[HN Gopher] Where does a candle go when it burns?
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Where does a candle go when it burns?
        
       Author : prostoalex
       Score  : 157 points
       Date   : 2021-04-28 16:53 UTC (6 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.nytimes.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.nytimes.com)
        
       | kazinator wrote:
       | If the products of incomplete combustion make up just 0.1%, how
       | come if you pass your fingertip through the flame, too quickly to
       | feel any pain, you get a solid black swath of soot on your skin
       | in just that split second? The stuff is just spewing out.
        
         | retrac wrote:
         | If you interfere with the flame, by taking away heat or
         | limiting airflow so it can't get enough oxygen, you will get
         | partial combustion, where you have incomplete combustion
         | byproducts and vaporized fuel in the mix as well. Same reason
         | why a can of gasoline on fire will produce huge billows of
         | black smoke (insufficient oxygen) while when burned under
         | precise conditions in an engine it's much cleaner, even without
         | exhaust filtering.
        
         | ajuc wrote:
         | Putting something relatively cold and with high thermal mass
         | (like anything solid) to a flame drastically increases how much
         | incomplete combustion happens near it. Basically you take the
         | heat away before it can finish burning the fuel.
         | 
         | That's why a clean flame will still soot anything you put over
         | it.
        
         | ahartmetz wrote:
         | The yellow part is glowing soot particles. Where it stops being
         | yellow, it has mostly burned up (turned into carbon dioxide).
         | No surprise that there's a lot of soot _in_ the flame.
        
           | kazinator wrote:
           | Where it stops being yellow, the particles have just cooled
           | down so they don't glow. At that point, you see a black trail
           | of smoke wafting upward. You won't see easily that by the
           | light of the candle alone, though.
        
             | ahartmetz wrote:
             | Hold a spoon above the flame, it takes a long time to
             | become black, if at all. Hold it into the flame, it becomes
             | black instantly. You need to explain why that is so to
             | convince me.
        
               | celticninja wrote:
               | The spoon causes more soot to be created by interfering
               | with the combustion process.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | 29athrowaway wrote:
       | tl;dr: Into your lungs
        
       | im3w1l wrote:
       | One thing that always amazed me is how the wick burns at just the
       | right speed, how it keeps pace with the wax. Neither does it burn
       | away too quickly leaving nothing to keep the flame going, nor
       | does it burn too slowly leaving decimeters of wick when the
       | candle is burnt out.
       | 
       | I guess there must be some feedback process going on, which makes
       | a long wick burn faster than a short one.
        
         | avidiax wrote:
         | There probably are some feedback loops like this, but there's
         | also just a careful balance between the wick size, the size of
         | the jar, the formulation of the wax, the preparation of the
         | candle, and the use of it.
         | 
         | Some examples of things that can go wrong:
         | https://www.candlescience.com/wax/soy-wax-trouble-shooting-g...
        
         | jeffbee wrote:
         | The wick is in a local negative feedback cycle with its fuel.
         | If it were to burn "too fast" then its fuel input rate will be
         | reduced, and it would burn more slowly.
         | 
         | If the negative feedback mechanism didn't exist, the candle
         | combustion reaction would runaway and the whole thing would
         | explode.
        
           | smegger001 wrote:
           | As GOOP discovered...
           | 
           | https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2021/mar/19/experie.
           | ..
        
       | renewiltord wrote:
       | Woah, particle dispersion is fucking crazy. I had no bloody idea
       | it spreads all around the world in a year. I wonder what the
       | minimum size of radioactive explosion would be to send a particle
       | from say India (on the other side of the world) to me here on the
       | West Coast and provide appreciable harm.
        
         | oceanghost wrote:
         | A few months after the Fukushima Daiichi disaster, the
         | background radiation where I lived in Anaheim, CA went from
         | like 0.08 - 0.12usv to 0.40 - 0.70usv depending on the day.
         | 
         | I had a radiation detector because I lived in a historic home
         | and was a little paranoid about things like lead, radiation,
         | etc.
         | 
         | It's of course anecdotal.
        
           | renewiltord wrote:
           | Fascinating. Thanks for that anecdote.
           | 
           | I remember a story where some European nuclear plant
           | operators all evacuated when their badges reported high
           | radiation and on stepping out they realized the count was
           | higher outside. Chernobyl had just failed. Might be
           | apocryphal but I enjoyed the picture so I'm not even going to
           | verify.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | undebuggable wrote:
       | The intermediate image of globe with particles dispersed only
       | through the northern hemisphere is because of the Coriolis force?
        
       | SigmundA wrote:
       | Fun thing about the carbon cycle, much of the candles mass goes
       | into the air and much the mass of a tree comes from the air.
        
         | AmericanChopper wrote:
         | My mind was blown a little bit when I realized that when you
         | lose fat, you do so by breathing it out. Some of which will
         | also go on to make trees as well.
        
           | VanillaCafe wrote:
           | The final bit that locked it in for me (and someone please
           | correct me if this is wrong) is that going to the bathroom
           | (which what many people assume is where weight leaves the
           | body) is actually the last stage of "energy input" to the
           | body and doesn't really play a role in "energy output".
        
             | anm89 wrote:
             | I don't understand what you are saying here. The physical
             | weight of the feces does leave your body. How is that an
             | input?
        
               | markdown wrote:
               | It's the end of the input. Think about it another way...
               | say you chew on a slice of orange, swallow the juice, and
               | spit out the pith. The pith isn't output of your body.
               | It's just the end of the intake process.
               | 
               | Feaces isn't produced by your metabolic system. It's just
               | the byproduct of intake. The stuff that your body didn't
               | absorb.
        
               | thaumasiotes wrote:
               | Feces may not be produced by your metabolic system, but
               | it is certainly not just a byproduct of intake. It
               | includes red blood cells that have failed quality
               | assurance and been filtered out of the bloodstream by the
               | spleen; that is why it's brown.
        
             | semi-extrinsic wrote:
             | Well, your body does not utilize all the energy it could
             | from the food and drink you ingest. Say if you get a
             | condition where your digestive efficiency goes down -
             | tapeworm, inflammation, whatever - all else equal, you're
             | going to start losing weight fast. This is why gastric
             | bypass surgery works.
        
           | Izkata wrote:
           | Therefore, trees are fat.
           | 
           | ;)
        
           | notJim wrote:
           | Cheekily, this also means that if you're losing weight, you
           | are a net emitter of CO2, thus hastening global warming. On
           | the other hand, if you gain weight, you are a net sink.
           | 
           | Of course the carbon cost of food production does...
           | complicate this a little bit :)
        
             | InitialLastName wrote:
             | The balance evens out pretty quickly on the other end
             | though. Does anyone know if crematoriums do carbon capture?
        
           | ant6n wrote:
           | But there's also water generated when buying (edit:burning)
           | carbo hydrates.
        
             | s0rce wrote:
             | I assume you mean burning, but if you drive or even walk to
             | the store to buy the carbs that also generates water.
        
         | jedimastert wrote:
         | > much the mass of a tree comes from the air
         | 
         | A fun pastime of mine is asking people where they think the
         | mass of a tree comes from and trying to guide them to the right
         | answer (CO2) via the socratic method (i.e. trying to only ask
         | questions)
        
           | tomjakubowski wrote:
           | I was wondering how much of a tree's mass is not Carbon or
           | Oxygen. Turns out it's somewhere around 10%; half of that is
           | light weight hydrogen. So water probably provides a decent
           | chunk of a tree's oxygen content also.
           | 
           | Page 4 https://www.urban-
           | forestry.com/assets/documents/Coder_Tree%2...
        
       | 600frogs wrote:
       | > After about a year, atoms from your candle will have spread
       | completely around the globe.
       | 
       | How on earth is this provable?
        
         | Jabbles wrote:
         | Probably based on data from radiation leaks.
        
       | js2 wrote:
       | > Wax is made of hydrogen and carbon.
       | 
       | Too bad he doesn't explain where the energy in the wax came from
       | like Feynman does when explaining fire:
       | 
       | https://youtu.be/N1pIYI5JQLE
       | 
       | Paraffin wax is derived from petroleum, so like the wood in
       | Feynman's explanation, the energy is from the sun via ancient
       | photosynthesis.
        
         | purple_ferret wrote:
         | Or more recent photosynthesis. You can make candle wax out of
         | soy, beeswax, crisco, etc.
        
           | kgwgk wrote:
           | Also from animal fat.
        
         | throwawaysea wrote:
         | All fossil fuels are solar power in that sense?
        
           | hyperman1 wrote:
           | Most of them. There are also the nuclear reactions in the
           | earth's core.
        
             | kgwgk wrote:
             | I know that there are organisms that thrive in geotermally
             | heated environments, but do they really produce fossil
             | fuels?
        
           | 542458 wrote:
           | Only in the most pendantic of senses - a bit like arguing
           | that my car is fusion powered because it runs on gas that was
           | originally given energy from the sun. I suppose in a sense
           | everything in the universe is powered by whatever triggered
           | the Big Bang.
        
       | cableclasper wrote:
       | There's a hell of a lot more.
       | 
       | Michael Faraday's "Chemical History of a Candle" is a very
       | readable masterpiece on the subject, despite its age.
       | 
       | The Engineering Guy has done much to revive Faraday's work:
       | http://www.engineerguy.com/faraday/
        
         | jbay808 wrote:
         | One of my favourite books, especially for his demonstration of
         | _how_ they know what 's going on at each point of the chemical
         | reaction.
         | 
         | Also, he explains clearly what fire is, which is something that
         | many people puzzle about for all their lives.
        
         | jedimastert wrote:
         | He also did a full video series. "Chemical History of a Candle"
         | was originally a series of lectures given by Faraday; he
         | recreated the lectures and the demonstrations. Definitely worth
         | a watch, especially if you don't have a conceptual
         | understanding of fire
        
       | Ericson2314 wrote:
       | Wow, the New York times has truly hired or acquired everyone.
        
         | adamnew123456 wrote:
         | I guess that's where the What If blog went, it hasn't been
         | updated for a while now. No timestamps on the last post but
         | wiki says he started writing this column for NYT late 2019,
         | which feels about right.
         | 
         | https://what-if.xkcd.com/
        
         | fouronnes3 wrote:
         | I had no idea Randall started writing for the nytimes. Seems
         | like a great continuation to his what if series. I've missed it
         | dearly. Hope he writes more!
        
       | spaetzleesser wrote:
       | Wouldn't also some mass be converted into energy? Probably not
       | much though
        
         | metric10 wrote:
         | Yes. Back of envelope, took physics in college many years
         | ago[1] analysis:
         | 
         | E=mc^2, or energy = mass * (speed of light)^2. According to
         | Wikipedia a candle can produce 77 watts of energy "combined." I
         | guess that means 77 joules (1 watt = 1 J/s). So we have:
         | 
         | 77 = m * (299792458)^2
         | 
         | Solving for m via Wolfram Alpha:
         | 
         | m = 11 / 12839369696240252
         | 
         | Which is in grams. That's a _very_ small amount, but it's not
         | zero.
         | 
         | edit:
         | 
         | [1] If I'm being honest, I got E=mc^2 from watching the
         | Twilight Zone as a kid, not college physics.
        
           | Ovah wrote:
           | Kind of pedantic but I've never understood why it's E=mc^2
           | and not E=Dmc^2. In Einsteins original paper he derives the
           | equation with a delta m: a change of mass corresponds to some
           | amount of energy. To me that is different than to say that a
           | whole mass corresponds to a some amount of energy. I've never
           | seen a justification why the delta can be omitted and why the
           | equation still would hold true.
        
             | [deleted]
        
             | mannerheim wrote:
             | I would assume it has to do with relativistic mass, which
             | used to be somewhat commonly used (m used for relativistic
             | mass, m_0 for rest or invariant mass), but which is now
             | disfavoured. For m as relativistic mass, E = mc^2 holds.
        
             | colinmhayes wrote:
             | The delta is implied. If you're being rigorous yea you'd
             | include it. But you never see it used rigorously.
        
               | Ovah wrote:
               | Physics is usually pretty rigorous. In the context of
               | science for a general audience, or printing pretty
               | T-shirts, I get why it's omitted. I just find it funny
               | that when it comes to E=mc^2 physics suddenly lack some
               | rigour even in the college physics classes I've taken.
               | It's probably OK to skip it I'm just curious as to why. I
               | don't think I've ever seen the delta mentioned except in
               | Einstein's original paper.
        
             | snissn wrote:
             | usually the momentum is really low so it's fine, you could
             | read this wikipedia article about it, share questions if
             | that doesn't clear things up
             | 
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%E2%80%93momentum_relat
             | i...
        
               | Ovah wrote:
               | I'll give it a read-through this weekend, thanks!
        
             | benchaney wrote:
             | There isn't a delta because E=mc^2 isn't just describing a
             | reaction, or a conversion. It is describing the fundamental
             | equivalence between mass and energy. It is true even in
             | situations where DE and Dm aren't defined.
        
               | Ovah wrote:
               | "It is describing the fundamental equivalence between
               | mass and energy" I agree that this is widely agreed upon
               | when referring to E=mc^2. It's almost a dogma by this
               | point. But the derivation Einstein used to come up with
               | his equation doesn't actually support said dogma. I'd
               | really like to understand how this "fundamental
               | equivalence" came about and the proof behind it, or if
               | it's just dogma. E=mc^2 is a lot more profound than
               | E=delta m * c^2. IIRC Einstein in the final sentence of
               | his paper tries to generalize his result and jumps on the
               | E=mc^2 train without backing it up.
        
         | Toutouxc wrote:
         | How? What do you mean by that?
        
           | brippalcharrid wrote:
           | Trace amounts of radioisotopes found in the candle will be
           | subject to decay while the candle is burned (much as they
           | would be while the candle isn't burning), so there would
           | presumably be some negligible amount of alpha, beta and/or
           | gamma radiation.
        
         | snissn wrote:
         | very very very little
        
           | nostromo wrote:
           | None, actually.
           | 
           | It's a chemical reaction which means all mass is preserved.
        
             | dheera wrote:
             | No, actually, very very little, not zero. The candle
             | (summed with its gas emissions) loses mass equal to the
             | relativistic mass of the photons emitted. For something
             | like a candle it's an undetectably small amount but it's
             | not zero.
        
               | nostromo wrote:
               | Good catch, thanks.
        
         | Cerium wrote:
         | For normal non-nuclear candles the energy obtained through
         | breaking chemical bonds and creating outputs with less energy
         | contained in the connections between atoms. The matter is not
         | destroyed.
        
           | PeterisP wrote:
           | Well, sure, but energy=mass; just as an atom's mass is not
           | equal to the sum of the protons, neutrons and electrons
           | masses but depends also on their binding energy, in the same
           | manner, a compound with highly energetic chemical bounds has
           | a (very, very slightly) different inertia and gravity than
           | the separate components. The difference of this effect
           | between atomic and chemical bounds [spelling? English isn't
           | my main language] is quantitative, not qualitative; chemical
           | bounds have much less energy, so the effect is much smaller,
           | so for most purposes it can be considered as insignificantly
           | small, but it's still there and not zero.
           | 
           | Any system that loses energy (e.g. releases an energetic
           | photon - no matter if it's because of a nuclear or chemical
           | reaction) also loses mass, though E=mc^2 means that losing
           | reasonable amounts of energy mean losing very, very small
           | amounts of mass.
        
             | smithza wrote:
             | energy != mass; e=mc^2 declares there is a proportional
             | relationship between energy and mass while the speed of
             | light, c, squared is the constant of proportionality.
        
               | carlob wrote:
               | You can set c to 1 if you want, then energy == mass.
               | 
               | As a matter of fact this is pretty common in particle
               | physics where all masses are given in electronvolts.
               | 
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrized_unit_system
        
               | PeterisP wrote:
               | "there is a proportional relationship between energy and
               | mass" -> exactly. the mass of the system is strictly
               | proportional to its total energy, and changes in the
               | energy of a system will have a corresponding proportional
               | effect on its mass.
               | 
               | If you split the system into two components and release X
               | energy, then the two components will weigh X/c^2 less
               | than the whole system did; if splitting the system
               | consumed X energy, then the separate components will
               | weigh X/c^2 more than the original thing.
        
             | Cerium wrote:
             | Thank you for the explanation, that makes perfect sense.
             | 
             | So... the energy content in wax is about 45MJ/kg. An 8 in
             | ch taper candle weights about 40g. This means it contains
             | about 1.8 MJ of energy.
             | 
             | Of that 40g about 20 nanograms turned into energy! That is
             | about 0.5 parts per billion.
        
             | avidiax wrote:
             | https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/195696/do-
             | chemic...
             | 
             | Seems the unanimous answer is 'yes', which surprised me. I
             | considered that chemical bonds are actually changes in
             | electromagnetic potential (i.e. similar to the leaves in a
             | Leyden jar repelling, converting electrical potential to
             | gravitational potential). With no change in mass, I
             | expected that the relativity equation would zero.
        
               | PeterisP wrote:
               | That's the whole point - the inertial and gravitational
               | mass of the system is proportional to the total energy of
               | the system; changes in electromagnetic potential affect
               | the energy within and thus also the mass as far as
               | inertia or gravity is concerned. The same applies for
               | electrostatic potential and gravitational potential.
               | "Rest mass" is just a form of energy - after all, the
               | rest mass of e.g. a block of lead consists mostly of the
               | rest mass of protons and neutrons inside, but the rest
               | mass of those protons and neutrons does not consist of
               | the rest mass of their components, but mostly of the
               | binding energy between their quarks - so the block of
               | lead weighs as much as (and because of) the stored
               | binding energy.
        
         | 0_____0 wrote:
         | think about the energy in a candle released via burning vs the
         | energy of that same mass viewed through E=mc^2. that's the
         | ratio
        
         | graerg wrote:
         | No this is a chemical reaction, not a nuclear reaction.
        
       | goro-7 wrote:
       | It goes where it came from
        
       | joshuamorton wrote:
       | This is in some sense the conclusion of a conversation that has
       | been going on for _months_ on TikTok.
       | 
       | People ask Hank Green (of Crash Course/Youtube/etc. fame)
       | questions. Sometime last year, someone asked where the wax went
       | in a candle when you burn it
       | (https://www.tiktok.com/@hankgreen1/video/6890298762032368898).
       | Since then, hank has been in a bit of a feud with the collective
       | of TikTok, who seem to be unwilling to understand that the wax is
       | what burns
       | (https://www.tiktok.com/@hankgreen1/video/6955202282313059590),
       | despite his many attempts to explain
       | (https://www.tiktok.com/@hankgreen1/video/6945244159187897605).
       | 
       | I'm partial to this explanation by another user (https://www.tikt
       | ok.com/@tomlumperson/video/69554934350171210...), who also has a
       | great tiktok about bees:
       | https://www.tiktok.com/@tomlumperson/video/69508366516858585....
       | 
       | Now, nearly 6 months later, the same question has made it to the
       | mainstream and is getting asked of Randall Munroe in the NYT.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | daoxid wrote:
       | Reading another article in this series, "Can You Boil an Egg Too
       | Long?" [1] really made me smile. Apparently no one knows
       | _exactly_ what happens if you boil an egg for multiple months or
       | years. This seems such a trivial thing compared to all the other
       | stuff humans have discovered. On the other hand this also means
       | almost anyone can expand the limits of human knowledge: you just
       | need an egg, a reliable source of heat and water, and lots of
       | patience. Granted, the knowledge gained may not change the world,
       | but you will still be the _first_ who is in possession of that
       | knowledge!
       | 
       | [1]: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/09/science/randall-munroe-
       | qu...
        
         | hellbannedguy wrote:
         | Julia Child's tip on cooking a poached egg:
         | 
         | 1. Poke a small hole with a pin in one side of egg.
         | 
         | 2. Put the whole egg in boiling water for 10 seconds.
         | 
         | 3. Remove egg, and run under cold water. (So you can handle
         | it.)
         | 
         | 4. Crack the egg back into the boiling water, and cook.
         | 
         | 5. The poached egg comes out more uniform, and whole.
        
           | oh_sigh wrote:
           | Does it though? I found a video of Julia using this method,
           | but there is also step 4.5 where you crack the egg into an
           | egg poacher, which is designed to help keep the egg nicely
           | shaped. Maybe it's just the egg poacher doing its job?
           | 
           | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KvSnUmU509k
        
         | gizmo686 wrote:
         | > but you will still be the first who is in possession of that
         | knowledge!
         | 
         | Are you sure about that? How do you know that no one has done
         | that experiment. Expanding the limits of human knowledge is not
         | just about learning something new, but also sharing it in such
         | a way that makes it part of humanities general knowledge base
         | (even if still restricted to a relativly small group of
         | people). Most people do not have the means to establish human
         | knowledge in this way; and those that do are generally limited
         | to a scope that does not contain hard-boiling eggs.
        
           | MaxBarraclough wrote:
           | You'd probably have to make do with a blog post rather than a
           | journal publication.
        
         | lostgame wrote:
         | Okay, I got _way_ more of a kick than necessary from the image
         | of a map which depicts  'you' traversing from 'the land of
         | normal eggs' to '?'.
         | 
         | Also - and more relevant to HN - this is the first time I
         | noticed Randall Munroe of xkcd fame has written for the _New
         | York Times_. Good job on him for landing that gig! :D
        
         | Someone wrote:
         | Also, publishing the result will almost certainly win you an
         | Egg Noble prize (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ig_Nobel_Prize)
         | 
         | The experiment might not be that simple, though. You would no
         | want to boil away all the water.
         | 
         | That means using a closed system (might go BOOM), starting with
         | lots of water (expensive), or finding a way to add water while
         | keeping the water at boiling temperature (you don't have to add
         | cold water, so that is probably not that hard, but not trivial,
         | either)
        
       | k__ wrote:
       | Fun fact, this is also where fat goes when your body burns it:
       | Into the air.
        
         | renewiltord wrote:
         | I 'discovered' this as a teenager because my weight in the
         | morning would be lower than my weight at night and I had done
         | nothing but lie in bed comfy all night. There was only one
         | place it could reasonably go - now that I wasn't wetting my bed
         | that is.
        
           | enriquto wrote:
           | how did you weigh yourself so precisely?
        
             | ta9999 wrote:
             | This takes surprisingly little precision, you really exhale
             | quite a lot of mass over 8 hours.
        
             | cm2012 wrote:
             | Its pretty common to weigh 1lb less in the morning than
             | night, don't need a fancy scale for that. But decimal level
             | accuracy scales are also common.
        
           | brlcad wrote:
           | The amount of mass exhaled as CO2 at night is nowhere near as
           | much as the loss through perspiration and evaporation. Water
           | loss happens pretty much constantly and is why one dies of
           | dehydration after a couple days.
        
             | ajuc wrote:
             | I was curious about this. I'm on a diet now and I often
             | weight like 0.5-0.8 kg less in the morning.
             | 
             | And when I go on a 20km walk on the weekend I lose about
             | 1kg in 5 hours. Is it mostly water? Cause I drink a lot
             | during the walk and I don't go fast enough to get sweaty.
        
               | pjc50 wrote:
               | Yes. A _lot_ of fad diets and supplements work on this
               | principle; dehydrating you appears to lose weight really
               | quickly initially. It 's not sustainable.
        
               | k__ wrote:
               | The human body is darn efficient.
               | 
               | You would probably have to run 50-70km to lose 1kg fat.
               | 
               | It's easier to not eat calories than to burn them after
               | eating.
        
               | breischl wrote:
               | It pretty much has to be. 1kg would be 1L of water, which
               | is not that much to lose over 5 hours.
               | 
               | But 1kg of fat is 7700 kcal, which would be a massive
               | amount of energy to expend in 5 hours. Unless your
               | "walks" involve running uphill with a 25kg pack or
               | something like that. :)
        
               | PeterisP wrote:
               | Short-term energy consumption on a 5 hour hike would be
               | from stored glucose, fat breakdown IMHO would happen
               | slower. A 20km hike can consume 1000-2000kcal depending
               | on how hard it is (climb, terrain, weight of hiker,
               | weight of pack matter) so that would be 0.25-0.5kg of
               | carbs - so potentially that loss could be 50/50 carbs and
               | water.
               | 
               | But hydration definitely is a big aspect of mass simply
               | because of how much you add and lose. I once did a ~90km
               | hike in 24 hours or so, and I believe I drank something
               | like 15+ litres of liquids during that.
        
           | glial wrote:
           | I suppose you could also lose weight via the moisture in your
           | breath, or sweat of operation. But yes, it's pretty cool.
        
             | morsch wrote:
             | You do lose weight via the moisture, typically around 200g
             | if this article[1] is to be trusted (doesn't cite its
             | sources). More if you are sweating heavily for one reason
             | or another. Much bigger effect than calories burnt in the
             | same duration.
             | 
             | [1]
             | https://washingtoncitypaper.com/article/221338/straight-
             | dope...
        
         | 49531 wrote:
         | A good demonstration of this by Ruben Meerman:
         | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vuIlsN32WaE
        
         | datavirtue wrote:
         | Except the fat goes out of your body and the candle is going
         | into your body.
        
           | datavirtue wrote:
           | I saw a study showing correlation between cognitive
           | impairment and sub-micron particles in the air. They used
           | candles for the study but coal factories are the large scale
           | concern.
        
             | rurp wrote:
             | Related to this, I've seen research showing that by the
             | time a room feels stuffy there is enough CO2 to measurably
             | affect cognitive performance. Now I'm much better about
             | remembering to open a window when I'm coding and starting
             | to drag.
        
               | jpindar wrote:
               | Yet another advantage of remote work! How many offices
               | have windows you can open? (I used to work in one that
               | did, because it was in an old mill building. It was
               | great.)
        
               | withinboredom wrote:
               | Highly recommend getting a cheap CO2 meter. We have a
               | couple around the house. It's amazing how fast a room
               | fills with CO2 when cooking or having people over (pre-
               | COVID). You can become more attuned to it -- I have a
               | pretty good idea what 800PPM feels like compared to
               | 500PPM compared to 1000PPM. Weird party trick too.
        
               | pertymcpert wrote:
               | Do you have a recommendation for one? I heard it's quite
               | hard to get accurate ones without paying a lot.
        
               | gubby wrote:
               | What do they feel like for you? I've had a CO2 sensor in
               | my office for a long time, and don't think I can tell the
               | difference between 500 and 1500ppm.
        
               | withinboredom wrote:
               | It honestly doesn't feel like anything. I just ask my
               | body what the number is and it's always within a hundred
               | ppm. it feels like a guess, but like a guess when you've
               | been counting cards so long you know roughly what the
               | count is without consciously keeping track of it? If that
               | makes sense.
               | 
               | A couple of years ago, I started getting headaches.
               | Everything in my noggin appeared normal, and one day I
               | worked with the window open. No headache. So I got my
               | first one, it wasn't very expensive (EUR50-100 IIRC) and
               | did some experiments. Sure enough, it would get up to
               | 1800ppm in my tiny office and I'd get a headache.
               | 
               | I'd say the biggest thing it seems to affect is coding.
               | If I can keep it below 600ppm in my office, I can code
               | all day and late into the evening without feeling too
               | exhausted. At about 1k, I start to feel kinda sleepy and
               | tired after awhile.
               | 
               | My wife and kid had fun doing the observations and asking
               | the questions during the experiment. Good times. We used
               | it as a way to teach our son how to do experiments and
               | ethics.
        
               | dec0dedab0de wrote:
               | A quick search shows a ton of choices, Are there any
               | models or brands you like, or dislike?
        
               | withinboredom wrote:
               | I wasn't too picky, I ended up with tfa dostmann's which
               | seemed reasonable in price point vs accuracy.
        
           | k__ wrote:
           | You can breath in your burned fat too, if you wish.
        
         | kiawe_fire wrote:
         | Related study, which I found interesting, that confirms the
         | weight you "lose" is excreted primarily through your breath:
         | 
         | https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/287046#Tracking-th...
        
           | ihaveajob wrote:
           | What I find most interesting is that so many people,
           | including those with supposed expert knowledge of physiology,
           | get this totally wrong.
        
           | zappo2938 wrote:
           | On the flip, that tree in your backyard isn't growing out of
           | the ground outside of the moisture that falls from the sky --
           | if it did the ground would sink -- it is growing out of the
           | air.
        
         | api wrote:
         | Yep! When you lose weight you slightly increase the mass of the
         | atmosphere by roughly the amount you lost. Whatever doesn't go
         | into the atmosphere goes into the toilet (mostly water).
        
       | LukeLambert wrote:
       | I had no idea Randall Munroe of XKCD has had a column at NYT
       | since 2019. His illustration style is so distinct.
        
         | shagie wrote:
         | For a while, he was dabbling with long form (rather than pure
         | comic) writing.
         | 
         | https://what-if.xkcd.com
         | 
         | Its more than a dabble - there are 157 of them, but that's the
         | type of thing that a paper looking for original content and
         | writing would like.
         | 
         | The last what-if was published in May of 2018.
        
           | ctdonath wrote:
           | Those were compiled into a physical book. The online content
           | stopped shortly after; pity.
        
             | shagie wrote:
             | The book was published in '14 (
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_If%3F_(book) ) . The
             | what if long form continued on for another four years.
        
           | Mediterraneo10 wrote:
           | There have been occasional grumblings for a couple of years
           | now that the humour of the XKCD webcomic has declined, Munroe
           | just doesn't seem to have his mind on the job now that he is
           | doing these other projects. However, the what-if and pop-
           | science explanatory stuff is generally of very good quality,
           | so on balance one can't really complain.
        
             | vardump wrote:
             | Well, he certainly has already contributed his fair share,
             | and most of it totally free, not even banner ads.
        
         | ce4 wrote:
         | Same here. I was intrigued by both writing style and then the
         | way the diagram was drawn. Scrolled up and sure enough i found
         | it's from Randall Munroe, as expected :)
        
         | gmuslera wrote:
         | After watching the first illustration went up and confirmed
         | that was Randall Munroe the one that wrote it. I've been
         | missing for too long his what-if posts.
         | 
         | Still, would be nice to have his typical mouseover messages.
        
           | smegger001 wrote:
           | I was wondering what happened to those I figured he was just
           | writting book of them now so he wasn't going to post them for
           | free.
        
       | niij wrote:
       | Paywall bypass: https://archive.is/9IOgm
        
         | [deleted]
        
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