[HN Gopher] The Crown Estate
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       The Crown Estate
        
       Author : samizdis
       Score  : 27 points
       Date   : 2021-06-10 08:41 UTC (2 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.dw.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.dw.com)
        
       | samizdis wrote:
       | > According to the May 2021 edition of The Sunday Times Rich
       | List, Queen Elizabeth II has a personal net worth of PS365m. A
       | whopping PS100 million of that alone accounts for the queen's
       | family's personal stamp collection, known as the Royal Philatelic
       | Collection.
        
         | gorgoiler wrote:
         | It's fun to include the hypothetical market value of ones stuff
         | in ones net worth. It's not particularly instructive.
         | 
         | It would also be interesting to know HMQE2's liquid assets. It
         | is all too common to be castle-rich and cash-poor.
        
           | Ekaros wrote:
           | It does get bit more interesting when the wealth has yearly
           | net-cost... And really can not be liquidated. And some wealth
           | brings more yearly than some other. With royalty and old
           | upper-class this likely doesn't compare to more modern
           | wealth.
        
         | redis_mlc wrote:
         | The Royal family and friends own greater London, probably worth
         | a trillion dollars.
         | 
         | They're not required to file deeds on the land, so nobody can
         | inventory or value it with any certainty.
         | 
         | In the private world, U2, Rush and Irwin own city-sized land
         | parcels in urban areas.
        
         | flir wrote:
         | In the very first Times Rich List (1989), the Queen was at the
         | top on PS5.2bn.
         | 
         | Where has all the wealth gone? It hasn't. The Times changed the
         | rules for the Queen (and only the Queen) after a nice note from
         | the palace. Now, things she has full use of but can't sell
         | aren't included (eg the Royal Collection).
        
           | tim333 wrote:
           | A lot of the ownership is ambiguous between the Queen
           | personally and the state.
        
             | mattowen_uk wrote:
             | Why are we talking about the 'Queen' like she's a private
             | citizen who could cash out, and take all that money to a
             | privately owned island in the Bahamas?
             | 
             | Being 'Queen' is a job. She's effectively the CEO of a
             | company (which is why it's informally called 'the firm').
             | She also works hard and has worked hard as a key member of
             | the firm all her life.
             | 
             | Being upset at the Queen for being rich, is like being
             | upset at the board members of an international bank. It's
             | not _her_ personal money, that she can take with her if she
             | stopped being the Monarch, in fact she has less of an
             | option to do that.
             | 
             | The Monarchy does so much for this country via tourism and
             | and international relations, that we'd be worse off without
             | them. Calculations have proven that they MAKE money for the
             | country despite the huge cost in keeping the institution
             | running.
        
               | Symbiote wrote:
               | > The Monarchy does so much for this country via tourism
               | and and international relations, that we'd be worse off
               | without them.
               | 
               | This is the crap the royal family's press department
               | churns out, to be repeated by fawning journalists
               | trailing their every move.
               | 
               | More tourists visit Paris than London. Unlike in London,
               | they can go _inside_ those palaces and see the art
               | collections.
               | 
               | The presidential guards in Athens or Moscow still do a
               | ridiculous dance when they change shift, and Britain
               | could keep their equivalent in a republic if it's what
               | tourists want to see.
               | 
               | Republics choose who represents them. If they want a
               | conman with no respect for women, they can vote for
               | Trump. Britain has Prince Andrew anyway.
        
       | throwawa162888 wrote:
       | The crown estate is actually one of the only good things about
       | the monarchy.
       | 
       | I grew up in crown estate housing and it was well known to be the
       | best social housing around. Much better than Peabody etc.
       | 
       | In fact when austerity came in and they had to sell it, there
       | were massive campaigns to fight it being sold off.
       | 
       | I am a republican for the record.
        
       | ajdlinux wrote:
       | If 75% of the profits go to the government (and arguably, as long
       | as the monarchy continues to exist, the other 25% covers expenses
       | that the government would end up funding anyway), then doesn't
       | that make the Crown Estate actually a small Sovereign Wealth Fund
       | more than anything else?
       | 
       | Lots of the media coverage around the Crown Estate seems to focus
       | on the wealth of the Royal Family - if I were their PR team I'd
       | be trying to push the (quasi-)SWF angle pretty hard.
        
         | pjc50 wrote:
         | It is literally a Sovereign Wealth Fund, in that it's the
         | wealth of the sovereign. It's just (like a lot of things in the
         | UK) not very democratically accountable.
        
           | ajdlinux wrote:
           | What does it mean for a SWF to be "democratically
           | accountable"?
           | 
           | Given SWFs generally act like other large scale institutional
           | investors - I suppose democratic accountability has put
           | political pressure on some SWFs to act on ESG concerns
           | (changing investment strategies away from fossil fuels
           | towards renewables, voting in favour of climate activist
           | resolutions, etc) but apart from that, is there any reason to
           | think that the Crown Estate is doing a bad job at maximising
           | returns to the government?
           | 
           | (And to be clear, though I suspect you know this - I'm not
           | using the S in SWF to refer to the head of state
           | specifically, but to the government, as is the traditional
           | meaning)
        
       | vasco wrote:
       | The fact that over 60% of people like to live in a country where
       | birth defines a family's worth as higher than everyone else is
       | mind boggling. I understand at a fundamental level the worship of
       | rich people, since it gives everyone something to work towards,
       | "billionaires aren't so bad because I may be one some day". I
       | cannot understand supporting the monarchy. Are any of the 60%
       | around that could explain their thoughts? I come from a country
       | with over 100 years of republic so maybe I lack perspective.
        
         | rbirkby wrote:
         | As one of the 60%, its not about deity worship, but more about
         | a sense of stability. Especially where the monarchy has
         | effectively zero involvement in daily life. When looked at from
         | a P&L basis the crown is pretty good value. Certainly compared
         | to all the alternatives that have been tried.
        
           | noir_lord wrote:
           | I'm not in the 60% but I don't care _enough_ to want to rock
           | the boat either - an unelected figurehead head of state has
           | some benefits.
           | 
           | If I could snap my fingers and remove the royal family at no
           | cost I would but otherwise there are bigger problems we need
           | to address first.
        
             | pjc50 wrote:
             | Indeed. Replace the House of Lords with something
             | proportionally elected, for example.
        
         | tim333 wrote:
         | >a country where birth defines a family's worth as higher than
         | everyone else
         | 
         | Doesn't that apply to every country on earth? Even under
         | communism I imagine the offspring of the dear leaders do better
         | than the average.
        
           | anovikov wrote:
           | It's not, nor it really is in the UK itself. Certainly those
           | who are titled as "upper class" as accepted by their peers,
           | are nearly purely hereditary, but these people don't hold the
           | bulk of money even there. Most cash in UK is in the hands of
           | foreigners (many naturalised), i.e. earned abroad - the
           | proverbial Russian oligarchs and Arab oil sheikhs.
           | 
           | And there's no problem about the Crown Estate. Profits from
           | it go to the government, apart from the small part which is
           | spent to maintain the royal household (those amounts are not
           | exorbitant by any measure and it is amusing that the royals
           | are able to do with so little, take literally every "person
           | from TV" and they spend more). Only way in which Crown Estate
           | is different from government property is that if in any case
           | monarchy is abolished in the future, it will be returned to
           | the royal family - now private citizens - to become their
           | "normal" private property.
           | 
           | Only bad part about UK (and European in general) culture in
           | that sense is that it's incredibly hard to "make it" locally.
           | Indeed, most rich people either inherited their wealth, or
           | just brought it from abroad having made it there (usually in
           | some dirty ways). But this is a logical consequence of
           | welfare state: in Europe, we don't let anyone fall through
           | the cracks, social assistance system is truly comprehensive
           | and there is not so much disparity in incomes. If you don't
           | have any losers, you don't have any winners either: there is
           | no way to have the cake and eat it too.
        
             | pjc50 wrote:
             | > If you don't have any losers, you don't have any winners
             | either: there is no way to have the cake and eat it too.
             | 
             | The economy is not this zero-sum, fortunately.
        
               | anovikov wrote:
               | I haven't claimed it is, but see: if we make taxes high
               | enough, especially progressive taxes, we avoid poverty,
               | but we also prevent accumulation of wealth.
               | 
               | If we have employment laws that make it difficult to fire
               | people, we have job security, but we also don't have any
               | startups (how do you hire people there if it can go bust
               | and you can't easily fire them, and why would anyone go
               | to work somewhere where job isn't secure while elsewhere
               | it is?).
               | 
               | There are many ways in which it works, and bottom line
               | is: you either have crowds of bums, piss and shit and
               | needles in the street but also ways to get rich from
               | nothing if you work hard, as in the US, or you have
               | neither, as in Europe. It's about choices. Letting people
               | win big means making many more people lose.
               | 
               | Cynical approach is to do business and invest money in
               | the US, and live in Europe. Which is actually what i
               | recommend and what i do myself. With full understanding
               | that i am living in a dead end place which is about to
               | become sort of a living museum already in my lifetime, a
               | human zoo.
        
               | tim333 wrote:
               | During the US's best period of economic growth in the 50s
               | I don't think they had the crowds of bums thing.
        
               | anovikov wrote:
               | They had ghettos of squat houses/shacks with literally
               | rivers of shit, rampant prostitution and addictions, and
               | gang rule though. And yes, legally and physically
               | segregated.
               | 
               | And also, back then there weren't really any startups.
               | 
               | And they had it only because rest of the world nearly
               | killed one another with US being the only country that
               | managed to sit the WWII out.
        
         | dia80 wrote:
         | How would you say democracy has been performing lately in the
         | English speaking world? Yes, the royal family is wealthy by
         | birth but it's a tiny fraction of national wealth and the
         | country gets something in return e.g. stability, some shared
         | identity, soft power, tourism. I think British people mainly
         | want to avoid another grubby scramble for political power by
         | the unfit who then proceed to try and push ideology and fill
         | their own pockets.
         | 
         | I'll take the royals, who have been raised to have sense of
         | duty and know they need to project the impression of service,
         | over president Blair/Boris any day.
        
           | becquerel wrote:
           | But as a fellow Brit I there's parts of this I really can't
           | understand. How could anyone not see the royals as filling
           | their own pockets, given their ludicrous wealth?
           | 
           | As for the sense of duty and noblesse oblige, well, I think
           | Prince Andrew explodes a lot of those refined notions. As far
           | as I know, the royal family hasn't sanctioned him in any
           | serious way.
        
             | dia80 wrote:
             | By "fill their pockets" I mean actively engage in political
             | corruption. The royal families relatively static wealth
             | makes little difference in the grand scheme. The PS85m
             | figure from the crown estate mentioned in this article is
             | 0.1% of government spending.
             | 
             | I didn't mean to suggest the royal family are unimpeachable
             | beacons of virtue but that their primary motivations are
             | different to politicians in a way that benefits the
             | country.
        
               | crumbshot wrote:
               | > _By "fill their pockets" I mean actively engage in
               | political corruption._
               | 
               | But they do. For example, the Queen used her power to get
               | an exemption from transparency laws with regards to her
               | own personal wealth: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-
               | news/2021/feb/07/revealed-que..., and her son Charles did
               | the same to ban his tenants from purchasing freeholds:
               | https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/feb/09/prince-
               | charl....
        
               | dia80 wrote:
               | (replying to sibbling)
               | 
               | By political corruption I mean activities that are
               | obviously detrimental at societal level. That sucks if
               | you are Charles's Tennant and you want to by the freehold
               | but I'm think more of funnelling contracts to your
               | unqualified friends like the PPE scandals. Again I'm not
               | suggesting the royals are perfect just that the
               | alternative is worse.
        
               | mcny wrote:
               | One story I remember is some corruption is okay when
               | there is enough to go around.
               | 
               | If I told you that the janitors responsible for changing
               | the light bulbs didn't wait for the lights to burn out
               | and replaced light bulbs with a few weeks worth of life
               | left (when replacing other light bulbs) and took them
               | home to use them you probably wouldn't bat an eye. It
               | isn't even worth spending time thinking about it in
               | developed countries.
               | 
               | However, imagine you are in a developing country and
               | corruption is rampant. I think you would justifiably be
               | less charitable toward the janitor even though you know
               | it is the same act but the pie is smaller so every bit
               | counts.
               | 
               | The royals being corrupt in the UK (I hope it becomes
               | just England and Wales within my lifetime, preferably
               | with NI and Scotland withdrawing) is ok but the royals
               | being corrupt in Swaziland is a big problem.
        
         | tkiolp4 wrote:
         | Is not that the 60% are in favor of the monarchy; it's that the
         | 60% are in favor of no change... they are conservative, and any
         | significant change scares them.
        
           | kspacewalk2 wrote:
           | A very important, stabilising segment of every society. Don't
           | know what the optimal amount is, but clearly history teaches
           | us that too many or too few of such conservatives can lead to
           | disaster. The British system's incredible staying power
           | (especially for a country of some note, and not a tiny state
           | on the periphery of history) suggests theirs is something
           | like an optimal percentage.
        
         | LatteLazy wrote:
         | People who know they have no merit don't support a meritocracy.
         | They like a nice hard hierarchy and a birth lottery. This is
         | one of the unspoken truths of the British system.
        
         | crumbshot wrote:
         | > _The fact that over 60% of people like to live in a country
         | where birth defines a family 's worth as higher than everyone
         | else is mind boggling._
         | 
         | On a more uplifting note, polls indicate that this support has
         | been slowly declining in recent years, particularly amongst the
         | younger age groups:
         | https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2021/0...
         | 
         | I'm British and _not_ part of that 60%, and am fervently hoping
         | this support declines more rapidly when the current monarch
         | dies in the next few years or so. I think a lot of the respect
         | for the monarchy here is driven by a personal respect for the
         | Queen. The rest being our deep-seated cultural problem of class
         | deference.
         | 
         | My personal opinion is that in addition to abolishing the
         | monarchy, the state should seize all of their private assets,
         | and every member of the royal family should be exiled. This is
         | probably an even less popular opinion, but I think it's the
         | only proper way to rid Britain of this parasitic family.
         | 
         | > _Are any of the 60% around that could explain their
         | thoughts?_
         | 
         | If you ask a monarchist, they'll usually lean on one of two
         | arguments: the financial and the traditional.
         | 
         | The former is the flawed belief that the monarchy is a money-
         | maker for the UK and that it would be financially imprudent to
         | abolish them. Usually this argument is based on the Crown
         | Estate providing income for the Treasury, and the implied
         | assumption that if the monarchy were abolished then that income
         | would be gone, even though the lands are still there and
         | there's no reason why the new republican government couldn't
         | just seize the Estate as part of this abolishment. There's also
         | the tourism income conjecture, but plenty of ex-monarchies have
         | a strong tourism sector, and presumably there'd be a Royal
         | Family Museum for tourists to visit in the new republic.
         | 
         | The latter is driven by cultural inertia and tends to be what
         | monarchists lean on when the financial argument has been
         | demolished. The talking points usually revolve around who would
         | be the next head of state then, how could Britain possibly
         | function without the monarchy, and so on.
         | 
         | Perhaps some monarchists would disagree with this
         | characterisation of their beliefs, but having argued with many
         | of them, these are my observations.
        
         | krona wrote:
         | An ancient and hereditary monarchy devoid of political power is
         | the easiest way of providing an apolitical head of state.
         | 
         | In the terms of the UK, the monarchy is interwoven with the
         | national identity; it is its link to its past in human form.
         | Most British people don't despise everything that has been done
         | in the name of their country, and hence see the pragmatism of
         | the constitutional settlement the UK landed on as the
         | acceptable adjustment required to maintain something resembling
         | a democracy.
        
         | chrisseaton wrote:
         | Under the monarchy the UK has had peaceful transitions of power
         | for 360 years. The system we have works and so most people here
         | are happy with it.
         | 
         | Alternatives like the US presidential republic system
         | (currently at 0 years of peaceful transitions of power) don't
         | seem more attractive to most people here.
        
           | barrkel wrote:
           | How peaceful was the transition of power in Ireland?
        
           | LatteLazy wrote:
           | Under the monarchy the UK has not been attacked by trolls for
           | 360 years. If we get rid of the monarchy, are we doomed to be
           | invaded by trolls?
        
             | midasuni wrote:
             | " Imprisoning trolls: the rise of hate crimes in the UK and
             | the increasing measures to tackle them "
             | 
             | https://sociable.co/social-media/hatea-crimes-uk/
        
             | [deleted]
        
             | chrisseaton wrote:
             | If you can't measure a system of government by the relative
             | peace and stability maintained while it is in place, what
             | do you want to measure it by instead?
        
               | LatteLazy wrote:
               | I'd attack the premise of the question. There is no
               | single measure.
               | 
               | That doesn't make peace and stability a good measure.
               | North Korea has managed a few decades of that, are they
               | much better governed than the USA (for all its faults)?
               | 
               | Look closely at your measure, the UK has fought 2 Iraq
               | wars, an afghan one, one in the Falklands, another in
               | Yeman, Lebanon, Kosovo, Bosnia, Libya and Sierra Leone
               | all on my short lifetime. So the claim UK Gov provides
               | peace doesn't look great does it? Not compared to say
               | Germany or France (republics).
               | 
               | The truth is, there is no strong justification for any
               | one given form of government or for the House of Windsor.
        
               | chrisseaton wrote:
               | You asked why we weren't being attacked by trolls and you
               | want to attack the premise of _my_ question?
               | 
               | I think the French have gone through five republics in
               | less than the last 500 years for example if you want to
               | compare to them. Also been occupied.
               | 
               | And I'm not sure comparing to Germany is a great idea...
               | 
               | Fundamentally the reason we have a monarchy is because
               | most people like it. It reigns with consent. That's in
               | extremely sharp contrast to the leaders of almost all
               | other countries. 50% of Americans will by design always
               | detest their president.
        
               | LatteLazy wrote:
               | Hey, I just pointed out there is no hard evidence linking
               | peaceful power transfer to the house of Windsor (or their
               | previous equivalents). Plenty of monarchies fall apart,
               | plenty of republics don't.
        
           | pjc50 wrote:
           | > peaceful transitions of power for 360 years
           | 
           | This is a myth we like to tell ourselves, like the destroyed
           | colonial records.
           | 
           | 360 years ago is 1661. Shouldn't you count from at least 1688
           | "Glorious Revolution", when the current monarchy of Dutch
           | ancestry invaded?
           | 
           | Or, if you mean the UK, count from the Act of Union 1707,
           | before which the UK did not exist as such?
           | 
           | Or, counting "peaceful", from the end of the suppression of
           | the Stuart monarchy in 1746?
           | 
           | Or, counting "UK" again, the distinctly non-peaceful
           | transition of power of part of the UK to Dublin in 1922? The
           | consequent violence of which only ended in 1998?
           | 
           | (especially if you're going to try to count the US Jan 6
           | incident as "not peaceful transition of power"! You have to
           | overlook a lot of UK electoral violence if that's your
           | threshold)
           | 
           | The monarchy have largely managed to steer clear of this in
           | the 20th century, although there was a near miss when Edward
           | married a fascist spy and had to be forced out. Undoubtedly
           | the influence of Prince Philip whose family were indeed
           | exiled from Greece at gunpoint made a difference. The Queen
           | has been _very_ cautious.
        
         | mellosouls wrote:
         | The UK-style constitutional monarchy can be argued as being in
         | reality (rather than on paper) more democratic than the US-
         | style republic:
         | 
         | Although the "I may be one some day" point is true, its also
         | very unrealistic to the point of being near-impossible; and in
         | the UK case we aren't talking about a small percentage of the
         | population (as in, eg. the US) that has the dreamed of status
         | that won't ever be attained, just a handful of individuals who
         | have it. That's just the ultra-billionaires and celebrities and
         | doesn't take into account the clear familial traditions of
         | those who are elected to run the country and their senior staff
         | (Kennedys, Bushes, Trumps etc.).
         | 
         | So its kind of comparing 10 people in the entire country (UK)
         | who have a status that you know will never have vs several
         | hundred (US) who have it; just the latter has a smaller-than-
         | lottery (?) chance of the average Joe getting there compared to
         | next-to-zero (revolution or massive constitutional change) of
         | the former.
         | 
         | Having established that the former set are "different", we then
         | unify and either venerate them or revolt against them according
         | to personal preference.
         | 
         | When you then add in the regal mystique, charisma and authority
         | granted to holders of office with actual power like, say, [
         | _fill in your bogeyman President here_ ], having a separate
         | unelected, symbolic but _powerless_ national figurehead - who
         | _genuinely_ represents all of us - starts to look like a _much_
         | more attractive - and democratic - proposition.
        
           | throw0101a wrote:
           | > _The UK-style constitutional monarchy can be argued as
           | being in reality (rather than on paper) more democratic than
           | the US-style republic:_
           | 
           | I always find it amusing that 7 of the top 10 democratic
           | countries are constitutional monarchies:
           | 
           | * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index#By_country
           | 
           | More generally, it seems that countries with ceremonial heads
           | of state seem to score better.
        
         | alibarber wrote:
         | I sincerley beleive that the monarchy are one of the best
         | defenders _against_ the rise of nationalism in Britain, not
         | just in recent times but going back to the start of Elizabeth
         | 's reign.
         | 
         | There are plenty of examples throughout history of movements
         | coming to power by adopting marches, uniforms, ralies,
         | ceremonies, symbols etc and co-opting them to their cause and
         | calling themselves 'true patriots'. But in Britain, that's
         | almost exclusively the relm of the Royal Family, so it's
         | effectively impossible for any political movement to offer any
         | of that in any meaningful way, because it's not really possible
         | to be 'more patriotic' than the actual royal family. So yeah,
         | if you want to feel patriotic you wave a flag an watch the
         | queen do something quite harmless, as opposed to march with a,
         | potentially quite nasty, group of politicians.
        
           | ajdlinux wrote:
           | > in Britain
           | 
           | In Great Britain, as opposed to Northern Ireland...
        
           | mastax wrote:
           | The British Union of Fascists was quite happy to have
           | uniformed marches, rallies, etc. until the Public Order Act
           | 1936 banned political uniforms.
           | 
           | Could you tie that to the royal family?
        
             | alibarber wrote:
             | Nothing in history is absolute - and the fact that the UK
             | went to war against fascists shortly after that time
             | probably also contributed to their demise, but actually yes
             | I would consider their failure to gain a major foothold an
             | example of this.
             | 
             | I'm not saying their are no marches and uniforms at all,
             | even nowadays - but that they're just going to have a
             | bloody great struggle to try and upstage the ceremony and
             | popularity of a Royal event - particularly if one of their
             | claims is patriotism.
        
         | dageshi wrote:
         | The monarchy is an old institution, a bit like an old historic
         | city, cathedral or museum. The British are very distrustful of
         | knocking down old things to replace them with new because once
         | they're gone they cannot be brought back instead we just
         | generally tweak/evolve them to suit the modern age without
         | completely replacing them.
         | 
         | Would getting rid of the monarchy actually really change
         | anything other than being change for the sake of change? Not
         | really, so what would be the point?
        
           | idownvoted wrote:
           | Agree.
           | 
           | As a German, it's cringe-worthy to me that a German state-run
           | media outlet runs such a piece. The Crown Enstate Entity
           | isn't "mysterious" at all if you engage with a country's
           | history. But I think this is the spirit of our relations
           | going forward since the Brits decided to not go with the
           | program.
           | 
           | Also: The gap in housing affordability isn't driven by a
           | palace outside of London, or some sea-floor property. It is
           | driven by city governments and their "Highwaymaning" via
           | zoning and more.
        
         | thinkingemote wrote:
         | It could be just a coincidence that one of the most stable and
         | longest democracies also has a monarchy.
        
           | anoncake wrote:
           | Probably not. Monarchies usually aren't abolished
           | spontaneously but due to revolutions and similar crisis.
           | Since the UK hasn't had one in a while, there just was no
           | opportunity to abolish the monarchy.
           | 
           | Also the UK has only been a democracy since 1928. A democracy
           | without universal suffrage isn't one.
        
             | kspacewalk2 wrote:
             | Yes, of course a democracy without universal suffrage can
             | be one. In fact, the UK was more of a democracy before
             | universal suffrage than many formally democratic states
             | with universal suffrage today. This is because democracy is
             | not solely, or even approximately defined by the mere act
             | of casting a ballot.
        
               | anoncake wrote:
               | Of course not, universal suffrage is merely a necessary
               | condition for democracy. Many formally democratic states
               | of today arguably aren't democratic either.
               | 
               | By the standards of its time, I'm sure the UK was already
               | democratic back then. But not by today's.
        
             | rbg246 wrote:
             | That is such a great point about universal suffrage, a
             | point completely overlooked far too often (by people
             | including myself).
        
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