[HN Gopher] RateOurCops - Like Yelp, but for Cops
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       RateOurCops - Like Yelp, but for Cops
        
       Author : Roco_
       Score  : 158 points
       Date   : 2021-07-02 19:52 UTC (3 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (rateourcops.org)
 (TXT) w3m dump (rateourcops.org)
        
       | mancerayder wrote:
       | Yelp? Yelp rates things like service quality, food quality, and
       | whether your roofer did a good job.
       | 
       | I'm not so certain people will leave glowing positive reviews, or
       | 4-star reviews of cops. "Fantastic service, the interior of the
       | back of the car could have been more clean, I wish I could give
       | this 3.5 stars."
       | 
       | Or, "Gave me directions when I was lost near 9th ave, looking the
       | M&M store. Thanks! 5 stars."
       | 
       | But most likely, "Was rude, yelled at me, and then pushed me up
       | against the wall. 1 star"
       | 
       | This idea is _ridiculous._ If you want a platform for civilian
       | review, that does exist in some cities. Because, and this
       | evidenced by some of the  "how brave" comments below, this is
       | really intended to punish bad cops and call them out. Calling
       | this a Yelp is dishonest. If you want to be honest call it like
       | it is, a complaint area.
       | 
       | In some cities there's a civilian review board, and there's a
       | special section of the DA for investigating bad behavior and
       | illegal behavior. The role of the cop is to enforce laws. Will
       | _this_ idea make them more accountable to those things, or does
       | it exist to create mayhem using technology and an online platform
       | for doxxing? That 's not a rhetorical question - it's an honest
       | question and I'm curious what people believe.
        
         | colecut wrote:
         | I guess the case that you are making is that police generally
         | provide much worse service than restaurants
        
           | mancerayder wrote:
           | If you calculate the odds, the odds that an interaction with
           | the police is a desired one is fairly low. You're either
           | getting stopped / questioned / arrested / whatevered by the
           | police when you're suspected of a crime. Or, something
           | terrible happen and you're reporting a crime. The only 5 star
           | experience is the tourist asking for directions, and even
           | that is stretching it.
           | 
           | A restaurant provides a service in exchange for a payment. A
           | police officer is taught to uphold the law, and interactions
           | with the citizenry isn't like a hotelier interacting with a
           | guest after a flight.
           | 
           | I'm not justifying anything the police do, or excusing
           | anything. The case I'm making is that the metaphor of Yelp
           | and service are just wrong. In the U.S., at least. And
           | certainly in big cities. It's no picnic being on either side
           | of the police-citizen interaction.
        
       | coolspot wrote:
       | Next step is "rateaperson" a la blackmirror.
        
         | runawaybottle wrote:
         | I suppose you never heard of Instagram or LinkedIn likes.
        
           | whoooooo123 wrote:
           | Or Peeple
        
           | iammisc wrote:
           | I suppose the difference is that you can potentially be off
           | instagram. This is like someone else creating an insta
           | account for you, downvoting it, and then having others judge
           | you based off of that.
           | 
           | I guess LinkedIn fits the bill better.
        
       | golemiprague wrote:
       | They should make also RateOurCriminal just for balance, or maybe
       | RateOurCitizen like they do in China to some extent but in a less
       | blatant way. This idea is more of a political agenda than an
       | honest attempt to improve policing. police service is not like a
       | commercial transaction where both sides can choose who they deal
       | with and both sides have an interest for the interaction to be
       | successful.
        
       | wydfre wrote:
       | Where can I rank them for protecting people from Japanese mind
       | control?
       | 
       | Something like "Seargent Smith seems quite competent: he told me
       | that I had Japanese cloned consciousnesses in my head and that it
       | was terminal - 4/5 stars".
       | 
       | Or "Detective Samantha of NJU lacked imagination and just thought
       | I was screwed in the head, self-incriminating and wanted
       | attention when I clearly wanted someone to 'clean house' again in
       | my head - 2/5 stars"
       | 
       | Or "Officer Breen seemed to despise me, as he took notes on his
       | Panasonic Toughbook without an ounce of thought - 3/5 stars".
       | 
       | Or "Did an obese redditor just upset the Japanese empire again?"
        
       | Ensorceled wrote:
       | Not a lot of reviews ... not that I find that surprising, nor the
       | types of reviews that are being left ...
       | 
       | > Considering Chicago is the most violent city in America , the
       | police are way too lenient and practice more social justice than
       | they do law enforcement. The scale of punishment vs reward is way
       | off. The revolving door of crime also known as recidivism is out
       | of control. They spend too much money, time, and effort on
       | policing the police than prosecuting forcible felons, including;
       | pedophiles, murderers, and other heinous crimes. Ever since they
       | have gone overboard with watchdog groups over emphasizing
       | everything the police do wrong 1% of the time the crime had
       | skyrocketed. I highly recommend you utilize your tech savvy
       | rating blog to create charts and graphs comparing depolicing,
       | lack of prosecution, and crime. You will find that this marxist
       | agenda tool is the cause of the priblem a d not law enforcement.
       | I therefore give the Chicago Police Deparment 5 stars and
       | Communism no stars. Peace be with you. I pray to Jesus.
        
         | LAC-Tech wrote:
         | What do you mean by 'types of reviews'?
         | 
         | What 'type' is this?
        
           | jessaustin wrote:
           | I'd suggest "batshit crazy".
        
             | LAC-Tech wrote:
             | A lot of people - particularly working class people - would
             | agree with this assessment. Do you genuinely believe
             | they're all "batshit crazy"?
        
       | caiob wrote:
       | Make it available for Canadian provinces too.
        
       | dntrkv wrote:
       | Would love to see the reaction from everyone here with an
       | equivalent: RateOurEngineers.com
       | 
       | John - Dicks around on HackerNews all day and doesn't get any
       | work done. 1/5 stars, would not hire.
        
         | heartbreak wrote:
         | You're right. What we really need is GitHub for cops. Let's see
         | their "contributions." Court records are almost always open.
         | I'd like to see for any given cop, every case in which they
         | were the arresting officer in an easily searchable format. Even
         | better if it exposes suspect demographic information and
         | charges.
        
       | WoahNoun wrote:
       | Oh this is easy. Just rate ACAB. Anyone willing to actively
       | participate in a racist and unjust system like American policing
       | certainly deserves the ACAB badge.
        
       | throwawaysea wrote:
       | This seems like an unnecessary service that is largely built off
       | the unhinged fervor of dedicated activists. Cops are not bad
       | people, by and large. They have been unfairly demonized this last
       | year and in some past years, based off lone anecdotal examples.
       | Remember, the police in America literally have hundreds of
       | millions of interactions with citizens each year. There are very
       | very few incidents of bad or unjust policing as a percentage of
       | those interactions. In fact, I would argue the system is closer
       | to being perfect than it is to being broken.
       | 
       | So what's the actual utility of this service? Those who have good
       | experiences with cops will ignore it and not use it, while a
       | small number of vocal and dedicated persons with an axe to grind
       | may use it. At best, it will provide a biased perspective and
       | open up avenues of abuse.
        
         | dane-pgp wrote:
         | > Cops are not bad people, by and large.
         | 
         | That may be true, but I can't help imagining a good cop seeing
         | this and saying "Hey, that's not fair, you're watching us all
         | the time, collecting all this information in a permanent
         | record, just waiting to portray something innocent in a
         | negative light and requiring us to clear our names." to which
         | the response of the average citizens should be, "Right, now do
         | you see why mass surveillance is bad?"
        
       | rubatuga wrote:
       | I'm sorry, but this is not the way to enforce "good cops". You
       | need to focus more on local surroundings that represent smaller
       | communities, where reputation and social interactions matter. The
       | internet is an amplification in both good and bad ways, but a
       | large centralized way to enforce "good cops" is ripe for
       | disaster. We need to develop tools to help stabilize small-scale
       | communities, not cause schisms. In turn, these tools can be
       | considered a form of public infrastructure. Maybe open-source the
       | code so that local communities could run such a website?
        
         | commandlinefan wrote:
         | Store owners sometimes advertise their bad yelp reviews as a
         | point of pride, just to show how unseriously they take those
         | reviews: https://www.boredpanda.com/yelp-one-star-review-owner-
         | comeba...
        
         | ipaddr wrote:
         | Make them small and less powerful to blunt any effect and
         | create schisms? Have a small copy run locally and use the power
         | of gossip to shame without creating schisms?
         | 
         | Not sure that's going to work any better than what we don't
         | have now.
        
         | hanniabu wrote:
         | Cool, you gonna do that? What you're describing is networking
         | and that's not going to fight that decades of built nepotism
         | and brotherhoods.
        
         | dheera wrote:
         | Most local communities aren't going to do that.
        
       | black_13 wrote:
       | This is more information will make more freedom fallacy.
       | Technology doesn't solve bad ideas and bad philosophy.
        
       | cwkoss wrote:
       | Awesome project. Will you be adding Seattle anytime soon? Would
       | love this for our area - we've got plenty of problematic cops up
       | here.
        
         | Roco_ wrote:
         | Thank you! Seattle PD has just been added by someone
         | https://rateourcops.org/agencies/2955
        
       | rossdavidh wrote:
       | "Like Yelp..."
       | 
       | You know, they may turn out to be more correct than they
       | intended...
        
       | OminousWeapons wrote:
       | I see what this is trying to do, but I'm not sure what the
       | creators think this is going to achieve. Many if not most police
       | interactions are going to leave someone unhappy; it is the nature
       | of policing. Either an innocent party is confronted, a criminal
       | is caught, or a victim does not receive justice. If this site is
       | actually used by people, most cops regardless of behavior will
       | end up with poor ratings, and that's ignoring the inevitable
       | brigading that will occur whenever there is controversy.
       | 
       | As these ratings have no bearing on whether police keep their
       | job, whether a civilian interacts with a given cop, whether they
       | are promoted, or anything else, all this really serves to do is
       | shit talk the police. Now, there are definitely some police who
       | deserve to be called out for inappropriate behavior, but doing it
       | on the internet really won't do any good.
        
       | VWWHFSfQ wrote:
       | Interesting idea but this is very likely to be sued out of
       | existence very quickly. And depending on the nature of the
       | anonymous comments left on specific officers' records, the
       | operators of the website could very easily be criminally
       | prosecuted.
        
         | Roco_ wrote:
         | A lawsuit would be good PR.
        
           | VWWHFSfQ wrote:
           | no it wouldn't.
        
       | aliasEli wrote:
       | This site would definitely be illegal in the EU. GDPR certainly
       | prohibits showing details like phone or email info.
       | 
       | I can understand that people want to hold police accountable for
       | their actions but I don't think this is the way to do it.
        
         | tyingq wrote:
         | I don't know to what degree they are reviewing info, but the
         | officer listings I saw were just office email and office phone.
         | I can't imagine that's illegal in the EU.
        
           | rOOb85 wrote:
           | Same thing for the officers I checked. All emails/phones were
           | publicly listed on their own agencies websites.
        
       | haroldp wrote:
       | What is the point of this if it omits the step where you can
       | choose not to use someone's services if you don't like their
       | rating?
        
         | jonathankoren wrote:
         | It's a political tool to highlight abusive behavior, and thus
         | exert pressure for police reform. However if that is too
         | abstract for you, an individual's legal team could use this
         | tool determine if an arresting officer has a history of abuse
         | and police perjury.
         | 
         | I imagine the impetus for this comes from the widespread
         | accounts of cops that have long histories of abusive behavior
         | and evidence tampering being tolerated and indeed covered up by
         | the police. In fact in many states, disciplinary records are
         | secret, and indeed there are moves in several states to make
         | independently documenting abusive police encounters a criminal
         | offense.
        
           | easterncalculus wrote:
           | > an individual's legal team could use this tool determine if
           | an arresting officer has a history of abuse and police
           | perjury.
           | 
           | No self-respecting attorney would ever trust a third-party
           | site with zero verification. You would literally get more
           | accurate information from Twitter or Facebook.
           | 
           | > I imagine the impetus for this comes from the widespread
           | accounts of cops that have long histories of abusive behavior
           | and evidence tampering being tolerated and indeed covered up
           | by the police.
           | 
           | All of these issues are only going to be correctly handled by
           | legitimate authorities anyways, this site doesn't actually
           | solve anything. Anything posted here can be safely ignored.
           | If anything, this site's layout should just be translated to
           | an official city's website for handling complaints, so that
           | they can spend the money to use it and make it effective.
        
             | heavyset_go wrote:
             | > _No self-respecting attorney would ever trust a third-
             | party site with zero verification. You would literally get
             | more accurate information from Twitter or Facebook._
             | 
             | Of course they wouldn't, but now they have leads they can
             | reach out to and verify. And if they want to give
             | testimony, and the court will hear them, then they can do
             | so under the threat of perjury.
             | 
             | > _All of these issues are only going to be correctly
             | handled by legitimate authorities anyways, this site doesn
             | 't actually solve anything_
             | 
             | Except this hasn't been the case. There are plenty of
             | examples of abuse of power by law enforcement being brushed
             | under the rug by authorities until the public or their team
             | of lawyers pressured them into doing something about it.
        
         | asteroidbelt wrote:
         | The stated goal on the website is good: better accountability.
         | 
         | But I'm afraid the proposed solution may lead to doxxing and
         | threatening of police officers and their family members, ie
         | 2021 style mob rule.
         | 
         | The correct solution would be more legislation requiring police
         | to disclose whatever it should disclose. The law should define
         | the level of police transparency, not anonymous justice
         | warriors.
        
         | tyingq wrote:
         | It sets up the launch of the companion site where you buy
         | improved service.
        
           | haroldp wrote:
           | My city has a monopoly contract with one provider. I don't
           | get to choose.
        
             | tyingq wrote:
             | Oh, no, not like that. It helps you understand when you
             | might need to let a $100 fall out of your wallet when
             | you're pulled over.
        
               | haroldp wrote:
               | What's $100 to a dude making over $100 per hour?
        
               | colinmhayes wrote:
               | an hour of work
        
               | blix wrote:
               | Assuming a 40hr/wk schedule, the average salary for
               | police officers in the usa ($70k) works out to about
               | $33/hr with about half making less (likely more depending
               | on the skew in the distribution). There are job postings
               | for usa police listing ~30k yearly salary, which comes to
               | about $15/hr. Probably some new recruits end up in the
               | typical situation of salaried workers and work
               | significnatly more than 40 hours. I bet $100 could seem
               | pretty nice.
        
               | heavyset_go wrote:
               | I lived in a state where the median salary for cops was
               | over $108k before overtime, benefits and bonuses. Many
               | cops made over $250k+ a year with overtime. Some of them
               | retire after 20 years with $250k a year pensions that
               | municipalities are liable for.
        
               | newbie789 wrote:
               | > Assuming a 40hr/wk schedule...
               | 
               | A lot of police officers work a lot of overtime hours,
               | for example in Oakland one officer averaged a half a
               | million dollars per year. (1)
               | 
               | I'm not sure exactly what his hourly wage worked out to,
               | but I'll agree with the overall sentiment that somebody
               | making that much money would not likely be swayed by
               | $100.
               | 
               | 1 https://www.ktvu.com/news/oakland-police-
               | average-30-million-...
        
               | blix wrote:
               | I'd be wary of extrapolating from one exceptional person
               | in the bay area to the entire country... Probably most
               | cops aren't the single highest paid person in their
               | municipality.
        
               | heavyset_go wrote:
               | There are a lot of places in the US where the chief of
               | police is the highest paid employee on a municipality's
               | payroll.
        
               | haroldp wrote:
               | Here's a search for the pay for every "sergeant" in my
               | state. Not brand new cops, but not lieutenants, captains
               | of chiefs either:
               | 
               | https://transparentnevada.com/salaries/search/?q=sergeant
               | 
               | Cops make a lot more than most people realize.
        
               | blix wrote:
               | $100/hr works out to about $200k/yr, maybe a little more
               | or less depending on how much vacation you get and
               | assuming no overtime (for convenience despite the sibling
               | comment). Based on your data, the represents about the
               | top percentile of police sergeant pay (not including
               | benefits). Actually in the most recent available year
               | only 1 out of 250 passes this threshold, with the median
               | at around ~$85k. Unless this website is just a tool for
               | police to hide how much they earn too?
               | 
               | It's a good amount of money for a blue collar job, but I
               | think you're overselling it, especially for HN.
        
               | haroldp wrote:
               | Why wouldn't you include benefits? Do you consider
               | benefits when accepting a job? Would cops accept only
               | base pay as compensation? I am paying for these benefits,
               | and they are not, like $50/mo into your 401k benefits.
               | They are golden-parachute, retire young, benefits. They
               | are part of total compensation, and it would be dishonest
               | to talk about cop pay without including them. Almost
               | every police sergeant makes over $100k in total
               | compensation. At least 10% make more than $200k.
        
               | blix wrote:
               | Because I'm not convinced of the reliability of benfit-
               | to-dollar conversions, especially given their history as
               | a way to distract from falling real wages. I personally
               | value real salary much higher than benefit equivalent.
               | Maybe the police department is overpaying for dental
               | insurance from an agency run by the chief's cousin's
               | wife.
               | 
               | You raise a valid point but it makes the analysis more
               | complicated. Even given the way you run the numbers,
               | however, I think you are still overestimating the hourly
               | rate for the average cop. If you judge the wealth of the
               | world by the top 10%, poverty has been eliminated.
        
               | newbie789 wrote:
               | Here are more articles and studies on this topic. I
               | didn't extrapolate from one example, I just used one in
               | my post (this is why I used the phrase "for example")
               | 
               | https://www.governing.com/archive/gov-police-officers-
               | overwo...
               | 
               | https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewdepietro/2020/04/23/po
               | lic...
               | 
               | https://www.courant.com/breaking-news/hc-lender-police-
               | pay-2...
               | 
               | https://www.marketplace.org/2020/07/03/police-
               | departments-ha...
               | 
               | https://www.foxnews.com/us/15-portland-police-officers-
               | see-l...
               | 
               | I'd personally be wary of extrapolating "this webpage
               | says that some police officers that make less money than
               | others" to "$100 is a significant amount of money for an
               | average cop."
        
               | blix wrote:
               | For your example you picked the highest paid officer in
               | one of the richest areas in the state where police
               | officers make the most money. It does seem that police in
               | California make a ton of money, but it's really not
               | representative of the entire country. Take a look at that
               | Forbes link you posted.
               | 
               | Despite reading your articles, I still don't think
               | $100/hr is a reasonable approximation of an average cop's
               | hourly rate, and thats before getting into the fact that
               | the guy making half a million for watching Warriors games
               | is probably not the guy pulling you over.
        
               | newbie789 wrote:
               | > Despite reading your articles, I still don't think
               | $100/hr is a reasonable approximation of an average cop's
               | hourly rate
               | 
               | I've personally never said that police make more than
               | $100 per hour, in fact I specifically said that despite
               | not knowing what the hourly wage works out to, I don't
               | think that $100 would be a significant amount of money to
               | most cops.
               | 
               | If your premise is "you can bribe anyone as long as the
               | dollar amount is higher than the wages from one hour of
               | work," then I suppose it's impossible to discuss in good
               | faith.
               | 
               | My premise is "$100 isn't usually enough to bribe people
               | that make high five figures or more." I'm not entirely
               | sure why hourly wage is supposed to fit in here.
        
               | blix wrote:
               | > I'm not entirely sure why hourly wage is supposed to
               | fit in here.
               | 
               | Please read the original post I responded to. It
               | explicitly mentions hourly wage which is the only reason
               | I mentioned it at all. I thought their estimate seemed a
               | little high.
               | 
               | Thank you for stating your premise, I didn't find it
               | clear in your earlier posts. I don't have strong opinions
               | about how much is enough to bribe someone who makes X as
               | I am not aware of any good sources of data that deal with
               | this question. Maybe a table of attempted bribes with
               | metadata. I'll run some experiments and get back to you.
        
               | haroldp wrote:
               | Base salary is a fraction of what cops earn. Indeed, it
               | is a way to hide what they actually earn. Check this out:
               | 
               | Deputy Jason Wood is the sort of shitty cop that I would
               | like to avoid based on his poor ratings from interactions
               | with my community. He can be heard in this video
               | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xc4iEjycDCw repeatedly
               | urging his dog to attack a suspect who was on his knees
               | with his hands in the air. He subsequently got a DUI
               | https://mynews4.com/news/local/washoe-county-deputy-
               | charged-.... Deputy Jason Wood is still a Washoe County
               | Sheriff's deputy today, and indeed has been promoted
               | since those incidents. We paid him $242,000
               | https://transparentnevada.com/salaries/2020/washoe/jason-
               | d-w... in total compensation last year - plus we paid the
               | guy in that video $17,500 for the mauling and beating.
               | 
               | He also shot a guy to death in 2014, but there was no
               | video of that and police investigated themselves and
               | determined that there was no wrongdoing.
               | 
               | If you want to do some naive math, $242k divided by
               | 40hr/week divided by 52 weeks/year is $116/hr in total
               | compensation.
               | 
               | Oh he got a second DUI this year too.
        
               | heavyset_go wrote:
               | There was a cop in one state who was caught taking $20
               | and $50 bribes from people. He was making over $200k a
               | year.
               | 
               | It's not about money, it's about power.
        
               | azinman2 wrote:
               | This doesn't really work in the US (thankfully). You
               | gotta go far, far bigger and it not be a traffic ticket
               | for that to work. Think cartel.
        
         | timcambrant wrote:
         | "Warning: The officer approaching you has a RateOurCops rating
         | of 1.6. Do not make any sudden movements. Use old english
         | language and manners. Attempt to turn caucasian. Good luck."
        
           | sparker72678 wrote:
           | Good advice for any law enforcement encounter.
        
       | sbussard wrote:
       | There are way too many misuse cases for this product. For example
       | - someone who wants to convert good cops into bad cops could use
       | a system like this to target good cops.
        
       | easterncalculus wrote:
       | This is not Yelp for Cops, or RateMyProfessors, that is just a
       | false comparison to justify what is almost definitely going to
       | turn into a harassment and doxxing platform.
       | 
       | Yelp and online business review sites provide value on the basis
       | that you can make educated choices, but there is no choice
       | involved with police. You don't get to pick and choose which
       | officers or departments are coming, and if someone calls the
       | police on you you're not not going to be have the time or
       | knowledge of who's being sent to search on RateOurCops before
       | they get there. It's a fallacy.
        
         | heavyset_go wrote:
         | > _Yelp and online business review sites provide value on the
         | basis that you can make educated choices, but there is no
         | choice involved with police. You don 't get to pick and choose
         | which officers or departments are coming, and if someone calls
         | the police on you you're not not going to be have the time or
         | knowledge of who's being sent to search on RateOurCops before
         | they get there. It's a fallacy._
         | 
         | You don't get to pick and choose your kid's public school
         | teachers, either. You can extend this to public schools, as
         | well. You don't choose public schools your kid goes to in the
         | same way you don't get to choose what department in your city
         | responds to your call. And yet Rate My Teachers exists for
         | public school teachers[1] all the same.
         | 
         | You _can_ choose where you live and decide what schools or
         | teachers you don 't want your kid being around, in the same way
         | you can choose where you live or travel to in order to avoid
         | certain cops or police departments entirely.
         | 
         | [1] https://ratemyteachers.com/
        
           | easterncalculus wrote:
           | Your argument is essentially that two wrongs make a right,
           | since this other site exists then this one is fine.
           | 
           | RatemyTeachers has a privacy policy and at least attempts to
           | verify people, telling viewers that despite their efforts
           | they should take reviews with a grain of salt[1].
           | 
           | Also, you still have more options for schools due to private
           | and charter schools. It's still not an equal comparison.
           | 
           | [1] https://ratemyteachers.com/faq
        
             | heavyset_go wrote:
             | My argument is that 1) you can, actually, make a choice
             | using this information 2) that the OP isn't unique or
             | different from other review sites, that in fact the OP is
             | along the same lines of Rate My Professors, Rate My
             | Teachers or other review sites. I also don't believe it's
             | wrong, but I didn't argue that.
        
           | kQq9oHeAz6wLLS wrote:
           | > You don't get to pick and choose your kid's public school
           | teachers, either
           | 
           | Where I live you do. You can put in a request to have your
           | child go to another school, either in your district or even
           | out of your district. Or enroll them in private school, or
           | charter school, or, heck, home school them.
           | 
           | The difference is, doing this means you as a parent are on
           | the hook for getting your child to these schools (and in the
           | case of home school, teaching as well).
           | 
           | But just because something is inconvenient doesn't mean it
           | doesn't exist. And these options mean you can put your child
           | where they will excel.
        
             | heavyset_go wrote:
             | > _But just because something is inconvenient doesn 't mean
             | it doesn't exist. And these options mean you can put your
             | child where they will excel._
             | 
             | Exactly. If I don't want to live or visit somewhere where I
             | might encounter certain police officers or departments, I
             | have the option of making that happen. And that option
             | means my kid won't be on the wrong side of those particular
             | people or departments abusing their power.
             | 
             | Sites like the OP give people that option.
        
         | rOOb85 wrote:
         | > almost definitely going to turn into a harassment and doxxing
         | platform.
         | 
         | This site only uses publicly available information. How would
         | it enable more harassment if someone can goto
         | www.agency.com/officers and get the same info?
        
           | easterncalculus wrote:
           | People can post whatever they want in the reviews. There's no
           | verification process, or privacy policy. At best, this is
           | "just trust us".
        
             | rOOb85 wrote:
             | OK, I see how that could be a issue.
        
         | leesalminen wrote:
         | You can certainly choose where to live and travel though based
         | on these reviews.
        
           | judge2020 wrote:
           | The chance of these reviews turning out to be unbiased is
           | quite literally 0%, and the chance of them being useful when
           | determining where to live is maybe 0.1%.
        
           | easterncalculus wrote:
           | You can certainly also make that choice based on information
           | from legitimate channels. People in LA don't need to have
           | input on police departments that they'll never run into.
        
             | jonathankoren wrote:
             | You do realize that cops -- _especially_ bad cops -- change
             | departments all the time.
             | 
             | https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/06/16/what-
             | happ...
        
               | easterncalculus wrote:
               | I'm very aware of this practice, but once again it
               | doesn't justify this website. It needs to be handled by
               | the city in question. They can write their own policies
               | and have autonomy, instead of everything coming down to
               | online hearsay.
        
               | rOOb85 wrote:
               | Except cities and agencies are choosing not to implement
               | things like this. And they even go as far as keeping this
               | information secret from the public.
        
               | easterncalculus wrote:
               | The government not taking the 'right' option is not an
               | argument for the creation of this website. Having the
               | authorities run it instead of some random people (trolls,
               | extremists, foreign intelligence, who knows) is not the
               | same.
        
       | smoldesu wrote:
       | This website is golden, but there are some issues with fake
       | reviews. For example, the top review of the Chicago Department
       | [0] seems to be from someone very disgruntled at the idea of
       | people sharing their opinions online.
       | 
       | [0] https://rateourcops.org/agencies/1425
        
       | macspoofing wrote:
       | This won't have any unintended consequences ... no sir.
        
         | easterncalculus wrote:
         | As if Yelp itself was even a good idea. I can't think of anyone
         | I've met that's gone to anywhere based on positive Yelp
         | reviews, but it takes no time at all to point to small
         | businesses extorted and destroyed by review scammers.
        
           | azinman2 wrote:
           | > I can't think of anyone I've met that's gone to anywhere
           | based on positive Yelp reviews
           | 
           | You're kidding, right? They wouldn't exist if people didn't
           | extract value out of them. I certainly have many, many, many
           | times visited or hired businesses because of Yelp, and Aziz
           | Ansari has an entire bit in this. Reviews are a backbone of
           | much online commerce.
        
             | easterncalculus wrote:
             | As much as you have decided to trust online reviews, Yelp
             | has led to the destruction of good people's livelihoods. It
             | has screwed over tons of people.
             | 
             | Of course even if Yelp were perfect or even good, it
             | doesn't matter because this site is nothing like Yelp or
             | RateMyProfessors, because there is no choice involved. It's
             | not like you choose which officers or departments show up
             | to your 911 call. If the police do show up, it's not like
             | you check their RateOurCops score before they get to your
             | door.
        
               | [deleted]
        
       | arionhardison wrote:
       | I made something like this a while ago (CopScore), not only were
       | there serious issues with it but it was also very ineffective.
       | This can ONLY be done by the gov in an official capacity.
       | 
       | Link: https://nextcity.org/daily/entry/crowdsource-police-
       | reviews-...
        
         | nilstycho wrote:
         | What were the serious issues you observed?
        
         | cwkoss wrote:
         | > This can ONLY be done by the gov in an official capacity.
         | 
         | What should citizens do when the government and official
         | capacities are completely failing to hold police accountable?
         | 
         | In Seattle our Office of Police Accountability is a blind
         | rubber stamping agency that our OIG recently reprimanded for
         | their abysmal failures in investigating an incident with a lot
         | of public intention.
         | 
         | https://southseattleemerald.com/2021/06/30/oig-memo-reveals-...
        
           | VWWHFSfQ wrote:
           | Where does this learned helplessness come from? You can run
           | for city council in Seattle. Or fund the candidates that you
           | like. This is what citizens can do.
        
             | cwkoss wrote:
             | I think expecting citizens to pay if they want their
             | government to be accountable may be at the root of this
             | problem...
             | 
             | (For the record, I do fund the 3 city council members who
             | are toughest on police accountability. And our city council
             | is moving in the right direction on police accountability -
             | the mayor is the biggest obstacle)
        
           | gogopuppygogo wrote:
           | Run for office. You live in a democracy.
        
           | dragonwriter wrote:
           | > What should citizens do when the government and official
           | capacities are completely failing to hold police accountable?
           | 
           | Replace their governments. Ideally, at the ballot box.
        
       | bmarquez wrote:
       | > We don't require an account to submit reviews or contribute
       | data to the site. User submissions contain no data that could be
       | used to personally identify the submitter.
       | 
       | This is great from a privacy perspective, but how do they prevent
       | false reviews?
       | 
       | Yelp collects personal information upon signup and they still
       | have a fake review problem.
        
         | jonas21 wrote:
         | They also seem to have no privacy policy, nor any way to flag
         | inaccurate content, harassment, etc. Yikes!
        
           | easterncalculus wrote:
           | Going through all of the work to create the site, and
           | providing two social media accounts and a Discord invite link
           | without setting up privacy, verification, and anti-harassment
           | policies seems like a choice. Creating just about everything
           | but those things seems a lot less like negligence.
        
             | judge2020 wrote:
             | Seems like they want their 10 minutes (or maybe more than 1
             | month) of fame to spark the conversation of whether or not
             | a site like this is good/legal/would work. If this service
             | doesn't shutter at the first sign of (libel) lawsuit, I
             | would imagine some political interest groups using it as a
             | way of setting a precedent in their favor (on either side).
        
               | jonas21 wrote:
               | That's what I thought at first, but they also have an
               | "Enterprise" page where you can buy their data, so who
               | knows what they're thinking.
               | 
               | https://rateourcops.org/enterprise
        
         | lodovic wrote:
         | Wait until the first influencer is arrested and the cops
         | involved are mass downvoted by all their followers.
        
         | whymauri wrote:
         | As this site stands, could a department run an automated
         | astroturfing operation?
         | 
         | Seems... not good.
        
       | hirundo wrote:
       | I admire the courage of the makers of this site, because as a web
       | developer I'd be dissuaded from investing much time on this due
       | to an expectation of high legal costs to defend against libel
       | claims. The police are one of the most politically powerful,
       | protected, and legally savvy groups in the country. Whether the
       | law favors such claims or not is barely relevant to the risk of
       | being destroyed by the cost of defending against such suits.
       | 
       | Legislation along the lines of anti-SLAPP laws could help, making
       | the plaintiff pay for a failed action. But the political power of
       | the police makes that unlikely, and if not narrowly tailored
       | would discourage even well founded suits by plaintiffs with
       | shallow pockets.
        
         | webmobdev wrote:
         | It doesn't inspire confidence that they don't reveal who they
         | are - neither their _About Us_ page nor their _Contact Us_ has
         | any relevant information. In a democracy, there is no reason to
         | hide behind anonymity while fighting for a just cause. As
         | Gandhi taught us, democracy survives only on trust and not fear
         | and violence.
         | 
         | If one fears the misuse of power by the government through the
         | judiciary, then needs to rally the politicians and political
         | party to their cause too, and work from within the system.
        
         | heavyset_go wrote:
         | > _I admire the courage of the makers of this site, because as
         | a web developer I 'd be dissuaded from investing much time on
         | this due to an expectation of high legal costs to defend
         | against libel claims._
         | 
         | Section 230 of the CDA shields operators of interactive
         | computer services from liability for user-generated content.
         | Interactive computer services are not liable for what users do
         | with them.
         | 
         | A personal blog where you post your own content, however, could
         | open you up to libel or SLAPP lawsuits.
        
         | perihelions wrote:
         | Forget libel -- in some states, it potentially introduces
         | criminal liability!
         | 
         | https://kfor.com/news/oklahoma-legislature/controversial-ant...
         | [2021]
         | 
         | > _" Governor Kevin Stitt today signed into law House Bill
         | 1643, a bill that makes it crime to dox, or post personal
         | information, of law enforcement and county officials online."_
         | 
         | Sure, it's egregiously unconstitutional; but just as you say, I
         | wouldn't want to be the one hiring attorneys.
         | 
         | ~~~~~
         | 
         | [late edit]: To defend of my assertion of "egregiously
         | unconsitutional", I'll quote this succinct summary of the
         | enumerated First Amendment exceptions in _United States v.
         | Stevens_ [2010], as summarized in _Rynearson v. Ferguson_. I
         | can 't imagine how any of these could even loosely apply here;
         | please correct my misunderstandings if you are able. (For those
         | Googling things, be warned that _Stevens_ is a very disturbing
         | case).
         | 
         | > Over the years, the Supreme Court has enumerated certain
         | "well-defined and narrowly limited' classes of speech that
         | remain unprotected by the First Amendment. _See Chaplinsky v.
         | New Hampshire_ , 315 U.S. 568, 571-72 (1949). The unprotected
         | speech is limited to, (a) obscenity, _Roth v. United States_ ,
         | 354 U.S. 476; (b) defamation, _Beauharnais v. Illinois_ , 343
         | U.S. 250, 254-255 (1952); (c) fraud, _Virginia Board of
         | Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc_., 425 U.S.
         | 748 (1976); (d) incitement, _Brandenbury v. Ohio_ , 395 U.S.
         | 444, 447-49 (1969); (e) true threats, _Watts v. United States_
         | , 394 U.S. 705 (1969); and (f) speech integral to criminal
         | conduct, _Giboney v. Expire Storate & Ice Co_., 336 U.S. 490,
         | 498 (1949). Speech that does not fall into these exceptions
         | remains protected. See _United States v. Stevens_ , 559 U.S.
         | 460 (2010).
         | 
         | https://www.eff.org/files/2019/02/22/order_granting_pi.pdf
         | 
         | Here's a longer (two page PDF) summary of the same, glossing
         | some definitions:
         | 
         | https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11072 [.pdf]
        
           | tablespoon wrote:
           | > Forget libel -- in some states, it potentially introduces
           | criminal liability!...
           | 
           | > "Governor Kevin Stitt today signed into law House Bill
           | 1643, a bill that makes it crime to dox, or post personal
           | information, of law enforcement and county officials online."
           | 
           | I'm not going to try to judge how wacky that law may be, but
           | this website definitely isn't doxxing:
           | 
           | 1. Police officers are public employees, and often a lot of
           | seemingly "personal information" is actually a matter of
           | public record (e.g. salaries). The "personal information" on
           | this website appears to be publicly available (e.g. I found
           | this guy at random https://rateourcops.org/officer/26, it
           | lists a phone number which Google reveals to be on his
           | employer's website https://www.cityofalbertlea.org/contact-
           | us/, so likely an official work number).
           | 
           | 2. It cannot be doxxing to truthfully describe your personal
           | experiences with a person (e.g. this cop treated me badly in
           | this way, or I think he only did a one star job).
        
             | ceejayoz wrote:
             | > It cannot be doxxing...
             | 
             | We all thought what Aaron Swartz was doing was clearly not
             | under the purview of the CFAA, but he got hounded to his
             | death by a prosecutor over it anyways.
             | 
             | I would not want to risk it here.
        
             | Jiro wrote:
             | There's a Scott Alexander essay Against Signal Boosting as
             | Doxxing: https://slatestarcodex.com/2017/07/29/against-
             | signal-boostin... . It doesn't matter what the
             | technicalities are, spreading information wide which is
             | technically already available can be, in practice, doxxing.
             | Having all that information in one place drastically
             | increases the ease of harassment.
             | 
             | And I don't believe for one second that only bad police
             | officers will be harassed. There are actual criminals who'd
             | do it. There are activists who would like to get back at
             | cops for doing things like voting for the wrong candidate,
             | or who just aren't good at picking the correct cop to
             | target at all. There are teenagers who'd call the cops'
             | landlord with complaints just for the lulz.
        
             | munk-a wrote:
             | You are applying common sense in an area where the
             | technical legality and limits of the law are very detailed
             | and getting those details wrong will cost you a whole bunch
             | of cash. I think the prior comment was strongly agreeing on
             | the point that this would be a pretty silly lawsuit - but,
             | much like SLAPP suits, baseless lawsuits that are bound to
             | fail can still inflict a whole lot of pain on the receiver
             | - and the Fraternal Order of Police (gosh they really need
             | to update that name) has a gigantic war chest that can
             | inflict a whole lot of pain.
        
           | dvt wrote:
           | > Sure, it's egregiously unconstitutional; but just as you
           | say, I wouldn't want to be the one hiring the attorneys.
           | 
           | How is it unconstitutional exactly? People seem to throw that
           | term around willy-nilly. It is, however, problematic because
           | it overreaches -- for example, being expected to blur out
           | badge numbers or officer names is needlessly onerous for the
           | reporter of a police encounter.
        
             | ashtonkem wrote:
             | It seems unconstitutional to me; you have no expectation of
             | privacy when you're out in public, and badge numbers are
             | legally required to be worn.
             | 
             | This combination in effect turns into a requirement to
             | either not film, or not post videos of cops, which is
             | unconstitutional.
        
               | dvt wrote:
               | > not post videos of cops, which is unconstitutional
               | 
               | Just to be clear, you're not allowed to post videos of
               | plenty of things (Area-51, a meeting between the Joint
               | Chiefs, closed sessions in Congress, etc.). But you're
               | right that you're allowed to record videos of cops in
               | public[1]. I think the law in question is about
               | personally-identifiable information.
               | 
               | [1] https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-1st-
               | circuit/1578557.html
        
               | perihelions wrote:
               | It's perfectly legal to post videos of any of those
               | things.
        
               | munk-a wrote:
               | It is illegal to post a whole lot of videos you might
               | find pretty innocuous. A not insignificant portion of
               | America has two party consent laws[1] that really
               | restrict what you're able to record when it comes to
               | private individuals. It has been pretty clearly decided
               | highlighted that police do not enjoy this commonly held
               | right[2] due to the sensitivity of their role but I
               | really don't know if that same restriction extends to
               | other public offices when acting in a non-public manner
               | (i.e. the JCS) - I am really not familiar with the
               | specific exceptions the above comment laid out so I won't
               | comment on them... but it is illegal to post a whole
               | bunch of different sorts of videos.
               | 
               | 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_call_recording
               | _laws#...
               | 
               | 2. https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/06/you-have-first-
               | amendme...
        
               | ashtonkem wrote:
               | It's illegal to _record_ without consent in some states.
               | Posting such a recording is problematic because it's
               | evidence of a crime, not a crime in and of itself. If it
               | were, there would be cases of journalists posting
               | transcripts from illegally recorded conversations, which
               | isn't happening.
        
             | leesalminen wrote:
             | IANAL, however my understanding is that the First Amendment
             | protects ones' ability to record police officers in public
             | when acting in an official capacity.
             | 
             | I suppose the Supreme Court will have to rule on the issue
             | of blurring our badge numbers during the course of a
             | protected activity.
             | 
             | But this does seem related to the constitution through the
             | First Amendment.
        
               | canadianfella wrote:
               | I don't understand why your sexual preferences are
               | relevant.
        
               | munk-a wrote:
               | I think it'd really depend on whether this communication
               | was framed as being from a private organization against
               | the public organization or against the private individual
               | of the officer's own person. And even then it'd likely
               | get mired in a lot of concerns about public safety.
               | 
               | One of the more sane elevated rights police officers have
               | long enjoyed is the right to extreme privacy - their
               | phone numbers and addresses are unlisted by default and
               | sharing the private information of an officer with
               | malicious intent carries a more serious penalty than an
               | equivalent action against a regular individual. Police
               | officers face an elevated level of danger in their
               | personal lives from persons they've arrested or
               | interacted with - if you could spin this website as
               | providing information that makes it easier to identify
               | and harass problematic officers (even if they deserve a
               | significant amount of scrutiny) you'll likely have a
               | strong case to have the site shutdown.
        
               | WoahNoun wrote:
               | Sounds pretty cowardly and against the principle of
               | community policing.
        
               | [deleted]
        
             | tshaddox wrote:
             | Seems about as blatant of a violation of freedom of speech
             | as one can imagine. They're public officials. Their
             | personal information (name, role, jurisdiction, salary,
             | etc.) ought to be actively published by the government. To
             | make it illegal to publish that information is just
             | ludicrous. Heck, I used to remember when police had to
             | literally wear a badge that publicized their name.
        
               | dvt wrote:
               | > They're public officials
               | 
               | They're not elected, nor are they "public persons." There
               | are plenty of regular folks working for the city,
               | including analysts, beat cops, secretaries, and so on.
               | 
               | This is extremely reductive.
        
               | heavyset_go wrote:
               | I can look up my municipality's public school teachers by
               | name, find out their exact salaries for each year they
               | were employed, and then use those names on any site like
               | Rate My Professors to find their reviews.
        
               | chrisseaton wrote:
               | > They're not elected
               | 
               | Who said they were?
               | 
               | > nor are they public
               | 
               | They work in the public sector. That's what 'public'
               | means.
        
               | subroutine wrote:
               | I think op is saying there's a difference between, for
               | example, the Chief of Police (a public person), and an
               | undercover police detective. I think it's unreasonable to
               | require all government employees, from DMV janitors to
               | CalTrans technicians, to police detectives, to have a
               | public profile. Is there any current law that stipulates
               | otherwise (applies to all gov employees)?
        
               | chrisseaton wrote:
               | If they're taking public money of course they should be
               | accountable to the public.
        
               | torstenvl wrote:
               | > _They work in the public sector. That 's what 'public'
               | means._
               | 
               | No, in the context of the First Amendment, that is
               | emphatically _not_ what it means. Where did you go to law
               | school?
        
               | [deleted]
        
               | dragonwriter wrote:
               | > They're not elected, nor are they "public persons."
               | There are plenty of regular folks working for the city,
               | including analysts, beat cops, secretaries, and so on.
               | 
               | As a non-elected "regular folk" kind of person working
               | for a state government (not city, but Constitutionally
               | there is no distinction) a lot of my employment
               | information that would not be public (and that both I and
               | my employer might seek to protect, or different reasons,
               | from the public were I privately employed) is public. Not
               | just in a theoretic sense, but actually hosted and
               | searchable by anyone in the world in numerous databases
               | compiled by media organizations of public data.
               | 
               | Working for the government, outside of where the fact or
               | nature of that employment is itself, say, classified
               | information, is very much a "public" thing.
        
               | munk-a wrote:
               | Unless I am really misunderstanding the rulings on this
               | subject, though, I believe that if you're residing in CA
               | (or another two party consent state) you do have the
               | ability to refuse being recorded even when executing your
               | public duty.
               | 
               | Police officers get a number of special treatments that
               | empower them with more and less rights in certain
               | settings due to the specific nature of their job.
        
               | throwaway_egbs wrote:
               | You can record on-duty police officers in California
               | without their permission.
               | 
               | https://www.jmllaw.com/blog/keep-mind-9-rules-of-filming-
               | pol...
               | 
               | https://www.solutionlawapc.com/criminal-defense/the-
               | right-to...
               | 
               | https://www.vjamesdesimonelaw.com/can-you-film-police-
               | when-s...
               | 
               | There was even a bill passed in 2015 (still in effect)
               | that affirmatively declared a right to record: https://le
               | ginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml...
        
               | munk-a wrote:
               | That's correct - but I don't believe other public
               | officials similarly lack the right to privacy even while
               | operating in their official capacity.
        
             | 8ytecoder wrote:
             | IANAL either, but I'd expect anything that puts onerous
             | restrictions on speech to be unconstitutional. Usually
             | these "over-enthusiastic" laws don't define the
             | restrictions in a narrow scope. It all boils down to the
             | definition of PII in this law, for example. If it's
             | narrowly and clearly defined it could pass the first
             | amendment test. If it's not clear and instead has the
             | effect of chilling speech because of that, it'll get thrown
             | out.
             | 
             | I mean the Supreme Court just threw out the donor
             | disclosure requirement in CA because it could have the
             | effect of stifling free speech.
        
         | dheera wrote:
         | Maybe make this a blockchain project instead. Videos of cops
         | doing bad things should be decentralized, non-deletable, and
         | optionally anonymous.
        
           | asteroidbelt wrote:
           | Is video deletion an issue? I don't recall any episode where
           | videos of cops abuses were had to be taken down. It is
           | opposite every time, each video becomes highly viral and
           | reposted to hundreds of services.
        
           | dane-pgp wrote:
           | Unfortunately, you probably need to add "and true" to that
           | list, which makes the "non-deletable" requirement less clear-
           | cut.
           | 
           | There is no algorithm for truth, so in practice you need a
           | way of allowing groups to form consensus about the validity
           | of claims relating to pieces of data in the system. A claim
           | might be "The image with hash ABC123 is a deepfake."
           | 
           | It might be possible to layer a system with that amount of
           | nuance on top of a blockchain, but you need to be really
           | careful that your system won't end up making the world much
           | worse before it has a chance of making it better.
        
             | FreeSpeech wrote:
             | Believable deep fakes, at least currently, cannot be
             | created instantly. Blockchain guarantees whatever footage
             | is on chain existed at the moment it was added and hasn't
             | been tampered with since.
        
           | rubyist5eva wrote:
           | Sounds pretty abusable to me..
        
             | dheera wrote:
             | Maybe the cops should stop abusing citizens then.
        
               | ironmagma wrote:
               | More that a non-deletable video storage system will
               | probably accumulate lots of spam.
        
               | [deleted]
        
               | asteroidbelt wrote:
               | Cops would be abused and cops abusing citizens are
               | different cops.
               | 
               | There's no group police guilt. Good cops should not be
               | punished for the deeds of bad cops.
        
               | rubyist5eva wrote:
               | So abusing innocent cops just doing their job is just
               | collateral damage?
        
               | rOOb85 wrote:
               | How would posting videos of good cops doing good things
               | be "abuse"?
        
         | dragonwriter wrote:
         | > because as a web developer I'd be dissuaded from investing
         | much time on this due to an expectation of high legal costs to
         | defend against libel claims.
         | 
         | Until one of the crusades to legislatively narrow or repeal
         | Section 230 succeeds, that should be pretty complete protection
         | against even a scintilla of a cognizable libel claim against
         | the developer for user-submitted content.
         | 
         | States attempting criminalization of posting police related
         | info are a bigger threat (while mostly blatantly federally
         | unconstitutional, there's a significant risk of you being
         | arrested, tried, convicted, and serving a sentence before you
         | get that argument even taken up by a federal court.)
        
         | ashtonkem wrote:
         | Section 230 should apply here. The operators of the website are
         | not legally on the hook for what their users post.
        
           | dane-pgp wrote:
           | I suspect that Section 230 protections aren't much help if
           | the site is specifically designed for, and actively
           | encourages, the posting of content which is (claimed to be)
           | illegal.
           | 
           | Perhaps a good example of how far such a legal theory can be
           | pushed is the case of isoHunt, a search engine which was shut
           | down in 2013 after being sued by the MPAA.
           | 
           | > The 9th Circuit Court of Appeals in March ruled against
           | isoHunt, concluding that "there is more than enough
           | unrebutted evidence in the summary judgment record to prove
           | Fung offered his services with the object of promoting their
           | use to infringe copyrighted material."
           | 
           | https://variety.com/2013/biz/news/isohunt-to-shut-down-as-
           | pa...
        
             | heavyset_go wrote:
             | This is about as illegal, or encourages illegal activity,
             | as Rate My Professors, Glassdoor or Blind.
        
               | kevingadd wrote:
               | That defense would apply if Police didn't have special
               | privileges, but they do. Many locales have attempted to
               | make things like filming police officers in public
               | illegal
        
               | ashtonkem wrote:
               | Attempted. Such laws have so far not stood up to judicial
               | scrutiny.
        
       | xupybd wrote:
       | If a cop is doing their job what percentage of their interactions
       | with the public would be positive for the person they are
       | interacting with?
       | 
       | I understand the problem this site is trying to address but I'm
       | not sure this is the correct metric.
        
       | ListenLinda wrote:
       | The current model will not work. No way to fact check reviews, no
       | way to prevent spam. Amazon has the same problem with their
       | public reviews.
        
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       (page generated 2021-07-02 23:00 UTC)