[HN Gopher] Harvey's Casino Bomb
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Harvey's Casino Bomb
        
       Author : realloc
       Score  : 165 points
       Date   : 2021-07-28 07:56 UTC (11 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.fbi.gov)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.fbi.gov)
        
       | kodon wrote:
       | Great read. Found this youtube from the FBI that shows the
       | explosion:
       | 
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clWUhbxBh8Q
        
         | silexia wrote:
         | Thank you for sharing the YouTube video, it was a great
         | addition to the article!
        
       | nom wrote:
       | Super interesting. How is it that we don't hear about such cat-
       | and-mouse games anymore? Do they not happen or are they not
       | talked about? It seems like it's a thing of the past, but why?
        
         | strulovich wrote:
         | Isn't ransomware the modern version of it?
        
           | 1-more wrote:
           | Ransomware is also a better sort of arbitrage against the
           | legal system. If you somehow got caught and prosecuted you
           | didn't do a violent crime, so that has to probably help you
           | somewhat. Of course you did do a federal crime so you have to
           | serve 85% of your time no matter what.
        
             | paulpauper wrote:
             | Not at all. White collar criminals often serve longer than
             | even violent criminals. Look at Bernie Maddof, Allen
             | Stanford and others
        
         | JohnWhigham wrote:
         | Bit of a stretch, but I think it can be attributed to the
         | overall reduction in crime since the early 90s, most likely
         | brought upon by the elimination of lead in gasoline.
        
           | runj__ wrote:
           | What parent commenter is talking about:
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93crime_hypothesis
           | 
           | It is very much a hypothesis, but it certainly could be true.
        
         | rtkwe wrote:
         | Because it doesn't usually work out. Most of the time if you're
         | asking for physical cash to be transferred you're going to get
         | caught especially today given the miniaturization of
         | electronics for trackers or beacons. It's just too easy to
         | follow whatever truck is being used to move the money and large
         | amounts of money is quite bulky. You could maybe see some come
         | back because of cryptocurrency and like the other reply said
         | you could say that ransomware attacks is the modern day
         | equivalent of this kind of extortion.
        
           | dmix wrote:
           | Exactly, mostly cellphones and high-tech surveillance has
           | made the FBI's job much easier. That and today when
           | everything is labelled 'terrorism' they get some friendly
           | help from the intel community. Where in that case even hiding
           | in a bunker in Pakistan next to a military base is only
           | saving you a number of years.
           | 
           | In this casino story they already had a 6-person SWAT team
           | flying high enough not to be detected, above the helicopter
           | doing the planned cash drop. While the solo helicopter pilot
           | was a special agent armed with an MP5 and night vision, and a
           | bag with fake $3 million of bills and every intention to
           | catch or shoot the guy picking up. All of this was organized
           | while the timer of the bomb was ticking down.
           | 
           | Given the low odds, it's boils down to an over-complicated
           | suicide mission, with high risk of it not working out. Nor
           | any point even if does. With the financial system also under
           | a ton of surveillance and the involvement of his family and
           | even one of their girlfriends.
           | 
           | It's no wonder that this sort of thing has become a rarity
           | even for the clever ones like this guy.
        
       | nerdbaggy wrote:
       | Here is a great long form about it
       | https://www.damninteresting.com/the-zero-armed-bandit/
        
         | phab wrote:
         | And they have a fun interactive game you can play to defuse the
         | bomb too! https://www.damninteresting.com/interactive/zab/
        
       | danans wrote:
       | Is that a toilet bowl float in the picture? Perhaps that was
       | functioning as the mechanism's accelerometer?
        
         | rob74 wrote:
         | From https://magazine.atavist.com/a-thousand-pounds-of-
         | dynamite/:
         | 
         | > _Fourth, inside the top box Big John rigged a float from a
         | toilet cistern. If the box was flooded with water or foam, the
         | float would rise, completing a circuit._
         | 
         | The "accelerometer" was another device:
         | 
         | > _Fifth, beside the float was a tilt mechanism built from a
         | length of PVC pipe lined with more aluminum foil; inside hung a
         | metal pendulum held under tension from below with a rubber
         | band. [...] Once this was armed, if the bomb was moved in any
         | way, the end of the pendulum would make contact with the foil,
         | completing a circuit._
        
       | MeinBlutIstBlau wrote:
       | >Tourists at neighboring casinos bet on when the bomb would go
       | off, or if it would go off. After the bomb detonated, crowds
       | cheered and reveled from a safe distance.
       | 
       | Completely unhinged tourists. Hotel explodes and people cheer
       | cause they probably won money.
        
         | beervirus wrote:
         | Meh, no one was hurt. Vegas is all about spectacle, and this
         | was certainly a spectacle.
        
           | anonu wrote:
           | The schadenfreude is killing me. Im sure many working class
           | people lost their jobs. A hotel was demolished causing
           | substantial monetary loss for its owners and investors. The
           | FBI had egg on their face.
        
             | JKCalhoun wrote:
             | I'm having a hard time beating up on the FBI.
             | 
             | The only other viable outcome I can see is if they gave the
             | extortionists the money and caught them later -- and they
             | certainly would have caught them. But there is no guarantee
             | the same scenario would not have unfolded with the bomb
             | going off. And having given in to the demands of the
             | extortionist probably would have inspired a wave of similar
             | crimes.
        
             | PaulDavisThe1st wrote:
             | It wasn't demolished. The structural integrity was not
             | damaged, $18M was spent on repairs, and it reopened about
             | 10 months later. Given the owner's attitude towards his
             | staff, it seems likely they would all have been re-hired if
             | they were still looking for work.
        
               | tyingq wrote:
               | Interesting. You wouldn't expect that given these
               | pictures[1] and phrases like _" creating a five-story
               | chasm in the casino"_.
               | 
               | [1] https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/stories/2009/a
               | ugust/a...
        
           | geocrasher wrote:
           | This wasn't Vegas, this was Tahoe. My grandparents owned a
           | home there not long after this happened, and I remember there
           | being a lot of talk about it. But when this happened I was
           | just a kid. This also wasn't long after Mount St. Helen blew
           | up. My parents and I lived in Carson City at the time. I
           | remember the ash falling. At first I thought it was snow!
           | There was no ash from the Harvey's explosion though. It
           | wasn't _that_ big :p
        
             | beervirus wrote:
             | Oops, good point. What I said still mostly applies to Tahoe
             | though.
        
           | awb wrote:
           | A criminal spectacle, that's the difference. Odd that betting
           | was allowed on the outcome of a crime.
        
         | IshKebab wrote:
         | What should they do? Mourn the loss of some concrete and steel?
        
           | MeinBlutIstBlau wrote:
           | I meant in a tongue and cheek kind of way. I was thinking it
           | was funny. Apparently HN is full of people that interpret
           | text literally and cannot infer nuance whatsoever.
        
       | bhickey wrote:
       | https://magazine.atavist.com/a-thousand-pounds-of-dynamite/
        
         | rob74 wrote:
         | Thanks! When I saw the photo, I was immediately reminded of
         | this article, which was posted here about one year ago (I
         | think?), but I hadn't bookmarked it...
        
         | ManuelKiessling wrote:
         | I swear if they don't make this into a feature film real soon
         | now, I'm gonna sue someone.
        
       | Ndymium wrote:
       | In the end he was caught because his van was identified and
       | because "One of his sons had revealed to his then-girlfriend that
       | his father had placed a bomb in Harvey's."
       | 
       | I always wonder at how criminals that otherwise might seem movie-
       | like masterminds are caught as a result of mundane mistakes and
       | outright stupid moves like this. You would think if you are going
       | to bomb a place, the first thing would be to not talk about it to
       | anyone outside those that are directly involved. But criminals
       | that have executed the "perfect crime" get caught driving over
       | the speed limit, with expired license, spending money too
       | lavishly...
       | 
       | I suppose he would have been caught some other way if not for
       | this, but it almost seems like a comical trope to me. Maybe you
       | are the best bomb maker around, but you weren't that good at the
       | simpler things.
        
         | littlecranky67 wrote:
         | Posting this link (that somebody else posted in this thread) to
         | an article with lot more coverage on the issue that wikipedia:
         | https://magazine.atavist.com/a-thousand-pounds-of-dynamite/
         | 
         | Eventually, the sons of "Big John" caved in to the FBI in
         | interrogation. While the tip of the former girlfriend made the
         | whole family prime suspects in the first place, they did not
         | have anything on them until the sons decided to talk (and get
         | immunity for their involvement in exchange).
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | kumarvvr wrote:
         | As always, with any crime, the more people involved, the
         | greater the possibility that _human_ factors will sabotage the
         | operation.
         | 
         | The perfect crime has one perpetrator.
         | 
         | It is also why its fascinating that people will believe in
         | conspiracy theories that supposedly involve tens / hundreds /
         | thousands of people.
         | 
         | Theories that we faked the moon landing always intrigue me. Or
         | that the earth is flat.
        
           | giarc wrote:
           | >It is also why its fascinating that people will believe in
           | conspiracy theories that supposedly involve tens / hundreds /
           | thousands of people.
           | 
           | I have the same reasoning for the 9/11 truthers. Do people
           | really believe that no one on the "inside" has come out to
           | say it was all staged/planned/faked? Hijacking 4 planes and
           | flying them into buildings is going to take a lot of
           | planning. Not to mention that people claim there was no plane
           | that hit the Pentagon. Like really? They go to all that
           | planning and just think "let's just use a missle at the
           | pentagon, no one will notice it wasn't a plane."
        
           | paulpauper wrote:
           | The perfect crime is one in which you will either not serve
           | time or only a little if caught. Politics comes to mind.
        
           | 55555 wrote:
           | I see your point! I totally do. I also used to hold this
           | belief. But then the Snowden revelations came out and it was
           | revealed that probably 10,000 people in government were aware
           | of a system that was sucking up all of our data for
           | warrantless search and they had successfully kept the secret
           | for something like 10 years (or more?).
           | 
           | For sure it's true that a secret can be kept by three people
           | if two of them are dead. But there are clear cases where
           | large groups of people have been able to keep secrets as
           | well, or at least keep them from spilling out into public
           | awareness.
           | 
           | I'd bet that for most crimes, the secret isn't kept, and
           | there is someone else out there that knows who did it, who
           | simply doesn't tell law enforcement. And yet most serious
           | crimes aren't solved.
           | 
           | Humans have a real need to tell other people personal things,
           | even to their own detriment. But sometimes things stay
           | secrets even if tons of people know about them.
        
             | shahar2k wrote:
             | how many of those 10k people really have the awareness
             | required to put that kind of data invasion in context and
             | perspective? I think the reaction to large issues like
             | climate change, tells you exactly all you need about
             | people's ability to downplay large issues into "someone
             | else's problem"
        
             | GuB-42 wrote:
             | I think that Snowden leaks were more or less an open
             | secret. I mean, it is about spies spying. Sure, the NSA
             | overstepped its borders, but it is not exactly the first
             | time (remember ECHELON), and the way it did that wasn't
             | revolutionary. They didn't have a quantum computer,
             | nanobots or anything like that: just competent computer
             | security specialists and too much money to spend. Not even
             | something significant like breaking commercial-grade crypto
             | or anything like that, they "broke TLS" by inserting
             | wiretaps in datacenters where data wasn't encrypted.
             | 
             | Snowden gave proof and technical details about what was
             | happening. It is like showing proof that Israel has nuclear
             | weapons. Israel doesn't talk about it, they may or may not
             | have nuclear weapons, most people think they do, and such a
             | revelation won't surprise anyone, but it is still a big
             | deal, because they can't use their "deliberate ambiguity"
             | strategy anymore.
        
             | kumarvvr wrote:
             | Eventually, Snowden came out with the truth isn't it.
             | 
             | Also, not all of those 10k people might not be knowing what
             | they are doing or don't care. You can cloak a lot of
             | espionage activity with forms, sheets, memos, brainwashing
             | and what not.
        
             | adventured wrote:
             | > But then the Snowden revelations came out and it was
             | revealed that probably 10,000 people in government were
             | aware of a system that was sucking up all of our data for
             | warrantless search and they had successfully kept the
             | secret for something like 10 years (or more?).
             | 
             | Illegal domestic electronic espionage/surveillance wasn't a
             | vast secret. It was widely known that the Feds were making
             | every effort they could to push down that road, and the
             | Feds had a very long history of illegal domestic espionage.
             | Frankly, it was obvious that it was going on. A lot of
             | people I know in tech had crossed paths with other people
             | that knew pieces of the puzzle, that some domestic
             | espionage programs were going on (particularly supercharged
             | after 9/11). You'd get snippets of it in discussions.
             | Snowden's revelations were not the first, it was the
             | bombshell that was comprehensive (and only for a small part
             | of what they were doing).
             | 
             | It wasn't yet proven, and the full extent wasn't yet known,
             | there wasn't enough credible public evidence to demonstrate
             | exactly what they were doing. There's a huge difference
             | between something not being secret, and being proven, and
             | that's what Snowden's actions helped to correct.
             | 
             | While it's in the not-yet-proven stage, the malevolent
             | skeptics in particular will all sandbag any attempt to
             | reveal it, by burying discussions under conspiracy tags and
             | swat away any attempts to dig into what's really going on.
             | Some skeptics do that on purpose because they have a vested
             | interest in doing so, some do that because they're cowards
             | (which is what is represented by the common statement: "if
             | you don't have anything to hide, you don't have anything to
             | fear" - it's cowardly people hiding from a moment of
             | confrontation).
             | 
             | Ready for another one? They're still performing illegal
             | domestic electronic surveillance. That too isn't some vast
             | secret. Oh I know, but but but they're not supposed to be
             | doing that! Golly.
        
             | vmception wrote:
             | That's like a call center agent telling you a policy is for
             | "security" and not knowing the actual policy or the legal
             | rationale or the supporting law
             | 
             | A lot of people in the intelligence community were aware
             | but few had all the details or would care to look
        
         | giarc wrote:
         | Funny you should mention 'get caught driving over the speed
         | limit'.... from another link in this thread that did happen.
         | 
         | Like most plans, Birges's fell apart rather early on. One of
         | his sons got a speeding ticket, placing him near the ransom
         | drop point. His girlfriend drove off the road, resulting in her
         | hospitalization.
         | 
         | https://hackaday.com/2015/09/21/this-is-what-a-real-bomb-loo...
        
         | nashashmi wrote:
         | The book and movie the Irishman comes to mind when I think
         | about people who got away. They never really can keep their
         | mouth shut.
         | 
         | It's in our nature to tell others who we are and everything we
         | do. It's why we have social media. It's our nature.
        
         | syntheticnature wrote:
         | A big part of it is the same asymmetry you see with security.
         | All the other side needs is one mistake that leaves an opening.
        
         | Apocryphon wrote:
         | That's how they got the Unabomber.
        
         | tyingq wrote:
         | >I always wonder at how criminals that otherwise might seem
         | movie-like masterminds are caught as a result of mundane
         | mistakes and outright stupid moves like this.
         | 
         | I think the same when you watch TV shows like Dateline. Yet the
         | clearance rate for homicides in the US is below 60%. And I
         | doubt that 40% are all master minds.
        
           | erdos4d wrote:
           | > Yet the clearance rate for homicides in the US is below 60%
           | 
           | The war on drugs helped a lot with this.
        
             | 55555 wrote:
             | I assume you mean because LE is splitting resources and
             | also dealing with drug cases. I think it wouldn't be
             | unrealistic to have the drug cases fund themselves through
             | seizures. I wonder how bad of an ROI our LE gets on drug
             | investigations.
        
               | Clewza313 wrote:
               | Drug prohibition also drives up murder rates massively.
               | For your typical turf war murder, even the victims' side
               | has little incentive to talk to the cops.
        
           | me_me_me wrote:
           | that's because there are very few masterminds on the other
           | side of the fence.
           | 
           | The idea of a detective as per cop movies are romanticised, a
           | lot of them are doing bare minimum and are as dumb as the
           | criminals.
        
             | silexia wrote:
             | I had the misfortune of seeing this first hand. I caught an
             | employee who embezzled $19,000 from my company red handed.
             | The police refused to help even after I reported it until I
             | called the mayor's office and complained.
        
               | me_me_me wrote:
               | But if you caught them red handed why are their hands not
               | red? Case closed.
        
               | Apocryphon wrote:
               | Now that's going all the way to the top!
        
         | the-dude wrote:
         | It is because you don't hear about the cases which don't slip
         | up.
        
           | dogorman wrote:
           | Selection bias is a cheap canned answer, but it doesn't make
           | any sense here. Sensational unsolved crimes make the news.
           | The public hearing about crimes isn't conditional on those
           | crimes being solves. Arguably some of the most enduringly
           | notorious crimes are the ones that go unsolved.
           | 
           | The Zodiac Killer; never been caught. "D.B. Cooper", never
           | caught. The presumed murder of Jimmy Hoffa, unsolved.
        
             | the-dude wrote:
             | The best crimes do not look like crimes. The police does
             | not put out press releases repeatedly with 'we got no
             | leads'. Such cases fade fast.
        
               | dogorman wrote:
               | > _The best crimes do not look like crimes._
               | 
               | Sure, but there is really no shortage of known unsolved
               | crimes.
               | 
               | > _The police does not put out press releases repeatedly
               | with 'we got no leads'._
               | 
               | They do, in all the cases I listed they've asked the
               | public for help for years. Certainly they don't do that
               | for crimes they don't know occurred, but there is no
               | shortage of known crimes that are very publicly unsolved.
               | 
               | For that matter, there are also a whole lot of missing
               | person bulletins soliciting information from the public.
               | Many of them might be murder victims, but it isn't known
               | whether they are really alive or dead, let alone
               | murdered. The public is nonetheless asked for
               | information.
        
               | adventured wrote:
               | > Sure, but there is really no shortage of known unsolved
               | crimes.
               | 
               | That's certainly the nice way to put it -
               | 
               | "If you're murdered in America, there's a 1 in 3 chance
               | that the police won't identify your killer. To use the
               | FBI's terminology, the national "clearance rate" for
               | homicide today is 64.1 percent. Fifty years ago, it was
               | more than 90 percent." ... "Criminologists estimate that
               | at least 200,000 murders have gone unsolved since the
               | 1960s"
               | 
               | https://www.npr.org/2015/03/30/395069137/open-cases-why-
               | one-...
        
               | dogorman wrote:
               | Yes, police are pretty good at solving "the spouse did
               | it" crimes, the most obvious sort. When the victims were
               | chosen randomly, the clearance rate becomes abysmal.
               | They're also bad at solving crimes when the victims come
               | from the marginalized fringes of society. Jack the Ripper
               | is a famous unsolved case of a serial killer who targeted
               | prostitutes more than a century ago. Modern examples
               | include the Long Island killer, the Eastbound Strangler,
               | and plenty more.
               | 
               | When the existence of such a serial killer is recognized,
               | it tends to make the news at least regionally. Sometimes
               | they become internationally famous for many years. But to
               | my point, the public hearing about it is _not_ contingent
               | on the culprit being caught. If anything, the ones who
               | are caught fast and easy tend to make the least amount of
               | news. You can  'juice' unsolved crimes for stories a
               | century after the fact, but stories that follow the _"
               | husband did it and we caught him"_ format tend to
               | disappear from the news after the culprit has been
               | sentenced.
        
               | vmception wrote:
               | Still shocking to me that nobody looks at the life
               | insurance broker who knows that the spouse would be
               | vulnerable to a sure conviction if the other spouse was
               | found dead within the next few months after opening the
               | policy
        
               | ekster wrote:
               | What is the broker's motive?
        
               | vmception wrote:
               | for the lulz?
               | 
               | fbi says there are over 2,000 serial killers free in the
               | US
               | 
               | we dont know nearly enough of them to know motivations or
               | even assume thats a prerequisite
        
               | ekster wrote:
               | A random person doing it for the lulz is already likely
               | to get away with it, at least for a while. No need to do
               | that much prep.
        
               | dylan604 wrote:
               | Except for when the husband didn't do it after being
               | convicted, where it turns out the wife was having an
               | affair with a golf pro, and someone comes in and kills
               | them both. I bet that one would even lend itself into
               | making a great movie.
        
               | chris_va wrote:
               | What, would you have an entire movie with the husband
               | sitting in prison slowly whittling away the time with a
               | rock hammer? Never would get funded.
        
               | panarky wrote:
               | Clearance rate for rape: 34.5% (65.5% unsolved)
               | 
               | Source: https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2017/crime-
               | in-the-u.s.-...
        
               | the-dude wrote:
               | The Dutch police has a cold case team, yes. For cold
               | cases ( there is even a word for it ) which have not seen
               | progress or public attention for year, some even decades.
        
               | praptak wrote:
               | I think most police forces have one. A decade might mean
               | there's new tech that can move the case forward or the
               | criminal got caught for something else and it's just a
               | matter of connecting the cases.
        
             | klyrs wrote:
             | I happen to know somebody who was involved in the
             | investigation of highly professional heist. The bank wanted
             | to keep it quiet, and I can't find much other than this one
             | article about the incident. I was gonna call it movie-
             | worthy, but it's not, because there were no salacious
             | details, no close calls, just in&out and no funny business.
             | 
             | https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19980804&slu
             | g...
        
           | raldi wrote:
           | Huh? Big unsolved crimes receive unending fame.
        
             | clipradiowallet wrote:
             | This is not always the case... the DoJ reminds me of a
             | sales organization. Crimes are sales leads. Publicized
             | leads are usually very close to being closed(solved).
             | 
             | That doesn't always work though - the crime may be
             | something the public is aware of, and then the pressure to
             | "close" the lead is even greater. There are numerous "big"
             | crimes that the public has no awareness of though.
        
               | SaltyBackendGuy wrote:
               | This is somewhat pessimistic..
               | 
               | If the case is high profile enough, they will _always_
               | find someone to find guilty.
        
               | meowface wrote:
               | The Zodiac Killer and D. B. Cooper are notable
               | exceptions. And there are probably a bunch more.
               | 
               | It seems statistically unavoidable that there are always
               | going to be some big cases that go unsolved. It'll
               | probably become less and less common - especially since
               | it seems inevitable that nearly all DNA will eventually
               | be traceable via genetic genealogy databases - but some
               | crimes just won't result in any DNA or other significant
               | evidence being left.
        
             | gogopuppygogo wrote:
             | D.B. Cooper
        
             | mavhc wrote:
             | The trick is to make sure no one even knows the crime was
             | committed.
             | 
             | Or to make the crime legal by paying politicians
        
           | duxup wrote:
           | If Harvey got $3 million in cash and gotten away, or just not
           | gotten caught. We would have heard about it.
           | 
           | Unsolved Mysteries type shows and news stories would be all
           | over that sort of thing.
        
             | oneepic wrote:
             | His name is John Birges Sr., not Harvey.
        
             | paulpauper wrote:
             | and on FBI wanted lists too.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | swader999 wrote:
       | Great, I'm probably on a list now for clicking that link.
        
         | IshKebab wrote:
         | A really boring list.
        
         | JKCalhoun wrote:
         | They can't arrest all of us. :-)
        
           | dylan604 wrote:
           | That's a great sentiment until you're one of the ones that
           | they do arrest!
        
       | whereistimbo wrote:
       | Heh. FBI is using Cloudflare.
        
       | eplanit wrote:
       | This is so close to the plot of the movie Juggernaut[1], and
       | occurred only 4 years after the movie's release -- I can't help
       | but wonder if the bomber was inspired by the plot. That movie had
       | bombs (on a ship, not a casino) with multiple triggering
       | mechanisms: some behind flathead screws, movement switches,
       | photoelectric detectors/triggers. So similar. A really good
       | movie, by the way.
       | 
       | 1. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0071706/
        
       | tyingq wrote:
       | If you're confused by the description of two boxes and the
       | picture of the single box, the picture is of the smaller box that
       | was on top. The box on the bottom held the dynamite. From
       | googling around a bit it wasn't exactly 1,000lbs of dynamite. It
       | was 18 cases of Hercules Unigel dynamite, each case about 40lbs,
       | so 720lbs.
       | 
       | A tech-oriented rundown of the device:
       | https://hackaday.com/2015/09/21/this-is-what-a-real-bomb-loo...
       | (some factual errors, for example, there was no TNT in the
       | device. Just dynamite. But a good overview of the anti-tamper
       | pieces)
        
       | jstx1 wrote:
       | I first heard of this on an episode of The Dollop -
       | https://allthingscomedy.com/podcasts/309---big-john-and-harv...
       | 
       | It's a great story.
        
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       (page generated 2021-07-28 19:01 UTC)