/2016/06/22/jimmy-johns-drops-non-compet...
        
       | davidgerard wrote:
       | archive: https://archive.is/d4pnt
        
       | explodingman wrote:
       | https://web.archive.org/web/20210929201944/https://www.nytim...
        
       | diebeforei485 wrote:
       | Fortunately this is not a thing in California
        
       | Mikeb85 wrote:
       | If it's true, they're probably doing it out of desperation. Or
       | perhaps just the knowledge that no judge anywhere in the western
       | world would actually uphold a non-compete clause in a fast-food
       | worker's employment contact.
        
         | muttled wrote:
         | They're just hoping they can scare the inexperienced person by
         | telling them that they signed a non-compete, so they can't just
         | leave and go across the street. They're not going to take it to
         | court. They just hope the employee doesn't know better.
        
           | MeinBlutIstBlau wrote:
           | Yes my thoughts exactly. It's completely uneforcable. IIRC
           | non-competes are only legal if you literally cannot just hire
           | anybody off the street. The simple fact that restaurants near
           | me are moving over from english to spanish speaking staff is
           | evidence that you don't even need to speak the native
           | language to get the job.
        
       | nasmorn wrote:
       | I don't think they need to be outright banned but for the
       | duration of the non compete the employer should have to keep
       | paying the salary. They can then keep workers from joining a
       | competitor if it is important to them. But the cost associated
       | will prohibit its use as a scare tactic.
        
         | himinlomax wrote:
         | That's how it works in many European countries. I once had a
         | job with a boilerplate non-compete, the clause made it clear
         | how much they would pay me if they chose to enforce it. When I
         | quit, they immediately informed me they were not
         | enforcing/paying for it.
        
         | HWR_14 wrote:
         | > for the duration of the non compete the employer should have
         | to keep paying the salary.
         | 
         | How does that interact with many people needing to get a new
         | job to get a raise?
        
           | brewdad wrote:
           | You'd have to go work a retail job instead of fast food but
           | McD's would still be on the hook for your original pay.
        
         | ThePadawan wrote:
         | How is what you're describing (paying someone a salary to
         | provide value to the company) different from "employment"?
        
           | anang wrote:
           | I think the implication is that salary is paid regardless of
           | employment, as long as the non compete is enforced.
           | 
           | So if I quit McDonald's they have to either keep paying me or
           | release me from the non-compete and allow me to work at
           | Burger King.
           | 
           | I think it's totally fair.
        
             | [deleted]
        
           | smorgusofborg wrote:
           | It is employment with severe restrictions on job
           | requirements, while not paying someone for providing years of
           | service is indentured servitude.
        
         | inglor_cz wrote:
         | Alternatively, they could only be allowed for highly paid jobs,
         | say, 10x minimum wage and more.
        
           | cratermoon wrote:
           | That sounds like a really powerful way to put downward
           | pressure on the minimum wage.
        
             | inglor_cz wrote:
             | An interesting retort. I did not think about this scenario.
             | 
             | Wages are notoriously sticky, but there could be pressure
             | to keep the minimum wage stay put in periods of great
             | inflation. Such as the one that we might face soon.
             | Possibly, we are already in.
             | 
             | Maybe the limit could be derived from the median wage. Such
             | as "only jobs that earn 4x or more median wage can be
             | subject to noncompetes".
        
               | cratermoon wrote:
               | Counterpoint: noncompetes should not be allowed at all.
               | Employers shouldn't be able to control the livelihoods of
               | people who don't work for them. If they fear theft of
               | trade secrets, there are already laws in place for that.
        
         | ultrasaurus wrote:
         | This is common in the financial industry:
         | https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gardening-leave.asp
        
       | literallyaduck wrote:
       | Some states ban pay day loans. Talk to your state reps and ask
       | them to ban non-competes and fine companies which attempt to do
       | business in the state but block the state from hiring.
        
       | aaron695 wrote:
       | This is a lie Biden made up -
       | 
       | https://www.factcheck.org/2020/07/bidens-false-claim-about-m...
       | 
       | Good work NYT
        
       | cardiffspaceman wrote:
       | The FA says this is the kind of non-compete that your server at
       | Burger King might have to sign:
       | 
       | "The contracts prohibit employees who quit from taking a job at a
       | competitor for a period ranging from months to years."
       | 
       | This is definitely intended to keep chain-A employees from
       | defecting to chain-B for better working conditions.
       | 
       | The final tool in a person's toolbelt for labor negotiations is
       | the resignation. This type of agreement is intended more to
       | prevent resignations than to prevent leaks of valuable business
       | strategy or similar.
        
         | MeinBlutIstBlau wrote:
         | These non-competes are 100% illegal and unenforceable. The NLRB
         | would back the employees in a heartbeat and companies are just
         | using it as a scare tactic cause they know they can't defend
         | it.
        
           | lovich wrote:
           | The cost of enforcing your rights is usually beyond the means
           | of someone working a minimum wage job.
        
           | spoonjim wrote:
           | The McDonalds employees are not likely to know this. The
           | contract itself is abusive, and its unenforceability is not a
           | defense.
        
             | brewdad wrote:
             | Is McDonalds really suing min wage workers who leave for
             | Wendy's to get a better schedule or 25 cents more per hour?
             | I get that they could but I can't see how that's ever a
             | reasonable business decision.
        
               | spoonjim wrote:
               | They most likely aren't. But putting that in the contract
               | can make workers think they can't take that Wendy's job.
               | I cannot think of two entities with a bigger power gulf
               | than McDonalds and a McDonalds worker, so the
               | expectations must be calibrated accordingly.
        
               | Ekaros wrote:
               | Now I wonder what sort of judgement they could even get?
               | Worker has to come back? Worker has to pay some fraction
               | of the perceived losses of that restaurant? Worker has to
               | pay some fraction of their wages?
               | 
               | And then would this even pass through the system?
        
               | TheCoelacanth wrote:
               | I think the most likely judgement would be that the
               | worker has to quit their job at the competing business.
        
               | smorgusofborg wrote:
               | If the employee were compelled to quit, unemployment
               | couldn't go after the worker for the lost job, so they
               | would want to go after McDonald's for 2.5 years of
               | unemployment instead of .5 years for every worker they
               | break.
        
               | LegitShady wrote:
               | Making examples of a few is a more efficient option than
               | suing everyone. But this is insanity, and should be
               | legislated against.
        
           | Reubachi wrote:
           | It's not illegal by any means, it's ability to be enforced is
           | questionable though given precedent. Look at any tech firm
           | with CEOs whom used to be with their firm's competitor;
           | 
           | That's a large chunk of chief legal officer work, getting new
           | hires out of the non-competes by proving the contract was not
           | enforcable in the eyes of an average reasonable person in
           | that locale.
           | 
           | But...FF employees won't have a dedicated lawyer, unless
           | there's some frivolous class action that doesn't truly
           | represent the employees.
           | 
           | I think, we'd all be surprised to find that many "illicit"
           | things aren't illegal at all, but rather would get struck
           | down in a civil court if sufficiently challenged, and that
           | much of our economy is driven by that.
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | ep103 wrote:
           | They are absolutely enforceable.
           | 
           | A court might not enforce them, because, depending on your
           | state, they may be of questionable validity.
           | 
           | But people who don't know that will believe they are
           | enforced.
           | 
           | People who aren't willing to risk going to court will have to
           | act as if they are enforced.
           | 
           | People who can't afford to go to court will have to act like
           | they are enforced.
           | 
           | *Additionally, I have seen these contracts enforced outside
           | the court system as well.*
           | 
           | I had a friend who was fired from a job he went to, because
           | his former employer called his future employer, and
           | threatened a lawsuit / threatened to drop mutual business
           | because the future employer helped the employee break the
           | non-compete agreement.
           | 
           | The past employer may not have had any case (except for the
           | lost business), but the future employer didn't want to deal
           | with legal trouble, and it was easier to just find a reason
           | to fire the employee.
           | 
           | How sure are you that you won't be fired at your new job,
           | because a conversation like that took place behind closed
           | doors?
           | 
           | How sure are you that McDonalds would be willing to foot a
           | legal bill to defend their new minimum wage employee, if
           | Burger King threatened legal action?
           | 
           | Non-compete abuse needs legal reform.
        
             | mushbino wrote:
             | Can you find a case of where they've successfully sued
             | someone for this?
        
               | testesttest wrote:
               | The point is they don't have to be successful to have
               | teeth. A fast food worker probably can't afford a single
               | day in court.
        
       | dddw wrote:
       | "Typically low-wage workers aren't privy to trade secrets"
        
         | biaachmonkie wrote:
         | Hey now, the "Secret Sauce" is super secret and deserving of
         | extensive protections!
        
           | theandrewbailey wrote:
           | It comes off the truck in a bag. Heat it. Squirt it. Serve.
        
       | MeinBlutIstBlau wrote:
       | I thought non-competes could only be enforceable if the purpose
       | of it was to prevent poaching and your knowledge of the company
       | is vital to it's ability to compete, but on a high level (like
       | you're a partner or established something significant). You can't
       | say "we own you, you can't go elsewhere to do general labor."
        
         | Ekaros wrote:
         | As consultant I have non-compete for same customer and same
         | project. It seems reasonable to me. My company sells my work to
         | someone, and someone else can't skim the profits from that
         | process. Still, I'm entirely free to work with someone else
         | with someone else.
        
       | cafard wrote:
       | According to the Chamber of Commerce, "They are contracts freely
       | bargained for before or during a period of employment. The
       | employee gains something valuable in exchange for the voluntary
       | commitment."
       | 
       | Back in my brief employment in the fast food business, I gained
       | something valuable: minimum wage. Are today's milkshake makers
       | and pizza schleppers earning something more valuable?
       | 
       | "Where concerns go beyond antitrust, the chamber says, they
       | should be judged by courts under contract law or "left to state
       | legislatures."
       | 
       | In military terms this is called "defeat them in detail," I
       | believe.
        
         | Joker_vD wrote:
         | Ah, the idea that "contracts freely bargained" are fair. Sure,
         | most people do think that working 10 hours in exchange for
         | minimal wage is a better proposition than starving under open
         | sky at full leisure, so such employments are (mutually)
         | beneficial market transactions. They are. But the question is
         | not if they're mutually beneficial, the question is are they
         | _fair_?
         | 
         | There is quite some gap between the minimal wage that's enough
         | for subsistence and the maximal wage that still won't ruin the
         | business, so the actual wages land anywhere in the middle as a
         | result of those conflicting constraints.
        
           | gruez wrote:
           | >There is quite some gap between the minimal wage that's
           | enough for subsistence and the maximal wage that still won't
           | ruin the business, so the actual wages land anywhere in the
           | middle as a result of those conflicting constraints.
           | 
           | Source? My impression is that fast food restaurants run on
           | thin margins.
        
             | ziddoap wrote:
             | McDonalds had a gross profit of ~10B and net income of ~6B
             | in 2018.
             | 
             | Maybe we have different ideas of thin margins.
        
               | gruez wrote:
               | 1. what's their revenue? Walmart has 13 billion in net
               | income. That might sound like a lot, until you realize
               | that they make 559 billion in revenue, which works out to
               | a relatively thin margin of 2.4%.
               | 
               | 2. not an accountant, but the fact that mcdonalds
               | licenses their brand to franchisees probably messes with
               | their profitability figures. They might be making 50%
               | margin on franchise fees, but that doesn't mean the
               | actual restaurant has 50% spare cash to spend on
               | employees.
        
               | ziddoap wrote:
               | Revenue was ~21B, =~ 28% margin.
               | 
               | I'm also not an accountant so I'm not about to speculate
               | on the rest. Maybe your right and it's a factor.
        
               | brewdad wrote:
               | That's at the corporate level though. They are largely
               | making their money from selling food or renting space to
               | franchisees. The individual store's margins (the ones
               | paying the actual burger flippers) would be quite a bit
               | lower I assume.
        
         | syshum wrote:
         | >>something more valuable?
         | 
         | yes? I am not aware of any fast food chain paying minimum wage
         | (at least not the federal min wage in the US)
         | 
         | In my area most are about 2x Minimum Wage being advertised,
         | with interview and signon bonuses
        
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