[HN Gopher] Tricks of Trench Warfare (2020)
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Tricks of Trench Warfare (2020)
        
       Author : Tomte
       Score  : 148 points
       Date   : 2021-06-14 04:23 UTC (18 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (gru.gq)
 (TXT) w3m dump (gru.gq)
        
       | skinkestek wrote:
       | > The method that actually worked was to get a few boys with
       | rifles up on the parapet and have them shoot down into the
       | trenches, killing everyone they could. Faster, more efficient,
       | and no silly buggers with grenades flying back and forth.
       | 
       | It sounds so easy when written this way :-/
       | 
       | Also if anyone is interested in WW2 sniping the Finnish sniper
       | "white death" might be an interesting starting point.
       | 
       | He went to extreme lengths - and was very successful.
        
         | ovi256 wrote:
         | Simo Hayha, nicknamed "The White Death", was not just a
         | successful sniper, using a rifle, but also a successful
         | ambusher, surprising enemy small groups like patrols and
         | devastating them using an automatic submachinegun.
        
           | unwind wrote:
           | Wikipedia knows more [1] as usual.
           | 
           |  _Hayha is believed to have killed over 500 men during the
           | Winter war (inculding 259 killed by sniper rifle), the
           | highest number of sniper kills in any major war._
           | 
           | That is just ... gruesome.
           | 
           | I was confused when I looked at this article, I misread the
           | URI as "gnu.org" (laptop screen too far away, thanks Covid
           | WFH) and started trying to figure out the analogy they were
           | making for a paragraph or two. :)
           | 
           | [1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simo_H%C3%A4yh%C3%A4
        
             | quickthrowman wrote:
             | > That is just ... gruesome.
             | 
             | Finland ended WW2 as an independent country, the only
             | European one that borders Russia (along with Norway I
             | guess, but the bulk of Finland is far closer to Russia)
             | 
             | The alternative would've been substantially worse
        
             | skinkestek wrote:
             | > That is just ... gruesome.
             | 
             | Yep. But the alternative were worse. Anyone who hasn't been
             | occupied by Stalin era Soviet should be very happy.
             | 
             | As a kid I heard a bunch of stories from my dad who had
             | friends in Finland and also from my friends who had been
             | there.
             | 
             | One was that the Finnish soldiers always carried a backpack
             | on night patrol so they could safely backstab anyone they
             | came up behind in the night and couldn't identify as if it
             | was one of theirs it would end in a blanket or something
             | anyway.
             | 
             | Another was that of Finnish troops not being to careful
             | when they packed the hay they slept in so some of it would
             | fall on the ground.
             | 
             | Only there would also often be a mine there as well.
             | 
             | Oh, and most of the time the Russians stopped to examine
             | the hay there was just hay on the ground but sniper fire
             | from the hillside behind it.
             | 
             | As Wikimedia points out: the Finnish were lucky because of
             | Stalins great purge, but still they should not be messed
             | with.
             | 
             | Oh, another one, from air combat, this one I learned later
             | from a book probably: according to that source the planes
             | the Russians used for the invasion of Finland had landing
             | gear that had to be lowered using a pulley system. Again,
             | according to that source, some Russian planes were lost
             | after the Finnish pilots figured out this and started
             | ambushing them while they approached landing.
        
               | handrous wrote:
               | That last one smells a bit, since landing and take-off
               | are great times to ambush an aircraft _regardless_ , so
               | if you can do it (that is, the enemy is very bad at
               | deploying AA to protect their airfields and aren't
               | otherwise maintaining air superiority near their
               | airfields) then you already would be, no matter how they
               | deploy their landing gear.
        
           | jacobwilliamroy wrote:
           | How many times do you think he pooped or peed in his pants?
        
         | pchristensen wrote:
         | I love this account of the Russo-Finnish Winter War -
         | https://ar.to/2010/08/red-blood-white-snow
        
         | grugq wrote:
         | The Finnish war gave us the term "Molotov cocktail." When the
         | Russians began bombing Helsinki they claimed that the bombers
         | were dropping food to the Finnish people. The Finns made a joke
         | that bombs were Molotov's bread baskets, or picnic baskets,
         | etc. Molotov was the Soviet Foreign Minister.
         | 
         | When the Finns started using glass bottles with gasoline and a
         | burning rag as anti tank weapons, they made the joke that these
         | were Molotov cocktails to go with the Molotov bread baskets.
         | 
         | It's strange how Soviet propaganda ("we're dropping food!")
         | lives on in English by way of a Finnish joke from 80 years ago.
        
         | Mauricebranagh wrote:
         | Yes standing exposed on top would expose you to fire from the
         | support trenches.
        
       | fnord77 wrote:
       | > once the sniper nest was located, call in an artillery strike.
       | 
       | did they have radios? Or would they send a runner?
        
         | nine_k wrote:
         | A phone. Field phones were very much a thing during WWI and
         | WWII, with point to point wiring laid down very soon after
         | gaining control over the territory, or even before that.
        
           | DyslexicAtheist wrote:
           | also carrier pigeons:
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_pigeon
        
         | inglor_cz wrote:
         | In the pre-transistor times, radios were heavy and used a lot
         | of energy. Even in WWII, field radios weighed about 35-40
         | pounds. A soldier with a radio could not carry a lot of other
         | equipment.
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCR-300
         | 
         | Vacuum tubes are a clumsy technology.
        
       | tigerlily wrote:
       | Maori invented trench warfare in the 1800s. Their fortifications
       | were surrounded by palisades, and they dug trenches beneath,
       | shooting hapless British soldiers from the gaps between the
       | ground and the bottom of the wall.
        
         | kingsuper20 wrote:
         | I expect that trench warfare is a natural side effect of
         | enclosure trench systems used when taking a fortress. Obviously
         | field fortifications are older than that, but I mean the
         | variety that implies firearms and artillery.
        
         | svieira wrote:
         | Fra Giocondo (among others) would like a word with you:
         | 
         | > The second siege was that of Padua in 1509. A monk engineer
         | named Fra Giocondo, trusted with the defence of the Venetian
         | city, cut down the city's medieval wall and surrounded the city
         | with a broad ditch that could be swept by flanking fire from
         | gun ports set low in projections extending into the ditch.
         | Finding that their cannon fire made little impression on these
         | low ramparts, the French and allied besiegers made several
         | bloody and fruitless assaults and then withdrew.
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastion_fort#Effectiveness
        
         | WalterBright wrote:
         | The Civil War saw trench warfare.
        
           | svieira wrote:
           | Indeed - the battle of the Crater in Petersburg is an eery
           | foretaste of the WWI battlefield.
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater
        
         | hutzlibu wrote:
         | Fortifications and trenches are waaay older. I think the romans
         | were the first to master it.
         | 
         | But I am not sure, if what you describe qualifies as trench
         | warfare.
        
           | jasonwatkinspdx wrote:
           | The Romans were something else. I was reading about the
           | period around the Illyrian uprising recently, and learned
           | that at that time, standard practice for a legion was to
           | build a massive fort, trenches and all, every night they
           | camped.
           | 
           | It's pretty incredible (and often terrible) what humans with
           | hand tools can do when sufficiently organized and motivated.
           | 
           | The basic concept of a trench with something like a wooden
           | barrier proximate goes back to neolithic times. Interestingly
           | most of these sites we've found seem to not be fortifications
           | but rather something ceremonial. It's ambiguous.
        
           | w0de0 wrote:
           | A pivotal moment in the Koran is known as "The Battle of the
           | Trench."
        
         | enkid wrote:
         | You have a source for that?
        
           | comicjk wrote:
           | It's true, though it wasn't the first use of these
           | techniques. They beat the British this way at the battle of
           | Gate Pa.
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga_campaign
        
             | jammaloo wrote:
             | There's a good video on this event, by
             | [LindyBeige](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6QhW5S8Gk4).
             | Their videos are very informative and entertaining, but
             | very focused on Britain.
        
               | fho wrote:
               | ... and tanks ;-)
        
         | NikolaeVarius wrote:
         | No they didn't.
        
       | taylorfinley wrote:
       | If you're in to security at all and are not already familiar with
       | The Grugq, you will likely really enjoy his talks and writings.
       | It's fitting that an expert on deception uses an avatar that
       | projects the image he wants you to have of him. Don't be too
       | jarred when you watch a talk and realize the avatar is part of
       | the smoke and mirrors!
        
       | spywaregorilla wrote:
       | > The simplest implementation of this trick was leaving shiny tin
       | cans, or other enticing targets for snipers to zero their sights
       | on at the front. Germans would leave cans on the parapet for
       | snipers to shoot at. Due to the high contrast and easy visibility
       | of these targets, they were attractive for naive snipers to use
       | while adjusting their sights. A grave and often fatal error.
       | 
       | Wait so... they just put out tin cans and the enemy snipers would
       | shoot them because their sights needed to be tuned? That doesn't
       | feel like it makes any sense. For one, you can't shoot the can
       | unless your sights are tuned, so I guess they're taking multiple
       | shots? Was it really so hard to invent a sight that could be
       | tuned without firing to give away your position?
        
         | grugq wrote:
         | There is a lot involved, but the basic idea is that your rifle
         | and sight need to be calibrated to match _from_ where you're
         | shooting _to_ where you're shooting. The journey to the sniper
         | hides was long, arduous, grueling, and not exactly guaranteed
         | to be hassle free. You might be stumbling over miles of dirt
         | with stray wires, holes, dead bodies, broken equipment, rubble,
         | and so on, at night, in pitch black. Then wandering through
         | narrow trenches packed with people going both ways, again with
         | dead bodies, stray wires, holes, and broken kit. There is a non
         | zero chance that the scope you sighted in yesterday could get
         | tapped or knocked, and it will be out of alignment by the time
         | your arrive at your hide.
         | 
         | The use of debris was a simple way to sight in. You tell your
         | spotter that you're gonna shoot that tin can just by the
         | sandbag over there. They tell you where you're hitting so you
         | can adjust your sights. Naive snipers would fall for this
         | trick, but later on experience taught to use puddles instead.
        
         | radiokicker wrote:
         | Even modern day rifles need a handful of rounds to sight in. I
         | assume due to the massive casualties suffered by both sides
         | they were sending up troops to the trenches with little time to
         | prepare.
        
           | Mauricebranagh wrote:
           | Sniper rifles in ww1 where custom conversions of the standard
           | infantry rifles or in the early war actual hunting rifles.
        
         | chrisseaton wrote:
         | You can use a tool called a collimator to boresight a rifle in
         | the field, but it's only so effective. And back then they
         | didn't have technology like floating barrels.
        
           | spywaregorilla wrote:
           | Why didn't they shoot the other way to adjust their sights
           | though? This feels like an obviously terrible idea?
        
             | chrisseaton wrote:
             | > Why didn't they shoot the other way to adjust their
             | sights though?
             | 
             | The other way? So at their own troops?
        
               | spywaregorilla wrote:
               | I mean... sure? Or to the side? Was it really so hard to
               | find a large region in which there were obviously no
               | allied soldiers? Like... people weren't wandering around
               | outside the trenches right?
        
               | chrisseaton wrote:
               | You would definitely never shoot back along your own
               | axis, or into your flanking formations. You just can't
               | have enough situational awareness on who may be there.
               | This is such an absolute that even when prosecuting an
               | active firefight you would ask for permission to fire
               | cross-boundary.
        
               | potta_coffee wrote:
               | Why not have a berm in the rear area that's designated
               | for sighting in rifles? This is common in today's
               | environment.
        
               | pwg wrote:
               | Because that only allows for you to sight in at that
               | range.
               | 
               | Unless that range also exactly matches the range to the
               | enemy targets, from your current nest, you won't be
               | properly sighted in for your intended targets.
               | 
               | The ranges over which snipers make kills is sufficient
               | that even a very small miss-alignment of the sights
               | translates to a miss (often by many yards) at the target.
               | According to Wikipedia [1], the sniper record is 3,540m
               | (3,871 yd). That is 3.5km - imagine targeting something
               | 3.5km away, firing, and having your shot hit the target.
               | 
               | Even in 1916, while sniper's may not have operated at
               | 3.5km distances, they could easily have been operating
               | across 500-1000m distances (the Wikipedia article lists a
               | 1918 record of 1,280m (1,400 yd) or 1.2km). Even at those
               | relatively shorter ranges, the margin for misalignment is
               | still tiny. You have to actually sight the rifle in for
               | the actual range, the actual elevation (whether you are
               | shooting uphill or downhill) the current wind conditions,
               | etc. And still hit a rather small target. Aligning to
               | some other fixed berm will not be nearly accurate enough.
               | 
               | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest_recorded_sniper
               | _kills
        
               | spywaregorilla wrote:
               | Maybe my imagination isn't up to snuff here, but I'm
               | imagining not an active firefight, but a sleepy waiting
               | game in the trenches.
               | 
               | Why can't you have the situational awareness that nobody
               | is there just by looking with your eyes? Are you saying
               | that risk of shooting objects on your enemy's side and
               | giving away your position is lower than the risk of
               | accidentally shooting someone on your side when firing at
               | a rock in an open field? It just... doesn't make any
               | intuitive sense to me.
        
               | openasocket wrote:
               | You need to keep in mind the distances here. For
               | calibrating your rifle you're shooting at targets several
               | hundred yards away, making it much harder to tell if the
               | area is clear. This also isn't happening on a football
               | field, the area around the trenches is going to be scored
               | with secondary trench lines, foxholes, communications
               | trenches, big craters from artillery, etc. And the people
               | in there aren't exactly trying to make themselves known,
               | they are going to keep low and you may not even be
               | visible if they are in a little offshoot of a trench or
               | something. The secondary lines are also going to be
               | relatively densely populated. Odds are if you try to
               | shoot at a target a couple hundred yards behind the
               | trench lines, the round is going to be within a dozen
               | yards of someone's head. You probably wouldn't hit
               | anyone, but if someone stands up at the wrong moment...
               | an even bigger danger is if your shot goes high. If your
               | shoot goes above the rock you're aiming for, it will keep
               | going further back into the lines. Given that this would
               | be 30 caliber ammo and there's no body armor, that bullet
               | would still be going fast enough to kill someone 1.5
               | miles out, maybe 2 miles. Someone very familiar with the
               | area and with good situational awareness might be able to
               | guarantee there's no one between them and the target, but
               | not for a mile out.
               | 
               | The other big factor is what your buddies in the trench
               | will think of this arrangement. If they know it's you
               | shooting over their heads they will be absolutely pissed,
               | and probably face some sort of discipline from officers.
               | If they DON'T know it's you shooting in their general
               | direction (which they probably won't unless you make sure
               | to tell everyone in advance) it will probably prompt
               | return fire. If they can tell from the sound or muzzle
               | flash that the shot came from their trenches, they may
               | think a sniper infiltrated their lines, which will merit
               | a particularly aggressive response.
               | 
               | I wouldn't be surprised if someone, somewhere during the
               | war did this, but it certainly wouldn't be condoned.
        
               | chrisseaton wrote:
               | > Why can't you have the situational awareness that
               | nobody is there just by looking with your eyes?
               | 
               | The entire setup of an army, all its communication
               | mechanisms, and systems of control and safety measures,
               | are focused on telling you about what is happening
               | forward along the axis.
               | 
               | Trying to figure out if it's safe to fire backwards is
               | going to be massively error-prone as nobody is set up to
               | tell you this and asking it is going to cause massive
               | confusion.
               | 
               | Also, you can hit things that you can't see, with
               | ricochet and fall of shot.
        
               | spywaregorilla wrote:
               | Hmm, I'm not militarily experienced obviously, so I'm not
               | going to push this any more. I guess my last statement is
               | that I believe you're correct, but it still seems like
               | the creation of an additional system to safely designate
               | a calibration target would be beneficial, especially to
               | the side. Giving away your position sounds more error
               | prone.
               | 
               | Other comments about what calibrating actually means seem
               | to have filled in that missing intuition though.
        
               | pwg wrote:
               | Are your questions also coming from a standpoint of
               | modern tech. such that a sniper could accurately measure
               | range using a modern rangefinder?
               | 
               | This was circa the 1916-1918 time-frame. Modern range
               | finding equipment did not exist, and what did exist at
               | the time very likely required someone carrying a rather
               | large range finding target over to the enemy lines to use
               | to determine range (with the obvious negative result to
               | that poor individual).
               | 
               | With no easy way to determine range (distance to target)
               | beyond eyeball estimates, the only real way to sight in
               | the sniper rifle was by taking test shots at a target and
               | watching where one's bullet actually lands as compared to
               | that target.
        
               | usefulcat wrote:
               | As mentioned in TFA, the preferred target for sighting
               | was a puddle of water.
        
               | NikolaeVarius wrote:
               | I dont understand. The entire point is to tune the sight
               | to the range where the other trench is. How the hell
               | would shooting in a random direction do anything useful
               | other than tell the enemy where you are.
        
               | yonaguska wrote:
               | Another point, if you were a sniper, you would be
               | sighting your rifle to specific ranges based on landmarks
               | where you'd to see the enemy. So you're not just sighting
               | your rifle, you are also figuring out approximate
               | distances.
        
               | spywaregorilla wrote:
               | Ah, that's interesting. Didn't know that.
        
               | Breza wrote:
               | Yeah, there's a lot of math behind distance shooting.
               | Tons of variables to consider.
        
               | Loughla wrote:
               | If you want a walk down the maths involved - check out an
               | app called Strelok (Pro) by Igor Borisov. I have no
               | affiliation with this person or this app, other than I
               | use it for extra-long-distance shooting calculations with
               | a conventional rifle and/or air-rifle shooting
               | calculations.
               | 
               | It's seriously astounding the math and thought that goes
               | into shooting at long range. It makes me realize why I
               | used to miss all the time as a kid; it's not just point
               | and shoot.
        
             | jtms wrote:
             | I don't believe there were very accurate rangefinders like
             | we would have today so they really needed to zero their
             | sights on the exact area they anticipated their targets
             | being. They could accurately discover the range via test
             | shots, adjust their scope, aka "zero" it. I don't think
             | they had mildots on their optics back then
        
             | ballenf wrote:
             | The wind conditions would have been different?
        
             | gccsf wrote:
             | I did not expect such a low quality comment from hacker
             | news.
        
               | spywaregorilla wrote:
               | ditto!
               | 
               | edit: wow you made a new account just to tell me you
               | thought my question was dumb
        
               | PhasmaFelis wrote:
               | If this is your standard for terrible posts, you can't
               | have been on either HN or the internet long.
        
       | newsbinator wrote:
       | > A periscope could be affixed alongside the head to allow the
       | scout to manipulate the dummy head and observe the environment.
       | 
       | > The scout would raise the head above the trench and attempt to
       | get shot by a German sniper. Apparently the sensation of a bullet
       | slamming into a target held mere inches above your head while you
       | were smoking through it was rather bracing.
        
       | dugmartin wrote:
       | > The method that actually worked was to get a few boys with
       | rifles up on the parapet and have them shoot down into the
       | trenches, killing everyone they could. Faster, more efficient,
       | and no silly buggers with grenades flying back and forth.
       | 
       | The American's brought shotguns ("trench guns") to do that work.
       | It was seen by the Germans as violation of the law of war.
       | 
       | "On 19 September 1918, the German government issued a diplomatic
       | protest against the American use of shotguns, alleging that the
       | shotgun was prohibited by the law of war."
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Model_1897
        
         | JackFr wrote:
         | The Thompson submachine gun also picked up the nickname "trench
         | broom".
        
           | philwelch wrote:
           | Though the war ended before the Thompson was in production,
           | this was absolutely the intended use. Similar to the BAR, it
           | would later see service in a world war much different than
           | the one it was designed for.
        
         | pixodaros wrote:
         | The obstacle to that method was that someone had to go over the
         | top, cross several yards of ground, and then look down into the
         | next straight section of trench. If there was someone waiting
         | with a MG or a rifle, Mr. Brave got shot and then everyone had
         | a casualty in the open to deal with plus Jerry around the
         | corner.
        
         | spywaregorilla wrote:
         | Don't you need to get to the enemy trench to use those? Isn't
         | preventing that the whole point of trenches?
        
           | jccooper wrote:
           | Attacks would commonly get to the first line or two of
           | trenches; the trick was keeping them, given counterattacks.
           | There were many lines of trenches still in front.
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | grugq wrote:
           | There was two years of war before the British had figured out
           | how to do trench raiding effectively. By late 1916 they had
           | the "storm trooper" tactics completely figured out, something
           | the Germans wouldn't manage until 1918. The Germans on the
           | other hand, developed very good defense in depth tactics.
           | 
           | A trench system is made of three lines of trenches in
           | parallel, covering a mile or more in depth. The front line
           | trench is the combat trench, where the fighting is supposed
           | to take place. Then there is the support trench, which houses
           | units for work parties and counterattacks and so on. Then the
           | reserve trench which houses more work parties and has units
           | resting from front line duty. Units would spent a week or two
           | in the trenches, then rotate into the rear for a while to
           | rest and receive replacements.
           | 
           | As the war progressed everyone basically learned that the
           | front line trench was rubbish. It would be destroyed,
           | overrun, shot up, etc. There was no point in holding it with
           | a lot of troops because they'd get wiped out before they
           | could do much of anything. The Germans switched to a front
           | line that was just fortified shell holes with machine guns.
           | This was very safe against artillery because there was no
           | trench to target. It was effective against infantry attacks
           | because the machine guns could wreak havoc on men with
           | rifles. The support and reserve trenches would be real
           | trenches.
           | 
           | This system of fortified shell holes with supporting strong
           | points from the support trench was "defense in depth." The
           | opposition could "overrun" the front line, but they'd still
           | have pockets of machine gun nests on their flanks and behind
           | them. Eliminating every single machine gun nest was extremely
           | slow and so... that is how defense was achieved. Not with a
           | single strong trench, but with a system that could absorb an
           | attack, slow it down, and reduce it with machine guns.
           | 
           | [anecdote: during an offensive one officer solved the
           | "eliminate all the machine gun nests" problem by taking a
           | German prisoner and making him stand up on a stump in no mans
           | land pointing out every nest. The officer would prod him with
           | his pistol and demand more information, until all the machine
           | guns were located and neutralized. Only then was the poor
           | German allowed to get off the elevated and exposed position.]
           | 
           | The offensive solution to this system was with artillery box
           | barrages, storm trooper infiltration, and tanks (to some
           | degree). The real solution was to spend years besieging
           | Germany and bleeding her dry so that by late 1918 there was
           | no manpower, materiel or morale to fight. Attrition wins.
           | 
           | Infiltration tactics were basically sending small units of
           | men, say a section (8 men) or platoon (40 men) through the
           | fortified shell hole system at night. That way when the
           | attack began, the men were miles inside enemy territory
           | already and could ambush the strong points, etc. This was
           | what the British began doing by late 1916. Germany gets
           | credit for inventing it almost two years later because, they
           | had a really cool name (storm troopers!) and the enemy always
           | has cooler better stuff than you do. And the British didn't
           | like a system that gave all the initiative to young officers,
           | particularly the officers later in the war who came from
           | civilian life to fight only for the duration, can't have
           | those types ruining things for the career officers from good
           | families, etc. etc,
           | 
           | The trench raid was the primary way of defeating the trench
           | system. It begins with a creeping barrage and the box
           | barrage. The artillery fires on the front line trenches until
           | the time when the infantry assault elements are supposed to
           | arrive. Then it lifts and moves to targets further back. It
           | stays on those until the time when the infantry is supposed
           | to arrive then, and then lifts and moves forward again.
           | Creeping barrage. The box baggage was where the artillery
           | fences the area being assaulted with fire along the flanks.
           | This produces a sort of box, where artillery is firing along
           | two sides and one creeping barrage at the back. The idea is
           | that the area within the box will be dealt with by the
           | infantry assault units while the artillery prevents
           | reinforcements and counterattacks.
           | 
           | It is a brittle system because there is so little information
           | flow between the front line assault units and the artillery.
           | If the times scheduled for the advances don't match with
           | reality the infantry can fall behind the protective screen.
           | When this happens, I.e. the creeping barrage walks too far
           | forward for the infantry to keep up, then the enemy can come
           | up from their dugouts and man their defensive positions. This
           | is, obviously, very bad for the Poor Bloody Infantry.
           | 
           | Anyway, the short answer is that trenches were attacked all
           | the time and clearing trenches was an important activity.
           | There were night raids as well, which is a whole other thing.
           | That's where the hand to hand fighting comes into it. That's
           | an entire other subject, including how the armies had to
           | invent modern hand to hand combat training.
           | 
           | These days if you're in the military you're taught basically
           | two technica, one to incapacitate and one to kill. Then
           | everything else you learn is a way to setup either of those
           | two techniques. Guy standing up? Ok, get him on the ground
           | and crush his throat. Guy has a knife? Get him on the ground,
           | safely, and crush his throat. Guy has a bayonet? Get him
           | on... and so on. The French system was based on crushing the
           | throat. With thumbs. Very... brutal. I'm not sure how much it
           | was used, but that is what was taught,
        
             | spywaregorilla wrote:
             | This was very interesting, thanks.
        
             | hutzlibu wrote:
             | "That's an entire other subject, including how the armies
             | had to invent modern hand to hand combat training."
             | 
             | From what I read about the german infantery in WW1, is that
             | most troops learned about the technics about effective hand
             | to hand combat only on the frontlines, directly from the
             | Frontschweinen (frontpigs, veterans). Who told them mostly,
             | that what they learned in the drills with fancy bayonett
             | swinging, they should forget and just use their sharpened
             | shovel. Or a rock, or a grenade to hit with it. Anything.
             | 
             | By WW2, all those was integrated into proper infantery
             | training. Improvised, brutal and effective.
             | 
             | But the modern german army, doesn't teach hand to hand
             | combat at all anymore, except for officers, special forces
             | or military police and as far as I know, also only in a
             | very limited way.
        
           | zelos wrote:
           | If you get enough men to walk slowly towards a trench
           | protected by machine guns, eventually some of them will get
           | close enough to use a shotgun.
           | 
           | (Actually, trench warfare by later WWI had developed
           | significantly since the early war, it wasn't just sitting in
           | trenches or sending mindless waves of troops over the top)
        
           | chrisseaton wrote:
           | You would suppress the trench using fire support, so that
           | they have their heads down and not able to fire back,
           | allowing you to approach it.
        
           | Mauricebranagh wrote:
           | Shotguns where more for trench raiding along with improvised
           | clubs etc
        
         | hutzlibu wrote:
         | The hypocrysis of the german government/army of that time, is
         | staggering. They were the the ones, who introduced chemical
         | weapons, poison gas, to the battlefield - and then cried about
         | shotguns?!
         | 
         | Oh and later, when the war was lost, it was of course the fault
         | of the communist and socialdemocrats, who stabbed the army in
         | the back and not of the glorious, heroic army. And there are
         | still lots of people glorifying the Kaiserreich. I am glad its
         | gone.
        
           | meinersbur wrote:
           | They were not the ones who introduces gas warfare into WW1.
           | It was the French:
           | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrHFEPu_ANI&t=80s
           | 
           | The Hague Convention of 1899 banned chemical warfare, with
           | the US being the only ones to not have signed it.
           | 
           | Doesn't mean that the Germans weren't hypocrits, the
           | complains about shotguns might have been rooted in wanting to
           | point fingers back: https://youtu.be/fvrIVZn1jH8
        
             | lainga wrote:
             | Same with flechettes, to which end they were stamped with
             | "INVENTION FRANCAIS, FABRICATION ALLEMAND" ("Invented in
             | France, made in Germany").
        
             | greesil wrote:
             | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_W
             | a...
             | 
             | The French used tear gas first, the Germans were the first
             | to use chlorine. There's a big difference between these
             | gasses.
        
               | hutzlibu wrote:
               | Yes, you cannot really compare tear gas with chlorine.
               | 
               | One gives you trouble breathing and is used widely
               | against civilian demonstrants, because it is very mild -
               | the other one - the one the german army was first to use
               | - kills or cripples your loungs in a horrible way.
               | 
               | But I rather leave this debate.
               | 
               | P.s. I tasted some tear gas, it is certainly not nice.
               | But thats it. It doesn't actually harm you, unless you
               | have a precondition. Chlorine on the other hand is just
               | pure deadly poison
        
               | greesil wrote:
               | I mean, it was war. Conventions are nice, but my read on
               | both world wars nobody actually cared, they just
               | practiced tit for tat.
               | 
               | The comment I was responding to made what I interpreted
               | as a false equivalence.
        
           | NikolaeVarius wrote:
           | You have a,very distorted knowledge of WW1 and the post war
           | years in Germany.
        
             | marton78 wrote:
             | Care to elaborate?
        
           | Bost wrote:
           | > The hypocrysis of the german government/army of that time,
           | is staggering.
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_.
           | ..
           | 
           | All sides started to develop these weapons before the war,
           | and apparently it's the Germans who were capable of deploying
           | these weapons sooner and with greater success.
           | 
           | What you present here nothing less than a one-sided
           | propaganda. It reminds of French villages hundreds of
           | kilometers far from any WWI front line, deep in the rear with
           | memorials dedicated to "Innocent children fallen in the great
           | war" followed by a list of some 10 to 15 male names.
           | 
           | Innocent children, the throat cutter sort, same as those from
           | the other side.
        
             | thatguy0900 wrote:
             | Is it fair to call the ones who were declared war on
             | "throat cutters"? Especially since they almost certainly
             | didn't want to be there anyway.
        
           | kingsuper20 wrote:
           | I think the French were first.
        
       | geoduck14 wrote:
       | Oh wow. Some of these were rather gruesome! I really liked having
       | a fake head that snipers would shoot - there by allowing you to
       | calculate where the sniper was.
       | 
       | This sounds like something that could still be employed. Any
       | snipers out there to know how to counter this?
        
         | philwelch wrote:
         | My favorite part is the part where you smoke a cigarette
         | through the fake head for added versimlitude. The enemy sniper
         | must be thinking, "is that a papier-mache head? Can't be, he's
         | having a smoke".
        
         | Vecr wrote:
         | Suppressors, not shooting fake targets (spotter optics,
         | possibly IR), having multiple snipers coordinate so they can
         | fire a single round each all at the same time and go somewhere
         | else before they get shot at. The last is probably the most
         | important.
        
           | paulluuk wrote:
           | I don't understand how suppressors would work against
           | figuring out the elevation angle of a sniper shot.
           | 
           | Likewise, wouldn't multiple snipers all firing on the same
           | fake target simply give away the number of snipers and all of
           | their individual elevations?
        
             | geoduck14 wrote:
             | I think the multiple snipers each fire at separate targets.
             | One sniper per target. All at once, everyone fires (killing
             | any threats), then running like hell before someone else
             | jumps up and grabs a gun.
        
             | potta_coffee wrote:
             | How would you figure out the elevation angle of a sniper's
             | shot? It's not like you can do forensics when you are being
             | shot at.
        
         | Cthulhu_ wrote:
         | Could, but a lot of modern warfare is incredibly one-sided with
         | one side being technologically superior to the other. They
         | wouldn't even risk deploying snipers if there's a chance of a
         | counter-attack via artillery. Or ground forces for that matter.
         | First and second Gulf War were started by a massive air raid
         | that took out most of Iraq's defenses, tanks and
         | infrastructure.
         | 
         | That said, just because they may have military superiority
         | doesn't mean they can actually win a war on someone else's home
         | turf.
        
           | jeffreyrogers wrote:
           | Snipers were pretty frequent in Iraq, despite the US's
           | technological superiority.
        
           | samus wrote:
           | The British did just that during the Boer wars, against an
           | opponent that engaged in guerilla warfare on their home
           | turfeand had access to modern weaponry. They gained control
           | of the country by partitioning it with blockhouses,
           | strongpoints and barbed wire fences, scorched earth tactics,
           | involving indiscriminate destruction of farms, and forced
           | resettlement of many Boers into concentration camps.
           | Fortunately, many of these tactics have gotten out of
           | fashion. Also, this required the deployment of hundreds of
           | thousands of troops for many years, which could be justified
           | economically only by the diamonds mined in not-yet-South
           | Africa.
        
           | hutzlibu wrote:
           | "That said, just because they may have military superiority
           | doesn't mean they can actually win a war on someone else's
           | home turf. "
           | 
           | A military superior force _can_ win a war against a enemy
           | population, but it cannot claim then anymore, to fight for
           | those people.
        
         | snypher wrote:
         | Sniper units are often deployed behind lines and spend hours or
         | days in observation. They may arrive on site well in advance of
         | their target and be very sure of identity before firing.
         | 
         | Also, a marksman deployed with an infantry unit will support
         | small arms fire (~200 yards) with range extension out to say
         | 800 yards. A dedicated sniper team could be taking targets out
         | as far as 3,000 yards. So perhaps a infantry marksman would be
         | more willing to take a shot at a closer target given they are
         | part of a squad, where a sniper team won't shoot at a tin cup
         | or fake head in case they give away their position. It's worth
         | just waiting another hour and see if that guy patrolling comes
         | by again etc.
        
           | hef19898 wrote:
           | Modern day snipers, yes. WW1 snipers were in front trenches
           | and sniped at the opposite trench, a couple of hundreds of
           | meters away if so far.
        
       | docdeek wrote:
       | As an Aussie schoolkid I remember learning about the ANZAC
       | retreat from the trenches in Gallipoli after hacking together a
       | way to fire their rifles using dripping water, and I always
       | thought that was pretty neat:
       | 
       | "Invented by Lance-Corporal William Scurry, 7th Battalion, AIF,
       | these 'drip' or 'pop off' rifles fired at intervals to convince
       | the Ottomans that the Anzacs still occupied their trenches.
       | 
       | The drip rifle incorporated two ration tins. The top one was
       | filled with water, while the empty bottom one was attached to the
       | trigger by a piece of string or wire. Before leaving, a soldier
       | punched a small hole in the upper tin to allow water to trickle
       | into the lower one, which eventually toppled over, pulling the
       | trigger."
       | 
       | https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/drip-rifle-gallipoli
        
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