[HN Gopher] Speaking Latin
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Speaking Latin
        
       Author : neonate
       Score  : 107 points
       Date   : 2021-09-13 11:43 UTC (1 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (psyche.co)
 (TXT) w3m dump (psyche.co)
        
       | dghf wrote:
       | I only watched the first couple of minutes of the video, but it
       | seems they pronounce Latin "v" more or less the same as English
       | "v".
       | 
       | I was taught to pronounce it like English "w".
       | 
       | Am I wrong, are they wrong, are there different competing
       | approaches to "correct" Latin pronunciation, or are the two
       | sounds in free variation?
        
         | pfortuny wrote:
         | It evolved, so no need to worry.
         | 
         | Americans pronounce 'r' where British do not. Not a problem.
         | There is no "correct" in a language which lived for centuries
         | and does no more.
        
         | adrian_b wrote:
         | Latin "v" pronounced like English "w" is the old, original
         | pronunciation.
         | 
         | During the evolution of the language, the pronunciation of
         | Latin "v" has changed to that of English "v", so this is how
         | all Romance languages pronounce it.
         | 
         | Actually the sound "v" did not exist in the ancient Indo-
         | European languages, but only the English "w".
         | 
         | The change in pronunciation from "w" to "v" has affected most
         | European languages, not only those descended from Latin, unless
         | they have lost completely the original "w", like Greek.
         | 
         | English is an exception where the ancient pronunciation of "w"
         | has been conserved, even if other sounds have changed more than
         | in most languages.
        
         | armchair_ wrote:
         | IIRC spoken Latin is taught differently in continental Europe,
         | so that it sounds much closer to modern Italian. The
         | pronouncing "v" like "w" rule is mostly an American (or at
         | least Anglophone) thing.
        
           | dhosek wrote:
           | There's the old saw about how you pronounce Latin will depend
           | on whether you were taught by Father Brown or Father Leary.
           | 
           | In areas where Catholicism has predominated, it's more likely
           | that the ecclesiastical pronunciation will dominate. As I
           | recall, the German exchange students I had in some of my
           | classics courses used the classical pronounciation (their big
           | weirdness was pronouncing th as an aspirated t (like in
           | Goethe) rather than a th sound.
        
           | gpvos wrote:
           | As far as I have experienced, the "classical" (i.e. not the
           | Italian-like ecclesiastical) pronunciation differs a lot by
           | native language of the speaker. It was long ago, but I
           | remember having had only very basic pronunciation guidance at
           | my secondary school; we certainly used Dutch vowels (apart
           | from the "u" of course) and the Dutch "v" which is very
           | similar to the English "v". In a context like that academy I
           | would have been understood, but with a very typical Dutch
           | accent.
        
         | ink_13 wrote:
         | The article touches on this point briefly:
         | 
         | > How should one pronounce the cae- in caelum (sky): kai, as it
         | was in Rome of the 1st century BCE, or che, as used in
         | Christian liturgy and modern Italian?
         | 
         | but then later concludes when discussing a meeting of students
         | held in Latin:
         | 
         | > The meeting removed, however, any concerns I had about sound
         | and style in speaking Latin actively. Differences of
         | pronunciation and expression mattered as little as if I were
         | conversing in English with students from Scotland, Germany or
         | Japan. What mattered was that the language was intelligible,
         | meaningful, accurate and alive.
         | 
         | So in short, if people understand you, that's what matters, and
         | the differences can be thought of as differing accents.
        
         | j-james wrote:
         | There are different competing approaches to "correct" Latin
         | pronunciation. Pronouncing the "v" as "w" comes from the
         | Restored pronunciation - I think Ecclesiastical Latin
         | pronounces it as an English "v".
        
       | gootler wrote:
       | Racists.
        
       | fidesomnes wrote:
       | Conor loqui Latine cotidie, gaudio est!
        
       | laGrenouille wrote:
       | As somewhat alluded to in the article, there is a similar
       | movement within the study of Classical Greek. In some ways this
       | is even more interesting for classical Greek epics because there
       | is good evidence that they were traditionally sung. There are a
       | number of interesting recordings of the Iliad and Odyssey in the
       | original Greek [1].
       | 
       | [1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qI0mkt6Z3I0
        
       | drdec wrote:
       | Seems like a good place to point out that during the pandemic
       | John Linnel of They Might Be Giants recorded an EP called Roman
       | Songs entirely in Latin. It's available on Spotify (you'll have
       | to check other streaming services yourself).
        
       | cbm-vic-20 wrote:
       | The Vatican has a web site in Latin, but it looks like their site
       | doesn't respect the "Accept-Language: la" header.
       | 
       | https://www.vatican.va/latin/latin_index.html
        
         | 1-more wrote:
         | This is exactly as a Latin language website should look. My
         | heart swells.
        
           | wrinkl3 wrote:
           | A Latin language website from 2004.
        
             | 1-more wrote:
             | They could have done lickable buttons and did not. A true
             | retvrn to tradition. Art.
        
         | hodgesrm wrote:
         | Mirabile dictu!
         | 
         | (p.s., don't bother looking this up in Google translate. It's
         | terrible on Latin.)
        
       | akeck wrote:
       | I've heard that "Vox Latina" is really good for classical
       | pronunciation.
       | 
       | https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/vox-latina/0D460CEF06E5...
        
         | fidesomnes wrote:
         | It is outdated now but it is the basis of modern restored
         | classical pronunciation.
        
       | JoeAltmaier wrote:
       | Lots of angst over the loss of 'unmediated' understanding of
       | latin. But, of course, if you hear it then translate it in your
       | head into your native tongue then its still mediated. What
       | difference does it make? I'm not sure its as big a point as the
       | article makes out.
        
         | gliese1337 wrote:
         | Uh... is that how you think people understand non-native
         | languages? 'Cause it's not.
         | 
         | If you are still at the point of translating in your head, you
         | are not a competent fluent listener. Someone who is fully
         | competent in Latin won't do that.
        
           | JoeAltmaier wrote:
           | Some folks who have spoken a 2nd language for years, report
           | they still sometimes translate in their head. The flat remark
           | is not helpful.
        
         | indigo945 wrote:
         | Second language speakers do not translate words in their head.
         | (In fact, if asked to do so, I often have trouble rendering
         | English sentences in my native tongue, even though I understand
         | them just fine.)
        
         | wudangmonk wrote:
         | Doesn't unmediated in the context of the text mean without
         | first translating into your native tongue?. If you need to
         | translate it to any other language first, that to me means that
         | it is mediated.
        
           | JoeAltmaier wrote:
           | Exactly. And if that's happening in your head, learning to
           | speak latin isn't changing the mediation.
        
       | leke wrote:
       | Yle, the Finnish national broadcasting company used to have news
       | in Latin. It ran for many years before being retired in 2019.
       | 
       | Details about the broadcast:
       | https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/yle_ends_latin_news_servi...
       | 
       | Broadcast archive: https://areena.yle.fi/audio/1-1931339
        
         | Dragonai wrote:
         | This is awesome. Thanks so much for sharing!
        
       | c-smile wrote:
       | European Union should switch to Latin as an official language.
       | That would be natural choice and will keep the language alive.
       | 
       | At least it will create some intellectual barrier for policy
       | makers.
        
         | sterlind wrote:
         | Mi ankorau esperas ke Esperanto estu uzata tiele. (I am still
         | hoping that Esperanto be used for that purpose.)
        
       | jvvw wrote:
       | When I was at Oxford in the mid-nineties, there was a lady (a
       | post-grad? not sure) who organised latin-speaking tea parties for
       | interested parties across the university.
       | 
       | I'm not sure I'd have enjoyed Latin as much at school though had
       | I had to speak it. I found something calming about doing
       | translation. But perhaps I would have learned it more thoroughly.
        
       | AlbertCory wrote:
       | I had two letters to the editor of the Daily Illini in the 5 1/2
       | years I was there, and they were both about the foreign language
       | requirement. I hated it. Lately I got the Rosetta Stone course in
       | Japanese, and I hated that, too. But if you like languages,
       | you're lucky. I'm sure it's great for the brain.
       | 
       | Lastly, "By the mid-19th century, however, the increasing
       | dominance of national languages over Latin was causing alarm to
       | some readers" stuck out for me. Johannes Brahms wrote his
       | breakthrough hit (as it were) with his German Requiem right about
       | then. Prior to that, requiems were always in Latin. Having sung
       | that, I'm really glad it's in German.
        
       | farleykr wrote:
       | This couldn't be more timely. I've been wanting to get back into
       | learning Latin. I took it in high school but faked my way through
       | unfortunately. Does anyone have any recommendations for good
       | resources to learn Latin outside of the obvious language learning
       | apps/sites like Duolingo or Rosetta Stone?
        
         | Quillbert182 wrote:
         | One thing commonly recommended is the textbook Lingua Latina
         | per se Illustrata. It uses illustrations to help you learn only
         | in Latin.
        
           | HPsquared wrote:
           | What's interesting is that the book is 100% Latin - you need
           | to figure everything out from context and examples. It's
           | almost a logic puzzle, and learning Latin is a side effect.
        
             | OJFord wrote:
             | I really tried but ultimately found it frustrating - I
             | think I honestly do learn best with a good amount of
             | structured tables, going through grammar etc. Certainly
             | that's how I've been learning Hindi (via Wiktionary &
             | Snell, supplementing Duolingo) in which I've progressed far
             | beyond where I ever got to with Latin via LLI.
             | 
             | Just hit too many blocks where I sort of have the
             | understanding of what it must mean, but I want to ask
             | someone 'why is it inflected in this way here but different
             | there?', and of course there's no explanation of that. (By
             | design, I just don't like it.)
             | 
             | Perhaps my ideal would be something like LLI but
             | interspersed with grammar-oriented explanation between
             | chapters.
        
               | mabub24 wrote:
               | It's just not a grammar book, it's a language book in the
               | sense that it teaches how the language is used rather
               | than "constructed".
               | 
               | I always recommend people learn the use of a language
               | before the grammar at the beginning, and then transition
               | into much more intensive grammar study later, likely
               | exactly at the point when you got frustrated is when
               | introducing grammar would be perfect. This is especially
               | true when the written grammar of a language can look very
               | different than the sound of a language (especially if
               | written differences are hidden by identical sounds in the
               | language, like in French).
        
               | OJFord wrote:
               | Yes exactly, but I think the trouble is that it's too
               | popular to say 'people learn by immersion, not by grammar
               | and tables, immersion is how we learnt our first language
               | after all'; when actually, _some_ people do prefer (or at
               | least benefit from additionally) such rigid grammarian
               | teaching.
               | 
               | I've learnt so much more from studying
               | conjugation/declension tables on Wiktionary than I have
               | from trying to converse with fluent/native speakers, who
               | can't explain to me _why_ or tell me how to spell it
               | (sounding /typing it in the English alphabet).
        
             | nerdponx wrote:
             | Is this a sensible approach to learning _any_ language from
             | a book? Or does it only make sense with a  "dead" language
             | that we mostly know from literature and inscriptions?
        
               | coyotespike wrote:
               | It does make more sense with Latin, because while Latin
               | has always been and still is spoken, much of the value of
               | the language comes from its literature (of which 90% has
               | never been translated).
               | 
               | BUT, the natural method plays well with extensive
               | reading/comprehensible input, where you just read a lot
               | at a simple, pleasurable level, allowing it to ramp up
               | gradually.
               | 
               | This is how I learned much of English as a native
               | speaker, after all!
               | 
               | So I intend to use this approach with other languages in
               | the future as well.
        
           | jan_Inkepa wrote:
           | That and Wheelock's Latin are the main book recommendations.
           | Other than that, there are a bunch of subreddits and a large
           | discord which might be nice if you want to get some daily
           | active practice in (including voice chat). Or just see if
           | there are any courses running near you - active training can
           | be handy, but the style of course is very country-specific -
           | every country has their own tradition for teaching Latin (or
           | multiple), and the style/goal may not suit you.
           | 
           | It's super low-effort, but I had fun with the (modern) light
           | novellas by Andrew Olympi and kin - in some sense they're
           | _too_ easy above a certain level and made me over-confident
           | in a way that was damaging to my confidence when I looked at
           | actual classical latin texts, on the other hand it 's nice to
           | just be able to pick up a small book and read some beginner-
           | level Latin without requiring any effort/strain.
           | 
           | [ note: I've only been learning Latin for about a year, with
           | very mixed success - I'm very much a beginner still and can't
           | read any classical texts with any fluency/comfort, nor write
           | without a dictionary to help with inflections ]
        
           | handrous wrote:
           | Is there a name for this kind of book? I have one, titled
           | "Mein Erstes Buch", that, in one small and slim volume, takes
           | you from "Dick & Jane" and "See Spot Run" levels, to an ~3rd
           | or 4th grade reading level, entirely in German. I picked it
           | up because it looked neat but tried reading it one day, made
           | it about a third of the way through, and sure enough, I could
           | follow along. Doesn't teach you pronunciation and it doesn't
           | replace focused practice & drilling, but it was pretty damn
           | cool. I'd like one in French, especially, but I don't know
           | what term to search for. "The Natural Method" from that link
           | yields some promising results, but are there other terms?
           | 
           | (just checked archive.org, and sure enough, they've got a
           | scan of the book I have, but it's a limited preview:
           | https://archive.org/details/meinerstesbuch0000unse/mode/2up)
        
             | maw wrote:
             | In LLPSI's marketing materials, they call it the "natural
             | method." (I've also seen "nature method.")
             | 
             | Another term is "comprehensible input" -- but I am not
             | certain precisely how the two relate to each other. But
             | hopefully they're enough for you to go on.
        
               | coyotespike wrote:
               | Yes, the terms I've seen are "natural method",
               | "comprehensible input", and "extensive reading."
               | 
               | The latter two refer more to a large volume of simple
               | reading materials which let you work up on your own,
               | practicing and slowly learning more grammar and
               | vocabulary.
        
             | abecedarius wrote:
             | For French I liked https://www.amazon.com/Mon-premier-
             | dictionnaire-Roger-Pillet... which I picked up after some
             | basic grounding with Duolingo. It's not a textbook but it
             | is all in French yet for second-language learners.
        
             | urubu wrote:
             | Here's a website with a list of such textbooks for various
             | languages:
             | 
             | https://vivariumnovum.it/risorse-didattiche/propria-
             | formazio...
        
               | dvaun wrote:
               | This is amazing, thank you!
        
         | yawboakye wrote:
         | There's 2 lively Latin Discord servers. One for general Latin
         | and the other for everyone learning Latin using Lingua Latina
         | per se Illustrata, a popular book for self-guided learning.
         | Once in the community you'd easily discover resources like
         | YouTube channels, Twitter accounts, podcasts etc. It's amazing
         | how large and niche the community is at the same time!
         | 
         | LLPSI Discord: https://discord.gg/uXSwq9r4
         | 
         | Latin Discord: https://discord.gg/latin
        
           | sterlind wrote:
           | I love LLPSI. The approach of just building up without
           | requiring translation into another language really feels like
           | how we're supposed to learn - naturally, incrementally,
           | through immersion.
        
         | gnufx wrote:
         | Whichever it is, remember, from a .sig on ancient posts by
         | Vassil Nikolov:
         | 
         | LEGEMANVALEMFVTVTVM (Ancient Roman programmers' adage.)
        
           | jan_Inkepa wrote:
           | [ For the curious : this is some kind of overly-literal
           | rendition of RTFM "lege - manvualem - fututum", where the
           | grammar appears somewhat strained, but a detailed analysis
           | would be not appropriate on YCOMB for several reasons... ]
        
         | vlod wrote:
         | You might like this youtube channel:
         | 
         | ScorpioMartianus https://www.youtube.com/c/ScorpioMartianus
        
         | JoeDaDude wrote:
         | This graphic novel could be fun, it is based on the writings of
         | Julius Caesar who was said to write in a fairly simple style.
         | 
         | Caesaris Bellum Helveticum: Scriptores Antiqui Romani
         | Imaginibus Ornati by Karl Heinz Graf Von Rothenburg
         | 
         | https://www.amazon.com/Caesaris-Bellum-Helveticum-Scriptores...
        
           | em-bee wrote:
           | there are latin versions of the asterix comic published in
           | germany. they are supposed to be of high quality.
           | 
           | https://new.egmont-shop.de/comics/asterix/latein/
        
         | mbg721 wrote:
         | In addition to whichever dictionary and textbook you use, as
         | you get deeper in, an Allen & Greenough grammar reference is
         | really handy. Because Latin word-order is looser than English,
         | there are some a-ha! moments where it starts to click, "Oh,
         | this entire clause is acting as the direct object, and it's
         | here because Cicero wanted to emphasize this and this." Quickly
         | being able to look up common constructions and how noun cases
         | are used helps with that.
        
           | nerdponx wrote:
           | The word ordering stuff gets really wild, compared to my
           | native English. I wonder about languages that have more
           | flexible word order, do their speakers have greater ability
           | to retain information in working memory?
        
             | leetcrew wrote:
             | keep in mind that most of the latin you end up reading in
             | school is rather formal/complex. it's hard to parse in a
             | similar way that charles dickens is harder to parse than
             | casual/informal english. stuff like de bello gallico and
             | some new testament books (greek) can be very
             | straightforward.
             | 
             | it is definitely hard to get started with latin/greek when
             | your native tongue is a highly positional language like
             | english, but I don't think it is intrinsically harder. the
             | same information is there, it's just encoded in word
             | endings rather than order. in english, the word order is
             | only really important within individual clauses. you can
             | still write very complicated (and syntactically correct)
             | english sentences with clause orderings that are very hard
             | to parse. I'd argue this requires just as deep of a mental
             | "stack" as latin/greek.
             | 
             | anyways, that's just my two cents as someone who studied,
             | but never fully mastered, latin and greek in college.
        
         | yepguy wrote:
         | The Latinum Institute provides a lot of audio material for
         | their Patreon subscribers.
         | 
         | https://www.latinum.org.uk/
        
         | voldacar wrote:
         | I would recommend some combination of Lingua Latina and
         | Wheelock's Latin. That's what my Latin tutor used and they
         | complement each other very well.
        
         | hyperstar wrote:
         | https://www.textkit.com/greek-latin-forum/
         | 
         | For spoken Latin, there are Corderii colloquia, which are also
         | made into an audio book.
        
         | sumobob2112 wrote:
         | Wheelocks would be my goto, you learn by reading authors, in
         | the original translation.
        
         | Koshkin wrote:
         | This one is an excellent resource for language lovers:
         | https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol
        
         | billfruit wrote:
         | You could use a textbook specifically designed for adult
         | learners like the Wheelock.
        
       | jnwatson wrote:
       | I studied Latin in high school and did well in JCL competitions.
       | 
       | I'm skeptical that "active" is the way to teach beginners Latin.
       | My daughter took 4 years of Latin in high school with this
       | method, and they never got around to covering all the grammar
       | (which is normally covered in two years).
       | 
       | Spending too much time on the conversational stuff means less
       | time actually being able to read the classics, which is, IMHO,
       | where the real value of Latin is.
        
         | ogogmad wrote:
         | What do you think of reading an English translation of the
         | classics instead of the original?
        
           | jnwatson wrote:
           | I think it is like any translation: you get much of the
           | understanding. Still, it is important to understand the
           | social and cultural background of the author, and reading it
           | as the author wrote it is part of that.
        
           | hodgesrm wrote:
           | It's kind of like reading anything in translation. Goethe
           | loses a lot in English. Shakespeare in German is the same.
        
             | webreac wrote:
             | Edgar Poe earned a lot in translation to french (translated
             | by Baudelaire).
        
               | hodgesrm wrote:
               | Thanks, I need to check that out. It's conceivable that
               | Baudelaire made a few improvements. It's certainly not
               | unheard of. Fitzgerald's translation of Omar Khayyam is
               | by some accounts close to an original work. [0]
               | 
               | [0]
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam
        
         | hodgesrm wrote:
         | Similar experience in my daughter's high school. In her case I
         | think it was a defect of the teacher rather than the method.
        
       | gnufx wrote:
       | My father claimed once to have used clerical Latin as a common
       | language talking to a priest somewhere in Europe. I don't think
       | I'd have got far, despite it being one of my best subjects at
       | school.
        
       | _ZeD_ wrote:
       | this reminds me of polyMATHY channel, look at
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DYYpTfx1ey8 and at
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDhEzP0b-Wo for some "real world"
       | latin usage
        
       | pattisapu wrote:
       | Just two generations ago, teaching Latin by "the direct method"
       | was not uncommon in the West:
       | 
       | http://www.arlt.co.uk/method.html
       | 
       | Greek composition courses, too.
        
       | GnarfGnarf wrote:
       | I'm happy for all those who enjoy Latin, but I loathed learning
       | it. I was subjected to six years of mandatory Latin, and I hated
       | every minute of it. Not to mention two years of classical Greek.
       | I was more interested in science. I argued for learning a more
       | useful language like German or Spanish.
        
         | jillesvangurp wrote:
         | I had Dutch (my native language), English, French, German, and
         | Latin in high school. I actually live in Germany now but I
         | mostly get by with English. My German is too broken to be of
         | much more use than having simplistic conversations with people
         | that don't speak English. I sound like a complete idiot when I
         | need to speak German. And my job is (mostly) not sounding like
         | an idiot so, I avoid professional situations where this is a
         | thing.
         | 
         | Getting my German to the same level I understand and speak
         | English (or Dutch) is such a massive project that I've never
         | really bothered making time for it. I always have more
         | interesting things to do. And if I don't there's work. Learning
         | a language is a big time commitment and the in between state
         | where I can't really use it without sounding like an idiot just
         | isn't that useful to me.
         | 
         | I've also forgotten most of the French I knew even though I was
         | getting quite good at it by the time I dropped the subject 30
         | years ago. I chose science heavy classes instead of language
         | heavy classes (the Dutch system makes you choose). So German,
         | Latin, and French were out. The endless & mind-numbing
         | memorizing of words, grammar, etc. was a big contributor to
         | that choice. And I also enjoyed other classes a lot more
         | generally. However, I had English until the end (six years) and
         | was actively reading English books, watching BBC, etc. by the
         | time I entered university. In university some of my books were
         | in English. A lot of online content was English. Immersing
         | yourself like that is what needed to master a language.
         | 
         | English has kind of taken the place of Latin. It's the world's
         | most popular second language. Without it you are a bit
         | marginalized to specific areas or groups of people.
         | 
         | But we might not need it much longer if translation tools keep
         | on improving. The key moment will be if you can have an
         | intelligent conversation with somebody without having a single
         | language in common. Even if it is just in written form, it
         | would matter a lot.
        
           | gpvos wrote:
           | I've heard from someone who teaches Norwegian to newly
           | arrived expats that they simply don't get any Dutch students
           | since these pick up the language in a matter of weeks without
           | help. Between Dutch and German this should be even easier.
           | Simply pick a social activity (choir, dancing, whatever)
           | that's intended for locals, go drinking with friends, etc. If
           | you want, of course.
           | 
           | I've neglected my German and French since school, but found
           | that I could still get to a basic level of conversation later
           | in life by just trying when I was on holiday in those
           | countries while still living in the Netherlands. YMMV.
        
         | 3nf wrote:
         | A lot of that learning experience depends on context- I had a
         | nerdy, young (early to mid 20s) high school teacher teaching
         | classic and not liturgical, many had strict Catholic school
         | nuns.
        
         | cafard wrote:
         | I went to a mediocre high school, where Latin ended after the
         | second year. But even that much helped with high school German,
         | college French, and subsequent experiments with other Romance
         | languages.
        
         | gpvos wrote:
         | How come you didn't get any choice in this?
        
           | GnarfGnarf wrote:
           | I was enrolled in the 1960's in an antiquated system called
           | "Cour Classique" in French. We had a strict curriculum,
           | designed to produce priests, doctors, lawyers and notaries.
           | The system spanned eight years, high school and college. We
           | were given no options until the last two years. I got my B.A.
           | at 19, and promptly joined the Canadian Peace Corps (CUSO),
           | learned Spanish in two months, and taught physics (in
           | Spanish) in South America.
        
           | stormdennis wrote:
           | Maybe his school scheduled classes so it was impossible to do
           | a language and a science subject at the same time. For
           | example I dropped History and also Geography in school
           | because they clashed with Science subjects.
        
       | throw0101a wrote:
       | See also _Ad Infinitum: A Biography of Latin_ by Nicholas Ostler:
       | 
       | > _The history of language is the history of politics, society
       | and religion - and in the case of Latin it is a story of
       | incredible staying power, the tongue sturdily outliving the Roman
       | empire. As Nicholas Ostler points out, by the end of the first
       | millennium AD Latin was the language of religion from Iceland to
       | Sicily, from the Arctic to the Mediterranean, from Poland to
       | Portugal; and 500 years later it was still the language of
       | organised life throughout western Europe._
       | 
       | * https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/dec/08/featuresreview...
        
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