[HN Gopher] Haiti's President Is Assassinated
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Haiti's President Is Assassinated
        
       Author : jbegley
       Score  : 423 points
       Date   : 2021-07-07 12:57 UTC (10 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.nytimes.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.nytimes.com)
        
       | eutropia wrote:
       | I don't know much about Haiti's international affairs, but I'm
       | curious if other countries will be involved at all in the
       | investigation of this murder (because the victim was a head of
       | state). Complicating the situation of course, is the english and
       | spanish speaking assailants, indicating that they might be
       | foreigners.
       | 
       | Will the D.E.A. (audio of the event being shared has a clip of
       | someone yelling "this is a DEA operation, stand down" in a
       | southern american accent) be expected to make some sort of
       | statement regarding this? Should we believe them without a formal
       | investigation and evidence?
        
       | walrus01 wrote:
       | The roots of the presently dire economic situation go back much
       | further, but for persons interested in learning more about the
       | current instability in Haiti, I would suggest researching/reading
       | more about the 2010 earthquake and its aftermath.
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake
        
         | wyager wrote:
         | Haiti has been in dire economic straits since achieving
         | independence in 1804.
        
           | BoiledCabbage wrote:
           | Many countries are in tough economic situations after a
           | prolonged fight for independence.
           | 
           | What stopped Hati from growing was 20 years after
           | independence, the arrival of France with warships demanding
           | 150 million gold francs as "reparations" for the slave-
           | holders losing their "property".
           | 
           | An absurd demand which was still being repaid until almost
           | the 1950s. That's what screwed the country over.
        
             | pepperonipizza wrote:
             | Still does not explain why since the 50's it never
             | developed, lot of examples of quick development like South
             | Korea, Israel, baltic countries ... I guess it's a
             | combination of a lot of factors, with Papa Doc not helping
             | either. Just next to the border, the Dominican Republic, a
             | former colony is doing way better.
        
               | BoiledCabbage wrote:
               | Different circumstances. Israel received large amounts of
               | foreign aid particularly from the US. South Korea's
               | growth coincided with the Vietnam war and was a
               | combination of domestic changes, and economic growth
               | indirectly supported a lot by the US via aid and
               | purchasing its exports (ex. textiles) - also part of Cold
               | War geo-politics. (both of these are very handwavy
               | summaries).
               | 
               | Similarly for Haiti the summary is: post independence
               | country was in debt as most are. 20 years later France
               | demands payment. By late 1800s 80% of GDP is going to
               | paying back that debt and loans taken out to cover the
               | debt. Top holders of the debt are France, Germany, USA.
               | Early 1900s US businesses (mainly banks) want to ensure
               | they'll be repaid, so convince govt to invade Haiti. US
               | occupies Haiti for 20 years. Takes over the national
               | bank, takes the national gold reserves moves it to Wall
               | St for "safe keeping".
               | 
               | US puts in place propped up presidents from the mulatto
               | elite vs the black majority population. Causes more
               | economic issues, introduces things like Jim Crow - all of
               | this leads to more racial and class strife. Great
               | depression hits. US and and mulatto elites still
               | controlling the country in the 1940s. This eventually
               | causes the backlash and revolution of 1946 of which
               | Estime then is the first elected on a platform of helping
               | the working class and supporting the poor. Papa Doc rides
               | this same platform of resentment of external intervention
               | particularly in finances, and the poor and black working
               | class being ignored and takes over. He's incredibly
               | corrupt and horrible, but raises to power given the
               | circumstances. Their family rules until the mid 1980s.
               | 
               | The country shows some growth, then a massive earthquake
               | hits and it hasn't fully recovered economically.
               | 
               | Summary, US banks wanted to be ensured they'd get paid
               | back so convinced US govt to take over the country. The
               | violence and racism of the US occupation along with poor
               | economics lead to a growth of populism in the country,
               | which set the stage for Papa Doc whose family was a
               | disaster. And there hasn't been much time since then to
               | get back on track.
               | 
               | So while not the same, a story that rhymes with the US
               | propping up the Shah of Iran and setting the stage for a
               | worse govt, and Batista in Cuba and then getting a worse
               | govt. Here post the US occupation it took longer to
               | develop, but the movement that Papa Doc rode was born out
               | of the US occupation of Haiti.
        
               | bookofsand wrote:
               | South Korea, Israel and the Baltic Countries have
               | received large inflows of Western capital and
               | technological investments. Haiti, not so much.
               | 
               | Ballparking a proxy number, for example annual FDI net
               | inflows circa 2010: KOR=10B, ISR=10B, LTU=1B, DOM=2B,
               | HTI=0.1B. Per capita, 20x-100x investment levels.
               | 
               | Why? Like you said, a complex equation.
        
               | azinman2 wrote:
               | Don't forget Germany and America occupied Haiti for
               | decades each.
        
       | caseyross wrote:
       | For those interested, VICE recently did a fantastic report about
       | the street violence that's consuming parts of Port-au-Prince, and
       | how it's connected to Haiti's current political climate.
       | 
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qvp1WVl6nrY
        
         | DrammBA wrote:
         | The video is not available in my country. I'm in America, but
         | not the correct part of America it seems.
        
           | kingofpandora wrote:
           | > The video is not available in my country. I'm in America,
           | but not the correct part of America it seems.
           | 
           | In English, "America" unambiguously refers to the United
           | States. I say that as a non-American.
        
             | DrammBA wrote:
             | Not sure what you mean by "unambiguously" when Merriam
             | Webster[0], Cambridge[1], and Oxford[2] dictionaries have
             | several definitions.
             | 
             | [0] https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/America
             | 
             | [1]
             | https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/america
             | 
             | [2] https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/a
             | meric...
        
             | jonny_eh wrote:
             | As an English speaking Canadian, now living in the USA, I
             | concur. "The Americas" refers to the whole super continent.
        
               | DrammBA wrote:
               | What do you mean by "super continent"?
        
               | tantalor wrote:
               | {North,Central,South} America
        
               | DrammBA wrote:
               | Those are not super continents.
        
               | newfriend wrote:
               | You're being deliberately obtuse.
               | 
               | A continent consisting of North+Central+South America
               | would be considered a "Super-Continent".
               | 
               | And no one says "I live in America" when they live in
               | Canada. Do you refer to yourself as American? I've never
               | heard anyone refer to a Canadian citizen as "American".
               | Or someone from Mexico as "American".
               | 
               | You can link any dictionary definitions you want, but in
               | 99% of cases when people say "America" they mean the US.
        
         | dmos62 wrote:
         | Unavailable in Europe. What kind of news outlet censors reports
         | based on reader's location?
        
           | bargle0 wrote:
           | The kind that doesn't want to deal with Europe's laws, for
           | better or worse.
        
             | dmos62 wrote:
             | What laws are those? This is surely not GDPR, if that's
             | what you mean.
        
               | xeromal wrote:
               | I'm not seeing a problem?
        
               | dmos62 wrote:
               | Because Youtube doesn't have problems complying with
               | GDPR, as far as I know. Also, other videos would be
               | unavailable as well.
               | 
               | Edit: you've completely changed your comment.
        
               | bombcar wrote:
               | Just because the largest video sharing platform ever know
               | is willing to comply with GDPR doesn't mean there isn't a
               | cost associated, or that everyone is willing to pay that
               | cost.
               | 
               | Regulatory moats are a thing.
        
               | dmos62 wrote:
               | Isn't privacy protection worth that cost? I value my
               | right to privacy, and I'm happy that GDPR protects it to
               | an extent. Not that this has anything to do with the news
               | report being unavailable.
        
               | wyager wrote:
               | Oh, one of the world's richest companies can afford to
               | comply with EU law or eat the fines? Well I guess it's no
               | problem then
        
             | sudosysgen wrote:
             | It's not that, it's generally that the license is sold and
             | they don't have copyright for it in Europe anymore, at
             | least as far as VICE is concerned.
        
             | helloworld11 wrote:
             | Also unavailable in Mexico, so, not just a GDPR thing.
             | Absurd nonsense all around for a Youtube news piece on the
             | internet.
        
               | sudosysgen wrote:
               | It's also the case in Canada, here the rights are sold to
               | Bell. It's probably sold to some Mexican telecom too.
        
               | rnhmjoj wrote:
               | youtube-dl report it's only available in the USA.
        
           | mdaniel wrote:
           | I unfortunately can't really test it because the original
           | video loads for me, but there are several snapshots in the
           | wayback machine: https://web.archive.org/web/20210610164053if
           | _/https://www.yo...
        
           | shp0ngle wrote:
           | It's not available in Asia either. (And, I would guess, in
           | Haiti itself.)
        
       | baybal2 wrote:
       | Why they killed him?
        
       | gadders wrote:
       | One thing that's always puzzled me - why are Haiti and Dominican
       | Republic so different politically and economically? They both
       | share the same island. Curious as to why their fortunes seem to
       | have diverged so dramatically.
        
         | colinmhayes wrote:
         | In addition to what cryptohacks said, Haiti always had horrible
         | relations with the US because it was founded by slaves. The
         | revolution took place in 1804, a time when Americans,
         | especially southerners were very worried about slave revolts.
         | In order to dissuade more slave revolts the US did everything
         | in its power to make sure Haiti turned into a failed state.
        
         | adolfojp wrote:
         | Sharing the same island means nothing unless the two places
         | also share an ethnic seed and they don't. Haitians and
         | Dominicans are not one nation split apart. They're two
         | different nations that grew side by side.
         | 
         | The Taino, the original inhabitants of the island, were wiped
         | out / assimilated by the Europeans who settled the island.
         | Years later the Spanish and criollo settlers relocated to the
         | east of the island leaving the west free for the French to
         | develop.
         | 
         | The French and the Spanish had different cultures and radically
         | different strategies on how to develop their colonies and thus
         | the island ended up with two different cultures and governments
         | and languages and political systems and with people of
         | different (but overlapping) racial composition.
         | 
         | A lot of people wrongly assume that Caribbean is an ethnic
         | group but that couldn't be farther from the truth. I'm a Puerto
         | Rican and I have a lot in common with Dominicans and Cubans
         | because the three territories are former Spanish colonies. But
         | I have little in common with Haitians, Jamaicans or the
         | inhabitants of the smaller islands of the archipelago. To
         | illustrate my point, I have an archipelago 40 miles east of
         | where I live and we have no ferry between the islands and no
         | connection of any sort beyond the fact that we're both US
         | territories. I've been there as a tourist but nothing more.
        
           | wolverine876 wrote:
           | > Sharing the same island means nothing unless the two places
           | also share an ethnic seed ...
           | 
           | Plenty of countries do very well without shared ethnic seeds,
           | whatever that means, including the wealthiest country in the
           | world.
           | 
           | Edit: Thanks for explaining what you meant, below. That makes
           | sense.
        
             | adolfojp wrote:
             | OP didn't understand why the two countries were so
             | different despite sharing an island.
             | 
             | I explained that they're different because they're
             | comprised of different people with different histories.
             | 
             | This might be obvious to you but in my experience a lot of
             | people assume that the inhabitants of the Hispaniola came
             | from the same seed, as in they were the same group of
             | people who later split when that was not the case. One
             | country was seeded by the Spanish and the other one by the
             | French.
             | 
             | My comment was not meant to be a thorough analysis on their
             | respective economies.
        
               | wolverine876 wrote:
               | Thanks. I amended my comment above.
        
         | mjw1007 wrote:
         | The history summarised here is the main reason.
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27761407
         | 
         | (You might hope that that quote exaggerates what was done to
         | Haiti, but if anything it underplays it.)
        
         | objectivetruth wrote:
         | This poster explains exactly why:
         | 
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27761407
        
         | mytailorisrich wrote:
         | The western part of the island was a French colony and gained
         | independence early by force. The population was made of black
         | former slaves so they might not have had a lot going for them
         | in the beginning, even just in terms of organizational
         | capacity, and none of the neighbouring countries particularly
         | wanted them to do well (slavery was a thing in all of them).
         | 
         | Spain colonized the East of the island and government and power
         | remained in the hands of European settlers.
         | 
         | Haiti was also occupied by the US in the early 20th century,
         | which was not exactly a glorious episode, either, and certainly
         | did not help.
        
         | sorokod wrote:
         | Dominican republic is rooted in Spanish colonialism, Haiti in
         | French.
        
           | yardie wrote:
           | Haiti is French and American colonialism. At one point the US
           | ran the government and was even talking of annexing it as
           | another territory.
        
         | Orou wrote:
         | The Haitian revolution ravaged the new nation's economy. The
         | machinery used to process raw materials for Haiti's valuable
         | export products, in particular sugar and coffee, were mostly
         | destroyed in slave uprisings, and they could not be produced
         | locally. Haiti also lacked the natural resources necessary to
         | develop an independent industrial base, and even if plantation
         | outputs increased again (as many tried to make happen), luxury
         | goods like sugar and coffee are only valuable as trade goods.
         | 
         | Simply put, Haiti was highly dependent on international trade
         | for the resources it needed, which meant that the embargoes
         | from major powers crippled the nation.
         | 
         | Mike Duncan has an excellent series on the Haitian revolution
         | in his Revolutions podcast series, which includes a final
         | episode that summarizes the history of the nation up to the
         | mid-20th century.
        
           | mjw1007 wrote:
           | It wasn't just the embargoes. They really did pay back the
           | billions of dollars-worth of "debt".
        
             | sudosysgen wrote:
             | Yup, and the debt was due 200 years ago and worth around 21
             | billion dollars.
             | 
             | For fun I ran the numbers, at 4% real interest which is
             | realistic for a developing country, that's 2.55 trillion
             | dollars in lost interest.
        
               | wavefunction wrote:
               | I wonder what is owed Haiti for the profits extracted
               | from the enslaved peoples forced to work to death there.
        
               | rsj_hn wrote:
               | Given that the slaves rose up and murdered their
               | slaveowners, who were also Haitian, there is no one left
               | for them to collect from, even if you could find someone
               | still alive from that period who worked as a slave. In
               | other words, those slaves took payment, via genocide, a
               | long time ago. That's one of the problems with murdering
               | all your oppressors and seizing all their assets -- at
               | that point you have no one left to blame when things go
               | bad over the next few hundred years.
        
               | soperj wrote:
               | Haiti wasn't a country then, so no, they weren't Haitian.
        
               | rsj_hn wrote:
               | I recommend reading up on the history of Haiti.
               | Independence was declared first (by the upper classes)
               | and the 1804 massacre came later. There were, of course,
               | a number of slave revolts that happened throughout that
               | time, but the genocide was in 1804.
        
               | soperj wrote:
               | November 1803 to 1804 doesn't make much of a difference
               | there. They were still french when they were extracting
               | massive profits from the slaves.
        
               | [deleted]
        
           | HideousKojima wrote:
           | Haiti's historical issues notwithstanding, it is also
           | incredibly dysfunctional politically. The difference in
           | forestry policies alone between Haiti and the Dominican
           | Republic make their land border almost possible to identify
           | from satellite/aerial photos alone:
           | 
           | http://latinamericanscience.org/wp-
           | content/uploads/2014/03/H...
        
           | gadders wrote:
           | But that was 200 years ago. And does the Dominican Republic
           | have natural resources that Haiti lacks?
        
         | Simplicitas wrote:
         | crytohacks comments above are a good place to start to
         | understand Haiti's troubled history. Neither have faired so
         | well as American neocolonies, not that foreign influence is the
         | only factor. In "Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or
         | Succeed", Jared Diamond contrasts the two countries ecological
         | policies in recent decades, and that may have something to do
         | with DR slight edge.
        
       | londons_explore wrote:
       | An announcement over a megaphone in a language not spoken by the
       | locals seems... like it must be Americans...
       | 
       | Nobody else would be so culturally blind.
        
         | dang wrote:
         | Please don't post cheap flamebait to HN and certainly please
         | don't take HN threads into nationalistic flamewar. Last thing
         | we need here.
         | 
         | We detached this subthread from
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27761583.
        
           | londons_explore wrote:
           | Sorry!
        
         | samatman wrote:
         | Nah.
         | 
         | Anyone would use English if the announcement was for worldwide
         | consumption. Which, when assassinating a head of state, it
         | obviously is.
         | 
         | There are other reasons to expect the involvement of Americans,
         | if not a TLA of USG itself. This one clue is not dispositive.
        
         | paperwasp42 wrote:
         | Having worked with former US military and three-letter-agency
         | translators, I have to disagree. They undergo large amounts of
         | cultural competence training, and when working, they are
         | expected to translate not just the language, but also the
         | cultural expectations. Even low-level grunts are given basic
         | cultural competence training. "Cultural blindness" is
         | considered a threat to safety, and especially in recent years,
         | there's a lot of effort to reduce it as much as possible.
         | 
         | I cannot imagine this sort of flagrant "cultural blindness"
         | coming from the US military. I also cannot imagine what sort of
         | benefit this sort of operation would gain the US, or why a
         | country with the most highly-trained stealth operatives in the
         | world would pick such a loud, public way of assassinating an
         | enemy.
         | 
         | This reeks of a false flag to me. Are there particular reasons
         | you think differently?
        
         | loceng wrote:
         | I mean it's not like it'd be hard to try to frame a specific
         | nation or use it as propaganda.
        
       | spinny wrote:
       | did he hang himself?
        
         | logicchains wrote:
         | Needs to be something more believable, like multiple self-
         | inflicted shotgun blasts to the chest.
        
       | bladefire wrote:
       | He kinda got what he deserved.... People don't like dictators.
        
         | dang wrote:
         | Maybe so, but please don't post unsubstantive and/or flamebait
         | comments to Hacker News.
        
       | wonderwonder wrote:
       | Entire GDP of Haiti was ~14 billion last year. Seems like the
       | entire nation could be stood on its feet if world nations
       | provided a grant of ~100 billion. Very important it be a grant
       | and not a loan. A lot of money for sure but not that much in the
       | grand scheme of things. If that money is administered by non
       | corrupt foreign entities and spent on infrastructure you could
       | have a brand new country in a decade.
        
         | naveen99 wrote:
         | what if it was just a single trillionaire ? What would you
         | think of them becoming a benevolent dictator ? If the people
         | could agree to an election where buying votes was allowed, how
         | much would it cost to win the election if the people believed
         | in such a dictator's benevolence ?
         | 
         | There are 11 million people living there. It would cost 3
         | trillion dollars to give each about $300,000 or about the mean
         | wealth of an american. It would probably cost less than 3
         | trillion to win such an election.
        
           | wonderwonder wrote:
           | There are no trillionaires. I mean in reality I am pretty
           | sure you could get every vote you wanted for $5,000 each.
           | Average annual income in Haiti is $500. So 10 years of
           | salary. Also only about 6 million voters in Haiti and you
           | only need half of them so you could be president for $15
           | billion. Likely most people would sell their vote for their
           | annual income, that means a total of $1.5 billion. I would
           | not blame them either, extreme poverty is a terrible thing
           | and for many the adage 'any port in a a storm' is likely
           | true.
           | 
           | This assumes that people would agree to sell their votes.
           | With that said, I am very much against dictators, benevolent
           | or otherwise. But I would understand.
        
             | naveen99 wrote:
             | Seems like wsb could fix a small failed state with a spac.
        
             | cdolan wrote:
             | I would argue none of us have any idea if there is a
             | "trillionaire" in the world because we are notoriously bad
             | at guessing someone's total net worth.
             | 
             | As support, I would point you to this 10 year old article
             | on Moammar Gadhafi, where he was estimated to actually be
             | worth roughly $200b USD - an unheard of number in 2011.
             | https://www.forbes.com/sites/edwindurgy/2011/10/25/did-
             | moamm...
             | 
             | This week, if Bezos were not divorced, he would be worth
             | $300b USD:
             | https://www.celebritynetworth.com/articles/billionaire-
             | news/...
             | 
             | And finally, the ProPublica Peter Thiel $5b USD ROTH IRA is
             | worth *double what Forbes thought Thiels entire net worth
             | is per the 2020 Forbes Billionaire List* (he is on page
             | 3... look at the massive jump in the animated graph!):
             | https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/
             | 
             | That said, the IRS had 20 years of tax returns stolen from
             | it which would detail the richest Americans, and so it is
             | unlikely anyone in the USA is a trillionaire.
        
       | marsven_422 wrote:
       | Probably threatened to expose the Clinton's Haiti shenanigans.
        
       | airhead969 wrote:
       | I don't see how this article is noteworthy or relevant for HN.
       | 
       | We don't need mainstream news, politics, geopolitics, or
       | conspiracy theories here.
        
       | darepublic wrote:
       | Is it just me or is this article badly written ? There are
       | mentions of tryannical leaders of the past such as Papa and baby
       | doc but no mention of where Mr moise comes from, how many years
       | he has ruled, how he came to power, etc
        
         | yardie wrote:
         | Rule? The guy wasn't a despot he was the elected president in 2
         | largely uncontroversial elections.
         | 
         | He comes from the political elite as a member of the popular
         | Tet Kale party where he eventually won 55% of the vote to
         | become president. He wasn't a dictator, he didn't emerge from a
         | military junta, or as a foreign backed darkhorse candidate. He
         | was just your typical, center-right, Caribbean politician who
         | had to make unpopular choices after taking office.
         | 
         | Until something emerges there is nothing that says this guy
         | deserved assassination. And that is the worrying bit, by all
         | accounts he was popular which means his replacement will be
         | under a great deal of scrutiny.
        
           | permo-w wrote:
           | >Rule? The guy wasn't a despot he was the elected president
           | in 2 largely uncontroversial elections
           | 
           | The word "rule" is not the same as "dictate". Have you ever
           | heard the phrase "ruling party"?
        
             | yardie wrote:
             | Then maybe it's a quirk in the American English vernacular.
             | 
             | A president presides but never rules.
             | 
             | A dictator (or absolute king) rules not dictates.
             | 
             | A public speaker dictates but only occasionally speaks.
             | 
             | Ruling party is an English term, Americans using
             | majority/minority parties to describe in power and out of
             | power.
        
       | KoftaBob wrote:
       | Earlier post: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27759652
        
       | 3maj wrote:
       | +1 for Killary
        
       | black_puppydog wrote:
       | > "A group of unidentified individuals, some of them speaking
       | Spanish, attacked [...]"
       | 
       | This is peculiar. Might just be too early for the dust to have
       | settled, but both tagesschau.de [1] and Le Monde [2] report both
       | Spanish _and_ English for to be spoken by the attackers.
       | 
       | Edit: The Guardian [3] also quotes only Spanish, but later speaks
       | of an English-language announcement on a megaphone. Guess we'll
       | have to wait for a bit until things converge to The Truth(tm)
       | here.
       | 
       | [1]: https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/amerika/haiti-
       | praesident-m...
       | 
       | [2]:
       | https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2021/07/07/hait...
       | 
       | [3]: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/07/haiti-
       | presiden...
        
         | ecedeno wrote:
         | Here they have the video where you can hear that announcement:
         | 
         | https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas...
        
           | black_puppydog wrote:
           | You mean the megaphone part, right? Yeah, that seems to be
           | it.
           | 
           | I'm just curious because all four outlets I checked marked
           | the "Spanish" or "English and Spanish" as direct quotes so
           | I'm not sure if they got different sources or what happened.
        
             | RobertoG wrote:
             | What the megaphone guy says? I can't understand it.
        
               | [deleted]
        
               | elliekelly wrote:
               | I think: "DEA operations everybody stand down. DEA
               | operations everybody back up, stand down."
               | 
               | The speaker definitely has a Southern American accent.
               | The caption under the video makes it sound like the
               | speaker was part of the security(?) team _responding_ to
               | the intrusion /assassination which is perhaps why there
               | is confusion about the assailants speaking
               | Spanish/English.
        
               | [deleted]
        
               | RobertoG wrote:
               | I wached the video again, the guy that is leaving is
               | asking in Spanish "is this one of us?" about the guy in
               | the floor, I think.
               | 
               | I think it could be Dominican Spanish accent, but I could
               | be wrong. I suppose it would make sense to hire
               | mercenaries from Dominican Republic to something like
               | this.
        
               | anonAndOn wrote:
               | The accent is off a bit. It sounds like somebody trying
               | to impersonate an American southern drawl. I got $20 that
               | says that there wasn't any American on the megaphone.
        
               | codeddesign wrote:
               | Having lived in the south for many years, it's definitely
               | not a southern draw. It sounds more like South African.
               | You can hear that many of the words are sharp at the end
               | - which is opposite of southern accents that accentuate
               | or "draw" verb endings. It's definitely someone that
               | speaks english, but highly unlikely US born.
        
               | lobocinza wrote:
               | And there are many mercenaries from South Africa. Doing a
               | Bayesian.
        
               | rascul wrote:
               | > The speaker definitely has a Southern American accent.
               | 
               | Are you referring to the southern United States or the
               | South America continent? I live in the southern
               | Mississippi and it doesn't really sound much like how
               | people typically talk here, so I suspect you might be
               | referring to the continent. But also, the accents can
               | vary widely across the southern United States so I'm not
               | really sure.
        
               | londons_explore wrote:
               | I doubt a response team in Haiti speak English with that
               | accent - let alone would use English over a megaphone.
               | 
               | Could the megaphone be a pre-recorded recording designed
               | to delay identification of the perpetrators?
        
               | elliekelly wrote:
               | I agree it's very odd. I also just noticed there seems to
               | be a person laying injured in the street and none of the
               | armed "security response" people are rendering aid or
               | seem to care at all. They're just kind of casually
               | milling around.
        
               | RobertoG wrote:
               | Something that surprise me is that nobody mention the
               | bodyguards. I doubt the president of a country was
               | unguarded (Olof Palme case showed how unwise that is even
               | in Sweden).
               | 
               | Maybe this unlucky guy in the floor was one and just
               | nobody care enough about them to mention them?.
        
               | ALittleLight wrote:
               | Some of the videos have the sounds of multiple gunshots
               | which are audibly different, suggesting to me that
               | different guns were firing. Perhaps there were bodyguards
               | but they were engaged by the assassins.
        
               | tablespoon wrote:
               | > I doubt a response team in Haiti speak English with
               | that accent - let alone would use English over a
               | megaphone.
               | 
               | Could there be some kind of DEA SWAT team or something
               | that was stationed there that may have been called?
               | 
               | > Could the megaphone be a pre-recorded recording
               | designed to delay identification of the perpetrators?
               | 
               | Could be. One possibility is that is there _were_
               | Americans involved, but they were private mercenaries
               | (e.g. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/aramroston/mer
               | cenaries-...). It sounds like there are also similar
               | private Latin American mercenaries (e.g. https://www.nyti
               | mes.com/2015/11/26/world/middleeast/emirates...). The
               | Miami Herald article says the Haitian government is
               | saying these were mercenaries, not DEA agents. It also
               | sounds like this president was highly unpopular and
               | arguably illegitimate, so he likely had a lot of enemies.
               | It's not inconceivable that some those may have decided
               | to hire a mercenary group for an assassination. Maybe
               | they hired a mixed group, which would explain the use of
               | Spanish and English.
        
             | neom wrote:
             | The New York Post (ugh) has a longer version, and it
             | doesn't include the American voice at the start shouting
             | about DEA operations.
             | https://nypost.com/2021/07/07/haitian-president-jovenel-
             | mois...
        
         | onetimemanytime wrote:
         | Poor country but still a LOT of money to be made for certain
         | elements. Probable someone paid a hit squad to do the deed for
         | a reason or another. A lot of people have that kind of money to
         | pay for killings, so that is not an issue. What comes after can
         | be...
         | 
         | Someone that follows Haitian politics could tell us the power
         | struggle inside the country.
        
           | [deleted]
        
         | spoonjim wrote:
         | Keep in mind that this would also be the easiest way to cast
         | the assassins as "outsiders." Trust but verify.
        
         | LeifCarrotson wrote:
         | It is a peculiar clue. For context, the majority language in
         | Haiti is Haitian Creole, a French-derived local dialect. About
         | half of the population, typically those better educated,
         | involved in business, or involved in government, also speak
         | French. Spanish and English are extremely minor languages in
         | comparison.
         | 
         | Spanish is spoken throughout Central America, including across
         | the land border on the divided island in the wealthier
         | Dominican Republic, and English is used by travelers and
         | tourists. With a comparable economic disparity and ongoing
         | immigration dispute, it would be analogous to an attack in
         | Mexico by a group of unidentified individuals, some of them
         | speaking English - the implication seems to be that the group
         | is not native to Haiti.
         | 
         | (Note that I did some fact checking, but I have no special or
         | particularly recent knowledge here; this is speculation based
         | on historical demographics - I haven't paid attention to
         | Caribbean politics much at all in the past decade).
        
           | cogman10 wrote:
           | I have a sister that lived in the DR for a few years.
           | 
           | Here's a bit of context from what I recall.
           | 
           | * The Dominican Republic is the second poorest nation in the
           | northern hemisphere. Haiti is the poorest. (so yes,
           | technically wealthier, but not exactly swimming in the
           | dough).
           | 
           | * From what my sister describes, the people of the DR HATE
           | the Haitians.
           | 
           | * The DR itself is filled to the brim with corruption.
        
             | hn_throwaway_99 wrote:
             | All of the sources I could find have DR as significantly
             | wealthier than Haiti, and wealthier than most countries in
             | Central America and the Caribbean: https://en.wikipedia.org
             | /wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(PPP)...
        
               | Grazester wrote:
               | That list is incorrect. It list the incorrect order for
               | certain nations there. I know where these countries
               | should rank and how poor they are because I lives in some
               | and travelled to others since childhood and had business
               | there enough to know.
               | 
               | I have never been to Haiti but I will tell you what. The
               | DR is one of the few Caribbean islands I travelled to
               | where I saw kids on the side of the road begging. I was
               | take a back given the number of huge resort there.
               | 
               | I also met someone whose wife was promised to him but her
               | family because he was in a better financial state than
               | they were. He said this kind of thing happens there.
        
               | zucked wrote:
               | Anecdotal data is... not particularly useful.
        
               | pasquinelli wrote:
               | yeah but also a list someone typed is just a list someone
               | typed.
        
               | AnimalMuppet wrote:
               | But a list derived from a data set is as valid as the
               | data set.
        
           | e12e wrote:
           | > the implication seems to be that the group is not native to
           | Haiti.
           | 
           | Pure and wild speculation - but Spanish and English is what
           | one would expect from graduates of the school of
           | Americas/Western Hemisphere Institute for Security
           | Cooperation (WHINSEC) or CIA/DEA training programs. Although
           | I suppose at this point former graduates are running their
           | own training under various cartels etc.
        
             | cpursley wrote:
             | Bingo
        
             | sudosysgen wrote:
             | That's possible, but Moise Jovenal was relatively buddy
             | buddy with the state department. It could also be random
             | mercenaries.
        
       | grouphugs wrote:
       | nice
        
       | eynsham wrote:
       | As US forces withdraw from Afghanistan and the West's loss of
       | confidence finally results in actual withdrawals (though see the
       | reversal by the French in Mali), it's worth noting that old-style
       | selfish neocolonialism is still alive and kicking e.g. in Haiti.
       | Whether or not it is wise to withdraw Afghanistan-style, it seems
       | sad that this blatant selfishness and incompetence--which does
       | not benefit Western peoples terribly much these days anyway--
       | continues despite a change in the thinking of Western foreign
       | policy elites.
       | 
       | > Moise says he is entitled to another year in office. Legal
       | experts agree that his interpretation of the law requires
       | twisting it beyond recognition, but there's an old Haitian saying
       | that the constitution is paper and guns are steel, and Moise has
       | the backing he needs from the OAS and the USA. At a press
       | conference on 5 February, the State Department took Moise's side
       | in the end-of-term argument. Perhaps this was mere expediency
       | from the White House - Haiti is a small country and the Biden
       | administration has inherited a myriad messes - but Moise saw a
       | green light.
       | 
       | > American ignorance and blitheness was on full display this
       | month during a hearing of the House Foreign Affairs Committee.
       | When one of the Haitian witnesses, Guerline Jozef, urged
       | legislators to examine the root causes of Haiti's predicament,
       | going back to the indemnity Haiti was forced to pay in 1825 to
       | compensate France for its slaves,Congressman Brian Mast (R-FL)
       | cut her off. He mansplained:
       | 
       | > > Haitians individually within Haiti [need to] look in the
       | mirror and say: 'We can't rely on America, we can't rely on
       | France, we can't rely on others. We're hopeful for their
       | assistance. But we have to look in the mirror and say, how do we
       | do this?' And that's what I hope we can really really get to the
       | root of, is ... what is it that they can look in the mirror and
       | do to correct what is missing there?
       | 
       | > A few minutes later, the Haitian activist Emmanuela Douyon
       | tried to set Mast straight. 'Haiti is not waiting for the US,
       | France or any other country in the international community,' she
       | said:
       | 
       | > > We've already decided what we want to do. What we're asking
       | is for the international community to listen and respect our
       | choice. We have a president whose term ended last February. He
       | has benefited from the support of the OAS [and] the US State
       | Department, despite the fact that most of Haitian civil society
       | acknowledges that his term has ended, according to the
       | constitution ... This is what we're facing now. And this is a
       | perfect example of how when we don't listen to Haitians, we can't
       | blame them later for the outcome. We want to end with all this
       | corruption and impunity, we want to end with the old practices.
       | [But] so many people do not want to give us a chance to decide
       | for ourselves.
       | 
       | https://www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2021/march/haitian-democracy
        
         | throwaway675309 wrote:
         | A bit of an aside, but it sounds like congressman mast was just
         | being condescending in his explanation, I dislike the not-so-
         | subtly implied sexism of the article's usage of the verb
         | "mansplain" just by virtue of the fact that he is male and
         | guerline is female.
        
           | eynsham wrote:
           | I suppose that there's no guarantee that it was motivated by
           | sexism. I think some authors choose to use such words even
           | when they aren't entirely sure because it's impossible to be
           | completely sure and so they think it's better to flag cases
           | somewhat inaccurately rather than not at all. I don't really
           | agree with this, but on the other hand I don't know what else
           | I'd do.
        
         | nickik wrote:
         | The US is not leaving Afghanistan because of 'loss in
         | confidence' but rather because they are finally admitting what
         | has been clear for more then a decade now (arguable for 1000
         | years). Its incredibly idiotic and nonsensical to occupy
         | Afghanistan. I would prefer to call it 'accepting reality' and
         | that seems a good thing.
         | 
         | And the problem in Mali is in large part because of totally
         | idiotic over-confidence just a few years ago.
        
           | eynsham wrote:
           | I'm not sure we actually disagree: the Americans started out
           | far too confident in their abilities and their view of what
           | they can do now is, tempered by two decades of fighting, much
           | more realistic. A loss of confidence, even if caused by a
           | collision with reality, is still a fairly accurate
           | description when taking into account what you point out.
           | 
           | The French I think have a much more accurate understanding of
           | their abilities. The reversals they suffer have been far
           | fewer and less disastrous than those the Americans face. For
           | example, in Chad, the FACT is now certainly on the back foot
           | --even the opposition media who previously seemed to think
           | that the FACT had a good chance of taking N'Djamena have
           | stopped suggesting that that's a possibility and now focus on
           | ructions between Deby fils et freres. Meanwhile in
           | Afghanistan, the Taliban's hold on its strongholds is pretty
           | much secure, and they may even retain some cities.
        
         | maxbaines wrote:
         | Thankyou this has given me some needed context regards Haiti.
         | Wish perhaps the Afghanistan subject was not mixed in, as again
         | I don't know enough and for sure its a different subject.
        
           | eynsham wrote:
           | Afghanistan I think is illustrative of the fundamental logic
           | underpinning foreign policy decisions. There is no direct
           | connexion, I agree. (Well, perhaps there is but neither of us
           | are aware of it.)
        
       | wonderwonder wrote:
       | Surprised China has not stepped in here and offered to provide
       | the Haitian government with funding and security. Seems the
       | perfect situation for them to establish a foothold similar to how
       | they have done in Africa.
        
         | rossdavidh wrote:
         | Wayyyyy too close to the U.S.A. to do that. I am virtually
         | certain it would result in a military response from the US.
        
           | wonderwonder wrote:
           | I agree with you in general theory but not sure how it would
           | play out in real life. China would claim they are stepping in
           | to help a country that clearly needs it. Would the US be
           | willing to go to war over that? Taiwan would be a Chinese
           | colony the next day. Lots of complicating factors.
        
             | rossdavidh wrote:
             | Given that the U.S. has already been involved in Haiti, and
             | that the President was arguably not legal (i.e. there is no
             | current valid President), I have little doubt.
             | 
             | The Taiwan precedent makes sense in the abstract, but
             | militarily the prospect of potentially being in conflict
             | over Taiwan makes it all the less likely the U.S. would let
             | China get a foothold that close to it.
        
       | flarco wrote:
       | My parents live in Haiti. This looks like it was an inside
       | job/collaboration. He was assassinated inside his home, in the
       | middle of the night. His home has multiple gates/barriers to get
       | inside, very secured by guards, yet only him died. No guards or
       | 3rd parties were injured. No resistance or loud gun exchanges to
       | prevent them from getting in. His wife was shot and injured, but
       | is currently stable in a US hospital. From what I heard, the
       | gunmen were all Spanish speaking. 5-7 of them arrived in multiple
       | cars, killed him and left without issues. Very disturbing, but
       | that's the world we live in.
        
       | seibelj wrote:
       | Anyone who honestly thinks the USA is a "failed state" needs to
       | contextualize what an actual failed state looks like. Murdering
       | the president in his sleep is not a good look!
        
         | dang wrote:
         | Please don't take HN threads on offtopic flamewar tangents. You
         | started a doozy with this provocation. You also have a long
         | history of doing things like this, unfortunately. Would you
         | please review the site guidelines and stop posting destructive
         | things to HN? We've had to ask you and warn you and cajole you
         | many times, and we're going to have to ban you if you don't fix
         | this.
         | 
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
        
         | moksly wrote:
         | Didn't right wing extremists seize the legitimate American
         | government while it was in session a few months back?
        
           | variant wrote:
           | No.
        
           | squiggleblaz wrote:
           | They didn't. They occupied the legislative building, but they
           | didn't seize the government because they made no attempt to
           | exercise power, and if they had it wouldn't have been taken
           | seriously.
        
           | yardie wrote:
           | Well didn't take that long to turn this into a US thing,
           | again.
        
           | viro wrote:
           | no?
        
           | gifwithaj wrote:
           | No, a handful of Trump supporters walked around taking
           | selfies for a few minutes inside a building because they
           | mistakenly believed the election was fraudulent. They did not
           | hold any power at any point and were not right wing nor
           | driven by a left/right idealogical divide, they were fools
           | mislead about vote integrity.
           | 
           | That said, left wing extremists did actually seize and hold a
           | section of Seattle for an extended period of time, which
           | would be a more genuine example of a failed state- violent
           | rebels holding territory inside a major city.
        
             | dang wrote:
             | Please don't take HN threads further into political or
             | ideological flamewar.
             | 
             | https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
        
             | da39a3ee wrote:
             | Reasonable comment except
             | 
             | > and were not right wing nor driven by a left/right
             | idealogical divide,
             | 
             | What were you thinking when you wrote that?
        
               | gifwithaj wrote:
               | Trump is not a right wing politician and his supporters
               | aren't either. He's a populist who was a major donor to
               | the democrats while he was a real estate developer and
               | his political stances jump all over the map based on
               | popularity, power, loyalty and personal vendettas.
               | 
               | Nobody at the capitol was there because of any sort of
               | policy, law or philosophical idealogy that in any way
               | represents right wing political thought. They were there
               | because Trump told them vote fraud was happening and they
               | believe him more than the people saying the vote was
               | legitimate.
        
             | dashundchen wrote:
             | Are you serious? The far-right Capitol rioters killed at
             | least one officer, injured at least 138 others, breached
             | the chambers chanting "Hang Mike Pence" and had built
             | gallows outside. Many were seriously armed.
             | 
             | I have zero doubt if they managed to get in the chambers
             | before they were evacuated, congresspeople would have been
             | killed. The government would not have just carried on like
             | normal after that.
             | 
             | The right-wing downplaying these idiots as "tourists" or
             | simple protestors is disgusting. It was an attempted coup
             | of a democratic government.
        
               | nextlevelwizard wrote:
               | Just watched The New York Times' mini-documentary of the
               | events and it really sad. The police should have reacted
               | way faster and with more force.
               | 
               | However just to correct:
               | 
               | >breached the chambers chanting "Hang Mike Pence" and had
               | built gallows outside.
               | 
               | The gallows (at least to me) seem like over statement.
               | There was hastely constructed noose that was hung on a
               | thing, but it is not like they build actual gallows
               | outside the capitol building.
        
               | lostcolony wrote:
               | I'll happily grant you that they weren't prepared enough
               | to build an actual gallows; they just had to make due
               | with the perfectly functional suspended noose to do the
               | thing they were chanting, rather than a purpose built
               | wooden frame for it, as they violently stormed the
               | nation's capital building, demanding the overthrow of a
               | legitimate election because of the lies of the former
               | president, causing the actual elected officials to have
               | to flee, unable even to hit the panic buttons that had
               | been removed from the wall.
               | 
               | Sure, calling it a 'gallows' is an overstatement.
        
               | jjk166 wrote:
               | Impromptu execution station doesn't really sound much
               | better
        
               | nextlevelwizard wrote:
               | it wasn't "Impromptu execution station" it was literally
               | some redneck who spun couple meters of paracord into a
               | noose shape.
               | 
               | >doesn't really sound much better
               | 
               | >sound much better
               | 
               | >sound
               | 
               | This is the problem. It isn't enough that "they made a
               | noose and yelled for Pence to be hung" now it has to be
               | "execution station" or "gallows" which are way different
               | things.
               | 
               | I am not saying that that is OK either, but it is like
               | saying "they had full-automatic rifles and anti-personel
               | granades" when they really had couple of hunting rifles.
               | Still terrifying and fucked up. No need to spread lies.
        
               | xienze wrote:
               | > The far-right Capitol rioters killed at least one
               | officer
               | 
               | Surprise! Months later it turns out he had died of
               | natural causes:
               | https://www.npr.org/2021/04/19/988876722/capitol-police-
               | offi...
               | 
               | > Many were seriously armed.
               | 
               | Name the folks inside who were armed.
               | 
               | > It was an attempted coup of a democratic government.
               | 
               | I find it humorous how the same people who say the 2nd
               | Amendment is useless because the US has tanks and nuclear
               | bombs simultaneously believe that we were ->this<- close
               | to having the government overthrown on January 6th
               | without a single shot fired.
        
               | EricE wrote:
               | >I find it humorous how the same people who say the 2nd
               | Amendment is useless because the US has tanks and nuclear
               | bombs simultaneously believe that we were ->this<- close
               | to having the government overthrown on January 6th
               | without a single shot fired.
               | 
               | No kidding! Also all the handwringing over US citizens
               | being in the people's house (ooh, the hubris!) when the
               | same are utterly silent on the "summer of love" and
               | mostly peaceful protests - give me a break.
        
               | dang wrote:
               | Please don't take HN threads further into political or
               | ideological flamewar.
               | 
               | https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
        
               | Dma54rhs wrote:
               | No officer was killed, looks like you're a victim of a
               | Russian propaganda spread on reddit.
        
               | mythrwy wrote:
               | No officer was killed by capital rioters.
               | 
               | One was misreported to have been killed by rioters (with
               | a fire extinguisher) but that later turned out to be
               | either a mistake or fabrication and he actually died of
               | natural causes a day or few days after the riot.
        
               | dirtyoldmick wrote:
               | The autopsy said the riot had nothing to do with his
               | death.
        
               | pfarrell wrote:
               | If you're referring to Officer Sicknick, he died of two
               | strokes a day after being attacked with bear spray by
               | Julian Khater and George Tanios and being subjected to
               | the most stressful day of his life. Medically, he may
               | have died of natural causes, but those strokes were the
               | result of the riot, whether because he was sprayed with
               | bear repellent [1] or because of the stress of the day.
               | 
               | [1]: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/03/24/us/of
               | ficer-si...
        
               | mythrwy wrote:
               | "most stressful day of his life", "were the result of".
               | 
               | He died of a clot in an artery. What you are saying is
               | speculative.
        
               | redis_mlc wrote:
               | dashundchen:
               | 
               | You might want to double-check your news sources. Sounds
               | like you're in the cnn/msnbc/wapo fake news bubble.
               | 
               | They've retracted most of their major stories.
        
           | dang wrote:
           | Please don't take HN threads further into political or
           | ideological flamewar.
           | 
           | https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
        
         | VWWHFSfQ wrote:
         | Is assassinating a president really a sign of a "failed state"?
         | USA has had multiple presidents assassinated. And countless
         | other attempts.
        
           | eplanit wrote:
           | A symptom, at most. Mexico and South American countries have
           | very few assassinations, yet all of them are failed states.
        
             | probably_wrong wrote:
             | While I understand why people tend to put all of South
             | America under the same umbrella, saying that all South
             | American countries are failed states is a bit too much.
             | Uruguay in particular is doing _really_ well.
        
               | the_af wrote:
               | > _While I understand why people tend to put all of South
               | America under the same umbrella_
               | 
               | The only explanation is rampant ignorance. How could one
               | consider that, say, Venezuela, Argentina, Brazil and
               | Bolivia are all "under the same umbrella" except by
               | simply failing to pay attention in school?
               | 
               | It's like saying that every country in North America is
               | more or less the same.
        
               | eplanit wrote:
               | You mean the 2 North American countries? Yes, the U.S.
               | and Canada are similar in that they have functioning
               | economies, and citizenry that is not desperately trying
               | to flee.
        
               | stickfigure wrote:
               | There are three countries in North America.
        
               | SllX wrote:
               | North America includes everything from and including
               | Panama northward, including the Caribbean, and Greenland.
               | Ain't just the US and Canada.
        
               | the_af wrote:
               | I expect more than this kind of ignorance from an HN
               | reader.
               | 
               | The US and Canada are not the same just because they both
               | have functioning economies.
               | 
               | Even worse, "South American countries" in general don't
               | have their populace "desperately trying to flee". Some
               | might, many don't. The phrase "South American countries",
               | as if Brazil and Argentina for example were a single
               | entity, is so stupid it boggles the mind.
               | 
               | Here's my suggestion to you: educate yourself, learn
               | about other countries, and stop making blanket, incorrect
               | and offensive statements.
        
               | eplanit wrote:
               | I think you can use some enlightenment, as well. You
               | should visit the US/Mexico border to see the "some".
               | 
               | Generalizations are never 100% complete (by definition).
               | But so much poverty and corruption, and so much desperate
               | migration, sustained for such a long time (decades) is a
               | picture of overall failure.
               | 
               | Mexico has the fewest excuses. It is perfectly positioned
               | in the middle of the earth, with coasts on both the
               | Atlantic and Pacific, and with abundant resources. They
               | could be an economic _powerhouse_, with trade relations
               | with the entire world (thing manufacturing, shipping,
               | ...) if they could get it together (and I hope they do).
               | But, history seems to show that isn't likely for a long
               | time, if ever.
        
               | handrous wrote:
               | You're encountering trouble in this thread because your
               | understanding of geography appears to be very different
               | from most people's, e.g. writing that Canada and the US
               | are the only to countries in North America (while common
               | definitions would include Mexico), or writing "South
               | America" where you (I think?) mean what most would call
               | "Central America".
        
               | the_af wrote:
               | > _Generalizations are never 100% complete (by
               | definition)_
               | 
               | Yet you decided it was a good idea to call out "South
               | American countries". It's not too late to admit you made
               | a mistake, you know.
               | 
               | At this point you don't even know (nor seem to care) if
               | you're arguing specifically about Mexico, all of South
               | America or what.
               | 
               | Canada and the US being considered the same doesn't bide
               | well for the quality of your generalizations, either.
        
               | Teknoman117 wrote:
               | Rampant ignorance is right. At least in my subjective
               | experience as an American, public education about South
               | America pretty much stopped after the beginning of
               | Europe's colonial expansion.
               | 
               | Unless you studied it in college or on your own time, the
               | only people who know much of anything about South
               | American countries are people who's social circles
               | contain people from South America.
        
             | avaldes wrote:
             | That's ignorant bullshit. Venezuela is the only SA country
             | one can call a failed state. The rest is doing well. No
             | first world countries nor the highest HDI but call them
             | failed states it's just stupid.
        
               | eplanit wrote:
               | Then why are so many migrants crossing Mexico (walking,
               | spending lifes' savings on coyotes, sending children
               | alone, ...) to come to the US?
        
               | guythedudebro wrote:
               | Mexico isn't in South America
        
               | quantumBerry wrote:
               | Are you proposing that it is possible to travel by land
               | from South America to USA without entering Mexico? Or
               | perhaps the impoverished South Americans are buying
               | yachts and tourist visas to bypass Mexico?
        
               | InitialLastName wrote:
               | How many of those are from South America? My
               | understanding was that most of that migration was from
               | Central America, largely Guatemala and Mexico itself.
               | 
               | Among other things walking (or traveling in any way,
               | really) through the border area between Colombia and
               | Panama, including southern Panama, is tough-bordering-on-
               | impassable, even relative to crossing the US border in
               | the desert.
        
               | netr0ute wrote:
               | Mexico could be worse, but could also be better.
        
               | runawaybottle wrote:
               | Earning potential is simply better in the US. It's not
               | just Mexicans that figured it out, but immigrants
               | worldwide did. People with decent lives all over the
               | world fly here and overstay their visas because the
               | earning potential is just greater. The truth behind the
               | 'all immigrants are desperate' narrative is most are not
               | desperate, but ambitious, and literally making a business
               | decision.
        
               | [deleted]
        
               | SyzygistSix wrote:
               | Mexico and Central America are not South America.
        
             | dahdum wrote:
             | >Mexico and South American countries have very few
             | assassinations, yet all of them are failed states.
             | 
             | Mexico has had at least 88 political assassinations since
             | last September.
             | 
             | https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/30/americas/mexico-political-
             | kil...
        
               | eplanit wrote:
               | Wow. I stand corrected. Thank you.
        
             | the_af wrote:
             | Neither Mexico nor "South American countries" (which ones?
             | That sounds like an incorrect blanket generalization) are
             | "failed states".
        
               | handrous wrote:
               | Mexico might qualify, in that the _de jure_ government
               | comes nowhere near having 100% _de facto_ control of its
               | territory, and doesn 't appear to be on a path to
               | reaching such a point, either.
        
               | qshaman wrote:
               | Mexico is literally run by narcos, and the government
               | can't do anything about it. A failed state? depends on
               | your definition of it, a narco state?, for sure. -
               | https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/19/mexico-
               | amlo-el...
        
             | mythrwy wrote:
             | What's the definition of a failed state?
             | 
             | I travel to Mexico somewhat frequently and although some
             | things work differently then in the U.S by and large
             | everything works. The power is on, the roads are decent,
             | there are a very large number of fully stocked stores
             | (including chains you would see in the U.S like Walmart and
             | Home Depot).
             | 
             | Is it corruption and crime? Well by that definition many
             | areas of the U.S are failed states. Or is it just
             | politicians getting killed that makes a failed state?
        
               | nradov wrote:
               | A failed state is one which has lost an _effective_
               | monopoly on violence over part of its claimed territory.
               | Stable, functional states have occasional illegal
               | violence but the state security forces are still
               | fundamentally in control. But in Mexico there are large
               | regions under _de facto_ control of organized crime where
               | the official government has been evicted.
        
               | bluGill wrote:
               | IT is an open question if Mexico will remain like that.
               | They have been reforming, if those reforms stick and
               | continue they are no longer a failed state. There are
               | many who don't want the reforms to stick (it is better
               | for them personally even though it is worse for the
               | country as a whole), if they win the country is still a
               | failed state. Your guess is as good as mine as to what
               | the future will hold.
        
         | mort1merp0 wrote:
         | By your definition of a "failed state", then the USA has been a
         | "failed state" in the past. Since there have been a couple of
         | assassinations of US presidents.
        
       | _Microft wrote:
       | There was an earlier submission from another site that got
       | eventually flagged. It had not attracted that many on-topic
       | comments but here is the link anyways:
       | 
       | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27759652
        
       | techbrobane wrote:
       | Colonizers still gonna get paid.
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_debt_of_Haiti
        
       | Leader2light wrote:
       | Yep, sounds like this guy had it coming. Good work to the men
       | willing to put their lives on the line!
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | 15charlimitdumb wrote:
       | Clinton foundation is a key player in Haiti's debt prison.
       | https://www.coreysdigs.com/clinton-foundation/5-shocking-fac...
        
         | ManuelKiessling wrote:
         | More on the Clintons and Haiti at BBC.com:
         | https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2016-37826098
        
           | ceejayoz wrote:
           | Specifically, it largely debunks the claim:
           | 
           | > While the Clintons in their respective roles clearly had a
           | say over where some of the quake relief cash flowed, their
           | political enemies have wrongly claimed the family foundation
           | directly controlled all the billions in funds.
           | 
           | > The foundation itself raised a relatively modest $30m for
           | aid projects in Haiti.
        
         | YinglingLight wrote:
         | ctrl+F "clinton", very bottom comment. Stay blissfully
         | ignorant, HN.
        
       | brettermeier wrote:
       | https://archive.is/O2KbS
        
       | wayneftw wrote:
       | Where are the global surveillance satellites when you need them?
        
       | sundarurfriend wrote:
       | I was curious if Haiti's political system was like India's -
       | where the President is a figurehead position and the Prime
       | minister has the practical authority, or if it was like the US -
       | with President at the helm. It seems like it's a bit of both, a
       | "semi-presidential" system like France. Wikipedia says the
       | President is the "head of state" and the Prime minister is the
       | "head of government"... but that doesn't really help me
       | understand the role and powers of each in practice.
        
         | s_dev wrote:
         | > Wikipedia says the President is the "head of state" and the
         | Prime minister is the "head of government"... but that doesn't
         | really help me understand the role and powers of each in
         | practice.
         | 
         | This is like Ireland. The head of government is responsible for
         | running the country day to day. While the president is
         | responsible for representing the country in a ceremonial way
         | (far less powerful but often more popular). Often they rubber
         | stamp some legislation but often have little power. In the US
         | the roles are combined in to the Presidency. In the UK the
         | Queen is the head of state and Boris Johnson is head of
         | government.
        
         | mannykannot wrote:
         | Following the assassination, the prime minister (Claude Joseph)
         | has said he is now running the country, which suggests that the
         | president has real power.
        
         | squiggleblaz wrote:
         | In several states with such a semi-presidential system, if the
         | prime minister and the president are oppositional, the prime
         | minister will take primary responsibility for more domestic
         | matters like education and health, whereas the president will
         | take primary responsibility for most national/international
         | matters like trade, the economy and foreign affairs. When the
         | president and the prime minister are allied, the president
         | often takes the lead on most matters.
         | 
         | I have never seen a semi-presidential federation, and my
         | intuition has become that in a semi-presidential system, the
         | president is holds the responsibilities of a prime
         | minister/president of a federal government, whereas the prime
         | minister is holds the responsibilities normally given to the
         | premier/governor of state - as if there's only a single state
         | and a single legislature for the state and the federation. Of
         | course, as with federations, the exact boundaries will depend
         | on the country concerned.
         | 
         | Whether Haiti works that way, I cannot say.
        
         | pyduan wrote:
         | There are multiple types of semi-presidential systems in
         | practice. Those where the Prime Minister is appointed by and
         | accountable to the President (and not just by Parliament) are
         | typically much closer to a pure presidential system in
         | practice.
         | 
         | In France (source: I'm French) the President is typically
         | extremely strong despite it being nominally a semi-presidential
         | system, in some respects even stronger than his US counterpart.
         | Also note that this depends a lot on practical details, like
         | political customs -- former President Nicolas Sarkozy famously
         | publicly called his Prime Minister his "collaborator", for
         | instance -- and electoral timings. There was a reform in the
         | early 00s to sync Presidential elections and Parliamentary
         | elections, meaning that even though the Prime Minister is
         | accountable to the Parliament, in practice the latter tends to
         | be of the same majority as the President (whereas before, we
         | had cases of Presidents and Primes being of opposing parties,
         | which is known as 'cohabitation'), which gives him enormous
         | power.
        
         | dahfizz wrote:
         | > Wikipedia says the President is the "head of state" and the
         | Prime minister is the "head of government"
         | 
         | I grew up in the USA and this is exactly how those terms were
         | defined for us in school.
         | 
         | The head of state is the leader of the country. They deal with
         | other heads of states, and typically are in control of the
         | military.
         | 
         | The head of government is the top bureaucrat. They do
         | governmenty bureaucratty stuff like meet with their cabinet and
         | manage the executive branch.
        
           | simonh wrote:
           | In the US system the President basically assumes the
           | constitutional position of George III circa 1770. Executive
           | orders are Royal decrees. The president signing laws is Royal
           | Assent. Presidential pardons are Royal pardons. The power to
           | adjourn Congress is proroguation.
           | 
           | The oddity to me is the position of the Speaker of the House,
           | which is a weird amalgam of the role of the Speaker of
           | Parliament and also acting as a de facto Prime Minister
           | although there really isn't an explicit equivalent role in
           | the US.
        
           | boxed wrote:
           | That's not universally true though. Swedens head of state is
           | the King. He has no power.
        
             | squiggleblaz wrote:
             | According to Wikipedia:
             | 
             | * The speaker of parliament is responsible for nominating
             | and dismissing the prime minister (who appoints the prime
             | minister? the parliament as a whole appoint the prime
             | minister? does the king get to, but is compelled to appoint
             | whoever the speaker nominates? does wikipedia mean
             | "appoint" when it says "nominate"?)
             | 
             | * The king is not part of parliament, and bills do not need
             | royal assent to become law.
             | 
             | * The king is not part of an executive council like the UK
             | privy council. Formerly there was a Council of State.
             | 
             | However the king does have royal immunity from criminal
             | prosecution. If the Swedish King killed you, they would
             | probably have a crisis over whether the absolute immunity
             | the king possesses is in fact not absolute.
             | 
             | So the king is clearly a special person in Sweden, but it
             | does seem they are almost powerless according to the
             | constitution, unlike say the British queen.
        
               | OlleTO wrote:
               | >who appoints the prime minister?
               | 
               | Parliament votes on whoever the speaker nominates. If
               | that person is tolerated (<50% of parliament votes
               | _against_ the nominee) they become prime minister.
               | 
               | If the vote fails the speaker gets to nominate someone
               | else. After 4 failed such votes, an extra election is
               | called.
        
               | squiggleblaz wrote:
               | Thanks for the clear answer. I think I like that system.
               | Sometimes minority governments make more sense that
               | slightly larger but more fractious coalitions. If I was
               | trying to design a republican constitution for my own
               | country I think I would include a similar provision.
        
               | doikor wrote:
               | > who appoints the prime minister? the parliament as a
               | whole appoint the prime minister? does the king get to,
               | but is compelled to appoint whoever the speaker
               | nominates? does wikipedia mean "appoint" when it says
               | "nominate"?
               | 
               | Prime minister is whoever gets the majority of the
               | parliament behind them in a vote. In practice in Sweden's
               | case the leader of the biggest party in the coalition
               | that makes the majority.
               | 
               | (Due to how the voting system works in Sweden more than 2
               | parties exist in the parliament and thus coalitions of
               | parties make up the government as no party manages to get
               | 50% if the seats)
        
           | Denvercoder9 wrote:
           | > The head of state is the leader of the country. They [..]
           | typically are in control of the military.
           | 
           | This isn't true, at least in Western states. E.g in the
           | Netherlands and Germany the king and the President
           | respectively are head of state, but neither of them controls
           | the military, which is done by respectively the Prime
           | Minister and the Chancellor.
           | 
           | It's really hard to make a universal definition for heads of
           | state and government, since they fulfill different roles in
           | forms of government. However, generally, the head of state is
           | a more ceremonial role while the head of government actually
           | governs. But there are exceptions.
        
             | namdnay wrote:
             | In a parliamentary system, the head of state is more
             | ceremonial. In a presidential system, the head of state has
             | the power (e.g. France, USA)
        
               | Denvercoder9 wrote:
               | The US has combined the head of state and head of
               | government in a single position (President), so it
               | doesn't make sense to say either has more power. France
               | is indeed one of the (many) exceptions with a semi-
               | presidential system where the head of state has more
               | power.
        
             | pintxo wrote:
             | Actually, for Germany, the head of the military is the
             | Minister of Defence. Only if the parliament declares
             | Germany to be in a situation of defence
             | (Verteidigungsfall), will the command of the military be
             | given to the Chancellor.
        
             | brummm wrote:
             | The head of the military in Germany actually is the
             | parliament.
        
           | chadash wrote:
           | In general, head of state is more ceremonial and has less
           | power, but there are so many exceptions that making a rule of
           | thumb is tough because it varies so much state-by-state.
           | 
           | In the US, head of state and head of gov are the same (the
           | President).
           | 
           | In Russia, the head of state is Putin. He's not officially
           | head of gov, but c'mon, we all know who controls the show
           | there.
           | 
           | In Canada, the Head of State is Queen Elizabeth II. But for
           | all practical purposes, Justin Trudeau holds both rows. It's
           | not like the Queen is handling Canada's foreign policy. She
           | technically has the power to dissolve Canada's parliament,
           | but it would be hard to imagine her exercising this power.
           | When foreign leaders visit Canada, they aren't going to see
           | the Queen, whereas they might if they visit the UK.
        
             | rgblambda wrote:
             | >In Canada, the Head of State is Queen Elizabeth II. But
             | for all practical purposes, Justin Trudeau holds both rows.
             | 
             | Does Canada not have a Governor General, like other
             | countries where Elizabeth II is the absentee monarch? The
             | Governor General performs most of the functions of the head
             | of state and technically has the power to appoint or
             | dismiss the Prime Minister, but much like the Queen the
             | role is mostly ceremonial.
        
               | Naga wrote:
               | Yes, Canada does. The Queen is Head of State, who
               | appoints a governor general to rule in her place.
               | Effectively though, the Queen appoints a governor general
               | on the advice of the prime minister. The Governor General
               | and the Queen are constitutionally the "Crown" in Canada.
               | 
               | The Governor General is mostly ceremonial, but is mostly
               | a case of Chesterton's Fence. The Crown is an important
               | safety value for when things are abnormal. For example,
               | the Governor General of Canada in 2008 essentially chose
               | who would be prime minister (See https://en.wikipedia.org
               | /wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Canadian_par...). The issue that
               | arose was that, during a hung parliament, the opposition
               | announced that they would vote non-confidence in the
               | government at the next opportunity and intended to form a
               | coalition. The prime minister at the time instead went to
               | the Governor General to request prorogation, ending the
               | parliamentary session.
               | 
               | This was a crisis that required judgement by the governor
               | general. The prime minister clearly no longer held the
               | confidence of the House, but not officially. On the other
               | hand, the governor general is constitutionally required
               | to follow the advice of the prime minister. She chose to
               | follow the prime minister and prorogue Parliament for
               | better or for worse. I'm not a legal scholar and I think
               | the Governor General got it right, but having an
               | independent individual make these decisions is a feature,
               | not a bug.
        
               | zinekeller wrote:
               | There is, but in all seriousness outside of events that
               | will probably also happen in a republican state (like
               | tension between the prime minister and the leader of the
               | opposition) the Government-General takes a hands-off
               | approach, so _effectively_ ( _de facto_ , in practice)
               | the prime minister is the head of state.
        
             | ValentineC wrote:
             | > _She technically has the power to dissolve Canada 's
             | parliament, but it would be hard to imagine her exercising
             | this power._
             | 
             | The Governor-General of Australia has forcibly dissolved
             | Australia's parliament before back in 1975, causing a
             | constitutional crisis: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_A
             | ustralian_constitutional...
             | 
             | But yes, the current monarch strongly adheres to
             | conventions of not exercising her devolved(?) powers.
        
             | OJFord wrote:
             | It's hard to imagine of the UK or Canada, but it's a nice
             | safety net. Perhaps easier to imagine of a smaller less
             | developed Commonwealth nation (not an Australia joke!) - I
             | can sort of see a tyrannical (and probably crucially also
             | unpopular) leader getting overthrown that way if it were
             | necessary; probably led by/combined with measures through
             | other parliaments, i.e. military intervention.
             | 
             | I don't have one in mind, I don't think there's a likely
             | one - there's an argument that it brings a sort of long-
             | term stability that makes an actual application of its
             | powers unnecessary, like a nuclear deterrent - I just think
             | if there was some sort of unrest or rising dictatorial
             | power in a state with ER as monarch 'we' would pay (even)
             | more attention than otherwise?
        
             | nickik wrote:
             | In Switzerland the President has is just one of the 7 chief
             | ministers who are in control of departments like military,
             | justice, finance, The Federal Council.
             | 
             | The person who is president get 2x the vote in case a vote
             | is tied (abstention is permitted). Also the high honer of
             | being the first to shake hands with foreign presidents when
             | they arrive.
             | 
             | The Federal Council is both head of state and head of
             | government.
             | 
             | Seems to be a pretty good system, the idea is to actually
             | share this between different parties at all times. It
             | always seems strange to me when in countries like the US
             | there is the constant massive power shift back and forth
             | every couple years.
        
             | peeters wrote:
             | > When foreign leaders visit Canada, they aren't going to
             | see the Queen, whereas they might if they visit the UK.
             | 
             | Though they would typically be hosted by the Queen's
             | representative in Canada, the Governor General (as of
             | yesterday, R.H. Mary Simon). The Queen would never
             | _directly_ exercise her head-of-state powers in Canada.
             | However, the GG _does_ have to make some controversial
             | decisions about choosing governments from time to time.
        
           | throwaway894345 wrote:
           | In Great Britain at least the Prime Minister frequently meets
           | with other heads of state, e.g., Churchill meeting with
           | Roosevelt. Of course the monarch is the head of the state in
           | Great Britain and she does meet with other heads of state as
           | well, but it seems less clear-cut than you describe? Is this
           | a peculiarity of Britain? Or does "head of state" imply a
           | sort of figurehead position?
        
             | Denvercoder9 wrote:
             | _> In Great Britain at least the Prime Minister frequently
             | meets with other heads of state, e.g., Churchill meeting
             | with Roosevelt._
             | 
             | The exception here is that the US President is both head of
             | state and head of government, so Churchill meeting
             | Roosevelt is actually a meeting between two heads of
             | government.
        
               | throwaway894345 wrote:
               | But they were meeting about military matters which is a
               | responsibility attributed to head of state according to
               | OP.
        
           | fullahbandit wrote:
           | One thing to add is that the prime minister is often
           | appointed by the president so he does not really hold any
           | real power. I think the closest equivalent in the US system
           | would be the Vice President, except that the prime minister
           | can often be replaced at the president's discretion before
           | the end of the term.
        
             | liversage wrote:
             | Or the opposite. The German prime minister is Angela Merkel
             | while the president is Frank-Walter Steinmeister. I had to
             | look the second up because I didn't know who it was but I
             | know that he doesn't have political power like Merkel.
        
           | rsj_hn wrote:
           | > They deal with other heads of states, and typically are in
           | control of the military
           | 
           | No head of state is in control of the military. Head of state
           | is a ceremonial role. They may be the ceremonial "head" of
           | the military, as in "her majesty's ship".
        
             | nybble41 wrote:
             | > No head of state is in control of the military.
             | 
             | In the U.S. the office of the President unifies the roles
             | of head of state, head of government, and Commander in
             | Chief of the military. This is not merely a ceremonial
             | role.
             | 
             | As the saying goes, the exception proves the rule false.
        
           | PeterWhittaker wrote:
           | > The head of state is the leader of the country. They deal
           | with other heads of states, and typically are in control of
           | the military.
           | 
           | Not quite true, at least not in limited constitutional
           | monarchies, like the UK and Canada (I'm Canadian): The Queen
           | is the Head of State for both the UK and Canada (and for many
           | other countries) and her role is almost exclusively
           | ceremonial (without getting into the role of the Governor
           | General, who represents Her Majesty when she is out of the
           | country).
           | 
           | In both the UK and Canada, the head of government is the
           | Prime Minister, that is, the leader of the party that
           | controls the House of Parliament. In both countries, they do
           | far more than "bureaucratty stuff" since, among other things,
           | they choose and chair the cabinet, set the overall government
           | agenda, etc. The military reports to cabinet through the
           | appropriate minister(s).
           | 
           | (Mitchell Sharp once wrote a book on Canadian government in
           | which he rightly asserted that ours is government-by-cabinet,
           | more than government by parliament....)
           | 
           | In both countries, the PM is effectively head of the
           | executive branch, but definitely not head of state, as well
           | as sitting atop the legislative branch.
        
           | Macha wrote:
           | Yeah, the obvious example is the UK, where the Queen is head
           | of state and the PM is the head of government. Other
           | westminster inspired systems sometimes keep around the
           | monarchy (represented by the governor general) or replace the
           | role with an elected president.
           | 
           | Usually such a role is a literal figurehead, or a de facto
           | figurehead who de jure has power but culturally is not
           | supposed to exercise them, (such as the aforementioned Queen,
           | or the Irish President). Attempts by such a de facto
           | figurehead to use powers they officially have have led to
           | controversy, such as the 1975 incident with the Australian
           | Governor General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Australi
           | an_constitutional...)
        
             | fionnoh wrote:
             | There is precedent to the Irish president exercising their
             | power. In 1994 Mary Robinson refused Albert Reynold's
             | request to have the Dail dissolved (well, let it be known
             | that such a request would be refused), leading to a new
             | government being formed without a general election. If the
             | Queen refused a similar request from a Prime Minister that
             | would be a shock though.
        
               | Macha wrote:
               | Ah, I was unaware of that, and was thinking more of the
               | 1982 incident where Patrick Hillery shut himself in and
               | avoided answering the phone so as not to be required to
               | dissolve the government.
               | 
               | Both of these fall to me under "refusing to exercise
               | powers" rather than exercising powers though.
        
               | fionnoh wrote:
               | Really? I don't understand that. The power isn't in
               | dissolving the Dail itself, it's in the choice to do if
               | it's deemed appropriate, whether the Taoiseach wants it
               | or not.
               | 
               | When the Queen dissolves parliament she's just going
               | through the motions, it's a formality. If she had
               | refused, say, Theresa May's request for a general
               | election in 2017, saying that there was no need as the
               | Government had a clear majority and Brexit needed to be
               | the focus (and she did this by either hiding down the
               | countryside, not answering her phone or by shooting down
               | the idea preemptively) that would be a huge deal. That
               | would be her exercising her power.
        
             | deregulateMed wrote:
             | Yikes I can't believe that 1975 event happened and the
             | royal family still remains in their seats.
             | 
             | All of these former British territories are 1 terrorist
             | attack and 1 ambitious politician away from a political
             | crisis.
             | 
             | Roll the dice 10 times, each time one of these monarchs
             | could make a play for power.
             | 
             | Although I'm not even sure how to handle the dissolution of
             | the monarchy without executing everyone. Taking their
             | property only means a foreign state would prop them up.
        
               | ylyn wrote:
               | The British royal family had very little to do with that
               | incident. Yes, the monarch is the de jure head of state,
               | but again in practice she delegates all decisions to the
               | GG.
        
         | fx18011 wrote:
         | It is more like France of Russia.
        
           | rcMgD2BwE72F wrote:
           | Francois Fillon does work for Russia but the country remains
           | sovereign.
        
       | londons_explore wrote:
       | A group who spoke English and Spanish, claimed to be the US Drug
       | Enforcement Agency, had a US registered helicopter, killed the
       | Haiti president...
       | 
       | The same guy pushing a change to the Haiti constitution that the
       | US strongly opposed...
       | 
       | And the US has a history of getting rid of leaders it doesn't
       | like...
       | 
       | Although US clandestine operations at least usually have some
       | level of plausible deniability... Which this does not.
        
         | booi wrote:
         | could be a false flag operation
        
           | londons_explore wrote:
           | Nobody false-flags the US... Do that, and you'll probably
           | have a drone fall on you overnight...
        
         | georgeglue1 wrote:
         | do you have a reference to the US helicopter / DEA claims btw?
        
         | Fauntleroy wrote:
         | But why would the DEA outwardly announce itself while
         | assassinating someone?
        
           | londons_explore wrote:
           | Perhaps because they believe they are killing a drug lord,
           | and didn't do their research to find out this was the address
           | of the president (who also may be the drug lord)?
        
             | depingus wrote:
             | So...they were serving a no-knock warrant on the wrong
             | house? I like it.
        
             | meepmorp wrote:
             | This sounds like an action-comedy. I imagine the new guy
             | was the one who blurted it out, and the others gave him
             | shit for it the whole ride back home in the chopper. Later
             | they went out for beers, and the night ended with some
             | fistfights in a parking lot and a bit of male bonding.
        
             | hn_throwaway_99 wrote:
             | You are starting to sound like those YouTube videos that
             | pick out a bunch of numbers at random and then end with
             | "And see!! ILLUMINATI!!"
        
               | airhead969 wrote:
               | I prefer tea leaves and coffee grounds. :)
               | 
               | HN has been gradually colonized by Trump truthers, anti-
               | science, antivaxx, conspiracy theorist, uneducated
               | individuals, trolls, and people outside startups who
               | can't out down irrationality or their egos.
        
       | dweekly wrote:
       | BBC coverage at https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-
       | america-57750358 (no paywall)
        
       | idoubtit wrote:
       | So, an American newspaper writes about Haiti, including a few
       | paragraphs about the historical context: the independence from
       | France in 1803, the thirty years of the Duvalier dictatorship,
       | etc. And they forgot to mention the 20 years of American
       | occupation ! Would they write that Vietnam fought against the
       | French occupation, then suffered under communist rule?
       | 
       | I don't expect a random American to know any of the various
       | countries that the USA invaded and occupied, apart from Vietnam,
       | but I sure expect a big newspaper to give this basic context.
        
       | neom wrote:
       | Apparently this has also created somewhat of a constitutional
       | crisis for them: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rN76uqM_6U
        
         | Clewza313 wrote:
         | Haiti was already in a constitutional crisis, because Moise's
         | election in 2016 was a complete mess.
        
       | jurassic wrote:
       | I don't have a horse in this race, but from the WSJ article I
       | read it sounds like the dead president was a Trump-style wannabe
       | dictator who was narrowly elected in 2016 and then refused to
       | leave office when his term was up. When people don't respect the
       | law and democratic process it shouldn't be a surprise when others
       | also choose to disregard the law and take matters into their own
       | hands.
        
       | cryptohacks wrote:
       | "But debt is not just victor's justice; it can also be a way of
       | punishing winners who weren't supposed to win. The most
       | spectacular example of this is the history of the Republic of
       | Haiti - the first poor country to be placed in permanent debt
       | peonage. Haiti was a nation founded by former plantation slaves
       | who had the temerity not only to rise up in rebellion, amidst
       | grand declarations of universal rights and freedoms, but to
       | defeat Napoleon's armies sent to return them to bondage. France
       | immediately insisted that the new republic owed it 150 million
       | francs in damages for the expropriated plantations, as well as
       | the expenses of outfitting the failed military expeditions, and
       | all other nations, including the United States, agreed to impose
       | an embargo on the country until it was paid. The sum was
       | intentionally impossible (equivalent to about 18 billion
       | dollars), and the resultant embargo en sured that the name
       | "Haiti" has been a synonym for debt, poverty, and human misery
       | ever since." - Debt: The First 5000 Years by David Graeber
        
         | wyager wrote:
         | It's described in that quote and in the article as if the
         | Haitians defeated the French on their own. The Haitian
         | revolution was essentially part of a fight between the French
         | and the British, and internecine conflict between various
         | French factions. 45,000 British soldiers died vs 75,000 french
         | soldiers, so presumably the British involvement was also as
         | significant as the French one.
         | 
         | Also, of the first leader of "liberated" Haiti, Dessalines:
         | 
         | "Dessalines marched into Port-au-Prince, where he was welcomed
         | as a hero by the 100 whites who had chosen to stay behind.
         | Dessalines thanked them all for their kindness and belief in
         | racial equality, but then he said that the French had treated
         | him as less than human when he was a slave, and so to avenge
         | his mistreatment, he promptly had the 100 whites all hanged."
         | 
         | Off to a great start...
        
           | BoiledCabbage wrote:
           | And 200,000 Hatians.
           | 
           | Kinda odd you left that part out...
        
           | andremendes wrote:
           | Not saying assassination by revenge was correct but one could
           | argue that an even greater start would be the avoidance of
           | transatlantic slave trade.
        
             | rory wrote:
             | It was less an assassination and more the beginning of a
             | full genocide (a specifically _French_ genocide, not
             | against whites in general) around the country.
             | 
             | Dessalines went around the county killing all (fully white)
             | French males. A lot of powerful Haitians opposed this,
             | especially those of mixed racial background who had white
             | family. The crimes that followed were really pushed forward
             | by Dessalines the man, not the Haitian people in general.
             | 
             | Transatlantic slavery was incredibly cruel, but persecution
             | by "the French" doesn't excuse a genocide of all French
             | people on the island. Ironically, the people most
             | responsible for the crimes against enslaved Africans (the
             | "grand blanc") were largely back in France and so escaped
             | personal harm.
        
             | wyager wrote:
             | Haitians also continued using slavery - ah, excuse me,
             | _forced labor_ according to academic sources - after their
             | revolution. They don't really have the moral high-ground
             | there either.
        
               | ChainOfFools wrote:
               | wouldn't mind a citation of those academic sources which
               | use this term in this context.
        
               | wyager wrote:
               | https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Librar
               | y/e...
               | 
               | "The revolution ended slavery in Saint-Domingue but not
               | forced labor. Louverture and several of the early
               | governments of independent Haiti used the army to impose
               | forced work on the plantations"
        
               | ChainOfFools wrote:
               | Thanks, the citation I was hoping for would be a
               | published, peer reviewed paper with listed authors rather
               | than a summary from what looks to be a departmental
               | public outreach project, the grunt work of which are
               | typically farmed out to grad students or RAs.
               | 
               | nonetheless I'm disappointed; the assertion looked so
               | juicy and worthy of a deep dive. you made it sound like
               | "academia" was conspiring to demote slavery to forced
               | labor under specific conditions. yet no evidence of this
               | is to be found in the linked text.
               | 
               | rather, the summary makes a point of distinguishing
               | slavery from forced labor. granted, it doesn't define
               | either term (as a proper paper would) but it doesn't
               | pretend they are interchangeable either.
        
               | Scarbutt wrote:
               | Mix corruption and France teaching them about how to
               | profit from slavery and it's no surprise they might have
               | continued with slavery.
        
               | sangnoir wrote:
               | Slavery and forced labor are not necessarily the same
               | thing; thought the former usually implies the latter.
               | 
               | Being forced to work 8-12 hours a day, but _free_ to go
               | about your business the rest of the time is a very
               | different scenario to being _owned_ and having your
               | offspring becoming another persons property.
               | 
               | Chattel slavery goes way beyond forced labor - both are
               | terrible, but not equally so.
        
               | rory wrote:
               | Yeah, the "worker" conditions that followed were more
               | like serfdom than chattel slavery. A serf's offspring is
               | still tied to the land like their parents, so the
               | practical difference probably wasn't that great, but it's
               | still an important distinction.
        
             | tenpies wrote:
             | I always wonder, if there had never been a trans-Atlantic
             | slave trade, would modern opinion in the West be that
             | slavery is perfectly fine?
             | 
             | After all, the West still doesn't really care about slavery
             | - there's more slaves today than ever in history. They also
             | do not care about benefitting from slave labour or they
             | would boycott the top countries in the Global Slavery
             | Index: https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/data/maps/#p
             | revalenc... Slavery continues to be a thriving industry in
             | Africa and the Middle East for example, and for the most
             | part concern about this only comes from a few Western NGOs.
             | 
             | It largely seems to be a matter that at some point became
             | politically useful in the US and elsewhere, rather than an
             | actual concern. I wonder if it will ever stop being in
             | political vogue.
        
               | x86_64Ubuntu wrote:
               | What does any of this have to do with the subject at
               | hand?
        
               | DiggyJohnson wrote:
               | Not OP, but the transatlantic slave trade is materially
               | related to the history of Haiti, which is the topic at
               | hand.
        
               | x86_64Ubuntu wrote:
               | But he's not talking about the Transatlantic Slave Trade,
               | he's talking about the bad-faith right-wing talking point
               | of "There are slaves all around the world today!!!" None
               | of the groups that OP professes to care about are part of
               | the transatlantic slave trade.
        
               | colpabar wrote:
               | > _It largely seems to be a matter that at some point
               | became politically useful in the US and elsewhere, rather
               | than an actual concern._
               | 
               | It's diabolical. The ruling class, who benefitted the
               | most from slavery, have figured out how to use it to keep
               | people from uniting against them. According to them, it
               | was white people who enslaved black people, not rich
               | people who enslaved poor people, and we should all be
               | upset the former and never think about the latter.
        
               | wyager wrote:
               | The global elimination of slavery, to whatever incomplete
               | extent that happened, was primarily a British and
               | Christian moral crusade. Christian morality plus the
               | feasibility of replacing slavery with industrialization
               | is what made the global reduction of slavery possible. I
               | say this as a non-Christian. I don't think it's
               | reasonable to say the West "doesn't really care" about
               | slavery.
        
               | steve76 wrote:
               | Europeans saw African barbarity, human sacrifice,
               | genocide, torture, war, and cannibalism, the Europeans
               | said stop that please. I'll pay you. Send them away.
               | 
               | Hong Kong left people alone. Limit the violence. Hong
               | Kong was the richest place in the world until the Marxist
               | brought their brutality and bullying, and with far less
               | resources. Haiti's corrupt insane leadership killed and
               | took and allowed lawlessness and violence as long as they
               | got what they wanted. Haitians have been literally eating
               | dirt for decades.
               | 
               | Liberals build coastal resorts and wall off the populace
               | as humanitarian efforts. They dare not take charge, and I
               | really don't blame them. Cuba and Venezuela has nukes and
               | a spies linked with drug smugglers. If we go there and
               | make things nice Putin or Xi will look for monsters we
               | awakened and give them billions and weapons.
               | 
               | Leave people alone. You're not in charge. If you want to
               | govern, govern. First and only rule, limit the violence,
               | don't create it.
        
           | wesleywt wrote:
           | I wonder who is the 'source' of this 'information'. Could it
           | be a European?
        
             | [deleted]
        
           | mytailorisrich wrote:
           | All the white population was massacred, actually [1]
           | 
           | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1804_Haiti_massacre
           | 
           | Edit: Thank you for being so mature and for going through my
           | comment history to downvote all the comments you can. Way to
           | go, really. Probably why the previous thread was flagged...
        
             | [deleted]
        
             | brightball wrote:
             | That is a fascinating read. The aftermath section
             | especially.
        
             | runako wrote:
             | That's not what the article you linked says, actually:
             | 
             | "A contingent of Polish defectors were given amnesty and
             | granted Haitian citizenship for their renouncement of
             | French allegiance and support of Haitian independence."
             | 
             | Update: I generally agree with your revised point, but for
             | the sake of history I believe it's important not to
             | needlessly exaggerate historical events. Let the events
             | themselves stand on their own. My country has an ongoing
             | problem with propagating accurate history, so I am aware of
             | the need to get things correct.
        
               | mytailorisrich wrote:
               | I'm not here to nitpick or defend genocide. A few white
               | people might not have been killed, and some foreign
               | troops, like those defectors, spared. Read the whole page
               | where you found this quote to single out.
               | 
               | Considering how the slaves had been treated it is perhaps
               | understandable that the backlash was brutal, but that was
               | a genocide nonetheless, with the white population
               | massacred, not just a few people in an unique event.
               | 
               | I certainly don't think that I have exaggerated anything.
        
               | dang wrote:
               | Would you please stop taking HN threads further into
               | flamewar? How we ended up with an argument about
               | competing genocides is a case study in how threads end up
               | in internet hell. Now it's headed toward the bombing of
               | Japan.
               | 
               | This is _not_ what this site is for. No more of this
               | please.
               | 
               | https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
        
               | mytailorisrich wrote:
               | I have not started nor incited a flamewar. I have simply
               | posted a historic fact in a neutral way then stayed on
               | point. Haiti's history is messy and the past informs the
               | present.
               | 
               | In response I have been attacked (classic us of
               | nitpicking to discredit an unconvenient point), flagged,
               | and one or more people went through my comments history
               | to downvote all the comments they could (as mentioned).
               | 
               | I feel like I'm victim of a mob here, and being blamed
               | for it... Good for intellectual curiosity, for sure.
        
               | dang wrote:
               | I'm sorry, but what you posted were obviously flamewar
               | comments. "I have simply posted a historic fact in a
               | neutral way" is a misleading description for two reasons:
               | (1) "facts" is a red herring (see https://hn.algolia.com/
               | ?dateRange=all&page=0&prefix=false&qu... for explanation
               | of that); and (2) a drive-by one-liner on an extremely
               | inflammatory topic is not at all "neutral". (Also, (3)
               | what you posted appears _not_ to have been a fact, and
               | when someone pointed that out you responded litigiously
               | with  "I'm not here to nitpick or defend genocide" - more
               | flamewar behavior.)
               | 
               | It's not at all surprising that this made the flamewar
               | worse--a neutral observer would expect precisely that,
               | and that means you're responsible for the effects,
               | whether you intended them or not. https://hn.algolia.com/
               | ?dateRange=all&page=0&prefix=true&sor...
               | 
               | If you don't see how that's the case, I can understand
               | why you might feel like a victim, but such perceptions
               | have a lot of cognitive bias in them. It's hard for
               | people (I mean all of us) to see the provocations
               | contained in our own comments, and all too easy to see
               | the negative contributions of others. Objects in the
               | mirror are closer than they appear: https://hn.algolia.co
               | m/?dateRange=all&page=0&prefix=true&que....
               | 
               | As for downvoted comments, which ones are you talking
               | about specifically? When users do the kind of thing
               | you're describing, we often remove downvoting rights from
               | them. I didn't see it when I took a quick look, though.
        
               | mytailorisrich wrote:
               | I posted a Wikipedia article about an historically
               | established genocide (the use of the term is not mine)
               | against the white population. That population was wiped
               | out.
               | 
               | The article says " _By the end of April 1804, some 3,000
               | to 5,000 people had been killed and the white Haitians
               | were practically eradicated, excluding a select group of
               | whites who were given amnesty._ ". Someone else posted a
               | link to an academic article that states that former
               | slaves " _eradicated Haiti 's white population in 1804_".
               | 
               | Pointing out that a few polish troops were spared in
               | order to try to discredit me and my summary of the
               | article that all the white population was massacred
               | (which is accurate on the whole and not a "drive-by one-
               | liner") is a nitpick to prevent discussion, and it
               | worked.
               | 
               | It's disappointing that you're siding with that behaviour
               | and that you're accusing me of flamewar, or even of
               | provocation. That's a sad testament to how much the scope
               | of possible discussion has narrowed. As mentioned, I
               | really only posted it for historical purposes on the
               | messy past, and present, of Haiti as part of, I thought,
               | a mature discussion. I didn't even think that this was an
               | inflammatory topic, and in fact I still don't that's why
               | I'm very unpleasantly surprised.
               | 
               | > _As for downvoted comments, which ones are you talking
               | about specifically?_
               | 
               | All my comments that were downvotable (so less than 24h
               | old, no matter what discussion) were downvoted in a
               | matter of minutes, if not seconds, some time after I
               | posted the comments in this thread.
        
               | Spooky23 wrote:
               | That type of behavior is a consequence of war. It
               | happens, and the victors define who is worthy of
               | punishment or praise.
               | 
               | Using World War 2 as an example, the Army Air Forces
               | immolated Japanese cities with white phosphorus and
               | napalm before the atomic bomb was available. In Tokyo
               | alone, hundreds of thousands of people were reduced to
               | ash, and the glow of the firestorm was visible from
               | hundreds of miles away. Those actions, followed by the
               | atomic bombing, are marginally controversial today but
               | largely accepted as "ok".
               | 
               | Because the allies won, those actions are rationalized,
               | and those rationalizations have merit. Had Japan won,
               | events like the rape of Nanking would have been
               | rationalized by their standards, and actions of the US
               | Army Air Forces would have been viewed very differently.
               | 
               | With respect to Haiti, the colonialist mindset focuses on
               | the individual tragedy of slaughtered Europeans living
               | their life in the colony. But from the perspective of the
               | rebel slaves, those individuals were complicit in
               | systematic barbarous conditions in the cane fields that
               | killed thousands of slaves horribly, every month for a
               | century or more. The wife of the banker who financed or
               | leased slaves is the same as the overseer. Those rebels
               | won the battle, but ultimately did not win the war nor
               | write the history.
        
               | mytailorisrich wrote:
               | Acts of war, like military bombings during a conflict,
               | are obviously not on the same level as genocide. There's
               | a very crucial difference and I invite readers to look up
               | what 'genocide' means.
               | 
               | This is an off-topic diversion in this discussion,
               | though.
               | 
               | I think it's important to call things out and to see
               | history for the complex mess it is instead of trying to
               | divide everything and everyone between heroes beyond
               | reproach and unredeemable villains.
               | 
               | Yes, the black slaves were treated barbarously, and yes
               | they committed genocide against the white population
               | after they gained their freedom. That's what happened. We
               | can look for explanations but I think we should avoid
               | trying to look for excuses because once we start to label
               | some genocides less wrong than others, or even acceptable
               | to the point of defending them then we've crossed a major
               | red line.
               | 
               | Shockingly it looks like that red line has been crossed
               | in this thread.
        
               | Spooky23 wrote:
               | I would respectfully disagree. I called out WW2 because
               | it's more approachable and known that some obscure
               | colonial outpost.
               | 
               | War by its nature breaks the norms of morality and
               | civilized behavior. When Lincoln called for Americans to
               | embrace the "better angels of our nature", he did so
               | knowing that war is where you break the glass and do
               | whatever is necessary to prevail.
               | 
               | With respect to civilian victims of war, that's just
               | reality.
               | 
               | Post US Civil War military doctrine is that the whole of
               | a mobilized society is part of the war effort. That's why
               | Sherman burned everything in his March to the sea. That's
               | why the meat grinder of WW1 continued until German
               | society collapsed. That's why open bombardment of cities
               | was the WW2 norm. The era of field armies duking it out
               | for king and country died with Napoleon.
               | 
               | We can argue about definition or scope of genocide is.
               | But I think at the end of the day the tragedy of Haiti
               | from 1493 on speaks for itself, and looking for good guys
               | and bad guys is a waste of time. I'm naive, but I think
               | Lincoln's appeal is more relevant than ever, and doing
               | the hard work of settling differences without warfare is
               | how we all improve.
        
               | the_af wrote:
               | > _Acts of war, like military bombings, are obviously not
               | on the same level as genocide. There 's a very crucial
               | difference._
               | 
               | What's the difference when the target is the civilian
               | population, as was the case with the bombings of Japan
               | (and many of the cities in the European theatre of the
               | war as well)? Other than the fact bombing cities from a
               | B-29 flying high is more _impersonal_ for the
               | perpetrators.
        
               | greedo wrote:
               | Actually, when conducting the firebomb missions, the
               | B-29s flew at low level. Their after action reports
               | clearly mentioned the smell of smoke etc. It was far from
               | impersonal.
               | 
               | " In January 1945, General Curtis LeMay arrived in the
               | Mariana Islands to take over the problem-plagued B-29
               | command. For two months, his crews flew similar high-
               | altitude missions over Japan with little more success.
               | His job on the line, General LeMay decided on a risky new
               | strategy: his pilots would fly daring, dangerous bombing
               | missions at altitudes as low as 5,000 feet, low enough to
               | be within range of anti-aircraft weapons. Robert
               | Rodenhouse was shocked:
               | 
               | "We thought they could throw the kitchen sink up there
               | and hit us. Can you imagine flying a big four-engine
               | bomber at 5,000 feet? Why that was just unheard of,
               | absolutely unheard of. And like my crew says, I think
               | those generals lost their marbles. They weren't thinking
               | straight."
               | 
               | The low-altitude bombing runs turned out to be highly
               | successful. The planes carried much larger bomb loads.
               | Crews flew at night to avoid enemy fighters. And flight
               | personnel were kept to a minimum. Most of the gunners
               | were removed to make room for still more bombs --
               | incendiary bombs."
               | 
               | https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/paci
               | fic...
        
               | the_af wrote:
               | I think this doesn't detract from my main point.
        
               | greedo wrote:
               | I was just addressing your comment that it was impersonal
               | for the B-29 pilots. They knew exactly what was occurring
               | below them.
        
               | redis_mlc wrote:
               | Your comment is silly.
               | 
               | In the European theater, Germany did firebomb areas of
               | Britain, so it wasn't just Allied behavior.
               | 
               | And Japan not only started war with the US, they were
               | literally anti-Geneva Convention - they passed a law to
               | execute American captured airmen.
        
               | the_af wrote:
               | Are you sure you understand the argument the OP was
               | making?
               | 
               | They didn't claim only the Allies engaged in this
               | behavior, nor that Japan was blameless. Their claim was
               | in the first sentence, and let me quote it verbatim:
               | 
               | > "That type of behavior is a consequence of war. It
               | happens, and the victors define who is worthy of
               | punishment or praise."
               | 
               | And it goes on to elaborate:
               | 
               | > "Because the allies won, those actions are
               | rationalized, and those rationalizations have merit. Had
               | Japan won, events like the rape of Nanking would have
               | been rationalized by their standards, and actions of the
               | US Army Air Forces would have been viewed very
               | differently."
               | 
               | To spell it out, the argument is that it's silly to
               | single out the Haitians when they murdered their
               | oppressors (and people in the same social caste as their
               | oppressors), because this kind of stuff tends to happen
               | in war regardless of who the involved parties are.
               | Western powers engage in it in their own wars and
               | conflicts, it's just that since they are usually
               | considered the victors, this behavior is less often
               | singled out as barbarous (it is, but less often).
               | Conversely, nobody identifies the former Haitian slaves
               | as part of a victorious West -- especially since Haiti is
               | a failed state and decidedly not part of "us" -- and
               | therefore it's easier to single them out as barbarous and
               | genocidal.
               | 
               | Things not claimed in the other post:                   -
               | That Japan wasn't guilty of similar crimes.         -
               | That it was just Allied behavior.         - That the US
               | was worse than Japan or viceversa.
        
               | creddit wrote:
               | Generally very different standards are applied when
               | speaking about actions during a war against belligerents
               | and those actions taken after a war against a subjugated
               | people.
        
               | soperj wrote:
               | No one really accepts them as ok except the country that
               | did them.
        
               | dang wrote:
               | Please don't take HN threads further into flamewar hell.
               | It's exactly what we don't want here.
               | 
               | https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
        
               | andrepd wrote:
               | Very well put
        
               | crashdelta wrote:
               | "Using World War 2 as an example, the Army Air Forces
               | immolated Japanese cities with white phosphorus and
               | napalm before the atomic bomb was available. In Tokyo
               | alone, hundreds of thousands of people were reduced to
               | ash, and the glow of the firestorm was visible from
               | hundreds of miles away. Those actions, followed by the
               | atomic bombing, are marginally controversial today but
               | largely accepted as 'ok'."
               | 
               | How else would you deal with an enemy that would not give
               | in? Most people fail to understand that the axis was all
               | in, in every way, shape and form. When it comes to the
               | Japanese, they flat out were not going to give up. Their
               | will had to be broken, somehow, someway.
        
               | didroe wrote:
               | https://www.thenation.com/article/world/why-the-us-
               | really-bo...
               | 
               | > "the vast destruction wreaked by the bombings of
               | Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the loss of 135,000 people
               | made little impact on the Japanese military."
               | 
               | - Plaque hanging in the National Museum of the US Navy
               | 
               | > In its one paragraph, it makes clear that Truman's
               | political advisers overruled the military in determining
               | how the end of the war with Japan would be approached.
               | 
               | > "the use of this barbarous weapon at Hiroshima and
               | Nagasaki was of no material assistance in our war against
               | Japan"
               | 
               | - Truman's chief of staff
               | 
               | > "the Japanese position was hopeless even before the
               | first atomic bomb fell, because the Japanese had lost
               | control of their own air."
               | 
               | - Commanding general of the US Army Air Forces
               | 
               | > "[Byrnes] was concerned about Russia's postwar
               | behavior...[and thought] that Russia might be more
               | manageable if impressed by American military might, and
               | that a demonstration of the bomb might impress Russia."
               | 
               | - Manhattan Project scientist Leo Szilard, talking about
               | Secretary of State James Byrnes
               | 
               | It doesn't seem like dropping the bombs served any
               | military purpose.
        
               | ant6n wrote:
               | You literally wrote "All the white population was
               | massacred" 10 minutes before this second message.
        
               | sreque wrote:
               | I don't know why you are getting downvoted. Your
               | detractors seem to be arguing like 5-year-olds.
               | 
               | Parent: "You didn't pick up your room at all!"
               | 
               | Child: "Wrong! I picked up these 5 small items!" (out of
               | the 100+ items on the ground)
               | 
               | From the article you linked: "By the end of April 1804,
               | some 3,000 to 5,000 people had been killed[24] and the
               | white Haitians were practically eradicated, excluding a
               | select group of whites who were given amnesty. "
        
               | alexgmcm wrote:
               | Also from the article:
               | 
               | >Philippe Girard writes "when the genocide was over,
               | Haiti's white population was virtually non-existent."
               | 
               | That seems pretty in-line with what OP stated, I'm not
               | familiar enough to know if Philippe Girard is a reliable
               | source but the reference seems legitimate.[1]
               | 
               | [1] https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/003132205
               | 0010619...
        
               | ceejayoz wrote:
               | "Non-existent" encompasses both "killed" and "left the
               | country as refugees".
        
               | rory wrote:
               | Well sure, but they left to escape being murdered. Their
               | main beef was with specifically French white people
               | though. They spared a group of Poles and worked with many
               | white German and USA American traders in the following
               | years.
        
           | sangnoir wrote:
           | "It's described in that quote and in the article as if the
           | Americans defeated the British on their own. The American
           | revolution was essentially part of a fight between the French
           | and the British..."
           | 
           | How does that sound to you?
        
             | pyuser583 wrote:
             | Sounds about right.
        
             | LaMarseillaise wrote:
             | Accurate. I have said basically this a number of times. And
             | I am from the US.
        
             | queuebert wrote:
             | Incorrect. The French didn't get involved until after
             | Washington had scored a couple of (lucky) victories. Guess
             | they didn't want to back a loser.
        
               | nkozyra wrote:
               | The French didn't get involved _directly with the
               | revolutionary war_ until then, but the greater impact was
               | war with France in Canada and the Seven Years ' War,
               | which pulled British resources away from the New World.
               | 
               | Without France as a belligerent to England in the years
               | up to the war, the latter would have been far better
               | equipped to defend the colonies.
               | 
               | The David versus Goliath mythology that tells of feisty
               | upstart democratic republic felling the great monarchy
               | taught in school typically doesn't get into a Great
               | Britain heavily depleted and indebted from years of war
               | with France.
        
               | queuebert wrote:
               | Agreed. It's also my impression that Britain didn't take
               | the war seriously at first. Not until after maybe Trenton
               | did they allocate real resources (as much as they had
               | anyway).
               | 
               | The irony from the US perspective is we're taught the
               | superior force was defeated by guerilla tactics and
               | unconventional warfare. Then we completely forgot that
               | when we went to Vietnam. Oops.
        
               | solipsism wrote:
               | Undoubtedly. But saying conflicts with France
               | significantly affected the outcome of the American
               | Revolution is a far cry from saying the Revolution was
               | _essentially part of_ the conflicts between Britain and
               | France, as if the Revolution was some kind of proxy war.
               | That 's just not true. France piled on, and the conflict
               | with France helped set things up, but the colonies had
               | legitimate beef with Britain and walked the path toward
               | revolution without having to be nudged by the French.
        
             | GuardianCaveman wrote:
             | How many French died on behalf of the US during the
             | revolution ? In Haiti it was about 20 percent of the
             | overall casualties.
        
               | queuebert wrote:
               | France had maybe 10% of the actual battle losses,
               | relative to the Americans, and less than 1% of the total
               | war-related deaths, which includes disease and
               | starvation.
        
             | wutbrodo wrote:
             | That's how I was taught the American Revolution... What do
             | you find so offensive about it?
        
             | soperj wrote:
             | As a non-american, sounds accurate to me.
        
             | dahfizz wrote:
             | That sounds correct. That's what I was taught in school as
             | an American. What is your point?
        
               | sangnoir wrote:
               | The second sentence is incorrect, according to the
               | American founding myth. It was a fight between the
               | revolutionaries and the British, with _assistance_ of the
               | French. It turns out, when it comes to the founding of
               | countries, the parties you give agency to matters a lot
        
               | wutbrodo wrote:
               | What a bizarre comment. Someone describes Haiti's
               | revolution accurately (presumably), and your claim is
               | "how dare you prioritize reality over mythology", using
               | the (also-incorrect) American founding myth to somehow
               | support your point?
        
               | sangnoir wrote:
               | > [...] your claim is "how dare you prioritize reality
               | over mythology", using the (also-incorrect) American
               | founding myth to somehow support your point?
               | 
               | I made no such claim. Also "founding myth" is a term with
               | a distinct meaning separate from "mythology" in that it
               | is not necessarily _untrue_ - romanticizing the truth and
               | excluding any unflattering details is usually enough.
               | 
               | I really wish more people read biographies, especially by
               | multiple people who where belligerents in the same
               | conflict. When you hear the same story told from
               | different perspectives, you begin to question if the
               | history your were taught was in fact, the objective
               | "reality".
               | 
               | What you called "reality" was just a perspective from a
               | single point of view, which I can safely assume was
               | European.
        
               | [deleted]
        
               | solipsism wrote:
               | What's incorrect about the American "founding myth"?
               | Please explain what role France played in the
               | disagreement about taxes between the colonists and the
               | crown?
        
               | wutbrodo wrote:
               | Mentally insert "under the assumption that these are
               | myths", if that makes you feel better. I have no interest
               | in getting derailed into an essentially irrelevant
               | conversation.
        
               | ProjectArcturis wrote:
               | That is absolutely not what any American high schooler is
               | taught.
        
               | rootusrootus wrote:
               | It's what we were taught when I was in school. Granted,
               | that was 30 years ago, so it may have changed since.
        
               | mcculley wrote:
               | It turns out that America is a big place with many school
               | districts. They are not all teaching from the same books.
        
               | dragontamer wrote:
               | The joke's on you! I was taught world history in high
               | school and never American history.
               | 
               | The "American" studies class was about the Constitution,
               | various laws, major Lobbying groups (ACLU, NAACP, FOP,
               | NRA), how primaries work, etc. etc. American history was
               | left to grade school.
        
               | tjalfi wrote:
               | There are more things in heaven and Earth, Horatio, than
               | are dreamt of in your philosophy.
               | 
               | One of my high school history classes presented this
               | view; we used A People's History of the United States as
               | a textbook.
        
               | wyager wrote:
               | It's also what I was taught in American (private) high
               | school.
        
               | solipsism wrote:
               | I'm curious to see the curricula that are teaching this
               | incorrect rubbish.
               | 
               | What role did France play in the Boston Tea Party? I'm
               | not aware of any at all. Certainly France jumped in once
               | they saw the opportunity happening, but the idea that the
               | revolution was really part of the conflict with France is
               | just wrong.
        
               | wutbrodo wrote:
               | It's 100% what I was taught, as I mentioned in my
               | previous comment before even reading those. Where do you
               | get such confidence in claims that are so incredibly
               | wrong and so guaranteed to be easily rebutted?
        
           | dang wrote:
           | Please don't take HN threads into race flamewar hell or any
           | other flamewar hell. With this glib and snarky provocation of
           | atrocity grievance, you turned what was already a wretched
           | subthread into a tire fire. I assume you didn't intend that,
           | but if it wasn't arson it was criminal negligence. We want
           | the exact opposite of this on HN.
           | 
           | You also have a history of posting flamebait to HN. Please
           | review the site guidelines and take a _lot_ more care with
           | this place. The ecosystem here is fragile. I 'm sure you
           | wouldn't drop lit matches in a dry forest or at a gas
           | station, or toss Molotov cocktails into crowds at parks. So
           | please don't do the equivalent here.
           | 
           | https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
        
         | haskellandchill wrote:
         | Bitcoin fixes this.
        
           | underdeserver wrote:
           | No, it doesn't.
        
             | haskellandchill wrote:
             | Tongue meet cheek.
        
             | thrthrthrow wrote:
             | Could you please explain why you think it doesn't?
        
               | jethro_tell wrote:
               | How does it fix it?
        
               | cryptohacks wrote:
               | Happy to chat about it but this does not seem like a
               | welcoming space for the discussion.
        
               | jethro_tell wrote:
               | Just curious? What's the use case for breaking an
               | international embargo with crypto?
        
               | edgyquant wrote:
               | When someone makes an extraordinary claim, "Bitcoin fixes
               | this," the burden is on them to explain how that is the
               | case.
        
             | cryptohacks wrote:
             | Was it a bitcoin comment? It could help.
        
           | tekromancr wrote:
           | I don't think you understand just how powerful states with
           | big fucking guns are
        
           | thrthrthrow wrote:
           | Could you please explain how?
        
             | haskellandchill wrote:
             | I'm being sarcastic, I know it's a risky move here but I
             | couldn't help myself. Bitcoin is a scam.
        
               | henvic wrote:
               | Bitcoin is definitely a scam. Just like fiat money,
               | though. https://henvic.dev/posts/bitcoin/
        
               | leto_ii wrote:
               | > Bitcoin is a scam.
               | 
               | You're really tempting fate twice here :))
        
               | dang wrote:
               | We ban accounts that troll HN as you have in this thread.
               | No more of this please.
               | 
               | You've also been posting mostly unsubstantive comments in
               | general lately. Would you please fix this? We're hoping
               | for better than that here.
               | 
               | https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
        
               | sha256kira wrote:
               | Whats bitcoin again?
        
               | tekromancr wrote:
               | I would say so. You attempted to use sarcasm in a
               | community of people who dis-proportionally don't pick up
               | on sarcasm, using a medium that notoriously doesn't
               | transmit sarcasm well.
        
               | haskellandchill wrote:
               | Yes but I laughed and maybe a couple others. The OP
               | comment was by a crypto throwaway account, the subtle
               | message was there anyway, I just blew it up. Graeber is
               | completely correct about Haiti getting screwed over by
               | debt but I wanted the Bitcoin message underlying it to be
               | exposed and have more substantial conversation about
               | financial policies that could help. Did it work? Maybe.
        
               | edgyquant wrote:
               | It isn't that people here don't pick up sarcasm it's that
               | sarcasm as an entire comment isn't really welcome here.
               | This isn't Reddit and comments are supposed to have
               | substance.
        
               | haskellandchill wrote:
               | It's both! Sorry I'll see myself out.
        
           | dang wrote:
           | Please don't take HN threads into classic flamewar hell. A
           | comment like this is vandalism.
           | 
           | https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
        
         | zenmaster10665 wrote:
         | wow - that is shocking - thank you for enlightening me with
         | this information :(
        
         | nickik wrote:
         | I would not really recommend Debt: The First 5000 Years by
         | David Graeber as a good source.
         | 
         | While there are sometimes good historical nuggets, it mostly
         | concerns itself with interpreting ever possible situation in
         | the last 5000 years according to Graebers ideology and
         | confirming that it is correct while constantly claiming anybody
         | else that worked on these same topics and didn't share his
         | interpretations are idiots (while often not actually seeming to
         | know what they actually wrote).
         | 
         | This is just state policy if they don't like other states. Its
         | just legal justification for states to do what they want to do.
         | States have found a billion way to justify hostile action
         | against other states. Claiming reparations of one kind or
         | another is very common for a very long time.
         | 
         | Even had they been able to pay that money, its very
         | questionable if that would have changed the disposition of the
         | other stats towards it. Cartage managed to pay Rome back in
         | full, and Rome then decide to destroy it anyway.
         | 
         | They might just have a different excuse for the same policy.
        
           | dogman144 wrote:
           | Firmly agree and I keep the book on my shelf as a lesson that
           | with funding, credentials, and details anything can get
           | published.
        
         | akudha wrote:
         | _The sum was intentionally impossible (equivalent to about 18
         | billion dollars),_
         | 
         | Assuming this figure in today's money - we have a country of
         | more than 10 million people who can't afford to pay 18 Billion,
         | and we have at least two _individuals_ who are worth at least
         | _10 times_ that amount (at least on paper)!!
         | 
         | Yes, I am aware it is a weird and useless comparison. Still, it
         | is kinda astonishing.
        
           | wutbrodo wrote:
           | The reference to being impossible to pay was in 1825, when it
           | would have been impossible for pretty much any country to
           | pay.
        
         | cousin_it wrote:
         | deleted
        
           | leereeves wrote:
           | Amazingly, that's a real quote from the book[1] (according to
           | that source David Graeber blames bad editing), and it does
           | raise questions about the credibility of anything else in
           | that book.
           | 
           | But that story about Haiti's debt can be found in better
           | sources.
           | 
           | 1: https://braddelong.substack.com/p/on-april-fools-day-we-
           | reme...
        
             | cryptohacks wrote:
             | I admit, I've only read the first 30 pages of the book, and
             | the editing is pretty bad.
        
         | dang wrote:
         | Copy-pasting a piece of high ideological rhetoric into this
         | thread created one of the worst tire fires I've seen in a long
         | time, including flamewars about competing genocides, the
         | origins of Apple, Bitcoin, the bombing of Japan, and the devil
         | knows what else.
         | 
         | Perhaps if it were one flamewar amid a bunch of on-topic,
         | thoughtful replies, that could be called a coincidence, but in
         | this case it's painfully clear that your comment set off the
         | whole thing. Please don't ever do anything like this on HN
         | again.
         | 
         | https://hn.algolia.com/?dateRange=all&page=0&prefix=true&sor...
         | 
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
        
           | Igelau wrote:
           | (Can someone please clarify) how was that ideological
           | rhetoric? Are these not historical facts? And if they are,
           | aren't they relevant to a story about political instability
           | in Haiti? Is Haitian politics itself off-topic? It seems like
           | it's such emotionally charged territory due to its agonizing
           | history that containing all the flame wars would constitute a
           | de facto ban on the topic.
           | 
           | Edit: really? There's a whole other thread making these exact
           | same points that didn't get flagged
           | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27761847
        
         | ekianjo wrote:
         | THis book is better known as "ignorant writes about History by
         | cherry-picking data points"
        
         | rozab wrote:
         | This debt was still being collected by Citibank up to 1947. For
         | the 'theft of property'... That is, the citizens of Haiti
         | themselves.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | weimerica wrote:
         | Let us not white-wash the Haitian revolution which did not
         | simply free the enslaved but also genocided every European and
         | mixed-heritage Haitian.
         | 
         | If Germany is to pay back for its crimes of the 20th Century,
         | why not Haiti?
        
           | markus_zhang wrote:
           | That's what you get from revolutions by slaves, bro.
           | 
           | To calrify (reagrding comments) I'm not saying this is noble
           | deed but I would not judge them with ordinary moral
           | standards.
        
             | weimerica wrote:
             | So when one has their citizens slaughtered whole-sale, they
             | are then under obligation to offer good trading terms?
             | 
             | If we are to reinterpret France's wrongs in light of modern
             | norms, why not too interpret the wrong of the Haitian's?
             | Why is this "rules for thee?"
        
               | mrow84 wrote:
               | "Fighting oppression is more just than committing
               | oppression" is a norm that has an incredibly long
               | history. What also has an incredibly long history is
               | trying to elevate the importance of the marginal
               | consequences of those fights, over what was being fought
               | against.
        
               | jjk166 wrote:
               | The same reason we don't get too hung up on American
               | soldiers slaughtering SS officers after liberating
               | concentration camps. Two parties can both be in the wrong
               | while at the same time one is way more in the wrong.
        
               | cloverich wrote:
               | Because enslsavers created the situation in the first
               | place. They wronged themselves by taking people who could
               | have been educated and empowered and instead taught them
               | violence and ignorance.
        
             | einpoklum wrote:
             | One of the tragedies of slavery - like other severe forms
             | of oppression - is that it doesn't ennoble the oppressed.
             | In fact, it makes the enslaved person accustomed to
             | cruelty, violence, iniquity, tyranny; and is likely to
             | result in individuals who tend to be possessive, anxiety-
             | prone, vengeful, violent etc. A bit like the adage about
             | abused children growing up to become abusive parents.
             | 
             | (Of course, this too is a crass generalization.)
        
             | viro wrote:
             | war crimes are war crimes, abuse is abuse. Being a past
             | victim doesn't make ur actions any less evil.
        
               | CyanBird wrote:
               | "Chaotic good" doesn't mean "Chaotic nice"
        
               | cloverich wrote:
               | Because violence begets violence. If you violently abuse,
               | maul, and kill a group of people, then they are loosed,
               | you don't need to think in terms of anything more than
               | "what else did you expect"? I don't know if you've ever
               | watched someone you love beaten to death, or been
               | maliciously mauled yourself, but I bet the person that
               | came out on the other side would not be someone you would
               | recognize. Violence has consequences beyond the immediate
               | victims and it takes time and effort to undo. Everlasting
               | economic sanctions certainly won't help.
        
               | markus_zhang wrote:
               | I'm not saying it's not evil, I'm just saying that if A
               | enslaved B and B's family, it's perfectly normal for B to
               | kill A and A's family. Is it legal? Is it good? I mean do
               | you really think slaves care about laws or moral? It's
               | brutal reality that we better avoid in one way or another
               | in the future.
        
               | rory wrote:
               | Well in this case, B killed everyone that looks like and
               | shares an ethnicity with A. And if C enslaved B and B's
               | family, but C had 1/4 of the same racial ancestry as B,
               | he was spared. So not really a 1:1 comparison.
        
               | thisiscorrect wrote:
               | Murdering infants is barbaric. It's impossible to
               | corroborate now, but many reports at the time suggested
               | they used impaled French infants for a battle standard. I
               | don't have a word strong enough to condemn that
               | depravity. "That's what you get from revolutions by
               | slaves, bro." comes across as extremely flippant. Slavery
               | is wrong. Murdering innocent people is also wrong, bro.
        
               | mustafa_pasi wrote:
               | Singling out acts of violence to try to say that both
               | sides are equally evil or that one side is more moral
               | because of that one act of evil is stupid.
               | 
               | The greater picture is this: Haitians were slaves and had
               | every right to fight against their oppression. The "white
               | Europeans" belonged back home in France. They brought it
               | on themselves.
               | 
               | I always like to use this thought experiment: which of
               | the two sides had power to change the situation?
               | 
               | The Haitians couldn't help being slaves until they
               | rebelled. The French could from the very start choose not
               | to be slavers.
        
               | concordDance wrote:
               | > The "white Europeans" belonged back home in France.
               | 
               | Just like the black haitians belonged back home in West
               | Africa?
               | 
               | If you're going to deport people based on race at least
               | be consistent.
        
               | the_af wrote:
               | Who brought the black Haitians to Haiti? Did they stay
               | there voluntarily during white European rule?
               | 
               | Details matter.
        
               | concordDance wrote:
               | I don't see how being brought to Haiti matters. Imagine
               | some white settlers brought as children who have just
               | become young adults. Do they need to go back to France?
        
               | the_af wrote:
               | > _I don 't see how being brought to Haiti matters_
               | 
               | It does matter if they were brought as slaves and against
               | their will, and made by force to call Haiti their home. I
               | hope you see the difference between this and the children
               | the settlers brought with them. Comparing children to
               | slavery is nonsense.
        
               | mustafa_pasi wrote:
               | The point is not that they were in Haiti. The point is
               | that they were engaging in slavery, and they had the
               | freedom not to.
               | 
               | I was not making any statements on settler colonialism
               | which is a separate issue entirely. I was just saying,
               | the French cannot claim be victims when they were the
               | ones engaging in slavery.
        
               | ceejayoz wrote:
               | > many reports at the time suggested they used impaled
               | French infants for a battle standard
               | 
               | Sure, and the Soviets claimed the Katyn massacre was
               | perpetrated by the Nazis.
               | 
               | Consider sprinkling a few grains of salt on contemporary
               | accounts by interested parties.
        
               | markus_zhang wrote:
               | Let's say when you do wrong X to someone, it's quite
               | possible that they return the "favor" someday. I don't
               | know what we are arguing here. Are they evil? For sure,
               | but do you really expect them to be gentlemen
               | revolutionaries who only kill those "should be killed"?
               | 
               | Actually Europeans did the same in not so long ago, not
               | as slaves, but as slavers (or some more fancy words), so
               | people can go down much further IMHO.
        
             | [deleted]
        
           | selimthegrim wrote:
           | Wrong - the Poles who fought with Dessalines were allowed to
           | stay and settle.
        
             | weimerica wrote:
             | So they made a carve-out on their genocidal rampage? That
             | does not make the slaughter of women and children better.
        
             | nextlevelwizard wrote:
             | Sure, some men were allowed to live as well as every woman
             | who agreed to marry black men, but thousands were still
             | killed.
        
           | Orou wrote:
           | Genocide was committed on both sides, and from a purely
           | numerical standpoint the Haitian slaves had it worse. Why
           | shouldn't France have been forced to pay back Haiti for the
           | enslavement and genocide that it committed? Or should we just
           | forget about the Vicomte de Rochambeau and his attack dogs?
        
             | onemoresoop wrote:
             | "Convinced that the crisis in Hispaniola could only be
             | resolved by mass murder, Rochambeau undertook to massacre
             | much of the non-white civilian and military population.
             | Under his direction, the French imported hundreds of attack
             | dogs from Cuba, which were used both in counterinsurgency
             | operations and in grotesque public spectacles in which
             | unfortunate prisoners and servants were eaten alive.
             | Rochambeau also displayed exceptional cruelty in a number
             | of other ways, such as massacring enemy troops after they
             | had surrendered to his forces, burning men and women alive,
             | and executing many soldiers and civilians by torture and
             | drowning." [0]
             | 
             | [0] http://islandluminous.fiu.edu/part02-slide13.html
        
           | clairity wrote:
           | > "Let us not white-wash the Haitian revolution..."
           | 
           | let's also make sure not to miss the misdirectional,
           | identity-based non sequitur, focusing exclusively on a few
           | colonizing europeans and a singular incident over the
           | shackled lives of millions of slaves and their prolonged
           | casualties over literal centuries. with one being the
           | consequence of the other, no less.
        
           | throwawaycities wrote:
           | Exactly Germany has to pay for its crimes...not the liberated
           | Jewish people.
           | 
           | Could you imagine Germany sending a bill for the total cost
           | of WW2 to the newly created Country of Israel?
        
           | dang wrote:
           | We detached this subthread from
           | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27761407.
        
           | thoughty wrote:
           | Treaty of Versailles which asked Germany to pay for world war
           | 1 is what restored in world war 2. I don't think Germany was
           | stick with an invoice after world war 2
        
             | nextlevelwizard wrote:
             | >I don't think Germany was stick with an invoice after
             | world war 2
             | 
             | If only there was some way of searching for this
             | information so you don't have to rely on shitty gut
             | feelings
             | 
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_reparations
        
               | carschno wrote:
               | To quote the most relevant parts:
               | 
               | > According to the Yalta Conference, no reparations to
               | Allied countries would be paid in money. Instead much of
               | the value transferred consisted of German industrial
               | assets as well as forced labour to the Allies.
               | 
               | > Later the Western Allies softened their stance in
               | favour of the Marshall Plan, while Eastern Germany
               | continued to deliver industrial goods and raw materials
               | to the Soviet Union until 1953
        
             | weimerica wrote:
             | > I don't think Germany was stick with an invoice after
             | world war 2
             | 
             | It was.
        
               | praptak wrote:
               | Yes it was, technically. GPs point about not repeating
               | the post-WWI mistake still stands though. Germany also
               | received huge help as part of the Marshall plan.
        
             | Spooky23 wrote:
             | The US has extraterritorial rights to German military bases
             | to this day.
             | 
             | So they may not have a crippling financial debt, but the
             | loss wasn't "free".
        
         | dogman144 wrote:
         | Interesting book until 1/2 of the way through it finally drops
         | the point of it: debt is slavery and exclusively exists to
         | perpetuate this form of slavery.
         | 
         | Perhaps, but credit markets also provide critical benefit. 500
         | pages of such a singleminded dismissal of nuance was too much
         | for me.
        
           | andrepd wrote:
           | You definitely did not read the book if that's what you think
           | it's saying.
           | 
           | It wouldn't have 500 pages if it was just "debt = slavery" :p
        
         | cabalamat wrote:
         | David Graeber also wrote (in the same book):
         | 
         | >Apple Computers is a famous example: it was founded by (mostly
         | Republican) computer engineers who broke from IBM in Silicon
         | Valley in the 1980s, forming little democratic circles of
         | twenty to forty people with their laptops in each other's
         | garages.
         | 
         | That's an impressive amount of wrong to pack into one sentence!
         | So much wrong, that I would not trust anything based on
         | Graeber's word.
        
           | eplanit wrote:
           | Surely there are photos of the early Apple engineers in the
           | 1970s, with their _laptops_ in each other's garages. /s
        
             | [deleted]
        
           | magnio wrote:
           | How about Wikipedia?[0]
           | 
           | > After the Haitians gained independence from French colonial
           | rule in the Haitian Revolution of 1804, the French returned
           | in 1825 and demanded that the newly independent country pay
           | the French government and French slaveholders the modern
           | equivalent of US$21 billion for the theft of the slaveowner's
           | property and the land that they had turned into profitable
           | sugar and coffee-producing plantations.
           | 
           | > Haiti's legacy of debt began shortly after a widespread
           | slave revolt against the French, with Haitians gaining their
           | independence from France in 1804. President of the United
           | States Thomas Jefferson - fearing that slaves gaining their
           | independence would spread to the United States - stopped
           | sending aid that began under his predecessor John Adams and
           | pursued international isolation of Haiti during his tenure.
           | France had also pursued a policy that prevented Haiti from
           | participating in trade in the Atlantic. This isolation on the
           | international stage made Haiti desperate for economic relief.
           | 
           | [0]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_debt_of_Haiti
        
           | handrous wrote:
           | Has any other author ever been so consistently dismissed over
           | one errata-worthy, not-particularly-crucial, sentence in a
           | first edition of one book? Why is that brought up as some
           | kind of "gotcha" every time he comes up? You could dismiss
           | most any author with any significant amount of published
           | material over similar trivia.
        
             | jdminhbg wrote:
             | Graeber was a good writer but a bullshit merchant, and that
             | sentence is his oeuvre's purest distillation: It sounded
             | good and right to him when he wrote it, so nobody bothered
             | to check if it was true or not.
        
               | handrous wrote:
               | Could you point me to some good criticism of him? I've
               | sought it before because he does _feel_ that way to me,
               | reading him, but what I 've found has mostly been low-
               | quality.
        
               | nickik wrote:
               | The book is so wide range and meta narrative with a bunch
               | of really specific examples. Some of those have been
               | addressed but nobody seem to want to address the book as
               | a whole.
               | 
               | The basic idea of the book is very old and not original.
               | Social science and philosophy has been arguing about the
               | definition/meaning/origin of debt, money, property right
               | for a long time. He takes a very clear position on it
               | that is clearly based in his ideological believes and
               | then does a running narration of 5000 years of history
               | that all proves his point crossing every social science
               | in the process.
               | 
               | From my perspective as somebody that knows economics, its
               | blatantly clear that he has no respect for economist and
               | has not bothered with history of economic thought beyond
               | finding a few quotes to slander. At the same time its
               | totally clear he has never seriously read the works he
               | seems to despise. It seems that it is his serious believe
               | that economist and apparently the whole history of
               | economics is simply justification for imperialism and
               | slavery.
               | 
               | Not to mention that he is incredibly rude and response
               | with personal attack when people point out that he made
               | some very basic factual errors.
               | 
               | Some of his claims are so incredibly wrong that even
               | somebody who only did the simplest online '101 History of
               | Economic Thought' should not make.
               | 
               | Let me give you an example. Consider this text:
               | 
               | > Voluntary as well as compulsory unilateral transfers of
               | assets (that is, transfers arising neither from a
               | 'reciprocal contract' in general nor from an exchange
               | transaction in particular, although occasionally based on
               | tacitly recognized reciprocity), are among the oldest
               | forms of human relationships as far as we can go back in
               | the history of man's economizing. Long before the
               | exchange of goods appears in history, or becomes of more
               | than negligible importance...we already find a variety of
               | unilateral transfers: voluntary gifts and gifts made more
               | or less under compulsion, compulsory contributions,
               | damages or fines, compensation for killing someone,
               | unilateral transfers within families, etc.*
               | 
               | This was written by an economist in 1892 who according to
               | Graeber only improved on Adam Smith work "by adding
               | various mathematical equations".
               | 
               | The text above was from Carl Menger, one of the most well
               | known economist of the century and one of the founders of
               | modern economics. Not just that, even on that wrote
               | precisely on many of the questions Graeber book
               | addresses. So exactly the kind of person Graeber seems to
               | be wanting to debate and dismiss. The perfect pillar of
               | modern (as in Post-Marginal) economics to shoot down.
               | 
               | Why then would Graeber claim that he only "adding various
               | mathematical equations"? I seems that the only
               | explanation is that he look up the wrong person on
               | wikipedia, as there is another person with the same name
               | who was a mathematician. Nobody who read even an
               | introduction to modern history of economic thought would
               | make that mistake.
               | 
               | He clearly doesn't have a clue who Carl Menger was and
               | clearly has hasn't read his works. He clearly didn't
               | actually study history of economic thought when writing
               | his book. Rather he had preconceived notion and all he
               | needed was a few selective Adam Smith references and
               | dismiss the rest.
               | 
               | At the same time he proudly reference the 1925 'The
               | Gift', to prove how much smarter anthropologists are as
               | they understood the importance of the Gift economy.
               | Compared to economist who according to him only believe
               | in the "Mythical Land of Barter".
               | 
               | He speaks with equal authority about some almost unknown
               | tribal societies, 5000 year old city states that we only
               | have very basic data on and 2000s century politics and
               | modern central banking (that he has borderline no
               | understanding off). Given his very clear and explicit
               | bias and he evident willingness to do selective reading
               | and misinterpretation I much rather read on these topics
               | from actual experts without such a clear bias and
               | explicit political message.
        
               | handrous wrote:
               | This post was really helpful, thanks. I've had an actual
               | academic text on the history of economic though on my-to
               | read list for years, at this point--you've prompted me to
               | bump it up the queue.
        
             | dogman144 wrote:
             | Author gets dismissed because the follow on editions are
             | still a detail-packed journey through ancient anthropology
             | that all cleanly lands as "see, debt is slavery and always
             | has been." I don't know how someone can take such a un-
             | nuanced view of credit markets seriously.
        
               | handrous wrote:
               | I read it, and recall there being a bit more to it than
               | that. For one thing--of many--the book treats extensively
               | of debt as a kind of social glue, fundamental to human
               | relationships & societies, which isn't compatible with:
               | "see, debt is slavery and always has been."
               | 
               | One consistent problem I've had trying to take in
               | criticism of the book (and I have looked for it!) is that
               | it rarely seems to have been written by people who read
               | the same book I did. It's bizarre.
        
               | andrepd wrote:
               | You definitely did not read the book if that's what you
               | think it's saying.
               | 
               | It wouldn't have 500 pages if it was just "debt =
               | slavery" :p
        
               | handrous wrote:
               | Lots of the 1-star reviews of it on Amazon, for instance,
               | are by people who seemed to have skimmed it, because
               | they'll level complaints like "the book said X, which is
               | ridiculous because Y!" when the book explicitly
               | identifies and addresses _exactly_ Y within a paragraph
               | or two of introducing X. It 's like they're not familiar
               | with that form of writing[0] and, on reading something
               | they think may have problems, just skip ahead to the next
               | argument.
               | 
               | Longer-form criticism I've read of it tends to exhibit
               | similar, if less egregious, problems with reading
               | comprehension. Which is frustrating because I suspect the
               | book actually _does_ have issues and oversights that
               | would be nice to read about from a person with the right
               | background who actually closely read  & understood the
               | book.
               | 
               | [0] I do have my _suspicions_ about what kind of economic
               | /political writing these folks are used to reading,
               | that's (evidently) conditioned them not to expect
               | anything resembling a sincere and thorough attempt to
               | address problems with an assertion or argument to follow
               | close on the heels of same assertion or argument, so may
               | incline them toward skipping ahead or skimming heavily on
               | reading something they immediately think of an objection
               | to....
        
             | JKCalhoun wrote:
             | First I had heard of it. But I was surprised to see how he
             | waved it away as simply "garbled" and then moved
             | immediately to threats of lawsuits claiming libel.
             | 
             | I agree the sentence is a small one. The author's reaction
             | however only succeeds in drawing even more attention to it.
        
               | handrous wrote:
               | IIRC, whatever else you think of Graeber's reaction
               | there, "moved immediately to threats of lawsuits claiming
               | libel" does not accurately describe what he did, as that
               | post is part of a _much_ larger exchange.
        
           | Spooky23 wrote:
           | Are you trying to say that Apple Engineers in 1978 weren't
           | using their MacBooks? I wonder why the democratic drum
           | circles were in garages instead of Starbucks? LOL.
           | 
           | That's beyond impressive, that in extraordinarily and
           | spectacularly ignorant prose.
        
           | zja wrote:
           | Graeber actually addressed this sentence on this site a few
           | years ago (It was a "garbled sentence in the first edition
           | that was instantly removed").
           | 
           | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=17193121
        
             | rjzzleep wrote:
             | How'd that sentence make it into the first edition? And who
             | wrote it?
        
               | DiggyJohnson wrote:
               | David Graeber wrote it, and the first question is
               | answered in the comment you're replying to?
               | 
               | Are you making a larger point?
        
               | meepmorp wrote:
               | > Are you making a larger point?
               | 
               | Not OP, but I think the idea is one should be skeptical
               | of other things the guy has to say, considering that the
               | aforementioned sentence about Apple isn't just wrong,
               | it's wrong in a way that shows no familiarity with the
               | subject. at all.
               | 
               | Or, more bluntly, the guy sounds like he's full of shit.
        
               | dang wrote:
               | If everyone is to be judged by the worst sentence they've
               | written then literally everyone ends up in the junk pile.
               | This is not a substantive argument, and it's completely
               | off topic. Please don't take HN threads further down lame
               | generic tangents.
               | 
               | https://hn.algolia.com/?dateRange=all&page=0&prefix=true&
               | sor...
               | 
               | https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
        
             | chroma wrote:
             | His excuse is about as plausible as, "My dog ate my
             | homework." Yes dogs do sometimes eat homework, but most of
             | the time that claim is a lie.
             | 
             | First, it's odd how such a garbled sentence managed to be
             | perfectly understandable English. If it was garbled, what
             | was the original intention? I don't know of any major tech
             | company founded in SV in the 1980s by ex-IBM engineers who
             | were mostly Republican. I can't recall any famous company
             | or organization that was known for forming democratic
             | circles of 20-40 people with laptops in garages (regardless
             | of the decade). Any sort of elaboration or clarification on
             | the intended meaning would have gone a long way toward
             | convincing me. The original sentence is simply too coherent
             | to be "garbled" without further elaboration.
             | 
             | Second, book drafts are read and reread by teams of
             | professional editors. Excerpts are circulated among
             | colleagues and domain experts. It is practically impossible
             | that such a "garbled" sentence could sneak by all of them.
             | 
             | I agree that DeLong behaved despicably, but Graeber can't
             | be trusted.
             | 
             | Edit: I've tracked down previous excuses by Graeber.
             | Initially, he blamed incorrect information from an
             | unpublished study by a student of the Marxist economist
             | Richard Wolff. Annoyingly the Twitter thread is totally
             | broken, but individual tweets are still there:
             | 
             | https://twitter.com/chumpchanger/status/141218501024157696
             | "David Graeber,Debt,p96: Apple was founded by engineers
             | from IBM who formed little democratic circles of 20-40 with
             | laptops in garages.-HUH?!"
             | 
             | https://twitter.com/davidgraeber/status/141581278880346112
             | "yeah I know I think Wolff was just kind of wrong about a
             | lot of this; I tried to check with him but he didn't answer
             | the email"
             | 
             | https://twitter.com/davidgraeber/status/141536818398113792
             | "no I mean Richard Wolff the Marxist economist whose
             | student did a study of the origins of Apple and never
             | published it"
             | 
             | Around six months later he blames a copyeditor[1]:
             | 
             | > The endlessly cited Apple quote was not supposed to be
             | about Apple. Actually it was about a whole of series of
             | other tiny start-ups created by people who'd dropped out of
             | IBM, Apple, and similar behemoths. (Of them it's perfectly
             | true.) The passage got horribly garbled at some point into
             | something incoherent, I still can't completely figure out
             | how, was patched back together by the copyeditor into
             | something that made logical sense but was obviously
             | factually wrong. I should have caught it at the
             | proofreading stage but I didn't.
             | 
             | Good luck trying to track down the startups that Graeber
             | says he was referencing, or the report that he claims he
             | got the information from. The much more likely explanation
             | is that he wrote some nonsense, got called on it, and
             | refused to own up to his mistake.
             | 
             | 1. https://crookedtimber.org/2012/04/02/seminar-on-debt-
             | the-fir...
        
           | andrepd wrote:
           | ... So let me get this straight: you disregard something
           | because the person who wrote it had a since-corrected editor
           | error in the first edition of an unrelated work. Is that it?
        
             | handrous wrote:
             | I'm open to the idea (though have yet to see what I'd
             | consider strong evidence for it) that Graeber was,
             | generally, full of shit--his public presentation and the
             | kind of books he wrote _incline_ me to believe it, in fact,
             | even if the books themselves have, so far, surprised me by
             | having a lot more substance than I expected--but the way
             | people harp on that sentence makes me think they 're not
             | familiar with the way broad-reaching books like this are
             | researched, written, and edited. Getting a handful of
             | details wrong, even _very_ wrong, is downright normal.
             | Failing to acknowledge and fix them when they 're pointed
             | out might be a problem, but... did that happen, with that
             | book? Not just there, but anywhere else?
             | 
             | I'd be much more interested in criticism that addresses the
             | core ideas, evidence, and arguments of the book, or that
             | illustrate a pattern of presenting incorrect information,
             | especially if it's left that way once it's made known, or
             | if it's something the arguments presented by the book hinge
             | on. Bringing this one bit up over and over and over doesn't
             | really prove anything, and isn't helpful.
        
           | dang wrote:
           | Please don't take HN threads on offtopic flamewar tangents.
           | What a useless train wreck.
           | 
           | https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
        
           | dogman144 wrote:
           | The book is awful. I said it in another response, but it's
           | basically a narrative looking for evidence with a mix of
           | anthropology.
        
         | gordian-mind wrote:
         | Ah yes, the popular field of finding convoluted ways to blame
         | Europeans for all the failures and atrocious dystopias created
         | by non-whites.
        
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