[HN Gopher] Bad News
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Bad News
        
       Author : jbegley
       Score  : 134 points
       Date   : 2021-08-17 13:29 UTC (9 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (harpers.org)
 (TXT) w3m dump (harpers.org)
        
       | smitty1e wrote:
       | Contra Tim Berners-Lee, the World Wide Web had no magic effect on
       | the signal-to-noise ratio of human information.
       | 
       | Sorry, boss.
        
         | dredmorbius wrote:
         | Contra _MANY_ early boosters of the Internet, WWW, and global
         | connectivity generally. I 'd especially pin accountability on
         | Stewart Brand, Kevin Kelly, Howard Rheingold, and others of the
         | Whole Earth / WELL crowd. They were among the loudest and most
         | influential advocates, though not at all alone or controversial
         | at the time.
         | 
         | Simply wrong.
         | 
         | Adam Curtis's _Hypernormalisation_ and _All Watched Over by
         | Machines of Loving Grace_ are among the best explorations and
         | critiques of that viewpoint I 'm aware of.
        
           | specialist wrote:
           | Yes and:
           | 
           | Many like The Well netizens assumed a Platonic Philosopher
           | Kings future. A select group (such as themselves) of
           | educated, erudite, elites would converse amongst themselves,
           | reach some kind of consensus, and then lead the way. Which
           | were unlike the prior self-annointed thought leaders in
           | broadcast and print medias, of course.
           | 
           | While totally ignoring the grim reality of usenet, forums,
           | BBS networks, etc. As former compuserve moderator and hub for
           | a modest BBS network, nothing about today's cesspool
           | surprises me. Trolls, bots, flamewars, all of it.
           | 
           | My only surprise is that other people are surprised. The
           | recurring amnesia, feinting spells, and pearl clutching.
           | 
           | One small bit of progress is we're no longer suffering the
           | technotopian blather of those pollyannas.
        
         | naasking wrote:
         | It did for awhile, until commercialization really took off.
         | Then the incentives became skewed.
        
           | Analemma_ wrote:
           | There was no plausible pathway by which the Internet didn't
           | become commercialized as access become ubiquitous. Blaming
           | "commercialization" for the Fall of Eden is like building a
           | shoddy bridge that collapses, and then blaming that on
           | gravity: if you didn't take into account the inevitable,
           | omnipresent force, that's on you.
        
             | JadeNB wrote:
             | > There was no plausible pathway by which the Internet
             | didn't become commercialized. Blaming "commercialization"
             | for the Fall of Eden is like building a shoddy bridge that
             | collapses, and then blaming gravity for it: if you didn't
             | take into account the inevitable, omnipresent force, that's
             | on you.
             | 
             | All bridges will collapse eventually, but we blame the
             | people who build shoddy bridges, not the people who build
             | bridges that someone else comes along and willfully knocks
             | over. It was inevitable that the internet would decay, but
             | not this quickly, nor into this state.
        
           | JadeNB wrote:
           | > It did for awhile, until commercialization really took off.
           | Then the incentives became skewed.
           | 
           | Yes--I remember the web as I experienced it in the '90s. It
           | was a much different place from today's web. I'd hate to
           | trade away all the amenities and conveniences of the modern
           | web, but I wouldn't hesitate for a moment to choose the
           | social environment of that internet over today's.
        
             | Analemma_ wrote:
             | > I wouldn't hesitate for a moment to choose the social
             | environment of that internet over today's.
             | 
             | The social environment of that Internet was a product of
             | access being limited to tech nerds, the wealthy, and
             | college students (in the same way that HN is a more
             | bearable debate environment than Facebook, not because of
             | any moderation choices but because HN is a self-selecting
             | population of people with mostly the same job, class, and
             | general education level). This was never going to endure
             | once Internet access became ubiquitous, as my other comment
             | alluded to.
        
               | JadeNB wrote:
               | > In the same way that HN is a more bearable debate
               | environment than Facebook, not because of any moderation
               | choices but because HN is a self-selecting population of
               | people with mostly the same job, class, and general
               | education level.
               | 
               | I think this underrates the importance of moderation, at
               | least at the community level (my experience of HN
               | moderation from the top has been nil, so I can't speak to
               | it). Sure, HN is the way it is because of its community,
               | but that community was not an accident; it was created.
               | Spaces can be made welcoming without becoming cesspools,
               | and to point to the tendency of public spaces to become
               | cesspools doesn't mean that moderation makes no
               | difference.
               | 
               | (Long delayed response because I was posting too fast.)
        
               | h2odragon wrote:
               | > not because of any moderation choices
               | 
               | Beg to differ. HN's moderation is incredible; and the
               | active and exemplary involvement they have is a public
               | service that keeps HN what it is.
        
         | prvc wrote:
         | Based on what evidence? And is the "signal to noise ratio" (I
         | guess something like the ratio of "impressions" containing all
         | true vs. at least one false statement) really measuring
         | anything useful? And need that necessarily be the case? Now
         | information which used to be difficult, expensive, slow, etc.
         | to obtain is accessible to all people with internet access
         | within seconds should they ever try to find it.
        
       | blauditore wrote:
       | A BuzzFeed reporter talking about ethics of news reporting, this
       | is so ironic it hurts. For an excerpt of his articles, see:
       | https://www.buzzfeednews.com/author/josephbernstein
        
       | _kst_ wrote:
       | I suggest that the title on HN should include the subtitle:
       | 
       | "Bad News, Selling the story of disinformation".
        
         | _huayra_ wrote:
         | Ironically, "Bad News" is exactly the type of clickbaity title
         | that is endemic in the bad news that the article talks about,
         | e.g. "Bad News! You won't believe what happened next!"
        
       | jakelazaroff wrote:
       | _> In the beginning, there were ABC, NBC, and CBS, and they were
       | good. Midcentury American man could come home after eight hours
       | of work and turn on his television and know where he stood in
       | relation to his wife, and his children, and his neighbors, and
       | his town, and his country, and his world. And that was good._
       | 
       | Is this meant to be sarcasm? There are a ton of mid-century
       | examples of journalism sowing baseless panic and hatred: the Red
       | Scare, Vietnam War disinfo, etc. I understand the issues with the
       | news today, but there was no idyllic Before Time when it was
       | Good.
        
         | datavirtue wrote:
         | I was remembering a time during the fairness doctrine when the
         | news media seemed more fair and balanced but as I have watched
         | various news broadcast s from the past I found that what I
         | remembered was just the way they wanted me to see them. The
         | news has always been very opinionated and they would use facial
         | expressions and tone of voice to influence your opinion.
         | 
         | It is quite disturbing to watch the old news and see that
         | things are not as I remember them.
        
           | dlivingston wrote:
           | Insert obligatory reference to Chomsky's _Manufacturing
           | Consent_ here.
        
           | CamperBob2 wrote:
           | Exactly. What's disturbing is how many contemporary writers
           | seem to believe that the "Fairness Doctrine" had anything to
           | do with "Fairness," that it's even remotely compatible with
           | the First Amendment, or that anything like it would be
           | workable today.
           | 
           | Forcing Fox News to run strawman counterarguments to satisfy
           | the letter of the law is not going to magically turn them
           | into the Fair and Balanced(tm) news outlet they've always
           | claimed to be. A better approach would be to establish and
           | enforce a legal definition of "news" and apply deceptive
           | trade practice law to any broadcaster who has to go to court
           | to argue that no one takes their commentators seriously.
        
         | r00fus wrote:
         | Even the seeds of modern "journalism" were yellow. Hearst
         | didn't just build a crazy castle in California, he essentially
         | drove the US involvement in the Spanish-American war - and that
         | was not mid-century, but at the beginning of the 20th century.
        
         | gorgoiler wrote:
         | The following paragraph literally begins by talking about _red
         | baiting_.
        
           | jakelazaroff wrote:
           | They're referring to fringe sources (in contrast to the
           | mainstream sources that were Good).
        
         | throwaway894345 wrote:
         | From the second paragraph:
         | 
         | > For him, information was in its right--that is to say,
         | unquestioned--place. And that was good, too.
         | 
         | They're saying that the pre-Internet media felt reliable to the
         | average American because they were blissfully ignorant. Which
         | is to say they agree with you.
         | 
         | Personally, while I agree that there were issues with the media
         | before, I do get the impression that the issues were fewer and
         | farther between. It was usually the media going to bat for the
         | establishment on issues of major policy (e.g., a war effort),
         | and today it's the media going to bat for an ideological agenda
         | (or rather 2-3 ideological agendas) for _every single little
         | thing that can possibly be framed along that particular
         | ideological axis_. Of course, there were publications that
         | skewed liberal or conservative before (and someone will
         | certainly respond to this with a short list of such examples
         | before dropping the microphone triumphantly), but they hewed
         | closely to the standards of journalism or else they were widely
         | discredited.
        
         | nonameiguess wrote:
         | The entire analogy to the Book of Genesis is meant to
         | illustrate a fallacious belief in the goodness of before times.
         | There was no Eden. That was just the perception of a certain
         | reader with a very limited perspective that this writer is
         | trying to describe.
        
         | UncleOxidant wrote:
         | I'd move the time machine about 20 years later to the 70s. Yes,
         | we still had 3 networks then. And all three (plus AP, UPI &
         | Reuters) gave us a pretty middle-of-the-road view of the world.
         | And, I would argue, we were a much more cohesive society
         | because of this. By the 70s there was much more sensitivity for
         | minorities then there was in the 50s and that was starting to
         | show in journalism as well. Women's rights were making great
         | strides - the ERA came very close to passing (something that
         | likely couldn't happen now with so many state legislatures
         | controlled by the right wing ). We were becoming very aware of
         | environmental degradation and staring to do something about it.
         | 
         | Having grown up in the 70s I find that era much preferable to
         | today's 24/7, highly partisan news cycle. News outlets now are
         | highly politicized and ideologically specialized. There is no
         | cohesive vision for how to live together at this point. Sure,
         | there were outliers back then (as the article suggests) - I
         | vaguely remember John Birchers, but nobody took them seriously
         | - now it's like Bircher views are mainstreamed and we're
         | supposed to accept them as a viable view with some kind of
         | equal footing among all the other views.
        
           | marcinzm wrote:
           | Here's a dirty secret: when the economy is growing people
           | tend to be content and not too partisan. No need to be too
           | concerned who is in power since it's unlikely they'll make
           | your good life much worse. Maybe you won't benefit as much
           | versus the other candidate but either one will result in a
           | good life. The 70s are roughly when that stopped being the
           | case in America.
           | 
           | The actual income adjusted for inflation hasn't increased
           | since the 70s despite economic growth. Income disparity has
           | increased as wealth was concentrated in a small percentage of
           | the population. Technology has made many jobs obsolete and
           | it's only getting worse. College and medical costs have
           | skyrocketed.
        
         | kjsdfghj wrote:
         | "Good" like when you're eating steak in The Matrix.
        
         | kriskrunch wrote:
         | Exactly my thought! Yellow journalism is another 20th century
         | example. Disinformation is as ancient as writing.
         | 
         | Articles on some topics are more commonly colored by the
         | reporter's personal beliefs, and those change with the times.
         | 
         | To fight this, I figured out how to block specific topics and
         | sections from Google News, creating a simple prefilter with a
         | browser plugin. Now, with most of the click bait distractions
         | removed from my screen, I'm surprised to find that Google News
         | actually has some interesting stuff in it.
        
         | _vertigo wrote:
         | Clearly sarcasm if you read beyond the 5th paragraph.
        
           | alisonkisk wrote:
           | It's clearly sarcasm at the first sentence, if you see the
           | allusion to Genesis.
        
         | mc32 wrote:
         | This article parodies the mid-century American (which they are
         | framing as a prototypical cosmopolitan white), however, they
         | fail to acknowledge that this was typical of the medium
         | everywhere.
         | 
         | It was typical in mid-century Cuba, France, Japan, Brazil, etc.
         | It wasn't a uniquely American quality.
         | 
         | It was the product of the times and the technology --just as
         | today the problem with disinformation and information control
         | is everywhere and not just in America.
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | throwaway894345 wrote:
           | > however, they fail to acknowledge that this was typical of
           | the medium everywhere. It was typical in mid-century Cuba,
           | France, Japan, Brazil, etc. It wasn't a uniquely American
           | quality.
           | 
           | They aren't arguing that this state of affairs was uniquely
           | American...
        
             | mc32 wrote:
             | No, it's heavily implied. As if Americans are uniquely
             | qualified to generate "the bad things".
             | 
             | "In the beginning, there were ABC, NBC, and CBS, and they
             | were good. Midcentury American man..."
             | 
             | "Over frequencies our American never tuned in to..."
        
               | throwaway894345 wrote:
               | That doesn't imply that these things are _uniquely
               | American_ , it only means that the article is scoped to
               | America. If you write an article about the sky and point
               | out that it's blue, it doesn't imply that the sky is the
               | only thing that is blue.
        
               | watwut wrote:
               | I read these as American writing about America and issues
               | there. It is ok for Americans to write about America
               | itself, it is ok for them to not have to make
               | international comparative study from every opinion piece.
        
               | mc32 wrote:
               | This is true but the piece is relying heavily on tropes
               | to support its arguments.
        
       | jscipione wrote:
       | "In the beginning, there were ABC, NBC, and CBS, and they were
       | good." No they were not, these three organizations have always
       | been in the business of top-down centralized information control
       | where a few rich and powerful individuals use these organizations
       | to control and subjugate the powerless masses.
       | 
       | Since the social media revolution we now have alternatives to
       | these centralized control structures. The push back to their loss
       | of centralized control of information is labelled as
       | "disinformation" and it is a disingenuous attempt for the cabal
       | to maintain their power over us.
       | 
       | Hundreds of millions of people have been killed by this cabal of
       | ruling elites and their thirst for war and power. ABC, NBC, and
       | CBS are the real sources of disinformation in this world from the
       | Gulf of Tonkin incident to a Kentucky Gun Show misrepresented as
       | Syrian warfare. By breaking their oligopoly on information we are
       | for the first time in human history achieving real freedom and
       | this is scaring the elites who seek to maintain their power over
       | us by writing articles like this one.
       | 
       | Break your chains, block out corporate media, seek real truth,
       | and you will find it. And when you do, come back and we will
       | fight side-by-side together against our corporate overlords and
       | we will win our freedom.
        
         | vmoore wrote:
         | > Since the social media revolution we now have alternatives
         | 
         | Yet ABC, NBC etc all have a Twitter feed with just as much
         | contrived BS on their accounts
        
         | jasonlotito wrote:
         | "Break your chains, block out corporate media, seek real truth,
         | and you will find it."
         | 
         | Or you could try reading beyond the first sentence. Seriously,
         | your first remark on the article makes it clear you didn't read
         | any more. You made up your mind before you read the article.
         | 
         | In fact, your comment is an example of what you rail against.
         | What motives do you have that run counter to truth? What are
         | you selling?
        
           | [deleted]
        
         | laurent92 wrote:
         | I am happy someone worded it for HN. Here in the trenches, we
         | constantly mock the blatant "inaccuracy" (intended bias) of
         | corporate information, but there is a disconnect in society
         | with people who have never been confronted with the systematic
         | bias of some topic in the media.
        
         | starfallg wrote:
         | When people argue that there shouldn't be a downvote option on
         | HN, this is the type of comment that I'd point to as a
         | counterpoint.
         | 
         | It's the same type of populist drivel that led people to
         | believe that they are fighting for their freedoms by rejecting
         | food standards, environmental regulation and vaccinations.
         | 
         | Everybody has an agenda. At least with large centralised
         | organisations their position is relatively clear, compared to
         | the murky dark money world of political influencers. Not taking
         | sides, but this approach to the topic is absolutely toxic to
         | civil discussion.
        
           | paganel wrote:
           | > At least with large centralised organisations their
           | position is relatively clear,
           | 
           | Unfortunately I don't see that as being the case, especially
           | the "relatively clear" part. My first job in my early youth
           | (~20 years ago) was to professionally read newspapers, I did
           | that for about 3 years to get me through school, and even as
           | a professional newspaper reader I couldn't get the "position"
           | for most of the newspapers. Of course, the political rags
           | were pretty obvious, but the mainstream newspapers seemed
           | objective and with no clear bias.
           | 
           | That has changed dramatically in the last few years (I had
           | taken a break from reading the newspapers/magazines shortly
           | before that). Now I open the Economist and I can see that
           | almost every article on the likes of China or Russia has to
           | include something, anything, that can be seen as negative,
           | like "why don't are they like us, Westerners? Why don't they
           | are ruled by a democracy? Because of that they are beneath
           | us".
           | 
           | That goes the other way, too. Major negative stuff happening
           | in the US and in most of Europe is not presented under its
           | true colours, there's always an undertone of "we will get
           | through this, because we are a democracy and the the will of
           | the people will finally prevail".
           | 
           | And the Economist is on the soft side, just reading the
           | headlines of the NYTimes makes it clear as day how biased
           | they are, while the WashPo is owned by a literal oligarch
           | (btw, why isn't anyone in the West up in arms about that?).
           | The only mainstream newspaper that still retains a modicum of
           | neutrality (or which manages to hide its biases pretty well)
           | is the Financial Times.
           | 
           | Again, it took me many years to realise all of this, I'm
           | afraid lots of people are still blind to the biases I
           | exemplified above.
        
             | starfallg wrote:
             | Not sure how your comment relates to that point. The bias
             | of the Economist is well known. Same for the NYT and the
             | Guardian, for example. Who their readership is and how they
             | are funded is more or less public knowledge. The tint of
             | their lens is more or less a given. So it's a known
             | quantity, we can deal with that.
             | 
             | What isn't so well known is who is funding the people
             | making content on Youtube, or Facebook or TikTok. It's a
             | unknown quantity, with the potential to do a lot of damage
             | (to whoever the target is, good or evil), so much so that
             | regimes like the China/CCP (and Russia to an increasing
             | extent) are adamant that it must be controlled at all
             | costs.
             | 
             | Information is a tool. It can be used to do good, but also
             | do terrible things and this is regardless of whether it is
             | traditional media or social media.
        
         | xkeysc0re wrote:
         | If you read past the first two paragraphs you'd realize this
         | was an ironical statement. But I guess this is HN now, where
         | everything's made up and the points don't matter.
        
           | md_ wrote:
           | Heh.
           | 
           | I subscribe to the New Yorker. Every week I open it on Monday
           | and I probably read about half of it by Sunday. I live in
           | Europe, so I'm keenly aware of when the weekly issue comes
           | out. (Due to timezone differences, it's typically not
           | available in the app until Monday afternoon, so I start
           | reading over afternoon coffee, not morning coffee.)
           | 
           | Every few weeks, within minutes or hours of a good 20-page
           | article coming out--an article that will take me the week to
           | digest--I see it posted on HN.
           | 
           | And of course, all the top commenters have strong, strong
           | opinions on it.
           | 
           | Guess they're all just faster readers than I am.
        
           | exo-pla-net wrote:
           | Please delete your bashing of the HN community at large, so I
           | can upvote you without reservation.
        
           | jscipione wrote:
           | Foot in mouth. I think you're right that the article is
           | arguing against censorship in the name of combatting disinfo.
           | I still can't tell but I think so. Go ahead and downvote me
           | to oblivion.
        
           | [deleted]
        
         | lovich wrote:
         | >By breaking their oligopoly on information we are for the
         | first time in human history achieving real freedom...
         | 
         | Didn't realize that seeing my aunt telling hundreds of people
         | that there are microchips in all modern medicine was part of us
         | experiencing real freedom for the first time in human history
        
       | Jtsummers wrote:
       | > Why, then, do buyers love digital advertising so much? In many
       | cases, Hwang concludes, it's simply because it looks good at a
       | meeting, blown up on an analytics dashboard: "It makes for great
       | theater."
       | 
       | This is the case with a lot of corporate "information". We've
       | become gluttons for information but most of it absolutely fails
       | at the task of informing. It just gives a false sense of
       | confidence that we know what's happening and why and in what
       | direction things are moving.
       | 
       | I don't work anywhere near the ad industry, but this sort of
       | behavior is hardly unique to them. It's part of a broader set of
       | cultural behaviors.
        
       | ren_engineer wrote:
       | >Indeed, it's possible that the Establishment needs the theater
       | of social-media persuasion to build a political world that still
       | makes sense, to explain Brexit and Trump and the loss of faith in
       | the decaying institutions of the West
       | 
       | Pretty good conclusion, especially in light of the absolute
       | disaster that is Afghanistan. Easier to blame social media for
       | "disinfo" than acknowledge that decades of horrible leadership
       | are what has caused lack of trust in institutions
       | 
       | a few days ago the military said Kabul would hold for 90 days,
       | within hours the Taliban was sitting in the Presidential Palace.
       | US leaders either flat out lied or were horribly wrong, not sure
       | which is worse. Either way, why would you put much faith in these
       | people after being horribly wrong on so many decisions?
        
       | WalterBright wrote:
       | The article's author repeatedly presumes that disinformation is
       | only coming from the right. This discredits the article, given
       | that the author is apparently unaware of all the disinformation
       | coming from the left.
        
       | drewcoo wrote:
       | What a strange distortion of history, beginning with the golden
       | age of media. Somehow this piece seems to posit that if the same
       | news was broadcast to the public on all the networks, then that
       | was clearly the one real truth [TM]. The reality is that was
       | heavily scrutinized, controlled American propaganda. Not only was
       | there no far right wing news there, but there was also none of
       | the actual left (red baiting and all).
       | 
       | The difference is that in those days there was government control
       | of many smaller media outlets. Now there is corporate capture of
       | government and there are only half a dozen major media outlets.
       | But that's a very different article.
        
       | only_as_i_fall wrote:
       | This is not very readable. It seems to mix irony and sarcasm into
       | a long and meandering informative piece.
       | 
       | The effect seems to be that this is a real slog of a read unless
       | you share a bunch of preconceptions and assumptions with the
       | author.
        
         | marto1 wrote:
         | It might be just me, but the typeface they're using isn't very
         | readable either.
        
         | Covzire wrote:
         | It's also, perhaps ironically a "disinformation" piece in
         | itself, like so much supposed introspection on the left, they
         | are quick to point out and label right wing conspiracy theories
         | and perceived attempts to deceive, but they completely ignore
         | their own including the biggest ones, like Russian Collusion.
         | 
         | It also has a built-in presumption that Brexit and Trump's
         | election were somehow break downs of the Democratic system,
         | even if it takes the "disinfo" angle to task somewhat. Those
         | are only breakdowns from one then-minority viewpoint, but the
         | minority is constantly claiming they have an absolute monopoly
         | on what is real and true when they dismiss populism out of
         | hand. Hint: They don't.
        
       | yung_steezy wrote:
       | I work in digital advertising analytics and we do try to mitigate
       | the repeat customer phenomenon the author mentions. Typically we
       | only record the first web visit from a household during the
       | campaign window for example.
        
       | commandlinefan wrote:
       | People who are skeptical about the effectiveness of, say, the
       | Covid vaccine are passionate about sharing what they've thought
       | of, uncovered, or believe they've uncovered. People who believe
       | that the vaccine is effective and worthwhile appear to be... less
       | enthusiastic about backing up their claims. They'd rather just
       | ban the people who disagree with them than address them in
       | debate.
       | 
       | Why is it that, consistently, on specific issues that come up
       | over and over again, the side labelled "disinformation" is so
       | willing to spend so much time explaining rationally why they
       | believe what they believe while the other side is always so
       | uninterested in making their case?
        
         | Consultant32452 wrote:
         | People believe we're storming the beaches at Normandy. There is
         | no time for careful consideration. There is no time to question
         | authority. Do what you're told or we're all going to die. This
         | is not a completely unreasonable position for pandemics or
         | other large scale emergencies. I think most people felt this
         | way during the first round of "15 days to slow the spread".
         | Since then the number of people who view the situation through
         | this lens has waned.
        
         | beervirus wrote:
         | > Why is it that, consistently, on specific issues that come up
         | over and over again, the side labelled "disinformation" is so
         | willing to spend so much time explaining rationally why they
         | believe what they believe while the other side is always so
         | uninterested in making their case?
         | 
         | We're tired of wasting our breath on irrational morons.
        
           | commandlinefan wrote:
           | > We're tired of wasting our breath
           | 
           | If you ever had, you'd be more convincing. I never believed
           | that the earth was flat, or that the moon landing was a hoax,
           | or that 9/11 was an inside job, but I have seen fascinating,
           | engaging, intriguing, careful takedowns of all the "evidence"
           | that the true believers of those conspiracy theories believe.
           | My kids actually _did_ believe that the moon landing was a
           | hoax at one point (thanks, YouTube!) until I pointed them to
           | an article that debunks each of the conspiracy theory claims
           | one by one in a way that appeals to rational intuition.
           | 
           | We're - what, 20? - comments into this thread and I'm being
           | downvoted for suggesting that more people are willing to
           | question Covid and climate change, being called an irrational
           | moron, but nobody has yet linked to an analysis of their
           | principal claims about, say, urban heat zones and mRNA
           | vaccines.
        
             | beervirus wrote:
             | Climate change is at least a complicated subject.
             | Reasonable people can quibble about how the computer models
             | are constructed, etc.
             | 
             | For the vaccine, all you need to do is observe the millions
             | of people who've gotten vaccinated, who almost without
             | exception have not had serious reactions. And observe
             | further that the vaccinated people are not dying of covid.
        
               | mistermann wrote:
               | > For the vaccine, all you need to do is...
               | 
               | Serious question: all you need to do _to accomplish
               | precisely what_?
        
               | beervirus wrote:
               | To understand that failing to take the vaccine doesn't
               | make you a brave patriot. It just makes you a moron.
        
               | mistermann wrote:
               | What if there's a flaw in your premise: what if their
               | goal isn't to be a brave patriot, then what?
               | 
               | Think of it as if you are writing code for a simulation,
               | that way you may be intuitively more focused on avoiding
               | bugs.
        
               | beervirus wrote:
               | What do you think the goal is?
        
               | mistermann wrote:
               | In many cases, I doubt there's any particular goal. Who
               | knows, this is millions of individual minds, unlike
               | normal people I have no means of reading them.
        
               | chasd00 wrote:
               | you were this )( close to making a good argument. all you
               | had to say was "to understand that taking the vaccine
               | products you from covid" instead you have to turn it
               | around and insult those who have not had the vaccine only
               | furthering the divide.
        
         | gnarbarian wrote:
         | It comes down to power. power doesn't need to explain itself.
         | Why expend the energy? just turn off their mic, ban their
         | Facebook, disappear their YouTube, kick them off patreon, put
         | them on the credit card block list, remove positive takes on
         | them from search results, refuse to route their domain, then
         | mock them when they complain.
        
         | Jtsummers wrote:
         | > They'd rather just ban the people who disagree with them than
         | address them in debate.
         | 
         | Personally, I'm not in favor of banning. On the topic of COVID
         | and COVID vaccines, I've just avoided every "debate" and
         | "discussion" from all sides and when someone at work wants to
         | talk about it, I tell them to shove off (in more polite terms).
         | 
         | However, I once made the mistake of trying to engage in a
         | serious discussion/debate with Young Earth Creationists. That
         | experience is what convinced me that it's better to just ignore
         | certain groups, and, for better or worse, the COVID anti-
         | vaxxers and anti-maskers have exhibited the same kind of
         | behavior so I just ignore them as well.
         | 
         | With YEC what I found was that:
         | 
         | 1. They were perfectly capable of making a cogent, reasoned
         | argument.
         | 
         | 2. They were almost always starting from demonstrably false, or
         | at least very questionable, axioms.
         | 
         | 3. They would never entertain a discussion about the axioms,
         | only about the conclusions.
         | 
         | (3) is why no progress could be made. There was logic in the
         | discussion, and I could follow their logic and understand how
         | they reached their conclusions. Without the opportunity to work
         | backward toward the axioms, though, we could never reach a
         | satisfying conclusion to the discussion (even if it was just,
         | "agree to disagree").
         | 
         | In the situation of COVID, the anti-vaxxer and anti-masker
         | crowds are somehow even _more_ emotionally charged than the
         | Young Earth Creationists I used to know. Which further
         | disinclined me to engage in the discussion, even if they have a
         | point that 's worth listening to. And the nature of social
         | media discussions is that, well, they mostly aren't. I mean,
         | we're engaging in a discussion here on HN and even on this
         | forum it gets pretty dicey at times. The stricter moderation
         | (compared to, say, Reddit) helps a bit, but we go off the rails
         | all the time and fail at the objective of coming together to
         | form a discussion board.
         | 
         | As to why the side labeled "disinformation" is so willing to
         | spend the time, because of the belief that they are right and
         | everyone else is wrong and needs to be set right, and the
         | corresponding emotional charge that the belief brings with it.
         | When the world is out to get you, you end up with a fight or
         | flight response. Ever had someone tell you you were wrong and
         | felt a small surge through your body? That's adrenaline, it's a
         | natural response but then the choice is how to deal with it.
         | Take a breath and calm down or lean into it and fight or flee
         | from the situation. The _visible_ part is the  "lean into it
         | and fight" group, there are probably plenty of people that fit
         | into the other two categories who just don't show up as often.
        
         | NoSorryCannot wrote:
         | It is unreasonable to expect every spurious claim to be engaged
         | with. They are endless and an awful lot of them are based on
         | irrational fear and tribalism so they likely can't be persuaded
         | no matter.
         | 
         | I am not pleased about the "both sides" rallying cry heard on
         | every topic. It presumes that there are only two sides (recall
         | that the objections will be endless) and it presumes they are
         | both in earnest and have a reasoned predicate for their
         | existence. This is not usually the case.
         | 
         | There is of course real, actual debate going on about the
         | safety and efficacy of the vaccines. These are based on
         | research and data and there is no shouting. Then there's the
         | "anti-vaxx" movement, rooted in party politics and paranoia.
         | Screw that.
        
           | commandlinefan wrote:
           | > It is unreasonable to expect every spurious claim to be
           | engaged with
           | 
           | It is absolutely reasonable, and if you, personally, want me,
           | personally, to get a Covid vaccine, wear a mask, and drive an
           | electric car, you, personally, will have to engage each and
           | every spurious claim that people are _risking their
           | livelihoods and overcoming censorship_ to share with me. If
           | you don 't care, leave us alone to wallow in our
           | disinformation until we die of Covid.
        
             | NoSorryCannot wrote:
             | No, it isn't reasonable and I don't care on an
             | interpersonal level what you do as an individual, I only
             | care about policies informing me on what I can expect in
             | communal spaces.
             | 
             | As more businesses, employers, and institutions arrive at
             | policies one way or the other regarding the vaccine, then
             | you can make a personal decision about what to do about
             | that. No, you will not be able to raise any random
             | objection and override the entire enterprise. It doesn't
             | and can't work that way.
        
               | mistermann wrote:
               | > No, you will not be able to raise any random objection
               | and override the entire enterprise. It doesn't and can't
               | work that way.
               | 
               | As an individual, you're correct. But a large enough
               | group of such individuals seem to be able to have a
               | noteworthy effect, at least based on all the complaining
               | I hear about them.
        
               | NoSorryCannot wrote:
               | Definitely. We all stand to be disappointed by the
               | direction the wind blows, depending on how we feel about
               | this issue.
        
         | wyldfire wrote:
         | > They'd rather just ban the people who disagree with them than
         | address them in debate.
         | 
         | The anti-vaccine crowd doesn't engage in a fair debate, because
         | they don't understand the rules/parameters of a debate or in
         | some cases because they're not interested in a fair debate.
        
           | commandlinefan wrote:
           | Climate change skeptics will talk your ear off about why
           | climate change is a hoax - you literally can't get them to
           | _stop_ telling why you should make no change whatsoever to
           | your life.
           | 
           | Climate change true believers, on the other hand, refuse to
           | waste even one single word convincing the rest of us as to
           | why we should all drive electric cars, stop using straws, and
           | not run our air conditioners in the summers - things which,
           | if they're serious, are necessary to ensure the survival of
           | the species.
           | 
           | That observation alone makes the skeptics look more
           | compelling.
        
             | JadeNB wrote:
             | > Climate change true believers, on the other hand, refuse
             | to waste even one single word convincing the rest of us as
             | to why we should all drive electric cars, stop using
             | straws, and not run our air conditioners in the summers -
             | things which, if they're serious, are necessary to ensure
             | the survival of the species.
             | 
             | I think this simply isn't true. Am I, personally, out there
             | evangelizing for a greener life style? Absolutely not. But
             | are there people out there doing so? Well, yes, to the
             | extent that it becomes a comic trope among climate-change
             | denialists (who are having a harder and harder time in the
             | face of the increasingly evident reality of climate
             | change). Think, for example, of all the hate for Greta
             | Thunberg.
             | 
             | I think it's just easier to remember vocal denialism--one
             | can always shout "no" louder--than to remember the quieter
             | and, frankly, boring recital of the same evidence.
        
               | mistermann wrote:
               | > I think this simply isn't true.
               | 
               | It isn't, of course, something that is easily realizable
               | through simple logic. And yet, so many _genuinely smart_
               | people make this mistake - what could be going on?
               | 
               | Of course, it is "a logical fallacy" of some kind, and
               | most people seem more than content to point out their
               | favorite and leave it at that. But a problem is: _people
               | keep doing it_.
               | 
               | In this case, what I think is going on is (for lack of a
               | better term) "subconscious tautological categorization".
               | They start by committing a standard logical fallacy (I'm
               | not sure which one his would be), but when their
               | attention is drawn to that fact (not all people behave
               | like that), they ~pivot to something like "yes of course,
               | I know that, I was just speaking loosely, you know what I
               | mean don't be pedantic, etc etc etc". But what they are
               | ultimately relying upon (once their conscious, logical
               | mind has had its attention focuses on their error), is
               | tautological, or _by definition_ categorization: the
               | people that they are referring to _is limited to only the
               | people that do those things_ - which is, of course,
               | correct. But what they don 't notice is, it kind of takes
               | the wind out of their argument, as they are essentially
               | saying "some people (they will not say specifically who,
               | or how many (in percentage terms), or describe a
               | predictive model of any kind) do bad things". While this
               | observation is literally true, it doesn't seem to be very
               | important/useful to know, presumably less important than
               | they had in mind when initially making the comment.
               | 
               | I often wonder what the world would be like if people
               | were as concerned with meta-cognition as they were with
               | (for example) their physical appearance. My intuition
               | suggests the world would be a very different place,
               | considering that the world largely runs on top of human
               | cognition.
               | 
               | And this is just one example of the various funny ways in
               | which people think, there are many others (like the
               | percentage of even intelligent people's perception of
               | reality that is based on their imagination). I think the
               | reason no one notices is that it's just a constant in the
               | environment, it's completely normal, it is The Water that
               | we live in, similar to how we typically do not have
               | conscious awareness of our breathing, or the background
               | noise of a city, or the millions of other things going on
               | around us that is filtered out by our consciousness. But
               | a problem is: some things that the consciousness filters
               | out might actually be very important, and the only way I
               | can think of to deal with this problem is try to bring
               | _some_ people 's conscious attention to the
               | phenomenon/idea (although, it would be nice if there was
               | a way to scale it up beyond making individual forum
               | comments here and there - if anyone has any ideas on that
               | or related ideas, please let me know).
        
             | tzs wrote:
             | https://skepticalscience.com/argument.php
             | 
             | https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/
             | 
             | https://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus/
             | 
             | https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/projects/climate-
             | chan...
             | 
             | https://www.climate.gov/news-features/climate-qa/what-
             | eviden...
             | 
             | https://www.nytimes.com/article/climate-change-global-
             | warmin...
             | 
             | https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/weather-
             | s...
             | 
             | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2995507/
             | 
             | https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/
             | 
             | https://ec.europa.eu/clima/change/consequences_en
             | 
             | https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-
             | collections/climate/...
             | 
             | https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/effects-of-climate-
             | cha...
             | 
             | https://www.myclimate.org/information/faq/faq-detail/what-
             | ar...
             | 
             | https://www.ucsusa.org/climate/impacts
             | 
             | https://www.epa.gov/arc-x/implications-climate-change
             | 
             | https://www.wwf.org.uk/learn/effects-of/climate-change
        
               | commandlinefan wrote:
               | This is much more helpful and constructive than a
               | downvote or a ban. Going through it now.
        
             | watwut wrote:
             | > Climate change true believers, on the other hand, refuse
             | to waste even one single word convincing the rest of us as
             | to why we should all drive electric cars, stop using
             | straws, and not run our air conditioners in the summers -
             | things which, if they're serious, are necessary to ensure
             | the survival of the species.
             | 
             | Oddly, I heard ton about those. I heard about climate
             | change over 20 years ago and did not stopped periodically
             | hearing about it. They haven't talked about electric cars
             | and straws back then tho. The big topic used to be
             | industrial pollution and opposition to those regulation is
             | serious source of climate change skepticism.
             | 
             | But as of now electric cars are subject of talk quite a
             | lot, so are consumer lifestyle changes. There was mania
             | around straws, tho I found that one unconvincing.
        
         | datavirtue wrote:
         | The same reason scientists don't write books to debunk
         | pseudoscience. They don't sell and a negative is nearly
         | impossible to disprove.
         | 
         | Frankly, the correct information is mundane while the
         | conspiracy claims are much more fun--ready made for the bored
         | and unfulfilled, just add belief.
        
         | Ardon wrote:
         | I think how we got to this position is key - people _did_ try
         | and explain why vaccines are safe and you should take them.
         | 
         | And it didn't work.
         | 
         | The thing that _does_ lover vaccine hesitancy is banning people
         | spreading misinformation.
         | 
         | It's unfortunate, but it's the discovered strategy for saving
         | lives.
        
           | chasd00 wrote:
           | if you're going to ban information then you better be right
           | 100% of the time. The bans on the lab leak thing blew all
           | censorship credibility. That's the problem, if you're going
           | to claim to be a "truth expert" then you better be right 100%
           | of the time because the moment you're wrong you become part
           | of the conspiracy.
        
           | commandlinefan wrote:
           | > people did try and explain why vaccines are safe
           | 
           | When? Where? I _avoid_ vaccine debates and even so I can 't
           | help but come across all the conspiracy theories about the
           | effectiveness of mRNA vaccines. The only counterpoint I've
           | ever seen is "the science is too complicated for your feeble
           | brain to comprehend, take the vaccine".
        
           | 12elephant wrote:
           | On the contrary, banning people makes people seek out their
           | narrative even more.
           | 
           | This idea that people aren't smart enough to make their own
           | decisions and need you to spoon feed them the "right"
           | information is the real problem here.
        
             | evgen wrote:
             | No it really doesn't. This has been demonstrated repeatedly
             | online and the research so far is quite clear: if you make
             | it harder to disseminate and discuss disinformation and
             | hate speech then fewer people engage in the discussion or
             | share the information. People may believe in stupid things,
             | but lazy is even more powerful than stupid.
        
             | commandlinefan wrote:
             | I'm more inclined to pay attention to the skeptics because
             | _they 're the only ones saying anything_. Their opponents
             | are just saying "obey".
        
               | wait_a_minute wrote:
               | Yup, when you tear out someone's tongue that just makes
               | the skeptic community more adamant about finding out what
               | they have to say and why they are saying it.
               | 
               | The people who are just saying "obey" are the ones who
               | want power over everyone else.
        
         | me_me_me wrote:
         | > address them in debate
         | 
         | Wow, i think this might be a standup routine.
         | 
         | Have you ever interacted with facebook crazy people? People
         | shouting at you their 'research' with smug superiority is one
         | way communication not a debate.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | ertian wrote:
         | I think the difference is faith in authority figures. People
         | who trust those in authority will believe what they're told
         | (quite correctly, in this case), but they won't understand the
         | full argument--they're not authorities themselves. That is,
         | after all, the whole point of having authority figures and
         | experts: the world is far too complex to understand everything
         | yourself.
         | 
         | People who don't believe the authority figures need a reason
         | _why_, and will concoct something. They need to validate their
         | skepticism, both to themselves and to others.
         | 
         | If a skeptic really wanted to understand the argument for the
         | COVID vaccine (in this case), all the information is out there
         | to be had. But to really understand it they'd have to become
         | experts themselves--actual experts, with an understanding of
         | epidemiology, statistics, immune responses, and so on. Years of
         | study. A google search that points out a few problems in
         | isolation doesn't cut it.
         | 
         | A certain degree of skepticism for authority is definitely
         | healthy, but I'd say it borders on pathological in modern
         | American society.
        
           | chasd00 wrote:
           | The problem is anyone can be an "authority" if they're
           | persuasive enough. Trust in authority is dangerous from any
           | point of view. Evaluating authority is the hard part, my
           | mother in law sees my brother in law as an authority on
           | everything because he has a PHD from a prestigious school. I
           | see him as an authority on fossilized turtle teeth but that's
           | about it.
        
           | guerrilla wrote:
           | This doesn't match up with reality though. Most anarchists
           | are in the science camp and thus wearing masks, getting
           | vaccines and, fighting deforestation, fighting climate
           | change, etc. I can't think of any group with less trust in
           | authority.
        
       | 1-6 wrote:
       | Disinformation aside, let's just consider for a second that
       | people may be simply consuming information that they want to
       | hear, rather than taking in information that the media thinks or
       | wants them to hear.
        
         | TrispusAttucks wrote:
         | You're probably correct.
         | 
         | The problem I see is one "alternate reality" starts to censor
         | another "alternate reality".
         | 
         | It's just a new form of warfare. The war for control of your
         | mind and the shaping of beliefs about reality.
         | 
         | A world where truth isn't part of the information or power
         | structure means that He which controls the narrative controls
         | reality. Arguably more terrifying that some false options and
         | beliefs in the world.
        
         | blinkingled wrote:
         | Isn't it all the same really - people want to hear narratives
         | that confirm their bias. Internet/modern communications makes
         | it easy for media and politicians to both pick up on that and
         | reach out to the right group of people with the targeted
         | misinformation.
         | 
         | People are too much in love with their beliefs - critical
         | thinking problem.
        
           | [deleted]
        
         | specialist wrote:
         | My primary issue with public choice theory is omission of
         | information asymmetry. How are consumers supposed to choose
         | options which are not presented?
         | 
         | See also the power of the default option.
        
         | silisili wrote:
         | I'm not so sure it's specifically that always, maybe initially.
         | 
         | Perhaps someone has a strong opinion about a thing. They -know-
         | they are right, and every news source is wrong. Until they find
         | one also right. So far, we agree, that's what they want to
         | hear.
         | 
         | But they keep turning to this source, who is spreading wild
         | theories and untruths in other facets. But they were so right
         | about issue X, they must be right about this too!
         | 
         | I think this pretty much sums up why so many 'conservatives'
         | ended up unvaccinated. I cannot imagine that they set out
         | wanting to hear that vaccines are unsafe or will give you
         | microchips. Something/someone they trusted led them down this
         | awful path.
         | 
         | As much as I support free speech, the last few years have
         | really shown me the dangers of it, as well. But how can you
         | regulate? Any arbiter is going to have a bias.
        
       | neonate wrote:
       | https://archive.is/4WpXO
        
       | exo-pla-net wrote:
       | TLDR for the article: Disinformation has less impact than we
       | think. Societal / institutional problems are the real culprits
       | for our dysfunction. Disinformation is just a convenient
       | scapegoat.
       | 
       | Counterpoint: QAnon, incel terrorism, Plandemic, other fully-
       | internet-driven extremist ideologies.
       | 
       | You need look no further than religions, often invented by single
       | charismatic individuals, to see how powerful isolated claims of
       | Truth can be.
       | 
       | I think that societal / institutional problems has indeed created
       | a powder keg. But disinformation itself, its presence, lights the
       | fuse.
       | 
       | With disinformation's "answers", it provides targets for people's
       | pent up rage. Whether it's police officers or liberal elites or
       | billionaires or Muslims or Chads, people learn who the _enemy_
       | is, as well as their _evil deeds_. If you defeat this enemy, your
       | problems will go away.
       | 
       | The concrete result is wars, interpersonal violence, riots,
       | hamstrung governments, and insurrections. All stirred up because
       | of explicit falsehoods.
       | 
       | Ideally, we'd fix both the powder keg (societal and institutional
       | problems) and the lighting of its fuse, disinformation.
        
         | didibus wrote:
         | Agreed, I think it's missing the chicken/egg issue.
         | 
         | Societal and institutional problems might be the real cause,
         | but is disinformation the way out? Or is it how you get locked
         | into even more glaring societal and institutional problems,
         | which will then reinforce the disinformation once more, causing
         | even more problems, etc.
         | 
         | For me, a lot of this is a downward spiral, and you can see a
         | lot of countries that are just stuck in this state as well, all
         | ideology, constant tyranny, they can never get out of. Try to
         | break free and only make room for a stronger ideology to take
         | over.
         | 
         | At some point the people need to have enough common sense
         | together to stop this cycle, and get themselves out of those
         | societal and institutional problems.
        
       | golemotron wrote:
       | Talk about clickbait.. I thought Harpers was shutting down.
        
       | pixxel wrote:
       | > Selling the story of disinformation
       | 
       | FYI
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | djanogo wrote:
       | "Joseph Bernstein is a senior reporter at BuzzFeed News", would
       | have saved few minutes had they put that info at the top.
        
       | javajosh wrote:
       | Great beginning, because this captures perfectly the feelings of
       | so many, especially older, Americans. Even _dissent_ feels like
       | it was easier back then, when it was hippies vs. squares, a
       | simple yes or no on Vietnam, yes or no on the Civil Rights Act.
       | 
       | There are two glaring omissions from this article. First is any
       | mention of Chomsky's Manufacturing Consent [1], which the author
       | spends a lot of time loosely recapitulating. The other is a lack
       | of sensitivity to the Boomers and the (non-geek) Gen Xers that
       | were simply not exposed to online anything and so do not have
       | immunity, and they generally don't have a good _feel_ for dealing
       | with modern information systems.
       | 
       | The upshot is that I think this is a transient, but because of
       | better health outcomes for the elderly, it's gonna be a long and
       | painful one, because easily manipulated Boomers are going to be
       | voting for a long, long time.
       | 
       | The problem is largely Fox News. Fox has a strangle-hold on the
       | older minds and gives cover and support to the online insanity,
       | specifically because it's format isn't the news, it's a news
       | walk-through (like a game walk-through), which makes you feel
       | like you're good at consuming the news, feel like you have the
       | right opinions, all while saving you the trouble of actually
       | having to think.
       | 
       | The solution, I'm sorry to say, is not teaching critical
       | thinking, or appealing to better emotions, but rather an equal-
       | and-opposite channel: a news walk-through with the same emotional
       | profile, but with opposite opinions to Fox.
       | 
       | With luck, such a channel would become equally popular and cancel
       | out the Fox effect, and leave the actual political decision-
       | making to the critical thinkers.
       | 
       | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_Consent
        
         | 1-6 wrote:
         | > Fox has a strangle-hold on the older minds
         | 
         | When most people think of Fox News, they think boomers. You
         | might be right considering that the commercials they repeat
         | target that demographic. As a non-boomer, however, it is
         | refreshing to escape away from the blame Trump on everything
         | narrative. I have a profound respect for older Americans and
         | enjoy asking about history from their perspective. It's always
         | engaging and fun when things are discussed in hindsight.
         | 
         | > The solution, I'm sorry to say, is not teaching critical
         | thinking, or appealing to better emotions, but rather an equal-
         | and-opposite channel: a news walk-through with the same
         | emotional profile, but with opposite opinions to Fox.
         | 
         | Isn't that the point of CNN (or the point of Fox whichever way
         | you look at it)? Cable news is exactly that, a commentary of
         | today's news. Unfortunately all the news broadcasts have gone
         | to cable especially during a time when there are cord-cutters
         | everywhere. News isn't free over-the-air anymore. You have to
         | belong to a certain segment to enjoy (or be susceptible to)
         | that news.
        
           | javajosh wrote:
           | Some of the nicest, most generous, good-hearted people I know
           | are Fox-addicted boomers. THE biggest assholes I know are
           | liberals. My objection to Fox and it's audience is not
           | personal. Fox is exactly like heroin: it's dangerous to the
           | users, but it doesn't mean the users are bad people. In fact
           | the users are in a lot of pain and are doing their best to
           | manage it with the drug.
           | 
           | Fox represents an extraordinary disconnect from reality - and
           | increasingly, just watching it, and buying into it,
           | represents an act of proud American defiance, even if it's
           | wrong. And yet the underlying goals are sound: they want a
           | safe, healthy, wealthy country. Yes, they also prefer white
           | people, and Christians, and resent being forced into
           | accepting crazy diversity shit like new pronouns (one I agree
           | with, actually - only transfolk should get to switch
           | pronouns!). They see the way the left attacks men, and
           | masculinity, the way #MeToo equates allegation with guilt,
           | and object to it by going too far in the other direction. But
           | the resistance to liberal excess is real and comes from a
           | good place - and liberals themselves can't do it lest they be
           | lumped in with rapists and abusers and ostracized.
           | 
           | But goddamn, those Fox lies, big and small, come fast and
           | furious from Fox, 24/7, and it's _terrible_. Their agenda is
           | clear for anyone to see, and there is nothing Fox won 't say,
           | no tortured argument or shameless innuendo they won't make,
           | to forward that agenda. It's actually painful for me to
           | watch, even if I think there are plenty of valid things to
           | criticize modern American liberalism about.
        
         | watwut wrote:
         | > a news walk-through with the same emotional profile, but with
         | opposite opinions to Fox.
         | 
         | You wont find truth in the middle of two lies. Issue with Fox
         | is not merely that they have different opinions. It is
         | staggering amount of lies. Opposite of it are lies in another
         | direction.
         | 
         | And in addition, you can actually find lies in different
         | direction then Fox. It is just that, more lies dont solve these
         | issues.
        
           | javajosh wrote:
           | It's not about finding truth, it's about solving the
           | practical problem that Fox controls older minds and their
           | votes. If the key to older minds is naive emotional
           | manipulation, then it makes sense to use the same techniques
           | for the opposite positions. If you use different techniques,
           | more rational ones, less manipulative ones, more honest ones,
           | then it will fail because people just won't watch. There is
           | clearly a demand for what Fox provides; my idea is to keep
           | giving it to people, but neuter it's real political
           | influence.
           | 
           | FWIW, this is not a happy thought. I want people to be
           | better, to want to know and understand, to recognize when
           | they're being manipulated, lied to - when they WANT to be
           | lied to. But I think that's asking too much, and it's tried
           | again and again and always fails.
           | 
           | It's the emotions, and it always has been. They want a bad
           | guy, they want simple explanations, they want to feel like
           | they have special, non-obvious insight, and they don't want
           | to earn any of it. So give it to them.
        
         | exo-pla-net wrote:
         | I'm with you. CNN is trying to straddle the fence between being
         | a legitimate news source, and being a Fox-equivalent for the
         | not-very-smart masses. Only Fox is fully cynical about it,
         | knowing precisely how credulous their audience is and spoon-
         | feeding them fabricated infotainment in harmony with Murdoch's
         | worldview.
         | 
         | I think we, as the intellectual "elites", need to accept the
         | following ugly reality:
         | 
         | 1) A huge portion of the human population is _highly_
         | susceptible to propaganda.
         | 
         | 2) Exposing them to nuanced reality doesn't help them. In fact,
         | anything complicated turns them off. They want simple truths.
         | 
         | 3) This subpopulation is never going to change, and they're
         | always going to be with us.
         | 
         | Given this reality, the only realistic option to protect our
         | interests, aside from totalitarianism, is to feed this
         | subpopulation counter-propaganda. To provide an alternative,
         | easy-to-digest narrative that's aligned with humanism /
         | Enlightenment values, but that is _extremely_ dumbed down: The
         | Voltaire Factor for the Hopelessly Credulous. The irony here
         | isn 't lost on me, but I see no gentle alternative.
        
       | gambler wrote:
       | Too many words, but the basic analysis is good.
       | 
       | A lot of what's being currently said about "disinformation" is
       | completely incoherent and makes little sense if you just track it
       | over time. As late as in 2014 social media was presented as a
       | force for good. ("Wisdom of the crowds", etc.) Just couple years
       | later it was rebranded as some kind of machine where evil people
       | brainwash idiots into becoming evil people. Who are the idiots?
       | Well, given that YouTube and Facebook have _billions_ of users,
       | it seems most humans on the planet are shoved into that category
       | now. Everything they see and say needs to be carefully curated by
       | professionals, lest the crowds go mad.
       | 
       | Meanwhile, what are the incentives to, say, post an intelligent
       | and comprehensive YouTube comment? There were none in 2014 and
       | there are none right now. The UI, the up-voting process, the very
       | (lack of) structure in how comments are displayed and sorted all
       | encourage verbal vomit, and that's exactly what YouTube gets. In
       | general, social media _structure_ usually provides zero
       | incentives to engage in real discussions and deep thinking. I don
       | 't see this being addressed, let alone changed, no matter what
       | the executives say.
       | 
       | I recommend everyone to read Marshall McLuhan's Understanding
       | Media. Despite being written in 1964 it presents a much more
       | useful analytical framework to really understand social media
       | than anything I've seen published in the last few years.
        
         | autokad wrote:
         | Liberals loved social media when they were using it to their
         | benefit, remember the Obama Universities? how he was praised
         | for using organized efforts to bring up content you want and
         | burry content you don't want. Someone who worked for his
         | administration came to us and showed us some of the dasboards
         | that they use and some tips and tricks (including buying fake
         | accounts to get followers that will lead to organic followers).
         | 
         | They got so good at it, they berried dissenting view to the
         | point they didn't even hear it anymore, and were completely
         | blind sided when they found out people actually disagreed with
         | them.
         | 
         | The real subversion of democracy was the blaming of 'fake news'
         | for Trump beating Clinton. It was used do discredit the
         | election and discredit the views of the millions that voted for
         | him.
         | 
         | To be clear, the dems/liberals dont want to get rid of fake
         | news and control, they just want to be the only ones
         | controlling it. This is why its 'no surprise' that big tech
         | agrees with them, big tech was helping them in the first place!
         | they just want more power to silence the right.
        
         | didibus wrote:
         | > As late as in 2014 social media was presented as a force for
         | good. ("Wisdom of the crowds", etc.) Just couple years later it
         | was rebranded as some kind of machine where evil people
         | brainwash idiots into becoming evil people. Who are the idiots?
         | Well, given that YouTube and Facebook have billions of users,
         | it seems most humans on the planet are shoved into that
         | category now
         | 
         | I don't think that's true, because from what I remember there
         | is less than 1% of viewers who leave comments.
         | 
         | So the "idiots" I guess would be small vocal minorities. The
         | question is how far their influence goes?
         | 
         | But it's very possible that a ton of people don't engage in the
         | comments and discussions on social media, because they don't
         | find the design of it suitable for intelligent discourse, and
         | maybe that leaves you with only idiotic comments.
        
         | tshaddox wrote:
         | I've seen some informal analysis that claims that the ubiquity
         | of smartphones and the successful transition of the massive
         | social networks to mobile is what specifically led to many of
         | the alleged negative societal effects (increased political
         | polarization, for example, although there are many other
         | examples). The thinking goes that it's the all-day thumb-
         | scrolling addiction loop on a tiny device that leads to these
         | negative outcomes even more so than what was supposedly already
         | happening with the pre-smartphone rise of social media.
         | 
         | Your mention of 2014 might be compatible with this line of
         | thinking. Facebook famously abandoned its mobile HTML5 stack
         | and "went all in" on mobile in 2012. They also acquired
         | Instagram in late 2011, and WhatsApp in 2013.
        
         | rectang wrote:
         | What if what drives YouTube profits isn't necessarily
         | substance, but _engagement_ (to a first-order approximation)?
         | 
         | Perhaps the comments are already optimized, each as a sort of
         | micro-clickbait? There seem to be a lot of users who are highly
         | motivated to participate in the "U! No U!! NO U!!!!" back and
         | forth.
        
         | foobarian wrote:
         | > In general, social media structure usually provides zero
         | incentives to engage in real discussions and deep thinking. I
         | don't see this being addressed, let alone changed, no matter
         | what the executives say.
         | 
         | That makes me think of the Russian math culture. Imagine if
         | there was some way to create incentives via some Social Media
         | NG to encourage that kind of thoughtful discourse.
        
         | mistermann wrote:
         | > The UI, the up-voting process, the very (lack of) structure
         | in how comments are displayed and sorted all encourage verbal
         | vomit, and that's exactly what YouTube gets. In general, social
         | media structure usually provides zero incentives to engage in
         | real discussions and deep thinking. I don't see this being
         | addressed, let alone changed, no matter what the executives
         | say.
         | 
         | I think you might be literally the first person I've ever
         | encountered who has touched on this, whereas, whenever I
         | mention the possibility, any response I get is disagreement or
         | negative. Very often, people "know" that it is not the problem,
         | yet oddly have a very strong aversion to sharing how it is they
         | know that.
         | 
         | I think it would be kind of hilarious if this was in fact (but
         | unknown) one of the root causes of our problems, but no one has
         | the ability to even consider the idea.
        
           | notanzaiiswear wrote:
           | I thought it was well known that the algorithms optimise for
           | stress and anger, because it drives more engagement. I think
           | it might even be involuntarily - the algorithms may have been
           | set to train for enhanced engagement, and hate and anger
           | happen to be the solution.
        
           | jimbokun wrote:
           | > I think you might be literally the first person I've ever
           | encountered who has touched on this, whereas, whenever I
           | mention the possibility, any response I get is disagreement
           | or negative.
           | 
           | So they give you a downvote, a quippy snarky Tweet in
           | response to disagree with you that there is a lack of
           | thoughtful, deep thinking about topics.
        
           | vngzs wrote:
           | I'm pretty sure this is the joke in multiple John Oliver web
           | segments [0]. It's pretty well-understood that the YouTube
           | design is not conducive to long-form discussion.
           | 
           | [0]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=knbw0gJHHBk
        
       | kerblang wrote:
       | It's kind of hard to find the article's point, so TLDR: People
       | hear what they want to hear and see what they want to see, and so
       | "disinformation/misinformation" is just giving them what they're
       | asking for, not some dark sinister ingenious plan that
       | masterfully brainwashes otherwise reasonable folks.
       | 
       | I noticed this back during the infamous Comet Ping-Pong incident,
       | where a random foreigner concocted an Onion-esque joke article
       | that was obviously ridiculous, but people hated Hillary so much
       | they bought in anyhow. Even after the author admitted it was a
       | complete fabrication people wouldn't give up on the idea, and of
       | course one guy arrived at the restaurant with a rifle intending
       | to kill some sex predators and even fired bullets in the ceiling,
       | then gave himself up when he couldn't the sex predators and went
       | to jail.
       | 
       | Anyhow it's not a perfectly convincing argument, but even a
       | sociopath will readily tell you: Some people can be easily
       | manipulated, and some can't. Attacking the information itself is
       | really not getting at the root of the problem.
        
       | chmod600 wrote:
       | "Just as, say, smoking causes cancer, consuming bad information
       | must cause changes in belief or behavior that are bad, by some
       | standard. Otherwise, why care what people read and watch?"
       | 
       | This is the most interesting point in the article. Why _should_
       | we care? People believe all kinds of crazy stuff, and still do
       | good things nearly all the time.
       | 
       | Strange beliefs rarely cause violence... certainly not often
       | enough to worry about it. Sept 11 was probably the worst case of
       | that, and we worried way too much.
       | 
       | Maybe day to day there are more minor things that add up, but
       | there's not a lot of evidence that these minor things are any
       | worse than before. As far as I can tell gay marriage is very
       | widely accepted pretty much everywhere in the country. The SCOTUS
       | decision declaring sexual orientation as protected under the
       | Civil Rights Act was written by ... a Trump appointee.
       | 
       | So it really comes down to voting. That's what everyone is
       | worried about: if you believe the "wrong" things you'll vote for
       | the "wrong" person. It's all political.
       | 
       | And that makes the war on disinformation seem a lot less noble,
       | and a lot more prone to abuse. After all, everyone already knows
       | who the "right" candidate is, so disinformation is anything that
       | might get the other one elected. That makes the algorithm easy.
        
         | GiorgioG wrote:
         | > This is the most interesting point in the article. Why should
         | we care? People believe all kinds of crazy stuff, and still do
         | good things nearly all the time.
         | 
         | Storming the Capital, loss of faith in our election system,
         | believing vaccines & masks are a personal choice that doesn't
         | affect others, a loss of common beliefs in America, etc - those
         | seem like rather undesired changes in belief/behavior because
         | of bad information.
        
           | chmod600 wrote:
           | Your list includes only one real action: storming the
           | capitol. The rest reinforce my point; you are worried about
           | what other people _think_ out of proportion to what people
           | actually _do_.
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | pcmoney wrote:
       | This article could have been 1/3rd as long and contained way more
       | data. Overall, I agree that online ads and disinformation have
       | been give a god like aura that is not deserved.
       | 
       | As a percentage of views on platforms like facebook the amount of
       | outright misinformation is miniscule, 10s of millions vs the 100s
       | of Billions. Now if you deign misinformation as "information I
       | disagree with/dont like" then sure that number goes up.
       | 
       | There was no "black magic" at Cambridge Analytica, those guys
       | were idiots with data they didn't understand selling promises
       | they couldn't deliver.
       | 
       | FB and Google are not "grimly secretive" compared to other F500s
       | or say Apple? They are pretty transparent and their employees are
       | still notoriously loose lipped. Also there has always been
       | "yellow journalism".
       | 
       | I agree that the fight against disinformation is likely to be
       | worse than the disinformation itself.
        
         | fortuna86 wrote:
         | > I agree that the fight against disinformation is likely to be
         | worse than the disinformation itself.
         | 
         | It what way?
        
           | pcmoney wrote:
           | Censorship is bad. Once we start allowing it it only
           | increases.
           | 
           | Misinformation is subjective. There is nobody we can trust to
           | be the arbiter of what is misinformation and what isn't.
           | 
           | Also the first attempts have failed terribly.
        
       | npilk wrote:
       | I'm saddened by the harsh reaction so far, which seems based
       | mostly on the first couple of paragraphs of a thoughtful and
       | well-written essay. The discussion of online persuasion being
       | used by both advertisers and spreaders of disinformation, and the
       | many incentives that exist for different parties to accept that
       | "social media" is an all-powerful manipulation machine, is
       | particularly interesting.
       | 
       | I like this in part because the conclusion is strangely
       | optimistic - we have more power than we think, if only we can
       | recognize it.
        
         | mc32 wrote:
         | It would help if the author refrained from poor framing and
         | abusing the trope of the blithe self-centered American
         | presented as if we were the only ones culpable of such
         | infraction.
         | 
         | Let's have a 360 review, I'll taint it by first talking about a
         | bunch of bad stuff everyone has done, but I'll pin it on you
         | for this review, after I've said a bunch of bad stuff, I'll
         | redeem you a little by offering some hope, how does that sound?
        
         | exo-pla-net wrote:
         | The first out of the gate on new submissions are the knee-jerk
         | crazies who didn't read the article, and who want to push their
         | agenda instead of thinking about and discussing things.
         | 
         | Comment quality improves over time. As your own comment
         | reassuringly demonstrates.
        
         | specialist wrote:
         | > _the many incentives that exist for different parties_
         | 
         | Someone(s) should update the Five Filters models from
         | Manufacturing Consent to account for social medias. Compare the
         | social network media ecosystem to the prior broadcast and print
         | medias.
         | 
         | Here's my stab at it:
         | 
         | The Five Filters are Owners, Advertisers, Sources, Flak, and
         | War.
         | 
         | Owners (social networks) took most of Advertisers' economic
         | power for themselves, flipping that power relationship. With
         | loss of status, Advertisers' power to control dialog and shape
         | opinion largely disappeared.
         | 
         | To reduce costs, prior Owners debased Sources by replacing news
         | with infotainment and drama/comedy with reality TV. The current
         | Owners reduced costs even further by making the audience their
         | own Sources. Trolling, conspiracy, karma, gossip, outrage _IS_
         | the new content. Genius.
         | 
         | While social media Owners became the biggest economic winners,
         | Flak became the cultural winners, displacing Advertisers.
         | Social media eliminates provenance (authenticity) by laundering
         | (disintermediation) content. Flak now enjoys impunity that
         | Advertisers could only dream of.
         | 
         | For lack of a well defined enemy, War turned us against each
         | other.
         | 
         | --
         | 
         | Two aspects of the rise of social media confuse me.
         | 
         | Why haven't Advertisers revolted? Owners and Flak continues to
         | steal their lunch money, and they just take it.
         | 
         | The battle lines for the free speech haven't been updated for
         | social media. New lines had to be drawn with the advent of
         | broadcast media. (Duh.) No one anticipated the function and
         | impact of algorithmic recommenders. Total game changer. So we
         | should recognize and accept the new reality and update Section
         | 230 accordingly.
         | 
         | Of course, Flak benefits most from this willful blindspot, and
         | is best able to shape the dialog, to better defend their
         | spoils.
         | 
         | Owners will oppose any change by default, because why not? The
         | status quo is pretty terrific.
         | 
         | --
         | 
         | Manufacturing Consent's Five Filters
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_Consent#Propagan...
        
           | TrispusAttucks wrote:
           | > So we should recognize and accept the new reality and
           | update Section 230 accordingly.
           | 
           | The Owners have successfully convinced their subjects that
           | this is a bad idea.
           | 
           | That said, we must tread lightly with the precarious Section
           | 230 and any new modification.
           | 
           | Edit: Owner's are down voting you fast.
        
             | specialist wrote:
             | No worries. Arguing on HN is batting practice.
             | 
             | After reading and listening a lot, I honestly still have no
             | clue if or how Section 230 should be updated.
             | 
             | Best I've come up with is restoring provenance
             | (authenticity). Which then triggers the Freedom
             | Speeches(tm) advocates, who purposefully misconstrue any
             | constraint or accountability of Owners or Flak as an
             | existential threat to Sources. The faux outrage is all so
             | banal, predictable. As if our society has never had this
             | argument before, ad nauseum, and this iteration is
             | something really special.
        
         | prvc wrote:
         | >I'm saddened by the harsh reaction so far, which seems based
         | mostly on the first couple of paragraphs of a thoughtful and
         | well-written essay. The discussion of online persuasion being
         | used by both advertisers and spreaders of disinformation, and
         | the many incentives that exist for different parties to accept
         | that "social media" is an all-powerful manipulation machine, is
         | particularly interesting.
         | 
         | I have read more of it that that, and I found it to be lacking
         | in original thinking, and poorly written. As for the
         | effectiveness of persuasion, this has been studied
         | quantitatively for quite some time now, and it can't be hand-
         | waved away.
        
           | npilk wrote:
           | Persuasion on social media is certainly effective. But I
           | think it's also worth reflecting on the number of people who
           | would still believe false news stories/conspiracy
           | theories/etc in a hypothetical world without social media,
           | and what techniques we might use in that world to combat the
           | issue.
           | 
           | As for original thinking, I may not be as well-read on these
           | topics as others. Some of the ideas seemed obvious once I
           | read them, but I didn't think I'd seen them before. Example:
           | "disinformation" becoming a catch-all word for "things I
           | disagree with".
        
             | goatlover wrote:
             | We don't have to consider a hypothetical world. We can just
             | look at history from before social media. And yes plenty of
             | people believed in conspiracy theories and spread
             | misinformation. Witch trials, the red scare and satanic
             | panic were a thing prior to social media. So was the fake
             | moon landing and alien abductions.
             | 
             | So with social media, the question is whether the problem
             | is magnified significantly, or it's just more visible now.
        
               | froh wrote:
               | "social media" has simplified and amplified spreading
               | disinformation/biased worldviews significantly:
               | 
               | in the paper communication age not inly did it require
               | layout/typesetting and printing.
               | 
               | in addition ad profiling and individalized targeting now
               | allows dissimination to exactly the desired audience,
               | world wide at very low cost.
        
       | andyxor wrote:
       | TLDR "anything I don't agree with is disinformation and needs to
       | be silenced, also orange man baaad"
        
       | ArtDev wrote:
       | If you read the whole article (and please do before you comment)
       | you will see the main point of the article.
       | 
       | I agree that the problems with pithy hyperpartisan sound-bite
       | media is nothing new. Social media is just another form of media,
       | with all its problems, it just does it faster. It is also harder
       | to track and easier to create.
       | 
       | I had to quit Facebook because I found myself policing my friends
       | shared content that was factually wrong. Fake tiny-home
       | giveaways, distorted facts that I agreed with politically but
       | were factually just plain wrong and other junk. Unlike other
       | forms of media, the difference was that I could police this
       | disinformation, if I wanted to be "that guy".
       | 
       | I don't work for Facebook and didn't want to police their
       | platform. So I just quit the stupid platform altogether along
       | with their sister site, Instagram.
       | 
       | Side note: Its ironic that this guest writer on Harpers actually
       | works for Buzzfeed; where journalistic integrity is a joke.
        
         | werber wrote:
         | Buzzfeed news has some suprisingly good content. Like, Pulitzer
         | Prize winning journalism now coexists with listcles and quizes.
        
       | prvc wrote:
       | The article author's role in the media, up to this point, was to
       | perform the same function as what he terms "Big Disinfo", but in
       | a pettier, vigilante fashion (i.e. pursuing "cancellations"). I
       | suppose, in the view of the article, it boils down to the
       | question of who owns that turf.
        
       | cubano wrote:
       | So let me get this straight...
       | 
       | Facebook is the reason that Trump got elected?? This is possibly
       | the most asinine thing I've heard in a very long time.
       | 
       | Trump got elected for several reasons, and Facebook had nothing
       | to do with it.
       | 
       | 1. H. Clinton was perhaps the worse presidential candidate in the
       | history of the Republic. She rarely if ever campaigned in the all
       | important Rust Belt states, she could not even articulate a
       | reason, when asked, about why she wanted to be President.
       | 
       | 2. She and her husband were sitting on a _very suspect_ war chest
       | of like $168mil US...remember, these were the same people who
       | complained 15 years earlier when Bill left the Presidential digs
       | that they were like totally broke with little or no savings.
       | 
       | So this couple had earned WELL over $160mil (not counting their
       | quite significant expenses) in 15 years since Bill left office?
       | Why? Why in the world were so many people just giving them
       | millions of dollars?
       | 
       | To many a hard-working US voters who have struggled their entire
       | lives to save a small amount for retirement, this smelled of "pay
       | to play" on-the-come corruption...and she didn't even try to hide
       | it!
       | 
       | For these reasons, and several more but I don't have the time to
       | post them, H. Clinton did not get elected President in 2016,
       | 
       | Just to keep the record straight.
        
         | joezydeco wrote:
         | On top of all of that, the Obama recovery from the 2008
         | meltdown started the K-shaped split. People came back from the
         | recession, but not everyone got back to where they were. Many
         | were just plain left behind.
         | 
         | It was very fertile ground for Trump to come along and address
         | the anger of the lower middle class and promise them that they
         | could get their share again.
        
         | notanzaiiswear wrote:
         | My takeaway from the article is that at last there is study
         | showing Facebook had little effect on the election.
        
         | IAmEveryone wrote:
         | Yeah, well... It'd be child's play to write a list like that
         | about Trump. Using a foundation's money to buy a second-rate
         | portrait of himself comes to mind, and that was found illegal
         | in an actual court. Or, if you are speculating about respective
         | finances of the candidates, that HC's tax returns for the last
         | 20 years were public, while your squeaky-clean candidate is
         | litigating to this day to keep them secret.
         | 
         | But the article isn't about re-litigation of that election, or
         | the next one. It starts from the premise that the result of the
         | election was unprecedented, and that someone like Trump would
         | not have had a chance in earlier times.
         | 
         | In a way, the article indeed doesn't so much speak _to_ you,
         | but _about_ you, wondering what cultural factors are needed to
         | support the sort of emotional state that would lead people to
         | glorify a half-bit wannabe gangster.
        
       | kneel wrote:
       | The mainstream media blasted the entire populace with a cold war,
       | KGB thriller, pee tape conspiracy theory for 4 years straight. It
       | wasn't just cable news, it was NYT/WSJ/WashPo piling onto the
       | misinformation.
       | 
       | In the end it turns out there was much hoopla about nothing, a
       | giant psyop by the establishment powers that now want to earn
       | your trust back.
        
         | guerrilla wrote:
         | True but I think you might be getting downvoted because that
         | fails to account for the time leading up to the election (and
         | Brexit I guess) which is what a lot of the people commenting on
         | this subject are interested in.
        
           | rat87 wrote:
           | He's probably downvoted for being wrong about collusion
        
         | rat87 wrote:
         | I'm not sure what you're trying to say but evidence
         | overwhelmingly suggests that former President Trump colluded
         | with Russia (a hostile foreign power) for personal electoral
         | gain in exchange for decisions which benefited the Russian
         | government. The problem isn't with the news media reporting on
         | this it is, far from nothing, the problem is with Republican
         | leadership refusing to put country ahead of party and get rid
         | of Trump
        
           | TrispusAttucks wrote:
           | Your comment is proof that the disinformation campaign the OP
           | is talking about worked.
        
         | didibus wrote:
         | I think that actually points towards the issue of social media.
         | Even without explicit collaboration from US actors, Russian
         | actors are able to interfere in elections and other processes
         | through reaching a large US populace on social media.
         | 
         | Prior media would have been a lot harder to coerce by foreign
         | agents. New social media are way easier to take advantage of as
         | a foreign power.
         | 
         | For example, I'm able to participate in this debate without
         | even being American. I have new reach and influence over
         | Americans I never had before. How many people commenting here
         | aren't American? Half the comments could be from Russians all
         | we know.
         | 
         | That Trump didn't ask for their help doesn't mean that he
         | didn't play into their hand.
         | 
         | In a strange way though, you can't dissociate them anymore. He
         | could very well have won all by himself, hacked email or not,
         | fake accounts or not, etc. But they did hack and leak her
         | emails, and they did create fake accounts, and had troll farms
         | targeted at American voters.
         | 
         | I can see the hesitancy to acknowledge that, because it could
         | discredit your own win, but it's also a very interesting new
         | scenario that didn't exist before, which is that foreign powers
         | didn't have direct means of communication with such a large
         | portion of your citizenry as we do now.
         | 
         | If I were to speak for the past, it was actually the US media
         | that were one of the few to be able to reach into other
         | countries populace through movies, books, games, and all that.
         | But it was very hard for non-US media to reach Americans, and
         | that's no longer the case.
        
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