[HN Gopher] Washington state removes all barriers to municipal b...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Washington state removes all barriers to municipal broadband
        
       Author : joeyespo
       Score  : 276 points
       Date   : 2021-05-16 16:32 UTC (6 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (ilsr.org)
 (TXT) w3m dump (ilsr.org)
        
       | dang wrote:
       | Recent related thread. Others?
       | 
       |  _The Washington state legislature has voted to end limits on
       | municipal broadband_ -
       | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=26803426 - April 2021 (112
       | comments)
       | 
       | There have been tons of threads about municipal broadband of
       | course, but a lot of them are in the key of repetitive/indignant.
       | But this one is also recent and also pretty good:
       | 
       |  _The number of cities with municipal broadband has jumped over
       | 4x in two years_ - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=26970493
       | - April 2021 (324 comments)
        
       | bilater wrote:
       | As someone who is not well versed in this debate - can someone
       | explain to me why it is a...debate? As in what is a (valid)
       | argument against giving municipals the right to provide an
       | internet service? Obviously big companies don't want the
       | competition but how can they legally make an argument against it?
        
         | salawat wrote:
         | The normal logic is that private industry can't get a foothold
         | against something subsidized by tax revenue, therefore the
         | municipal option amounts to unfair competition.
         | 
         | I've never really bought into that line of reasoning though,
         | especially when upkeep can be bid out to these ISP's.
        
       | splithalf wrote:
       | Will be great for Bitcoin values.
        
         | redisman wrote:
         | Why? Is BTC somehow bandwidth bound?
        
       | inson wrote:
       | What does that mean for regular customers like myself?
        
         | ptmcc wrote:
         | As of yet, nothing.
         | 
         | But this is still a good and necessary first step at removing
         | an asinine prohibition.
         | 
         | There is still no plan or funding for building out municipal
         | broadband services, but it opens the door to having that
         | discussion that was previously off-limits.
         | 
         | Alternatively, it puts pressure on private ISPs to improve
         | service or else potentially face competition from future
         | municipal broadband.
        
         | rtkwe wrote:
         | Either a locally run ISP offering gigabit speeds at good prices
         | or it'll scare in incumbent ISPs into doing upgrades to lesser
         | but improved levels for higher prices. That's just going off
         | the pattern I've seen in a lot of places when cities start
         | looking into making their own ISP; local government starts
         | looking into running fiber and suddenly the incumbent ISP comes
         | and runs their own fiber.
        
       | throwawaysea wrote:
       | Given how remarkably one-sided the Washington legislature and
       | Governor and AG have been, I am wary of municipal broadband in
       | Washington. This is a one party state where leftists are
       | embedding their ideology into virtually every public institution.
       | For example public schools now push flawed gender ideology,
       | critical race theory, and "civics" that are really progressive
       | activism. Anyone speaking up against this injection of politics
       | into our public agencies is in danger of losing their job, so
       | there is nothing to balance out this bias.
       | 
       | Given all this, I am worried that government controlled Internet
       | services may come with censorship, controls, and surveillance
       | aligned with their political views. If it displaces private
       | providers that could be a huge threat to free speech and societal
       | discourse. What I want is more competition and choice, not less,
       | and I'm not convinced municipal broadband is the solution since
       | it may end up removing choice and leave us with only a single
       | public provider.
        
         | dang wrote:
         | " _Eschew flamebait. Avoid unrelated controversies and generic
         | tangents._ "
         | 
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
        
           | throwawaysea wrote:
           | Respectfully, I feel this isn't unrelated or generic. I live
           | in WA and the situation here politically IS really that
           | skewed. If I feel there is a threat to my ability to use the
           | Internet freely and exercise free speech emerging from the
           | state's political powers, who may soon be entrusted with
           | operating this service, how else can I broach the topic? It
           | is something that has to be discussed and planned for in my
           | opinion.
        
             | dang wrote:
             | Any comment that goes "municipal broadband" -> "gender
             | ideology, critical race theory" -> "progressive activism"
             | has almost by definition gone on a generic ideological
             | tangent. That's exactly what we ask people to avoid here.
             | It leads to generic ideological flamewar, which is the sort
             | of thing that will kill this place.
             | 
             | https://hn.algolia.com/?dateRange=all&page=0&prefix=true&so
             | r...
             | 
             | Your account seems to be using HN primarily for ideological
             | battle. Would you please not do that? We've had to ask you
             | about this multiple times before. Regardless of what you're
             | battling for or against, it's repetitive and inflammatory
             | and destructive of the curiosity HN is supposed to exist
             | for.
             | 
             | https://hn.algolia.com/?sort=byDate&dateRange=all&type=comm
             | e...
        
               | throwawaysea wrote:
               | (I understand if you don't have time to engage on this,
               | but if you have time for one more response I would
               | appreciate understanding this better)
               | 
               | Why is that chain a generic ideological tangent? My
               | argument is that one sided political ideology has come
               | into every level of WA state's government, and it will
               | therefore find its way to whichever government groups
               | implement municipal broadband. The same political side
               | has shown itself to be intolerant of free
               | speech/differences of opinions on certain matters. So for
               | those who stand on the other side of controversial and
               | current topics like those I listed, they may need to be
               | wary of this development and how it might be used against
               | them, since the Internet is so fundamental to exercising
               | our right to speech today.
               | 
               | From my observation censorship, tracking, surveillance,
               | government control, and so on are regular topics in HN.
               | For example there have been recent articles on FLoC, Tor,
               | privacy issues with WhatsApp, cryptocurrency, and various
               | decentralized services. To me it seems that these topics
               | involve politics and ideology, which are almost
               | inseparable from the existence of a technology like the
               | Internet. This is why to me my comment feels directly
               | related rather than a derailing tangent. Do you see it
               | differently, and if so what's the nuance I'm not seeing?
               | 
               | > We've had to ask you about this multiple times before.
               | 
               | I acknowledge you've mentioned this to me a couple times
               | before. I thought I had adjusted, and have tried to
               | engage on a number of different topics here. I'm just not
               | sure what I'm supposed to do at this point to not be
               | characterized in this way. It feels like I am being asked
               | to not participate or to artificial skew my participation
               | a certain way (avoid certain topics or not introduce
               | certain opinions). I saw from your search link you
               | previously mentioned a burden of the minority view, and
               | the need for patience. So is this something that I could
               | discuss if the tone were different or if I explained my
               | train of thought in a lengthier, more thoughtful comment?
        
               | dang wrote:
               | The problem is that (a) you hit a bunch of hot buttons in
               | a generic ideological theme. I mean what does municipal
               | broadband have to do with critical race theory? That's
               | practically the definition of a generic tangent;
               | 
               | (b) your comment was completely speculative - what
               | specific reason is there to believe that use of municipal
               | broadband might be restricted ideologically? or that
               | alternate ISPs would cease to exist? I don't see any
               | substance here.
               | 
               | Not to mention (c) flamebait like "one-party state",
               | which is language that has specific historical meaning
               | and is highly inflammatory when adapted to other
               | contexts.
               | 
               | Widening the topic to something vastly broader and
               | divisive, not adding any specific information, plus
               | carelessly tossing in flamebait, makes it a generic
               | ideological flamewar comment. It's not going to lead
               | anywhere good, and by the 'expected value of subthread'
               | test, that makes it a bad HN comment.
               | 
               | https://hn.algolia.com/?dateRange=all&page=0&prefix=true&
               | sor...
        
         | ClumsyPilot wrote:
         | Municipal broadband cam be organised as a charity. If 'private'
         | get outcompeted by a charity, they deserve to die
        
           | longhairedhippy wrote:
           | I live in Washington state and already under a single
           | provider, Comcast, and it sucks, I pay $120 a month for
           | unlimited gigabit which tops out at 400Mpbs if I'm lucky, and
           | often cannot support a zoom call with video. I, for one, am
           | thrilled this law passed. Anything that can force a broken
           | monopoly to be more competitive is a win in my book.
        
             | bombcar wrote:
             | I pay a similar amount for 1/20th of your advertised speed
             | and get roughly the same of your actual, and consider it
             | decent.
             | 
             | I do have a fiber line through my yard and someday will
             | bother getting hooked up to it.
        
             | throwawaysea wrote:
             | A Zoom video call can be supported on less than 10 Mbps, so
             | it's hard for me to accept this claim that your gigabit
             | service can't support a Zoom call. I have Comcast (at a
             | much lower tier) and have never had issues with steaming
             | from multiple devices while video conferencing as well. If
             | you have CenturyLink as an option for gigabit (available in
             | several WA cities), they provide symmetric gigabit service
             | for $70. In many parts of Seattle both providers are an
             | option.
             | 
             | In terms of affordability, I find the current providers to
             | be VERY affordable. Comcast provides 25 Mbps service for
             | $20 a month - more than enough for typical use. CenturyLink
             | has cheaper tiers available as well, depending on location.
             | 
             | As for choice - I would support laws that require sharing
             | of last mile cabling and things like that. But if a public
             | provider has unlimited funds and can run at a loss, that's
             | going to cause private providers to exit or stop investing
             | at least, leading us back to square one - a single
             | provider, except now it's a slow bureaucratic government
             | service.
        
       | ttul wrote:
       | I was involved in a local government committee to investigate
       | local broadband for my town. The incumbents were understandably
       | lazy at improving service quality, so we struck out on our own to
       | look at alternatives, including a municipally run service or
       | wholesale backbone.
       | 
       | What actually happened is someone in government called up a
       | friend at a municipal fiber specialist company, who agreed to
       | start making rumblings that they were going to pull fiber to our
       | town.
       | 
       | Within two weeks, one of the large incumbents announced their own
       | project for a $6M upgrade, which involved running submarine
       | cables and totally rewiring the town's network to enable gigabit
       | service.
       | 
       | I'm saddened that the town never got a chance to build and own
       | its own infrastructure, which would have been so much better,
       | because it would have put locals in charge of this essential
       | infrastructure - much as they already control water, roads, and
       | sewage.
       | 
       | But, ultimately, I now have gigabit service at a reasonably
       | competitive price, in a small town that arguably never "deserved"
       | it.
        
         | rz2k wrote:
         | The incumbent ISP would have eventually had to upgrade to
         | gigabit anyway. Maybe they were waiting until the same upgrade
         | would cost $2M instead of $6M.
         | 
         | Clearly, they revised their schedule because decades of revenue
         | streams, even from a small town, can be worth more than the
         | relative expense of upgrading now rather than later.
         | 
         | Did the rates increase for customers who chose the new gigabit
         | service? Often the new service offering doesn't make sense to a
         | monopoly provider in terms of revenue increases in the short
         | term, so competition or threat of public options are an
         | important tool that can work even better than public utility
         | boards.
         | 
         | Finally, it's worth noting that with changing political
         | climates priorities changes, especially when it comes to
         | infrastructure. The Flint water system was publicly managed,
         | and it isn't even the worst one in the country. Thousands of
         | publicly managed bridges are at risk of collapse due to
         | underfunded maintenance.
         | 
         | Cold War fears about existential threats motivated great
         | federal projects that focused on resiliency and creating the
         | foundations for productivity. Without those same threats,
         | legislation mandates intentional vulnerabilities like
         | backdoors, fails to fund national standards that could limit
         | cyber-extortion, and new internet-related initiatives are
         | regularly more intent on erecting barriers to entry and toll
         | booths than they are on nurturing any new or disruptive
         | industries.
        
           | doikor wrote:
           | > Maybe they were waiting until the same upgrade would cost
           | $2M instead of $6M.
           | 
           | Most of the cost is the actual digging/laying new fiber. The
           | price of that does not really go down over time (instead the
           | cost of labor goes up over time usually). The actual fiber
           | and equipment is a very small part of the cost.
           | 
           | This happened at my parents town. They were looking at
           | setting up their own municipal ISP and after some
           | research/quotes it ended up costing X which was too much.
           | They tried again a decade later and the cost for roughly the
           | same system was 1.5X so even more out of their budget.
           | 
           | The other case is the fiber already existing and the ISP
           | refuses to upgrade to enable higher speeds then that is just
           | pure greed.
        
             | toomuchtodo wrote:
             | The trick is to seize on when existing infra projects are
             | being done (major roadwork or perhaps replacing water,
             | sewer, or buried power) and throw the conduit and fiber
             | down at the same time, as the incremental cost is trivial.
             | This is referred to as Dig Once policy.
             | 
             | Fiber is cheap. When you dig, install fiber!
             | 
             | https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/otps/policy_brief_dig_once.
             | p...
        
               | m463 wrote:
               | It's also interesting that (well, like copper) fiber
               | speeds have been upgraded again and again using different
               | transcievers (the gbic thing)
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | darig wrote:
         | I live in a small city, but it's the biggest one 100+ miles in
         | any direction, so it shows on most maps. AT&T laid fiber
         | everywhere, but just capped off all the endpoints. Now any plan
         | to lay municipal fiber would probably interfere with AT&T's
         | infrastructure, and AT&T could hold up the process. If anyone
         | actually made anything that worked, AT&T could just finish the
         | job (that they got grants to do that assumed they wouldn't just
         | stop after the fiber was laid), and compete on price.
         | 
         | Shady, shady business.
        
         | m463 wrote:
         | > reasonably competitive price
         | 
         | I would suggest that this is a lower price, but not a price you
         | would get with robust competition.
        
           | xbar wrote:
           | No doubt. But it's 2021 and rural communities are catching up
           | to where urban centers were 10 years ago. Not perfect, but
           | better.
        
         | skybrian wrote:
         | That's some good negotiating. It's probably for the best
         | because the town doesn't have to take the financial risk? If
         | something goes wrong you want there to be some shareholders to
         | take the loss. (In return, they profit if nothing goes wrong.)
         | 
         | A lot of towns have a huge bill coming up when they have to
         | replace outdated sewer systems.
         | 
         | > The EPA reckons water and sewer systems will need $743
         | billion of upgrades through 2035
         | 
         | https://www.marketwatch.com/story/climate-change-means-water...
        
           | ttul wrote:
           | As a consumer, I am not terribly displeased. Value-wise, I
           | would have preferred that the municipality ended up owning
           | the base fiber infrastructure and leasing it out to
           | commercial operators. But that fantasy has passed.
        
         | chmod775 wrote:
         | > in a small town that arguably never "deserved" it.
         | 
         | Apparently it was still profitable. Just less so than
         | continuing to milk old infrastructure.
        
           | smiley1437 wrote:
           | I suspect the incumbents also want to minimize the number of
           | precedent-setting municipalities that control their own
           | broadband. Each one could potentially become a good example
           | of the benefits of publicly owned infrastructure - and then
           | inspire other cities to do the same.
        
       | AS_of wrote:
       | Great news, for them. For the rest of us,
       | 
       | Are there any organizations we can support to help do this in
       | more places?
        
         | toomuchtodo wrote:
         | https://ilsr.org/
         | 
         | https://ilsr.org/broadband-2/
         | 
         | https://muninetworks.org/
        
       | exabrial wrote:
       | On the surface, this looks great. An independent municipal
       | provider? Saweet!
       | 
       | What we've seen happen: network construction is contracted out to
       | Comcast. They now have [yet another] local monopoly.
        
         | scythe wrote:
         | My city's government has a lot more leverage negotiating with
         | Comcast than I do alone.
        
         | floatingatoll wrote:
         | I have few objections to Cox, Comcast, and so forth being
         | reduced to a CLEC-alike for DOCSIS connections, especially if
         | the municipalities sign contracts that require the CLEC-alike
         | to spend x% of revenue paid them by the city on infrastructure
         | buildout _first_ , performance upgrades _only if_ no unserved
         | areas remain.
        
       | GeekyBear wrote:
       | Mississippi did this in 2019, and used a portion of the first
       | round of Coronavirus stimulus money to offer block grants to get
       | the ball rolling, to great success.
       | 
       | >They used a portion of the funds to supercharge the rollout of
       | high-speed broadband to the most underserved areas of the state
       | in an effort to close the digital divide.
       | 
       | They went to rural electric co-ops -- private, independent
       | electric utilities owned by the members they serve -- many of
       | which were left gobsmacked by the offer, according to David
       | O'Bryan, general manager of Delta Electric Power Association,
       | which now serves Carroll and Grenada counties with broadband.
       | Many of these co-ops had been preparing to deploy networks but
       | lacked the cash to begin a major project, especially in the most
       | remote and sparsely populated parts of their territories.
       | 
       | The result has been an acceleration in broadband deployment that
       | could make Mississippi one of the most connected states in the
       | nation within the next five to six years. That's a huge leap for
       | the state, which last year ranked 42 out of 50 in BroadbandNow's
       | 2020 connectivity rankings.
       | 
       | https://www.cnet.com/home/internet/how-coronavirus-stimulus-...
        
         | twalla wrote:
         | That's....uh... remarkably progressive for Mississippi - and
         | the first bill (HB 366 from 2019) passed nearly unanimously [1]
         | https://legiscan.com/MS/votes/HB366/2019
         | 
         | Props to MS legislators for seeing the value in municipal
         | broadband.
        
           | ls-lah_33 wrote:
           | Most electrical transmission is cooperatively owned in rural
           | areas of the US.
           | 
           | https://www.electric.coop/electric-cooperative-fact-sheet
        
           | [deleted]
        
       | nealabq wrote:
       | https://broadbandnow.com/report/municipal-broadband-roadbloc...
       | (3 May 2021) outlines which states have broadband restrictions.
       | Key quotes:
       | 
       |  _- 18 states have restrictive legislation in place that make
       | establishing community broadband prohibitively difficult._
       | 
       |  _- Five additional states (Iowa, Arkansas, Colorado, Oregon, and
       | Wyoming) have other types of roadblocks in place that make
       | establishing networks more difficult than it needs to be._
       | 
       |  _- A further five states (Arkansas, Idaho, Tennessee,
       | Washington, and Montana) have introduced bills to remove
       | municipal broadband restrictions so far this year. Montana's bill
       | has failed, while Arkansas' passed in February._
        
         | toomuchtodo wrote:
         | With regards to legislation repealing restrictions and enabling
         | muni networks, it's like marijuana legalization. You keep
         | throwing it on the ballot each election cycle until it sticks
         | from cohort turnover. Some states turn over faster than others.
        
           | [deleted]
        
         | kingsuper20 wrote:
         | Does 'prohibitively difficult' mean that towns aren't allowed
         | to put in networks? or simply that it's hard to get funding
         | from some higher level of government?
         | 
         | It's hard to imagine some state law that prohibits a town (or
         | neighborhood for that matter) from building out some kind of
         | internet access.
        
           | nobody9999 wrote:
           | >It's hard to imagine some state law that prohibits a town
           | (or neighborhood for that matter) from building out some kind
           | of internet access.
           | 
           | That seems more like a failure of imagination, since ALEC[0]
           | has been writing bills for state legislators to do just that
           | for many years.
           | 
           | cf. https://www.prwatch.org/news/2014/02/12385/how-alec-
           | helps-bi...
           | 
           | [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legislative_Exchan
           | ge_...
        
           | smelendez wrote:
           | Those laws absolutely exist. Usually passed by state
           | legislatures who see it as government overreach, encouraged
           | by the big ISPs.
        
             | kingsuper20 wrote:
             | Huh. That's ridiculous.
             | 
             | If a city can force everyone to pitch in for a library (
             | _cough_ homeless center), I 'd think that running some
             | wires and hooking up some gear would be a no-brainer.
        
       | calvinmorrison wrote:
       | Who created the barriers?
        
         | _delirium wrote:
         | In this case, also the Washington State Legislature.
         | 
         | As I understand it, under WA law, public utility districts have
         | a specific set of things they are authorized to do. Prior to
         | 2000, this didn't include telecommunications at all. In 2000,
         | the legislature passed a law [1] that authorized public utility
         | districts to build/acquire/operate telecommunications networks,
         | but only for: 1) internal use by the district or other public
         | entities, or 2) to resell on wholesale terms to other
         | providers. It specifically said "Nothing in this subsection
         | shall be construed to authorize public utility districts to
         | provide telecommunications services to end users". This new law
         | amends the 2000 language to allow providing direct service to
         | end users as well.
         | 
         | [1]
         | http://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/1999-00/Pdf/Bills/Ses...
        
         | NaturalPhallacy wrote:
         | Typically Comcast/Charter by reaching up through the rectums of
         | politicians and moving their mouths with their hands.
        
         | exabrial wrote:
         | In the USA, typically government agencies are prohibited from
         | selling services that compete with private sector companies.
        
           | ClumsyPilot wrote:
           | Buzzare. If they can compete without making a loss/tapping
           | taxpayer money, then incumbents don't deserve to survive.
        
             | exabrial wrote:
             | That should be the way it works, but the [federal]
             | government is allowed to incinerate a nearly infinite
             | amount of cash. Some state governments are becoming that
             | same way unfortunately. Municipalities don't really have
             | this option, so it may not be as big of a deal.
             | 
             | See my other comment about contractors though... what we
             | saw in TN was Comcast "contracting" its services to "build
             | a municipal network", but instead just built their own crap
             | using taxpayer funding.
        
             | rhino369 wrote:
             | I would agree with the last sentence, but municipal
             | projects rarely operate on a level playing field. At a
             | minimum, they get access to tax-payer backed bonds to raise
             | capital that private companies can't match.
             | 
             | They also get to regulate their competition.
        
             | BurningFrog wrote:
             | The city can always regulate the competition out of
             | existence, so they are predestined to win the competition.
             | 
             | Which in turn means no one tries to compete, since it's
             | pointless, and the city has a monopoly by default.
             | 
             | Or at least that's how it usually plays out. Don't know if
             | any jurisdictions have found a way to make this work well.
        
             | rsj_hn wrote:
             | It is never the case that they can compete without making a
             | loss, as that would effectively make them a private
             | company. The Post Office, for example, is supposed to have
             | its own P&L, yet we keep giving them billions every time
             | they run out of money. So you get the worst of all worlds,
             | the lack of accountability of a private company but the
             | taxpayers are on the hook.
             | 
             | Almost all these pseudo-government projects are funded out
             | of the general budget, and some are off-books but still
             | off-balance sheet liabilities of the government. E.g. a
             | port authority that floats its own bonds, but those bonds
             | are guaranteed by the local government, so if the port
             | authority becomes insolvent the government is on the hook.
             | If you think entity X can make its own profit and loss,
             | then ask yourself: who is on the hook when the bonds sold
             | by X default? It is always going to be a taxpayer for a
             | government project.
             | 
             | A clean separation between things that are supposed to turn
             | a profit and things that should be funded socially is a
             | good separation, and trying to blur those lines is usually
             | a bad idea, as you create these unaccountable subsidized
             | bureaucracies that end up being poorly run sources of graft
             | after a few generations.
             | 
             | Now whether internet access itself should be subsidized or
             | turn a profit is a different matter. It's critical
             | infrastructure, like roads, so you can make a case for
             | subsidies.
        
               | salawat wrote:
               | Post Office is a bad example as I understand it because
               | from what I've heard it's being run by someone notorious
               | for wanting it dead to clear the way for private sector
               | competitors, and it is the single private organization in
               | the United States required to pre-fund its pension fund.
        
               | mschuster91 wrote:
               | > The Post Office, for example, is supposed to have its
               | own P&L, yet we keep giving them billions every time they
               | run out of money.
               | 
               | And they run out of money because of pension benefit
               | requirements and a lot of other politically mandated
               | issues (see e.g.
               | https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/apr/15/afl-
               | cio/wi...).
               | 
               | Not to mention the events of the 45th Presidency with
               | tearing down sorting machines and other actions intended
               | to impede by-mail voting...
        
           | dredmorbius wrote:
           | Source / citation?
        
       | reilly3000 wrote:
       | Props to Chelan County in WA for leading the charge on making
       | this a viable model. The county P.U.D. owns and maintains the
       | fiber infrastructure and sells it wholesale to ISPs. A friend of
       | mine worked on that project and it has netted some concrete
       | economic development wins. Wenatchee has been an ag center but is
       | adding plenty of clean energy jobs and expanding into a Seattle
       | alternative for tech (trying at least).
       | 
       | https://www.chelanpud.org/my-pud-services/residential-servic...
        
       | jorblumesea wrote:
       | Realistically, municipal broadband doesn't make sense for every
       | town or city. But what this should hopefully do is open up
       | avenues to create competition for ISPs to create the services
       | they promised, or upgrade existing services.
       | 
       | I'm fairly convinced it's just greed and laziness. It's funny how
       | back when Google fibre was rolling into town, suddenly
       | centurylink upgraded its service...
        
       | grahamburger wrote:
       | I've been helping some cities recently to price out the cost of
       | broadband projects. Cities often have some assets (property,
       | access to fiber, sometimes access to wireless spectrum) that can
       | make building a broadband network feasible. I'd love to chat with
       | anyone interested in doing this in their city - email in my
       | profile.
        
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