[HN Gopher] When people ate people, a strange disease emerged (2...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       When people ate people, a strange disease emerged (2016)
        
       Author : ekianjo
       Score  : 120 points
       Date   : 2021-05-09 08:05 UTC (14 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.npr.org)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.npr.org)
        
       | radarsat1 wrote:
       | I'm curious, if it's a "misfolding protein" (my knowledge of
       | biology is not sufficient to know what "misfolding" means here, I
       | understand that proteins fold, but "misfolding" is a mystery to
       | me), then what is the reproducing mechanism?
       | 
       | My understanding is that viruses reproduce themselves by
       | hijacking the DNA (or RNA?) in cells. DNA being a cell
       | reproduction mechanism that copies protein structures. But what
       | is it about a particular protein that can make itself reproduce
       | and infect the body?
        
         | genocidicbunny wrote:
         | My (admittedly, very layman) understanding is that prions are
         | proteins that are misfolded in such a way that when in
         | proximity or contact with their 'correctly folded' version can
         | induce them to change shape to the misfolded version. Prions
         | are below the level of things like viruses or bacteria -- they
         | are a result of the underlying chemistry of making proteins.
         | Proteins and their folding is arranging atoms into
         | energetically favorable states. A prion is then a different
         | arrangement of the atoms that is somewhat more energetically
         | favorable, one that can induce other proteins to transition to
         | this different state. It is this last property that makes them
         | infectious.
        
         | adammunich wrote:
         | It catalyzes others like ice-9
        
         | teachingassist wrote:
         | Proteins are produced as a string (either literally as a chain
         | molecule, or in the computer science sense of a string of
         | characters/amino acids).
         | 
         | Once a protein is formed in the body, it naturally folds into
         | its useful, functional shape with the purpose it was designed
         | for.
         | 
         | A 'misfolding protein' is then a folding into a stable shape
         | which is not desired.
         | 
         | A 'prion' is a misfolding protein that encourages other
         | proteins of the same type to misfold in the same way - maybe by
         | acting as an incorrect template for folding. When this is
         | folded in a way that is difficult for the body to break down,
         | and somehow enabling its sibling proteins to do the same, you
         | start to have problems.
         | 
         | So, a prion is a protein structure able to reproduce itself, in
         | some way. Prions are not 'viruses', where viruses have their
         | own DNA (or RNA) for making their own proteins.
         | 
         | There's an argument about whether viruses are 'alive', since
         | they depend on others' cells to make their proteins. Prions are
         | even less considered 'alive' - they are just inert single
         | protein molecules folded in a particular way. But, they have
         | the ability to reproduce, in some sense.
        
           | achenatx wrote:
           | a reasonable definition for alive is that they carry their
           | own energy production mechanism to reproduce. They can intake
           | materials, produce energy, and reproduce.
           | 
           | If we created robots that could harvest their own raw
           | materials to produce energy and reproduce, then they would be
           | alive too.
        
           | mywacaday wrote:
           | I've always understood that viruses are not alive but does
           | the statement "since they cannot reproduce without depending
           | on others' cells..." Not also cover plants that require
           | insects for pollination?
        
             | teachingassist wrote:
             | Plants are unambiguously considered alive by this
             | definition, because they do make their own proteins.
             | 
             | I edited to make this clearer.
        
             | Barrin92 wrote:
             | OP's argument is a little bit unorthodox. Generally
             | maintaining homeostasis is seen as a threshold for life and
             | that's why viruses are often excluded, they cannot really
             | maintain internal state.
        
               | teachingassist wrote:
               | I deliberately said it's an argument ;-)
               | 
               | There's no clearly agreed definition of 'life', and in my
               | opinion, scientists are moving gradually towards an idea
               | that viruses should count as life. Hank Green recently
               | posted that he finds it obvious that viruses are alive.
               | 
               | The argument that viruses are not life has become a bit
               | circular - viruses are not life, therefore, we have to
               | come up with awkward definitions of life that exclude
               | viruses.
               | 
               | You've posited a different definition, which I'd suggest
               | is very close to mine - 'maintaining homeostasis' is
               | meant to express the idea that a cell is able to produce
               | its own proteins in order to control its own environment
               | to its own benefit.
               | 
               | [When a virus changes that environment to suit its own
               | needs, we don't want viruses to be considered life, so we
               | don't call that 'homeostasis' any more - at least, we
               | don't when we're talking about the context of what 'life'
               | is. There are plenty of academic papers that do call this
               | homeostasis, considering homeostasis as an interplay
               | between cells and its viral infections.]
        
               | pmoriarty wrote:
               | What are the consequences of considering viruses to be
               | alive vs not alive?
        
           | mLuby wrote:
           | What are some macroscopic examples where a group of stable
           | things change to match a differently configured stable thing
           | introduced into their midst?
           | 
           | Maybe a stampede, where creatures were stationary until one
           | bolts and then the ones around it start running too?
           | 
           | Or a standing ovation, where people standing in front block
           | the vision of those behind who stand up too until everyone is
           | in their feet?
           | 
           | Or dominos arranged upright in a line and then one is placed
           | lying against a neighboring upright domino?
        
             | jcims wrote:
             | Zombie apocalypse.
        
               | gruez wrote:
               | Aren't those usually caused by some sort of a contagion?
        
               | jcims wrote:
               | Yes! In this case the contagion is the alternate
               | metastable state of the protein that is passed from one
               | to the other on contact. After which, the previously
               | healthy protein quits its job, leaves its family and
               | starts hunting for fresh victims.
        
             | ampdepolymerase wrote:
             | Many things. In CS, gossip-protocol based DB systems. In
             | chemistry and physics, phase transitions. Many processes
             | like nucleation/crystallization during freezing are very
             | similar.
             | 
             | When simulated, the code generally resembles cellular
             | automata. Look up Ising model simulation if you want a
             | better understanding.
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | bashinator wrote:
           | > protein that encourages other proteins of the same type to
           | misfold in the same way.
           | 
           | Gotta wonder if this is a clue about abiogenesis.
        
           | string wrote:
           | I've tried to read about prions a few times and never really
           | grasped the mechanism, so this was a really informative
           | explanation, thank you.
        
             | TeMPOraL wrote:
             | In terms of folding, you can imagine a protein as balls on
             | a string, where each ball has some extra stuff on its
             | surface. One may have a bit of velcro hooks here and a
             | small magnet there (N outwards). Another one may have some
             | surface adhesive and a S-outwards magnet. Another one,
             | velcro loops and a blob of adhesive. Etc. You put such a
             | string of balls in a box and shake it for a while. After
             | you're done, you'll have a somewhat stable structure made
             | of various balls connected by their relevant attachment
             | mechanisms. If you were clever at designing the original
             | string of balls, you could make it highly probable that any
             | such string would reach _the same_ connected structure
             | after being tumbled a bit.
             | 
             | Proteins are like that. The connections are chemical bonds;
             | velcro, magnets and glue represent different structures on
             | protein pieces that allow some kids of bonds to form with
             | given strengths, and disallow others. The tumbling/shaking
             | part is matter and temperature - in a living organism,
             | everything mostly keeps bumping into everything else at
             | random, and in particular, there's plenty of water
             | molecules to push things around randomly. Pieces of protein
             | thus keep connecting and disconnecting with other pieces,
             | until the whole molecule reaches a stable state where the
             | constant bumping isn't enough to break any of the bonds.
             | That's how proteins fold.
             | 
             | Somehow, it turns out that any given protein tends to
             | almost always fold into a very specific shape (which is
             | currently impossible for us to compute a-priori, given just
             | an ordered list of amino acid residues). But there are
             | other possible shapes that a protein can sometimes reach,
             | which are also stable but do not let it perform the
             | functions the body needs it to. That's bad - such a protein
             | is at best useless, at worst disruptive, and stability
             | makes it hard for the body to get rid of it. Then there
             | sometimes are stable shapes whose presence cause other
             | similar proteins to fold to that same shape, instead of the
             | one they'd ordinarily do - that's prions. That's very bad
             | news. They reproduce through catalyzing creation of more of
             | them, and their stability means they can just linger around
             | after the host organism has died, and it's not easy to
             | destroy them through boiling or denaturing agents.
        
               | cgriswald wrote:
               | I'm not clear on the mechanism by which the prion
               | encourages other proteins to fold the same way. Is the
               | protein interacting with the other protein directly like
               | an Ice IX situation? Is it an interaction between the
               | body and the prion, like the prion causing the body to
               | create an enzyme which interacts which then folds the
               | next protein? Something else?
        
               | TeMPOraL wrote:
               | From what I've read, it seems accepted that the mechanism
               | is closer to Ice-nine - a bad protein shows up next to a
               | good one, and causes the latter to re-fold into a copy of
               | the bad one. The exact mechanism of this is not known.
        
           | Leherenn wrote:
           | That was really instructive, thanks.
           | 
           | Could you develop a bit the last part please? How does it go
           | from "you have accumulating useless proteins in your body" to
           | "you die"? Is it because too many "good" proteins are turned
           | into "bad" proteins and thus you don't have enough anymore to
           | function properly? Is it because the "bad" proteins somehow
           | "clog" the system? Something else?
        
             | teachingassist wrote:
             | Either of these theories [not enough good protein/too much
             | bad protein] could contribute to disease, yes.
             | 
             | The correct function of the disease-causing 'major prion
             | protein' in humans is not known, so I think the answer is
             | "we don't quite know which of these factors is more
             | important".
             | 
             | We observe that diseased brains have 'plaques' where they
             | have been turned into sponge, so-called "spongiform
             | encephalopathy". The brain's neurons have simply died, one
             | way or another.
        
             | jcims wrote:
             | I'm sure the latter is possible in some way but the common
             | prion-based diseases kill by misfolding functional proteins
             | in the body (or in this case the brain). As the misfolding
             | spreads, the cells in the immediate vicinity are destroyed
             | and ultimately the surrounding tissue.
             | 
             | You can google it if you want, but the end result is a
             | brain that is essentially turned into a sponge with voids
             | throughout.
        
           | rsync wrote:
           | "There's an argument about whether viruses are 'alive', since
           | they depend on others' cells to make their proteins. Prions
           | are even less considered 'alive' ..."
           | 
           | I have read several proposals for a "viral LUCA" in the past
           | ... does anyone ever suggest a prion LUCA[1] ?
           | 
           | [1]
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor
        
             | teachingassist wrote:
             | > does anyone ever suggest a prion LUCA[1]
             | 
             | Yes, it totally makes sense to talk about a common
             | ancestor!
             | 
             | There's one known prion-disease-causing protein in humans,
             | the "major prion protein".
             | 
             | You can see the gene containing the code for this protein
             | in human DNA, and any mammal DNA has a similar gene that is
             | still very closely related. This suggests that the protein
             | has some important function(s) in mammals, and has a common
             | ancestor before these species existed.
             | 
             | Genes that have a shared history but are less closely
             | related (and don't appear to cause disease) can be found
             | for example also in zebrafish ('Shadoo' gene) and in humans
             | ('Doppel' gene).
             | 
             | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15449459/
        
         | indiv0 wrote:
         | It's not just a misfolded protein, it's a misfolded protein
         | that catalyzes other proteins (with the same chemical
         | structure) to misfold. So proximity of a "good" protein to a
         | "bad" protein is sufficient to turn the "good" protein "bad".
         | 
         | It's an interesting hypothesis to consider that there could be
         | other prion variations out there that misfold other types of
         | proteins, but they don't misfold the "good" versions of
         | themselves, so they don't self-replicate and instead just
         | create one-off instances of a broken protein.
        
           | radarsat1 wrote:
           | Huh, that's very interesting. I certainly didn't know that
           | protein folding could be influenced by other proteins around
           | them; I guess I sort of thought that proteins and their
           | structure were fully defined by DNA. But it makes sense.. if
           | a particular folding has an unstable point (ie., could go one
           | way or another), it would naturally be influenced by the
           | forces around it in addition to its "code". Thanks for the
           | insight!
        
       | uwagar wrote:
       | wow, one wonders what the spike protein made by the covid-19
       | vaccines could do...the narrative appears presenting just a
       | protein for the immune system to tackle instead of the whole
       | virus is without risk.
        
         | MertsA wrote:
         | >wow, one wonders what the spike protein made by the covid-19
         | vaccines could do
         | 
         | Here's what it does.
         | https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.31890...
         | 
         | >presenting just a protein for the immune system to tackle
         | instead of the whole virus is without risk.
         | 
         | The level of S protein produced from a vaccine is substantially
         | less than someone infected with SARS-CoV-2. Covid-19 is not a
         | prion disease, the protein doesn't cause any kind of catalytic
         | misfolding of other proteins. No one said new vaccines are
         | without risk, that's why even a one-in-a-million reaction
         | causing blood clots was enough to halt the administration of
         | the J&J vaccine until it could be studied further. These
         | vaccines have been studied for over a year on a massive chunk
         | of the world population, any kind of adverse reaction that
         | hasn't already been caught would have to be so rare that no
         | matter what demographic we're talking about you're at
         | substantially greater risk of harm from Covid-19 than from any
         | as of yet unknown side effect of any of the mainstream
         | vaccines.
        
       | harles wrote:
       | > But it wasn't a virus -- or a bacterium, fungus, or parasite.
       | It was an entirely new infectious agent, one that had no genetic
       | material, could survive being boiled, and wasn't even alive.
       | 
       | This is the most interesting part to me.
        
         | gambiting wrote:
         | Well because it's "just" a protein which by itself isn't alive.
         | It's like how heavy water(water where the hydrogen atom is
         | replaced by a deuterium atom) will eventually kill you if
         | ingested in large quantities, because your body just doesn't
         | recognize it as any different from normal water - it takes the
         | molecules and builds stuff with it, but because it's not
         | _quite_ the same, things start breaking down eventually.
         | 
         | This is roughly the same - body takes this protein in, "thinks"
         | it's a different type of protein, the resulting cell is
         | "broken" diseases follow.
         | 
         | You'd literally need to break that protein down so that it's
         | completely destroyed, either with extremely high
         | temperatures(not boiling) or with acids. People think of it
         | like bacteria and then are surprised it can't be "killed" -
         | well it can't be killed because it's just a basic building
         | block, it just happens to be defective.
        
           | harles wrote:
           | My expectation is that most proteins would be broken down
           | into their amino acids before being absorbed. Maybe it's just
           | the law of large numbers that lets some through? It seems
           | like a pretty spectacular feat to be cooked, digested, and
           | enter the brain intact.
        
       | xallarap wrote:
       | It's not from ppl eating ppl, it's from ppl eating ppls brains,
       | specifically.
        
       | DonHopkins wrote:
       | If God didn't mean for people to eat each other, then they
       | wouldn't be made out of meat! ;)
       | 
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qjAHw2DEBgw&ab_channel=Vario...
        
       | roenxi wrote:
       | Revulsion is a "seriously, this is a bad idea" signal from
       | evolution.
       | 
       | Do a quick inventory and see just how many psychological barriers
       | there are to cannibalism. Considering how important calories have
       | been for most of history and what a 'traditional' diet looks ...
       | it must be really be a mistake to eat people.
        
         | eatonphil wrote:
         | I'm fine with focusing on the ethical/moral reasons against
         | cannibalism.
         | 
         | I was revolted by fish, squid, and tofu as a kid until I forced
         | myself to get used to them as an adult.
         | 
         | I still find the thought of eating insects revolting but there
         | are many valid ways to do so.
        
         | CyanBird wrote:
         | That's a postdoc rationalization based on your western
         | perspectives
         | 
         | There are more than a few cultures which disprove your general
         | angle, on South East Asia there are still a couple cannibal
         | groups, which base their cannibalism on eating perceived
         | witches and did it on a semiritualistic fashion to ensure that
         | the witches spirits could not come back and haunt them/put a
         | spell on them
         | 
         | There are many, many, many references of through the discovery
         | of SEA islets of colonizers finding Cannibal tribes and groups
         | whom would instead eat them to (is through) acquiring "their
         | power" which is a strong motif that's replicated on West and
         | Central African animistic groups and tribes
         | 
         | Do remember reading of more than a couple times several years
         | ago of reading East European cannibal tribes through the 700s,
         | and this was beyond the post Roman vilification of "barbarians"
         | 
         | Anyhow my core is that, this is quite, quite common throughout
         | human history, same with human sacrifice
         | 
         | Apologies for lack of references I am on my phone, I'll add
         | them later
        
       | alien_player wrote:
       | First thing that came to mind: "It's something prion related."
        
       | erdo wrote:
       | I'd never heard of cannibalism outside of "eating your enemies"
       | this explanation is really touching and quite sad
        
         | LatteLazy wrote:
         | It comes up a lot, especially in areas that lack a natural
         | protein source (eg Papua New Guinea or parts of Africa). People
         | aren't really short of calories but they lack other nutrients
         | so...
        
         | orwin wrote:
         | And even then, you didn't eat your enemy whole. It was the
         | hearth or another important organ depending on the current
         | culture.
        
         | haunter wrote:
         | You never heard of survival cannibalism? Donner party, Flight
         | 571 etc.
        
           | erdo wrote:
           | Oh that's true, I'd forgotten about that - (cannibalism is
           | not something I generally think about much at all to be
           | honest!)
        
             | hackflip wrote:
             | Not thinking about cannibalism is a luxury for the well
             | fed.
        
               | StavrosK wrote:
               | I think I dislike this comment because it somehow manages
               | to turn a good situation into a privilege you should be
               | guilty of.
        
         | dessant wrote:
         | People were selling body parts for cooking during the Russian
         | Revolution.
         | 
         | NSFL:
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1921%E2%80%9...
         | 
         | Widespread cannibalism has also been documented in the Soviet
         | Union.
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor#Cannibalism
        
           | erdo wrote:
           | Thanks for that link, I was aware that Stalin was responsible
           | for a famine resulting in millions of deaths, but had no idea
           | of the details
        
             | philjohn wrote:
             | You should read up about Trofim Lysenko who was the real
             | architect of the famine.
        
               | otabdeveloper4 wrote:
               | Absolutely not.
               | 
               | Your rendition of history is horribly wrong, I mean
               | "Batman fought Hitler on a tyrannosaurus in WWI" levels
               | of wrong.
        
               | philjohn wrote:
               | Please expand then on what the causes of the famine were.
        
               | echlebek wrote:
               | "Architect" seems a bit strong but the article on him
               | says he contributed to famine in the USSR and China. http
               | s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Lysenko#Consequences_of.
               | ..
        
             | quietreaderess wrote:
             | (OT) Short-News: On wednesday, president Biden founded a
             | 'pre-crime'-agency to crimialize 'wrongthink'
             | 
             | Quoting: 'The best set of traits to survive, were passed
             | down to the next generation'
             | 
             | Questioning: 'We know headedness would'nt be our heritage,
             | but weakness is?'-Vasily Mikhailovich Blokhin ? (-;
             | 
             | I am now unsure if that (Biden) is the old fight of the
             | communists against socialism and 'dissenters' from the
             | 'general line' like you may investigate @Trotzky
             | 
             | Feel free to translate, en.wiki has much words but not that
             | 'concrete'
             | 
             | > //de.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotzki#Machtkampf_mit_Stalin
             | 
             |  _uh_ that political... ^^
        
       | erdo wrote:
       | Weirdly the name of this tribe happens to be an exact match for
       | the name of an android library that I publish - needless to say
       | it didn't come up when I googled potential names :)
        
         | asimjalis wrote:
         | Do you mean the name Fore?
        
       | medstrom wrote:
       | Does cannibalism have an inherent propensity to create/spread
       | prions or is it just incidental?
        
         | philipswood wrote:
         | (Ignoring prions for now)
         | 
         | Eating your own kind should definitely expose you to pathogens,
         | infections and parasites that are directly compatible with you.
         | 
         | I think in nature it would tend to be a bad strategy due to
         | this, even though in cases it would make a lot of sense
         | otherwise.
         | 
         | IIRC the SF novel 'The Legacy of Heorot' had an alien life
         | cycle/population dynamic based on this idea of using
         | cannibalism coupled with a staged life-cycle to allow the
         | creature to exploit a wider ecological niche. The juveniles
         | were herbivores and the adult forms then ate the juveniles,
         | forming a joined niche.
        
         | smackeyacky wrote:
         | Brains and spinal fluid seem to make it more likely. The PNG
         | tribe thought eating the brain of a dead elder would confer
         | their wisdom.
        
         | saagarjha wrote:
         | Eating infected meat is a way to get infected by prions, which
         | otherwise don't really spread.
        
         | p1mrx wrote:
         | Wild speculation:
         | 
         | Maybe a lot of humans have prions, and the ones who survive
         | until birth are just lucky enough to be genetically immune to
         | their own. Cannibalism copies the protein to someone without
         | that immunity.
         | 
         | And maybe the proteins of different species are usually too
         | incompatible to be dangerous.
        
         | teachingassist wrote:
         | It's thought yes:
         | 
         | Continuing my explanation from
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27094602
         | 
         | "A 'prion' is a misfolding protein that encourages other
         | proteins of the same type to misfold in the same way - maybe by
         | acting as an incorrect template for folding."
         | 
         | So, if you introduce a human prion - here by eating a human and
         | perhaps brain in particular - it will potentially start this
         | process by acting as a first template.
         | 
         | (Other animal prions are typically less likely to start this
         | process, since animal proteins will likely be too different)
        
       | asimjalis wrote:
       | This is something the article does not make clear. Why can't
       | prions be transmitted through eating non-human animals like cows?
        
         | IncRnd wrote:
         | The article mentions several times that this does happen.
        
         | taberiand wrote:
         | You mean like with mad cow disease? They can.
        
       | mariodiana wrote:
       | > [I]t was just a twisted protein, capable of performing the
       | microscopic equivalent of a Jedi mind trick, compelling normal
       | proteins on the surface of nerve cells in the brain to contort
       | just like them. The so-called "prions," or "proteinaceous
       | infectious particles," would eventually misfold enough proteins
       | to kill pockets of nerve cells in the brain [...]
       | 
       | Disclaimer: Somebody stop me if I'm spreading misinformation,
       | because I am way out of my wheelhouse. Honestly, I would like to
       | be disabused of this suspicion if it's entirely fanciful. So, if
       | someone knows something about what I'm about to discuss, please
       | weigh in. The subject is genetically modified organisms.
       | 
       | My understanding is that at least some (if not all) GMO's are
       | produced by bombarding an organism's genetic material with
       | radiation and then separating out modified organisms that seem to
       | be useful. This process, however, does result in misfolded
       | proteins. Often, scientists judge that these misfolded proteins
       | are of no harm, and so some GMO's (if not all) make it to market
       | with misfolded proteins. That's my understanding.
       | 
       | I'm wondering two things. First, is my above account (over-
       | simplified in any case) basically right or way off base? Second,
       | if it's basically right, aren't we playing a very dangerous game
       | with things we don't understand well enough?
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | larssorenson wrote:
         | GMO's are _not_ produced by targeted radiation in the way you
         | have described, at least not as common practice (i.e. the GMO
         | food you buy isn 't created this way). GMO crops are generated
         | in two ways: targeted gene modification (with deliberate
         | modifications being made in contrast to the randomness of the
         | radiation method you described) and crossbreeding (which has a
         | more randomized effect but does not involve radiation).
         | 
         | If you look at the [Wikipedia article on genetic engineering te
         | chniques](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering_t
         | echniqu...) radiation doesn't appear once.
        
           | gregw134 wrote:
           | Creating new crop varieties using radiation is a thing, here
           | are some wiki articles discussing it:
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_gardening https://en.wik
           | ipedia.org/wiki/Mutation_breeding#New_mutagen_...
           | 
           | I also remember seeing a news article about using radiation
           | to breed new rice variants that have more nutrients, but I
           | can't find it anymore.
        
             | larssorenson wrote:
             | You're right, it is done. I worded my comment carefully to
             | leave room for this because it's hard to prove a negative,
             | but I stand by my statement, specificay in refuting the
             | implication from the original comment: we aren't
             | haphazardly blasting plant genome with radiation, at scalr,
             | and guessing it's safe enough to feed to the world. I don't
             | have numbers but GMO crops today are by and large the
             | result of non-radiation genetic engineering.
        
         | hansvm wrote:
         | > My understanding is that at least some (if not all) GMO's are
         | produced by bombarding an organism's genetic material with
         | radiation and then separating out modified organisms that seem
         | to be useful.
         | 
         | GMOs usually refer to a more targeted approach to gene
         | introduction. In the US, a food can be labeled organic and GMO-
         | free even if it was developed with chemical or radiation
         | mutation breeding.
        
         | wirrbel wrote:
         | Radiation methods for mutating species are 'traditional'
         | methods that have been employed for decades and aren't
         | considered GMO. A lot of the standard crops have been developed
         | this way.
        
       | knolan wrote:
       | Sounds very like Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease[0] which can result
       | from the bovine equivalent[1]. There was a major outbreak of 'mad
       | cow disease' in the UK and elsewhere and was related to cows
       | being fed feedstuff made from offal.
       | 
       | [0]https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-
       | Educat...
       | 
       | [1]https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalop..
       | .
        
         | IncRnd wrote:
         | Thank you. That is actually well-covered in the article.
         | 
         | The article states this:
         | 
         | "The epidemic likely started when one person in a Fore village
         | developed sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, a degenerative
         | neurological disorder similar to kuru."
         | 
         | And this:
         | 
         | "People have developed variant CJD after eating the meat of
         | cattle infected with mad cow disease. Dr. Ermias Belay, a prion
         | disease researcher with the Centers for Disease Control and
         | Prevention, says that's the only scenario in which there is
         | "definitive evidence" that humans can develop a prion disease
         | after eating the infected meat of another species."
        
         | 4gotunameagain wrote:
         | Both are mentioned in the article, which points out that the
         | suspected outset of kuru was a spontaneous CJD occurrence
        
           | knolan wrote:
           | Yes, you're right. That's what I get for skimming the
           | article.
        
       | ChrisArchitect wrote:
       | old previous discussions:
       | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=14079026
        
       | dkarras wrote:
       | Ah was waiting for my daily prion disease dose in hacker news!
        
         | Farmadupe wrote:
         | Any chance we've got time for the meta question.. Does anyone
         | have a clue why prion diseases are so popular on HN at the
         | moment? AFAIK it's not something that often turns up in
         | mainstream media? Not even as something they keep in the 'slow
         | news day' draw..
         | 
         | Are we genuinely scared by the idea of getting a prion disease?
         | Is there an actual risk of a prion epidemic? ..or putting my
         | Freud hat on, does everyone on HN share a weird masochistic
         | fetish about 'the next big pandemic'?
         | 
         | For my part I don't really get it, but then maybe it's because
         | I'm british and for us prion diseases have been boring (or
         | rather the news isn't interested in prion diseases) since mad
         | cow disease stopped being a thing 20 years ago.
        
           | dividedbyzero wrote:
           | Someone posted an article recently. Morbidly fascinated
           | people dig out more and post that, too. It all performs
           | moderately well so karma hunters start doing it for the
           | points. Eventually, the audience is saturated with prion
           | content and the fad dies down.
        
           | zem wrote:
           | the 'at the moment' probably explains it - a lot of online
           | fora have, for want of a better word, fads where there is a
           | lot of discussion of a particular topic for a brief while,
           | then it fades and sooner or later a new topic comes along. I
           | quite like the phenomenon personally.
        
           | rozab wrote:
           | There's an unexplained outbreak of a weird brain disease in
           | Canada. People were theorising that it's a prion disease.
        
           | TheGigaChad wrote:
           | People are desperate to keep "working" from home.
        
             | FinanceAnon wrote:
             | As long as we are not eating our co-workers, I think we
             | should be safe to get back into offices
        
               | h0l0cube wrote:
               | ... or eating the flesh of _any_ animal
               | 
               | Edit: ... or eating plants:
               | 
               | https://www.virology.ws/2015/06/25/prions-in-plants/
        
           | VortexDream wrote:
           | I'm not so sure it is that popular on HN. I don't remember
           | seeing any articles all that often before recently with the
           | outbreak in Canada. I'll see the topic pop up far more often
           | on Reddit, but it's still fairly rare. I think people are
           | interested because it is such a terrifying thing that we
           | don't have any good solutions for. So it inspires discussions
           | whenever somebody reminds everybody else "so, hey, this is
           | still a thing" and it makes its rounds.
        
           | jorvi wrote:
           | Prions have been posted a lot about before Corona. If I had
           | to hazard a guess, it's because they're even more of a curio
           | than viruses, bacteria or fungi.
        
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