[HN Gopher] Bottled water is 3,500 times worse for the environme...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Bottled water is 3,500 times worse for the environment than tap
       water
        
       Author : kitkat_new
       Score  : 151 points
       Date   : 2021-08-15 17:35 UTC (5 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.euronews.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.euronews.com)
        
       | BurningFrog wrote:
       | Just reading the headline:
       | 
       | How bad is tap water for the environment? AFAIK, not bad at all.
       | 
       | And 3,500 times 0 is 0.
        
         | zachrip wrote:
         | Okay...?
        
         | rtkwe wrote:
         | Nothing has zero environmental impact, at the very least
         | there's energy and chemicals used to pump and treat tap water.
        
       | cosmotic wrote:
       | Actual study:
       | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896972...
        
       | GrumpyNl wrote:
       | I never carry a water bottle and im never hydrated.
        
       | haltingproblem wrote:
       | This bizarre thing is from a health perspective bottled water is
       | _toxic_ for you.
       | 
       | Plastic, especially new plastic, actually leaches compounds into
       | water. As plastic gets old, its leaching capacity goes down. Old
       | plastic is safer than newer plastic. However, most plastic
       | bottles, including BPA-free are estrogenic. They are bad for men
       | and women causing a variety of problems which are still poorly
       | understood.
       | 
       | The worse use-case is plastic filled bottles, like water, that
       | have sat or have been transported in hot environments which is to
       | say all of them. Ditto for hot takeout food served in plastic
       | containers - soups, curries, etc.
       | 
       | People who buy bottled water are literally paying money to get
       | poisoned for a teeny bit of convenience. I know most water
       | fountains are not cleaned properly but that water is safer (by
       | orders of magnitudes, but I have no data to cite) than bottled
       | water.
       | 
       | A lot of this is problematic for the evidence driven folks. But
       | absence of evidence is not evidence of absence but please use the
       | precautionary principle.
        
       | Jiro wrote:
       | Suppose that for some reason tap water was actually completely
       | neutral for the environment. It produced zero change in either
       | direction.
       | 
       | They could have headlines reading "bottled water is over 3000
       | million billion trillion googol times worse for the environment
       | than tap water".
       | 
       | They could then follow up with the same statement about cars,
       | straws, recyclable straws, spinach, or anything with any non-zero
       | effect at all.
       | 
       | "How many times worse" is a nonsense comparison meant for
       | sensationalism.
        
       | cardosof wrote:
       | Yes, but people still buy it (and market is bound to grow,
       | ceteris paribus) because they think tap water is worse somehow.
       | And with crumbling public water infrastructure in many countries,
       | that's not really far from the truth.
        
         | bialpio wrote:
         | Do you have a source to back up the claim from your last
         | sentence? My understanding is that if you can cook with your
         | tap water, then it should also be safe to drink (or can be made
         | safe to drink by boiling it). If you're worried about lead or
         | sth else in your water supply, you might as well disconnect it
         | from your kitchen.
        
           | cardosof wrote:
           | You may find it biased but here it is.
           | 
           | https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/trend/archive/spring-2019/how-d.
           | ..
        
             | bialpio wrote:
             | Thanks! This seems to be US-specific, and I'd be interested
             | to read about other places (the original claim was about
             | "many countries"). Sibling comments seem to disagree, at
             | least when it comes to Europe.
        
         | Beaver117 wrote:
         | Tap water is contaminated with numerous chemicals (known and
         | unknown).
        
           | wolfi1 wrote:
           | so is bottled water
        
           | jhoechtl wrote:
           | A claim which doesn't hold the test of science. Do you have a
           | stake in Danone?
        
           | carstenhag wrote:
           | Don't talk in generic terms if it doesn't apply at all
           | places. In Germany for example, tap water is perfectly fine.
           | Some might not like it that much because it perhaps is too
           | hard or something, or your house might have old pipes, but it
           | is healthy.
        
           | MikeDelta wrote:
           | Depends on the country. In some European countries tapwater
           | is extremely well controlled and can be considered cleaner
           | than bottled water. I wouldn't say that the contamination is
           | unknown:
           | 
           | https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/topics/water/drinking-
           | wate...
           | 
           | Some companies are even selling tapwater in bottles for a
           | good profit, so many drink tapwater from bottles without
           | knowing:
           | 
           | https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/23/pepsi-
           | coke-b...
           | 
           | Water in plastic bottles can contain solvents and
           | microparticles, and be worse because of that:
           | 
           | https://www.time.com/5581326/plastic-particles-in-bottled-
           | wa...
        
           | iamstupidsimple wrote:
           | Not everywhere is Flint, MI
        
       | booleandilemma wrote:
       | I live in a hundred-year-old apartment building that is not the
       | best maintained. I have no idea about the condition of the pipes
       | and I don't know where my water is coming from. I can get a
       | filter, but I feel like it's similar to running my own email
       | server. Sure, I could do it, but I'd rather put the burden of
       | filtering (and quality control in general) on a 3rd party.
       | 
       | Hence I buy bottled water.
        
         | willis936 wrote:
         | The last place I lived had over 300 ppm water. The landlord was
         | useless at maintaining the building-wide softener, so I just
         | installed an under-sink RO system myself. It worked wonders. In
         | my new place the water isn't nearly as hard, but still tastes
         | slightly off. I'll be installing an RO system here as well.
        
         | wittycardio wrote:
         | People like you are why the world is in this mess
        
         | ghaff wrote:
         | You could get your water tested if you're concerned.
         | 
         | ADDED: I don't mean this facetiously. Even if I drank bottled
         | water rather than tap water (which I don't in general), I
         | definitely would want to know if I suspected my tap water
         | wasn't potable for some reason.
        
           | reacharavindh wrote:
           | It's not as easy or straightforward to test drinking water. I
           | tried and failed at Amsterdam, NL just last week. There is no
           | easy reliable test for drinking water quality( one that tests
           | for common bacteria, heavy metals, minerals and soluble
           | pollutants). The only tests I could find were all lead tests,
           | but that is just of my many concerns.
        
             | ghaff wrote:
             | In the US, if you can't access a pre-existing report, there
             | is a list of EPA-certified labs:
             | https://www.consumerreports.org/water-quality/how-to-test-
             | yo... As that article notes, home tests are probably
             | problematic.
             | 
             | I'm a bit surprised there wouldn't be equivalent resources
             | in Western Europe.
        
         | sunshineforever wrote:
         | Really old pipes will be carrying your water in a calcified
         | layer
        
           | FridayoLeary wrote:
           | Can confirm that. I've seen that with lead piping.
        
       | xnx wrote:
       | You get roughly the same number if you compare the cost of tap
       | water and bottled water per gallon. Monetary cost is a pretty
       | good rule-of-thumb when estimating environmental impact.
       | 
       | https://slate.com/business/2013/07/cost-of-bottled-water-vs-...
        
         | kitkat_new wrote:
         | actually it is not - that's, for instance, why scientists
         | suggest various carbon pricing models
        
       | sova wrote:
       | Considering the devastation invoked when filling up newly minted
       | plastic vessels with rich, inland aquifers, believe this factor
       | is not 3500 but actually much higher.
       | 
       | >They used something called a "life cycle assessment" which
       | estimates the environmental impact of an item over its entire
       | lifespan. That includes the extraction of raw materials,
       | manufacturing, transportation, distribution, use and disposal.
       | 
       | Would like to point out that extraction does get more costly over
       | time. Think of oil wells or any other resource, the low-hanging,
       | easy-to-grab fruits are taken first, then the tech to extract
       | must be advanced, then more precarious pursuits in search of
       | resource are undertaken and the ecological devastation is quite a
       | bit more each successive time.
        
       | dataflow wrote:
       | Maybe 60 million Americans avoid tap water because they have
       | reasons not to trust their own water, especially post-Flint. [1]
       | 
       | Some quick Googling turns these pages up:
       | 
       | - Consumer Reports founds PFAS in 117 of the 120 water samples
       | they tested from across the US [2]
       | 
       | - When [chlorine] mixes with other organic compounds it can
       | create a few harmful byproducts, including trihalomethanes and
       | haloacetic acids [3]
       | 
       | - Lead poisoning is apparently also a problem in Detroit,
       | Pittsburgh, DC [4]
       | 
       | - Arsenic has seeped into the water supply in California,
       | Arizona, and New Mexico [4]
       | 
       | I honestly don't know if any of these are incorrect
       | misinformation or if people are acting in a misguided fashion,
       | but as far as I can see, there certainly doesn't seem to be a
       | consensus on that being the case.
       | 
       | [1] https://theconversation.com/nearly-60-million-americans-
       | dont...
       | 
       | [2] https://www.consumerreports.org/water-quality/how-safe-is-
       | ou...
       | 
       | [3] https://www.businessinsider.com/signs-tap-water-
       | contaminated...
       | 
       | [4] https://www.businessinsider.com/toxic-chemicals-tap-
       | drinking...
        
         | snypher wrote:
         | The most popular bottled water at my store says right there:
         | bottled from a municipal source. Is PFAS testing part of
         | bottled water QC?
        
           | matwood wrote:
           | Municipal source, then likely purified and minerals added
           | back (pure water does not taste very good).
        
           | dataflow wrote:
           | I have no idea. People are just balancing unknowns against
           | partial information, and some people are more risk-averse
           | than others.
        
       | pyk wrote:
       | One note that these articles and comparisons miss almost every
       | single time - including the linked article. Bottled water is
       | better for your health vs. the alternatives it sits next to in-
       | store - sugar filled drinks, soda and/or diet soda - all of which
       | are just as bad for the environment or worse.
       | 
       | When that health comparison is made, it becomes difficult to
       | understand how banning or restricting bottled water makes sense
       | when the alternative is not really tap water.
        
         | ghaff wrote:
         | I haven't been in an office regularly for years but, at one
         | point, a company I worked for stopped stocking bottled water
         | and gave everyone reusable water bottles. But in part because
         | people often wanted something to drink when they were in a
         | meeting on another floor people wanted to grab something else
         | from the fridge on that floor. They usually grabbed a seltzer,
         | the usage of which pretty much shot up to equal the previous
         | bottled water consumption.
        
           | noir_lord wrote:
           | Last time I worked in an office they solved that problem by
           | putting a water cooler in the corner of every meeting room.
        
       | reacharavindh wrote:
       | Boy, talk about timing.
       | 
       | I just used up about 16 liters of bottled water in about 4 days
       | because we started to doubt that our tap water got us all(family)
       | sick at the same time. When I tried to test the water, I found no
       | easy way to do so; all test kits on Amazon turns up with
       | comically bad reviews. Local water testing lab only tests for
       | specific pollutants with legal precedence like Lead, Cadmium,
       | Mercury etc. There was not a single trustworthy test I could find
       | to say here is a decent test profile we ran on your sample, and
       | here is the water quality score.
       | 
       | Context: I moved 2 weeks ago to Amsterdam, NL from Denmark where
       | we had been drinking tap water without any thought and trouble.
       | 
       | A scientifically dumb test to get off tap water while we were all
       | sick(sore throat, bad stomach, and mild fever - yes, COVID
       | negative) worked and we are not sick now. I don't know whether to
       | stop using bottled water and go back to tap water or to continue
       | this environmentally bad choice of bottled water in fear of
       | health.
       | 
       | I used to believe that tap water is a good natural choice as it
       | packs minerals and useful natural solubles that would have been
       | filtered out in bottled water. But, if it could get me sick, I
       | don't know what to do.
       | 
       | Hopefully we don't get the same sickness again now that we are
       | drinking tap water, and I could build up my trust again on tap
       | water.
        
         | ivolimmen wrote:
         | Since I'm Dutch and near Amsterdam (we have the same water
         | facility over here) I can guarantee you that the Dutch tap
         | water is of very high standard. You only buy bottled water if
         | you are a hipster here.
        
           | reacharavindh wrote:
           | Thanks. That's comforting to hear. My gut instinct was that
           | as well, and I am going back to tap water now.
        
             | Fronzie wrote:
             | In case you're curious, look up Bar-le-duc mineral water
             | and the place where the city of Utrecht gets it's water
             | from.
        
           | hackton wrote:
           | I leaved for 3 years in Amsterdam coming from another
           | European country, moved flat several times and always had bad
           | tap water in my house. I never got sick though, but the taste
           | was always awful. My feeling was it was not the water that
           | was bad, but more the pipes, as most house I leaved in was
           | old. Either way, I gave up and bought water bottle
        
         | barsonme wrote:
         | Dumb question: isn't it possible you got sick normally (because
         | you moved to a different country, etc.)? And the tap water
         | timing coincides with recovering?
        
         | lottin wrote:
         | Why do you blame tap water specifically? I've never heard
         | anyone getting sick from drinking tap water in a developed
         | country.
        
           | reacharavindh wrote:
           | It is not scientific at all. Myself, my wife and my 2 year
           | old all got sick with the same symptoms, and we did not eat
           | the same food in the last few days. Drinking water seemed
           | like the common denominator.
        
             | quicklime wrote:
             | Time to split the family up into a control and test group.
             | For science.
        
             | dariosalvi78 wrote:
             | Looks like one of you got a bug and passed to the others
        
             | cortesoft wrote:
             | You were all in the same space, though, right? It could
             | have been something contagious.
        
             | failrate wrote:
             | I'm here to second that drinking the local water in a new
             | place will loosen you up even if it is clean.
        
             | rrrrrrrrrrrryan wrote:
             | Sounds more like a stomach flu to me, which is often spread
             | throughout a household via contaminated surfaces.
        
           | lostlogin wrote:
           | It happens more often than you'd think. Here is one example
           | from New Zealand, where many got sick, lots were hospitalised
           | and some may have died. Colleagues describe the bedlam at
           | local hospitals and the smell of the place as they were
           | inundated with the afflicted.
           | 
           | Whether or not we are a first world country could be queried.
           | 
           | https://watersource.awa.asn.au/community/public-
           | health/lesso...
        
           | daigoba66 wrote:
           | Happens a lot, though probably mostly isolated cases. But
           | sometimes it's a big deal:
           | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_water_crisis
        
           | [deleted]
        
         | semi-extrinsic wrote:
         | > There was not a single trustworthy test I could find to say
         | here is a decent test profile we ran on your sample, and here
         | is the water quality score.
         | 
         | The local authorities are the ones you should be reaching out
         | to here, not random Amazon test kits. Testing for microbial
         | contamination is difficult and requires specialized equipment
         | and training. There is no reliable way to DIY it, unless you
         | have a couple of years training in a microbiology lab.
         | 
         | Of course the local water works in any first world country test
         | the water every day at the water production station, but a
         | common failure mode is that sewage and water lines run in the
         | same ditch, and both suffer a breach.
         | 
         | For this reason, water works are typically very interested in
         | receiving reports from the public and testing samples.
         | 
         | For Amsterdam, two minutes on Google tells me you should
         | contact Waternet. I also found a service page where you can
         | check whether your area is within a known fault, a and submit
         | your complaint/info. Google Translate works well for reading
         | this:
         | 
         | https://www.waternet.nl/service-en-contact/problemen-met-wat...
        
           | theli0nheart wrote:
           | > _The local authorities are the ones you should be reaching
           | out to here, not random Amazon test kits. Testing for
           | microbial contamination is difficult and requires specialized
           | equipment and training. There is no reliable way to DIY it,
           | unless you have a couple of years training in a microbiology
           | lab._
           | 
           | Absolutely not. Remember what happened in Flint, MI?
           | Moreover, there can be hyperlocal differences in water
           | quality due to factors outside of a water utility's control,
           | such as old pipes.
           | 
           | The best approach is to find an independent, non-government
           | associated testing facility and send them your water for a
           | fee. They have high-end equipment that no consumer would
           | reasonably want to acquire and will provide unbiased results.
        
             | semi-extrinsic wrote:
             | Note that I wrote "in any first world country". I'm sorry
             | if your country does not qualify as such. Then the best
             | solution is to keep paying for bottled water, or to move.
             | 
             | I'm not being flippant here. If, on a general basis, you
             | can't trust the country where you live to provide you with
             | access to clean drinking water, then you have literally
             | failed the UN's Sustainable Development Goal no. 6: "By
             | 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and
             | affordable drinking water for all." This is something that
             | _every nation on earth_ aims to achieve during this decade.
        
               | mrmuagi wrote:
               | > Note that I wrote "in any first world country". I'm
               | sorry if your country does not qualify as such.
               | 
               | > I'm not being flippant here.
               | 
               | Sorry to say, (Canadian here), yes you came off as being
               | flippant. The issues with Flint seem to be larger than my
               | understanding, but it was not the least contributed by
               | issues and injustices with the demographic (majority
               | black) and the lack of federal aid. Saying it's not a
               | first world country isn't wise of you for these reasons
               | and more.
               | 
               | > Then the best solution is to keep paying for bottled
               | water, or to move.
               | 
               | Obviously not the best solution, just a bandaid over the
               | problem in lieu of the fact that "Bottled water is 3,500
               | times worse for the environment than tap water".
               | 
               | > you can't trust the country where you live to provide
               | you with access to clean drinking water, then you have
               | literally failed
               | 
               | No. The government around the citizen failed. Saying the
               | the victim failed is quite telling of your assumption
               | that the individual is to blame if the government has in
               | some capacity, in some municipal area, failed.
               | 
               | > literally failed the UN's Sustainable Development Goal
               | no. 6
               | 
               | The goal is tied to a future date, you cannot fail it by
               | definition in 2021.
        
               | Xylakant wrote:
               | To add an example, Berlin just had a "boil water and
               | don't shower" order out for some regions because 2
               | samples of their continuous water testing regime showed
               | low amounts of some specific bacteria. The problem was
               | rectified within a day. Tap water is taken serious here,
               | regulations are far stricter than for bottled water.
        
               | noir_lord wrote:
               | Same in the UK - we do it so well that water safety isn't
               | a thing anyone thinks about because tap water is simply
               | safe.
               | 
               | I'm 41, I've drank "council pop" (what my grandma sweetly
               | called it) since I was old enough to turn the tap and
               | never once gotten ill.
               | 
               | Local water company does half a million tests a year -
               | 99.949% of all tests are excellent and of the remainder
               | vast majority are within acceptable guidelines (they go
               | way beyond the _mandated_ standard).
        
         | philipps wrote:
         | Tap water in Amsterdam is tested daily and perfectly safe for
         | drinking: https://www.waternet.nl/en/service-and-contact/tap-
         | water/can...
        
           | rileymat2 wrote:
           | Where is it tested? In Flint a lot of the lead came from
           | pipes into the house.
        
             | pkaye wrote:
             | I the US the water provider is supposed to follow EPA rules
             | and sample water at household taps on a yearly basis for
             | lead and copper. I wonder if Flint complied with that rule.
        
         | jozvolskyef wrote:
         | In 2015, approximately 11000 people got sick in Dejvice, Prague
         | 6, after wastewater contaminated the fresh water supply[1]. I
         | was out of town, but when I returned in 2016/2017, the incident
         | was still fresh in people's memories and their water
         | consumption patterns clearly changed in favour of bottled
         | water.
         | 
         | [1]: https://vodnihospodarstvi.cz/dejvicka-havarie-a-epidemie-
         | neb...
        
         | Retric wrote:
         | Even if you don't trust tap water, reusable 5 gallon jugs are
         | still a much cheaper and more environmentally friendly option.
         | 
         | As to everyone getting sick at the same time, that's likely a
         | function of your move. Moving long distances to a new area
         | means being exposed to a huge range of new microbes. It's very
         | common to get sick in the first several months as your immune
         | system adapts.
        
         | pajko wrote:
         | As a temporary solution Brita water filter might help. For the
         | longer term, you could install a reverse osmosis water purifier
         | in the kitchen sink.
         | 
         | https://www.thespruce.com/best-reverse-osmosis-systems-45868...
        
           | jules wrote:
           | This was tested and they found that this made the water
           | quality worse, because the Dutch tap water is already of high
           | quality and the water filter makes it dirtier because
           | bacteria start to grow on it after a while. In fact, the
           | water company filters the water through the same type of
           | activated carbon filter, except that the filter in the Brita
           | is at best a couple of centimeters long whereas the filter of
           | the water company is 2x250 centimeters long (and they use
           | other filtration steps, not just activated carbon).
        
         | syntaxing wrote:
         | Interesting situation. Is there a particular reason a reverse
         | osmosis filter isn't a good possibility? I guess the better
         | test would of been to have half the family keep on drinking tap
         | water and see if anything changes but at the expense of the
         | control group.
        
         | pomian wrote:
         | City tap water in Europe and North America is regularly tested
         | for common parameters and yearly, more or less, for most other
         | constituents(pollutants, minerals, chemicals etc.) It is very
         | very unlikely you got sick from the tap water. If you want to
         | test your own water, find an "environmental laboratory".
         | Communicate with them, they will help you decide which range of
         | tests. They will also provide you with the appropriate sample
         | bottles. (There are organic and inorganic parameters with
         | different protocols for sampling.) It won't be cheap however.
         | Especially one time testing. You can spend anywhere from ($CAD)
         | 50-150 for inorganic tests (arsenic, lead, etc.) And 150 - 500+
         | for organic tests ( DDT, PCB, etc etc.) Cheap and easy - but
         | all cities do it all the time, is hardness, pH, etc. If you are
         | suddenly sick it is likely organic, and most likely biological
         | (bacteria, virus.) Also most likely from food. But, it is fun
         | to test your water, and interesting. (Same with the soil around
         | you.) The world around us complex and the interweaving of
         | systems is fascinating; as is our infrastructure to allow city
         | living. (Source for my diatribe: 20+years Environmental
         | Engineer)
        
           | tomjakubowski wrote:
           | The city may well test tap water and find it to be safe, but
           | this testing wouldn't account for contamination that happens
           | downstream from their systems, e.g. caused by poor building
           | plumbing.
        
             | Xylakant wrote:
             | I'm on the equivalent of a HOA in Berlin, and we are
             | required by law to have periodic checks of the tap water,
             | mostly for Legionella bacteria but afaik also general water
             | quality.
        
             | rrrrrrrrrrrryan wrote:
             | Proper testing includes samples from the faucets of random
             | households.
             | 
             | California cities do it every year, and the results are
             | public: just look up "water quality report" or "consumer
             | confidence report" + your city.
        
         | sershe wrote:
         | A typical thing they do in less developed countries where tap
         | water is decent but not quite reliable enough is either install
         | an in-line filter for drinking water, or get a pitcher filter
         | (like a Brita).
        
         | leipert wrote:
         | Our rental agreement (Germany) actually contains instructions
         | on how to ensure that a certain kind of bacteria (legionella)
         | doesn't build up in the apartments plumbing.
         | 
         | If you are gone for > 7 days, open your taps on the hottest
         | setting and let them run for 2 or 3 minutes. Let them run for a
         | minute on the cold setting.
         | 
         | If you have a house rather than an apartment, maybe check
         | whether there is any filtering system installed that would need
         | a potential replacement.
        
         | msie wrote:
         | At least in Britain, if there are separate taps for hot and
         | cold, you shouldn't trust drinking from the hot tap:
         | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HfHgUu_8KgA
        
         | gruez wrote:
         | >Local water testing lab only tests for specific pollutants
         | with legal precedence like Lead, Cadmium, Mercury etc.
         | 
         | Does the pollutant list only contain chemicals, or do they
         | include microbial pollutants as well? The EPA for instance has
         | standards for microbial pollutants in addition to chemical
         | pollutants.
        
           | reacharavindh wrote:
           | I believe the city water department tests for a more detailed
           | set of factors(I could not get proper information because I
           | moved here recently, and I don't yet speak Dutch). However,
           | the tests I could buy/order from commercial labs around here
           | only tests for specific ones (Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Nickel,
           | Coliform bacteria). I'm guessing that is because those were
           | the common culprits.
        
             | jules wrote:
             | By law, the water from the tap may only contain 1 microgram
             | pollutants per liter, and the water companies usually set
             | themselves stricter standards (and stricter than the
             | standards for bottled water, IIRC). Assuming you drink 2
             | liters per day that is 0.066 grams over the course of a 80
             | year life. If the cause of the illness of your family is is
             | the tap water, then it is very likely a problem with the
             | plumbing in or near your house.
             | 
             | However, even that is very unlikely. Even if the plumbing
             | in your house is lead, that's not likely to make you ill
             | immediately (but it will over the long term). If the pipes
             | leak, then the water is more likely to go out than
             | pollution getting in, due to the water pressure. Given that
             | several members of a family get ill, the overwhelmingly
             | more likely explanation is either a contagious disease, or
             | food poisoning.
        
       | lmilcin wrote:
       | I drink bottled water because if I did not the next choice would
       | be stuffing myself with soft drinks and other crap. I can only
       | drink so much coffee and tea per day.
       | 
       | Tap water just doesn't taste well on its own.
       | 
       | I would be first to switch to drinking tap water if I could
       | somehow make it taste well.
        
         | nvllsvm wrote:
         | Have you considered a reverse osmosis system? It made my tap
         | water palletable.
        
         | semi-extrinsic wrote:
         | Did you try just putting it in open jugs in the fridge for a
         | few hours? It's surprising how much chlorine, dissolved gas
         | etc. you get rid of with this. It's my go-to when travelling to
         | places with safe-but-off-tasting water.
        
           | dataflow wrote:
           | > safe-but-off-tasting water
           | 
           | How do you actually tell if the water is safe? There have
           | been so many news reports about unsafe tap water across the
           | US.
        
             | semi-extrinsic wrote:
             | Sorry, I was assuming you live in a country where you can
             | trust the public water authorities.
        
               | [deleted]
        
             | bserge wrote:
             | Why would you assume bottled water is safer?
        
               | dataflow wrote:
               | I imagine people assume this because similar news reports
               | haven't come out about bottled water, and because common
               | advice when traveling to other countries with unsafe tap
               | water is "use bottled water".
        
             | [deleted]
        
         | zahma wrote:
         | There are water filters for this. I don't know what your
         | situation is, but a BWT water filter in a carafe is perfectly
         | capable of removing most adjuncts and making water taste like
         | water again. I use these filters to brew coffee, and when I
         | have a fresh filter in place, I cannot tell the difference
         | between that water and Volvic. And my resulting brew will give
         | any respectable cafe a run for their money. From this taste
         | test, I can infer that my filtered water is at least as blank a
         | palate as the Volvic. If I brewed with regular tap, I would not
         | get clear flavors from the coffee's oils because the tap water
         | has plenty of solids already dissolved and can't hold the
         | preferred coffee.
         | 
         | I know of at least one high end coffee shop that uses BWT's
         | industrial filters - basically a canister the size of a 1L soda
         | bottle. In reality, it would take an afternoon, some plumbing
         | knowledge, and tools to install this at a home or office.
         | 
         | I think there's a huge niche market here to better equip homes
         | for clean water with the added benefit that they aren't using
         | tons of plastic (the main downside from the small carafe
         | filters).
         | 
         | Of course there's a lot more you can do to adapt your
         | filtration of local water source. That's because your tap water
         | is treated and tastes funny because there are some dissolved
         | chemicals or compounds. You can neutralize those with some
         | basic ingredients.
         | 
         | https://www.baristahustle.com/blog/barista-hustle-water-reci...
        
         | foobiekr wrote:
         | Get a charcoal filter like a Brita or similar.
        
         | barsonme wrote:
         | They make water flavorings. I'm sure there are plenty of zero
         | calorie options. Or, add some lime and lemon.
        
         | andrepd wrote:
         | Filters are available.
        
         | enlyth wrote:
         | > Tap water just doesn't taste well
         | 
         | If this isn't the pinnacle of western privilege then I don't
         | know anymore
        
       | rgrieselhuber wrote:
       | I don't understand why people don't just buy water filters.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | MikeDelta wrote:
         | Depends on where you are. In Europe there is no need for that
         | at all.
         | 
         | What kind of water filter would that be? A simple small filter
         | you attach to the faucet or a proper arm-sized cylinder you
         | place somewhere along your water pipes? I am not sure how well
         | those filters remove all contaminants like heavy metals and
         | such.
        
           | andrepd wrote:
           | "Europe" is a very large place. In many places in Germany for
           | instance, straight tap water is quite disgusting to drink.
           | 
           | I'm an European, and that tinge of superiority is quite
           | grating.
        
             | skrause wrote:
             | > _In many places in Germany for instance, straight tap
             | water is quite disgusting to drink._
             | 
             | I'm a German who has been to many German places and I've
             | never encountered tap water that was disgusting to drink...
        
               | Xylakant wrote:
               | I think "disgusting" is probably too hard of a word for
               | it, but you can taste substantial differences in tap
               | water in Germany and whenever I move it takes a bit of
               | time until I get used to the local flavor. Berlin is
               | different from Munich. Volvic tastes like Volvic tastes
               | like Volvic and I can't quite get used to the taste of
               | Evian.
        
           | rgrieselhuber wrote:
           | It's much worse in the US, tons of heavy metals, chlorine,
           | fluoride, etc.
           | 
           | Berkey water filters are a good basic option.
        
             | syntaxing wrote:
             | I would not classify chlorine and fluoride as the same
             | group as heavy metals... While it sounds dangerous, it's
             | hard to argue there isn't a net positive to use fluoride
             | and chlorine to society when it comes to water
             | distribution. Also to note, there is nothing particular
             | special of Berkeley filters compared to other carbon
             | filter, and it does not filter heavy metals (you typically
             | need ion exchange filter for that). The company has a bunch
             | of filter claims and state that they haven't gotten the NSF
             | certification because of cost reasons but I find it really
             | hard to believe that is the case.
        
               | rgrieselhuber wrote:
               | I always forget that you're not allowed to object to
               | having chemicals added to your water, hence the downvotes
               | I guess.
               | 
               | Good to know about Berkey, there are lots of options out
               | there.
        
           | lstodd wrote:
           | Depends on where in Europe you are.
           | 
           | In most of eastern you need partuculate, charcoal and ion-
           | exchange in series to somewhat approach acceptable levels of
           | shit in it.
        
         | dfxm12 wrote:
         | Bottled water is too cheap and convenient. The people living
         | today won't even have to deal with any real consequences to the
         | environment. Give people a reason to care, while first
         | accepting that, on the whole, people don't care about future
         | generations of life on this planet.
        
           | andrepd wrote:
           | Sadly this is the truth. Most people do not really care
           | beyond their immediate self-interest, they will give up
           | principles or jeopardise the future or other people for very
           | very minor conveniences.
           | 
           | You need to give people a reason to care by appealing to
           | their self-interest. The only way I can see this regarding
           | this problem is a tax on single-use plastics to make them
           | very expensive.
        
       | asciimov wrote:
       | If you want to make people stop using water bottles you have to
       | improve the water going to their house.
       | 
       | I've been to very few places (in the US) that the water tasted
       | good from the tap. One was a major metro, the others were places
       | with well water.
       | 
       | My parents live in a medium sized Texas city that has tap water
       | that is typically brown, sometimes it comes out of the tap foamy.
       | Some filter it, but many just buy bottled.
       | 
       | I use a simple filter at home to improve taste. However, after
       | living in hurricane and tornado prone areas, I keep a small
       | supply of water on hand (a few cases of bottled) for emergencies.
        
         | walkedaway wrote:
         | > If you want to make people stop using water bottles you have
         | to improve the water going to their house.
         | 
         | Reverse osmosis and similar systems are affordable especially
         | compared to the cost of bottled water.
        
         | gruez wrote:
         | >My parents live in a medium sized Texas city that has tap
         | water that is typically brown, sometimes it comes out of the
         | tap foamy
         | 
         | Source/pictures? I find it hard to believe such water would be
         | allowed by the EPA. This is also strange, considering that I've
         | been to countries without drinkable tap water (eg. you have to
         | boil it), and the water doesn't look like that.
        
           | asciimov wrote:
           | I don't have pictures of said water. The water is safe to
           | drink, but it just looks unpleasant and occasionally smells
           | too.
           | 
           | I think it has to do with minerals in the supply being
           | stirred up by rain water and reacting with treatment
           | chemicals.
           | 
           | EPA doesn't care to much about the taste, color, or
           | appearance of the water as long as it is "safe" to drink.
        
           | hobs wrote:
           | So you must have missed that whole "flint michigan" thing
           | huh?
           | 
           | One google search away
           | https://www.businessinsider.com/cities-worst-tap-water-
           | us-20...
        
             | Tarsul wrote:
             | also a worthwhile (hollywood) rendition of a waste water
             | scandal by dupont in the USA: Dark Waters;
             | https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9071322/
        
             | gruez wrote:
             | IIRC the problem with flint michigan water was high lead
             | concentration, which isn't something that's as visible as
             | the gp described. I can see how elevated lead levels can
             | fly below the radar, but not brown water.
        
               | hn8788 wrote:
               | Might just be an issue with nearby pipes, and not
               | something affecting the entire supply. When the municpal
               | water pipes get cleaned around where I live, they put up
               | signs saying that your water might be brown or rust
               | colored for a few days, but to just let the tap run for a
               | few seconds before you start drinking it or showering.
        
         | coupdejarnac wrote:
         | Does your city have water quality reports online? Dallas
         | publishes theirs online.
        
         | dataflow wrote:
         | > If you want to make people stop using water bottles you have
         | to improve the water going to their house.
         | 
         | It's not that simple. The quality isn't the cause, the cause is
         | people's lack of trust in their water. It's not like you can
         | just judge water quality by its color and taste.
         | 
         | e.g., "Drinking water from 118 of 120 (!!!) locations tested
         | across the US had levels of PFAS or arsenic above Consumer
         | Report's recommended maximum, or detectable amounts of lead."
         | [1]
         | 
         | [1] https://www.consumerreports.org/water-quality/how-safe-is-
         | ou...
        
           | bobthechef wrote:
           | > It's not like you can just judge water quality by its color
           | and taste.
           | 
           | That _is_ part of what determines water quality.
        
       | cosmotic wrote:
       | Are they taking into account the carbon footprint of the enormous
       | yachts the Nestle executives buy and operate with the profits
       | from water sales in their analysis?
       | 
       | What about the pipe fitters union lobbying to require lead pipes
       | decades after universal acceptance of the dangers of lead and the
       | enormous cost to replace?
        
         | gruez wrote:
         | That seems like unnecessary ragebait and opens up the metric to
         | all kinds of manipulation. eg. is microsoft office better or
         | worse libreoffice than once you factor in that bill gates'
         | philanthropic activities?
        
         | Scoundreller wrote:
         | I think this about my government's decision to implement
         | electricity metering in all new apartment construction. Except
         | apartment dwellers have little control over their appliances
         | (they're generally included), and you pay $13+/month in account
         | fees for the individual meters.
         | 
         | They even tried to push this on existing apartments, but I'd
         | have to consume 33% less than average just to break-even. Hard
         | to do when HVAC&DHW are central and laundry is common.
         | 
         | So while I would have some incentive to conserve, I end up
         | poorer and somebody else gets rich off account fees and likely
         | lives a very wasteful life.
         | 
         | Then the transition to smart meters that do time-of-day
         | billing, but its been shown to shift demand by under 1 percent.
         | Meanwhile the thing consumes a few watts 24/7 + implementation
         | capex. Meter-reading is now remote, but what did the meter-
         | reader human start doing instead?
         | 
         | > The Environmental Commissioner of Ontario's 2015-16 Energy
         | Conservation Progress Report found "a 0.7 per cent reduction in
         | peak demand among residential customers" attributed to time-of-
         | use pricing over a four-year period.
         | 
         | https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/smart-meters-hydro-bi...
        
           | gruez wrote:
           | >Meter-reading is now remote, but what did the meter-reader
           | human start doing instead?
           | 
           | presumably unemployed. Not that's a bad thing, see:
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable_of_the_broken_window
        
       | toiletaccount wrote:
       | bottled water sucks ass, but how do you quantify this sort of
       | thing? it's almost a meaningless number. after 3500 liters
       | dispensed from a tap, is there one empty plastic bottle dumped in
       | a landfill? or are you supposed to reuse a water bottle 3500
       | times before tossing it? are there 3500 times more co2 emissions
       | from getting bottled water to my lips? last i checked there isn't
       | much carbon involved in pulling from the ground, which isnt even
       | how everyone gets their water. no i didnt read the article.
        
         | carstenhag wrote:
         | Well you should have. Just to answer one question: You need to
         | move the water to the bottling plant, distribute that to the
         | retail logistics centers and then distribute it to the retail
         | shops.
         | 
         | The buyers are then also more likely to go the the shop by car,
         | as heavy things are not great to buy when going by feet or
         | bicycle.
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | ljm wrote:
           | Not to mention that, if you believe the typical marketing
           | bullshit, your bottle water is probably sourced from the Alps
           | or some stream in the arse crack of New Zealand and then
           | transported across the globe for however long that takes,
           | until it finds its way to a store and then to your lips.
           | 
           | Brita filters (or any other filters/jugs) have their own
           | environmental costs as well but you can chug through a decent
           | amount of tap water before you need to replace one of those.
           | Couldn't live without one of those in Barcelona (unless I
           | wanted to down a glass full of limestone), and was much more
           | useful than lugging back a few huge jugs of bottled water
           | every few days.
           | 
           | Back in the UK, not a single reason to buy water in a bottle
           | unless you're outside and in a pinch.
        
             | qmmmur wrote:
             | Yeah UK water is pretty top notch as is all Australian
             | water. I really just cannot understand or really envisage
             | what it must be like to not have pure basically flavourless
             | (or water flavoured??) water coming out of the tap which is
             | 100% safe. How is it so hard to get right?
        
       | kaycebasques wrote:
       | Title should be updated to "Bottled water is 1400-3500..." based
       | off "Highlights" section of the actual study that cosmotic linked
       | to. I've learned firsthand that it's counterproductive to only
       | quote the high-end of the range. Comes off as disingenuous.
        
       | Kubuxu wrote:
       | I personally buy and drink bottled water for two reasons: 1. It
       | tastes better as I enjoy highly mineralized water 2. It satiates
       | thirst better.
       | 
       | Water I usually buy has 100ppm magnesium ions, 340ppm calcium
       | ions and 14ppm potassium ions and it actually tastes good in
       | comparison to tap water. I would buy it in 20L bulk reusable
       | bottles if it was available but it isn't.
        
         | dataflow wrote:
         | > It satiates thirst better.
         | 
         | I definitely have seen this effect. Do you know why this is? Is
         | there a scientific reason why?
        
           | OnlyMortal wrote:
           | It's chilled. People like chilled water.
           | 
           | You can save a huge amount of money (and plastic bottles) by
           | having a Brita jug in the fridge.
        
             | dataflow wrote:
             | Sadly no, that's not it. It definitely helps in lots of
             | cases, but I've had perfectly cold tap water that doesn't
             | really satiate like bottled water does.
        
           | matwood wrote:
           | If I had to guess, added minerals and sodium. When someone
           | sweats they are losing more than just water.
        
         | coupdejarnac wrote:
         | I'd need to see the results of a double blind taste test. What
         | you're describing fits the profile of hard tap water.
        
       | throwaway803453 wrote:
       | I got blind sided by an argument when visiting a friend recently
       | because I carry a reusable water bottle with me whenever I leave
       | home for more than a few hours whereas he brings throwaway water
       | bottles. At one point he gestures to my bottled water and asked
       | "does that make you feel good about yourself ?" implying I am
       | virtue signaling.
       | 
       | I explained that I saw a documentary ~10 years ago where the
       | claim was if you can do one thing for the environment, please
       | stop purchasing bottled water. It seemed like an easy request, so
       | why not.
       | 
       | I then rhetorically asked him if he "felt good" about himself
       | because he doesn't just throw his trash out the car window, which
       | is what we city kids (and adults) used to do in the early 80s.
       | "No you don't do it and you don't think about it, right ? It's
       | the same with my water bottle. I don't lecture anyone, and I
       | honestly didn't think once about what he or others are doing."
       | 
       | Culture changes many times for the better. It's odd though how
       | some people are the last to get the memo despite similar
       | demographics.
        
         | Evidlo wrote:
         | What about reusing containers for drinking water that you would
         | otherwise dispose of? I've been using yogurt bottles for my
         | drinking water for a while now.
         | 
         | No extra resources wasted to produce a fancy water bottle, and
         | you don't need to worry too much if you lose it.
        
           | extra88 wrote:
           | Yes, I refill bottled water bottles with tap water. I usually
           | replace them once a year. Previously, I would buy whatever
           | brand I found that was the right size for how I store them
           | but last time I ended up spending more on Evian and the
           | bottles are holding up much better. Poland Springs bottles
           | use very thin plastic that crumples easily which is good for
           | minimizing the amount of plastic used but bad for reuse.
           | 
           | I do wonder if, by reusing the bottles, there could be
           | harmful chemicals leeching out.
        
           | riidom wrote:
           | Doing a similar thing; I buy a bottle of plastic water (or
           | some other soft drink) to reuse as container for tap water. I
           | usually replace it when the plastic gets milky, every few
           | weeks.
        
         | shkkmo wrote:
         | I misplace water bottles on a regular basis. So I buy bottled
         | water and re-fill the disposable bottles until they get lost.
         | 
         | The article wholey ignores the costs of production for non-
         | disposable water bottles. They absolutely take more resources
         | to produce and you thus need to refill any given water bottle a
         | certain number of times before you break even with disposable
         | bottled water. For absent minded folks like me, constantly
         | buying replacement bottles can be a worse impact on the
         | environment.
        
           | skeeter2020 wrote:
           | >> For absent minded folks like me, constantly buying
           | replacement bottles can be a worse impact on the environment.
           | 
           | Society doesn't and IMO shouldn't optimize for the absent-
           | minded. Do you also loose your keys, wallet and phone on a
           | regular basis? Maybe it's not a memory thing but more of a
           | value thing.
        
             | animal_spirits wrote:
             | I agree it's definitely value based. I've own a hydroflask
             | which is a fairly expensive water bottle and I got it for
             | free, so I value it pretty highly. I think I'm more likely
             | to lose my wallet of plastic/replaceable credit cards than
             | I am my water bottle. Plus it's just a big object, so it
             | actually takes up (virtual?imaginary?) space in my mind.
        
         | sgspace wrote:
         | Why is there a weird stigma about carrying around a reusable
         | water bottle? I've experienced it myself when I was younger and
         | in school. It's something about preparing for the moment
         | compared to just going with the flow of life. I remember being
         | categorized, by a girl, as a pretentious nerd soley based off
         | my water bottle choice.
        
           | alexashka wrote:
           | If a popular sports jock starts carrying a metal water
           | bottle, best believe it'll all of a sudden be cool to carry
           | one.
           | 
           | It's not what you do, it's where you rank in the social
           | dominance hierarchy.
        
           | snypher wrote:
           | Sometimes it's easier to make someone feel bad for making a
           | better choice, than to consider the reasons why they are not
           | making that choice themselves. Also once an mindset like
           | being a bottled-water-family is ingrained into a person
           | anything that runs contrary to that can seem to be almost
           | threatening to one's own behavior.
           | 
           | Someone once told me you can learn everything about a person
           | by what they do with their empty cart at the grocery store.
        
           | throwaway803453 wrote:
           | A tall bottle on a table is arguably obnoxious and unsightly.
           | I just put mine on the floor if it is in line-of-sight of too
           | many people especially indoors.
        
           | 1123581321 wrote:
           | In school, secondary and college, I remember that you fared
           | better socially if you figured out how to not look like you
           | were struggling to transport all your things. People were
           | unkind to students who had useful rolling packs, for example,
           | as well as students who tended to have their hands full in
           | the halls. I'd think a water bottle could play into that.
           | However, I see my daughter and most of her friends bring them
           | everywhere so I think that particular item is perceived
           | differently now so long as it's the "right" style.
        
             | bobthechef wrote:
             | > you fared better socially if you figured out how to not
             | look like you were struggling to transport all your things
             | 
             | To be honest, it does look ridiculous hauling all your shit
             | around like some hiker. It lacks grace and is out of
             | proportion with the task at hand. This must be an American
             | thing. I do not recall students elsewhere roaming school
             | halls around like hobos with all their belongings.
        
               | acranox wrote:
               | My high school (and middle school too) was big enough
               | that the time it took to walk from once class to my
               | locker and the to my next class too longer than the time
               | we had in between classes. So I had to carry a lot more
               | shit than I wanted to. Some kids had classes and lockers
               | in better locations. Anyhow, your attitude stinks. Let
               | people make their own choices what they carry and don't
               | call them hobos without grace because you can't
               | understand why they might choose to carry some of their
               | things around.
        
         | dataflow wrote:
         | > and asked "does that make you feel good about yourself ?"
         | implying I am virtue signaling
         | 
         | Is there more context to this conversation? The reason of
         | course could've been that, but it also seems like there's a
         | chance (not high, I admit) he might've seen the local tap water
         | as dangerous and tried to think of a compelling reason why you
         | would still drink it despite that. Especially if the topic has
         | previously come up.
        
           | throwaway803453 wrote:
           | Beach city LA, so water quality isn't bad. As for context,
           | he's a pathological right wing troll and we both have ADD and
           | find mild periodic confrontation stimulating. Everyone I know
           | mocks him for being an absurdist, but he has many friends
           | because he's damn funny, helpful, and caring.
        
         | Eric_WVGG wrote:
         | no offense but your friend sounds like kind of an ass
         | 
         | How did he respond to the "you don't and you don't think about
         | it" bit?
        
           | throwaway803453 wrote:
           | It was kind of a mike drop moment. Honestly, my buddy has
           | associated hard-right and anti-left views as part of his
           | identity. He doesn't wear a seat belt because he doesn't want
           | the gov't telling him what to do. That type of extreme. But
           | he's also smart, so I suspect sometimes he says things as a
           | cry for help, the way an alcoholic will mock you for drinking
           | just one beer because it reminds them that they have habits
           | they can't break or have regretfully become part of their
           | identity.
        
             | loopz wrote:
             | All sorts of insecurities start to show in people when you
             | decide to go against the grain, choose for yourself and
             | embrace deliberate action without hiding anything. That
             | most people tend to think it's because of trying to show
             | off rather than a small sacrifice that you eventually stop
             | thinking about, is sadly very telling.
             | 
             | It's very natural though to ask about something that is
             | different in some way.
        
             | gremloni wrote:
             | Smart how? Like a good programmer or creative or just some
             | sad contrarian?
        
             | madeofpalk wrote:
             | > He doesn't wear a seat belt because he doesn't want the
             | gov't telling him what to do. [...] But he's also smart
             | 
             | Is he?
        
               | manicdee wrote:
               | You can be a brilliant neurologist and also be anti-vax.
               | 
               | Expertise in one field doesn't imply expertise in others
               | even if they appear closely related to the layperson.
        
               | Eric_WVGG wrote:
               | Uh dunno if you saw his, but this morning I read about a
               | study that shows that PhDs have the highest by-education
               | rate of _not_ getting vaccinated.
               | https://unherd.com/thepost/the-most-vaccine-hesitant-
               | educati...
        
               | slim wrote:
               | People have weaknesses. Some people are afraid of
               | cockroaches. You can't explain all behaviors with logic
        
             | [deleted]
        
         | bobthechef wrote:
         | > throw his trash out the car window, which is what we city
         | kids (and adults) used to do in the early 80s
         | 
         | This must be an American thing. I do not recall this being the
         | case elsewhere that I visited.
        
           | fencepost wrote:
           | There were real pushes from the early 70s on to combat
           | pollution from many sources. One thing that many Americans
           | will remember from then (or from seeing it later) is the
           | "Crying Indian" ad from 1971. Pollution also made it into
           | songs about little things like the 1969 Cuyahoga River fire
           | that provided a lot of push for the passage of the Clean
           | Water Act not long after.
        
           | extra88 wrote:
           | If they were littering like that in the early 80s, their
           | community was very much lagging behind the American culture
           | overall. Or maybe it was just the people they were around
           | literally being trashy.
           | 
           | It wasn't, and isn't today, an American thing. Plenty of
           | countries had, and even still do have, casual attitudes about
           | littering.
        
         | majkinetor wrote:
         | Unless you clean it like a champ, not sure how sterile your
         | bottle is...
        
           | skeeter2020 wrote:
           | I've got news for you, none of the dishes you use, at home or
           | when you're out are "sterile". The good news is humans don't
           | require anything close to this; we're pretty hardy creatures.
        
             | majkinetor wrote:
             | Water is a bit different tho as it provides the basic stuff
             | for bacterial life and while you cook you process food
             | thermally.
             | 
             | I've got bad news for you - look up into antacids and how
             | they block acid barrier. Every other one uses them.
             | 
             | I am not into cleaning frenzy, quite the opposite, but
             | water should be kept as sterile as possible IMO.
        
           | bserge wrote:
           | I use plastic bottles 30+ times. Is there any way to get sick
           | or die from this?
        
             | majkinetor wrote:
             | It depends on how you keep them. Plastic may leak stuff
             | (BPA and friends). Bacteria could build up.
        
           | cartoonworld wrote:
           | You can buy some quats (quaternary ammonium compounds) which
           | is a good safe food service sanitizer.
           | 
           | Ecolab oasis multiquat is what I buy, it's like $80-100 but
           | the dilution ratio means you are unlikely to run out.
        
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