[HN Gopher] Bitfinex and Tether required to end all trading acti...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Bitfinex and Tether required to end all trading activity with New
       Yorkers
        
       Author : dgellow
       Score  : 483 points
       Date   : 2021-02-23 12:55 UTC (10 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (ag.ny.gov)
 (TXT) w3m dump (ag.ny.gov)
        
       | jkhdigital wrote:
       | Honestly, this is kind of a nothingburger. The press release
       | seems to merely reinforce what was an open secret in the
       | cryptocurrency world, which is that Bitfinex and Tether have
       | played fast and loose with whatever reserves they received for
       | their Tether issuance. Which is, of course, utterly unremarkable
       | to anyone who knows anything about how financial sausage is
       | really made.
       | 
       | Bitfinex and Tether are shady. Caveat emptor, and carry on
       | hodling.
        
         | TrackerFF wrote:
         | If they are shady, then it's high time to employ and enforce
         | regulations - if they can't regulate themselves, then someone
         | else has to.
         | 
         | Arguing that this is old news, and that a small minority has
         | been "in the know" doesn't hold much water either - the crypto
         | scene has long since become mainstream, and as such, attracted
         | regular masses.
         | 
         | In the end, it boils down to consumer protection.
        
         | PragmaticPulp wrote:
         | It's more important than that. Cryptocurrency proponents have
         | been trying to downplay the Tether situation for years.
         | 
         | One of the common dismissals was the idea that if what Tether
         | was doing was truly fraudulent, some government institution
         | would step in to intervene. Proponents pointed to the lack of
         | intervention as a signal that Tether was operating above board.
         | 
         | This also reveals new facts and numbers about the scale of what
         | has been going on. We still don't know the full story, but it's
         | clear that reality is even worse than we thought.
        
           | jkhdigital wrote:
           | I don't disagree that Tether is likely a big fraud, but my
           | point is that _even the regulated financial system_ is full
           | of questionable accounting and long-running, undiscovered
           | fraud. Remember Bernie Madoff? His fraud lasted _17 years_
           | before falling apart.
           | 
           | It would be nice if Tether eventually falls apart too, but
           | the world will never run out of fraudsters and hucksters.
        
             | saalweachter wrote:
             | The innovation of Bitcoin is that it is a _decentralized_
             | Ponzi scheme.
             | 
             | Bernie Madoff's scheme fell apart because it was
             | centralized, and so, once you arrested Madoff, it was over.
             | The end.
             | 
             | There's no one at the center of Bitcoin. There are big
             | players, sure, but they are all replaceable. It's happened
             | before and it will happen again. And each time one exchange
             | or big player is arrested, shut down, or slinks away having
             | stolen enough money to sate themselves, someone new can
             | seamlessly slip in and start hyping Bitcoin and taking a
             | percentage from the new rubes without missing a beat.
             | 
             | I honestly don't think it will ever go away, completely,
             | for good, no matter how often it booms and busts. When I'm
             | in a nursing home I'm going to be getting calls from boiler
             | rooms trying to convince me to move my retirement savings
             | into Bitcoin, I'm convinced.
        
               | varispeed wrote:
               | Almost every currency is a ponzi scheme - that does not
               | only apply to crypto.
        
               | saalweachter wrote:
               | Wombats poop cubes -- they stack them to mark their
               | territory.
        
             | mumblemumble wrote:
             | Bernie Madoff's fraud was big and awful, but, if the
             | allegations about Tether are true, then (edit: for the
             | purposes of this particular discussion) comparing the two
             | is a category error. Madoff's fraud never raised any
             | questions about whether the exchange rate between USD and
             | some other currency was legitimate.
        
           | teknopurge wrote:
           | I did not see any data in that post that is new. The latest
           | news this-year is that Tether paid-off the remaining balances
           | of borrows/loans from other asset classes to make the USD
           | holdings whole. The only way to tell is an independent 3rd-
           | party audit, which would bring some finality to this
           | discussion.
        
         | owenmarshall wrote:
         | Considering the meteoric rise of BTC is tied so deeply to
         | Tether issuances, it sounds an awful lot like you're trying to
         | convince us the emperor really has clothes.
        
           | sekai wrote:
           | > Considering the meteoric rise of BTC is tied so deeply to
           | Tether issuances
           | 
           | Got evidence for that? Because printing USDT after BTC went
           | up is not a manipulation, but a liquidity boost.
           | 
           | Let's not forget that USDT isn't the only stablecoin in town,
           | it's ratio is actually decreasing, all the way from 3k to
           | 50k.
        
             | owenmarshall wrote:
             | As a matter of fact,
             | 
             | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jofi.12903
        
           | jkhdigital wrote:
           | Correlation is not causation. And your mental model of how
           | the cryptocurrency markets work is likely way too simplistic
           | --did you know that cryptocurrency perpetual swap derivatives
           | clear over $350B in daily volume?
           | 
           | Pretend for a moment that Tether pulls a Nixon, and closes
           | the "dollar window" ending redeemability. Then what would be
           | the difference between Tether and e.g. the BitMEX XBTUSD
           | perpetual swap contract? Just think about it for a while.
        
             | gzer0 wrote:
             | Editing my response because OP has edited theirs- putting
             | my original comment out of context.
        
               | jkhdigital wrote:
               | Go read more economics. And maybe trade some financial
               | derivatives, lose some real money and see how that
               | sharpens your mind.
        
               | [deleted]
        
             | cool_dude85 wrote:
             | Ending redeemability? Can you redeem a tether for a USD
             | today?
        
               | BelenusMordred wrote:
               | Yes, certainly can, right here:
               | https://www.kraken.com/prices/usdt-tether-usd-price-
               | chart/us...
               | 
               | You can also short it if you are convinced Tether is
               | going to collapse.
        
               | cool_dude85 wrote:
               | Sorry, trading it for a dollar isn't the same as
               | redeeming it for a dollar.
        
               | sekai wrote:
               | You can easily withdraw USD/EUR you got from trading in
               | USDT.
        
               | [deleted]
        
               | mamon wrote:
               | You're missing the point: _trading_ means that you have
               | to find someone willing to do the trade with you. If no
               | one wants to buy your Tethers then you 're doomed.
               | _Redeeming_ is completely different - the issuer of your
               | asset has a legal obligation to buy them from you (or at
               | least that 's how it should work for assets that aren't
               | scam).
        
         | NelsonMinar wrote:
         | This is not "utterly unremarkable". Rational investors don't
         | buy investments whose very basis is a lie. It's only
         | unremarkable to cryptocurrency gamblers who've already accepted
         | everything they're doing is a slow motion scam.
        
       | cbhl wrote:
       | If I'm reading the settlement correctly, Bitfinex will now have
       | even _less_ USD to back Tethers, since they 'll have to wire an
       | $18,500,000 transfer to the State of New York.
        
         | ardy42 wrote:
         | But if there are 34 billion tethers, $18 million is like a
         | rounding error.
        
         | charcircuit wrote:
         | Tether is over collateralized. If they paid that $18.5M from
         | their collateral it would still be over collateralized by
         | $145.9M https://wallet.tether.to/transparency
        
       | raiyu wrote:
       | Looks like Tether is taking the settlement as an agreement of no
       | wrong doing and that no tether coins were issued without backing.
       | 
       | https://tether.to/tether-and-bitfinex-reach-settlement-with-...
        
         | PragmaticPulp wrote:
         | They're moving the goalposts.
         | 
         | The issue was that they didn't have the money at some point,
         | but they continued operating as if they did. I'd be even more
         | concerned if they think this is okay now. Tether isn't useful
         | if they're only backed at time of issue.
         | 
         | They also printed the majority of Tethers after this 2019
         | lawsuit.
        
         | kryogen1c wrote:
         | LOL
         | 
         | "Contrary to online speculation, after two and half years there
         | was no finding that Tether ever issued tethers without backing,
         | or to manipulate crypto prices."
         | 
         | I like how they say "this report doesnt include wrong-doing"
         | instead of saying "we didnt do anything wrong"
        
       | cwhiz wrote:
       | Meanwhile, daily Tether volume is $170B. The entire crypto
       | ecosystem is reliant upon the Tether scam.
        
         | cdiddy2 wrote:
         | no its not. that is bad data from no name exchanges lying about
         | their volume
        
           | cwhiz wrote:
           | Ha. The exchange reporting the highest volume is... Bitfinex.
           | I believe you that Bitfinex would lie.
           | 
           | Coinbase is reporting $210 billion daily volume.
           | 
           | Is every market lying? Or are you just personally wrong?
        
             | codehalo wrote:
             | But Coinbase doesn't trade Tether. What is the point you
             | are trying make here?
        
             | cdiddy2 wrote:
             | where on earth are you seeing coinbase doing $210 billion
             | daily volume? Coinbase has only done 94 billion of volume
             | for the month of February so far
             | 
             | monthly volumes by exchange:
             | https://www.theblockcrypto.com/data/crypto-
             | markets/spot/cryp...
        
               | cwhiz wrote:
               | I didn't say Coinbase was doing $210 billion 24h volume.
               | I said Coinbase is reporting that Tether had $210 billion
               | 24h volume. It's right there on the Coinbase tether page.
               | 
               | https://www.coinbase.com/price/tether
        
               | cdiddy2 wrote:
               | ya that is wrong. not sure where coinbase is getting
               | their data from.
               | 
               | keep in mind the total crypto market cap is 1.5 triilion.
               | so tether alone doing 200b is an absurd statement. Total
               | daily volume across all exchanges is only just getting to
               | 50b these days
        
               | cwhiz wrote:
               | "Every exchange and crypto market reporting Tether volume
               | is wrong."
               | 
               | Some person on the internet, with no source to back the
               | claim.
        
               | cdiddy2 wrote:
               | I posted my source 3 comments up.
        
               | cdiddy2 wrote:
               | This isn't directly related, but you may find these
               | interesting.
               | 
               | Fake volume related to a recent Tether piece in the WSJ:
               | https://medium.com/@nic__carter/assessing-bitcoins-
               | liquidity...
               | 
               | Bitwise presentation to the SEC regarding fake volume
               | among exchanges: https://www.sec.gov/comments/sr-
               | nysearca-2019-01/srnysearca2...
        
       | stefan_ wrote:
       | Feels like the NYAG preferred to take an easy win over fully
       | exposing the fraudulent scheme. But I guess in the grand scheme
       | of things it's better to get $18M for state coffers now than be
       | another bag holder when Tether inevitably combusts.
        
         | PragmaticPulp wrote:
         | This particular lawsuit started in 2019 and was narrowly
         | scoped. They don't have infinite jurisdiction over Tether's
         | global operations.
        
       | dgellow wrote:
       | Something to note: they only had data from 2017 to 2019. Tether
       | printed the majority of their coins in 2020/2021.
        
         | NelsonMinar wrote:
         | I bet they pinkie-swear those new coins are really really
         | backed by dollars this time.
        
       | olalonde wrote:
       | The hypocrisy. Tether was pushed to the "darkest corners of the
       | financial system" *because* of regulators. It seems they tried
       | their best to remain solvent and didn't steal cash reserves. But
       | regulators made their life hard at every turn. If you care about
       | protecting USDT holders, maybe stop interfering with their
       | operations and stop seizing their funds? And now, they have to
       | submit regular reports to the NY regulators while being banned
       | from doing any business in NY? I doubt many USDT holders are very
       | happy today about the NYAG's attempts to protect them.
        
         | aplummer wrote:
         | From the article:
         | 
         | > Bitfinex and Tether recklessly and unlawfully covered-up
         | massive financial losses to keep their scheme going and protect
         | their bottom lines," said Attorney General James. "Tether's
         | claims that its virtual currency was fully backed by U.S.
         | dollars at all times was a lie
         | 
         | Are you claiming this is false and they paid the 18.5m penalty
         | for not lying about USD reserves?
        
           | olalonde wrote:
           | Part of their USD reserves were frozen by regulators in
           | Poland and Portugal. It is debatable whether having funds
           | frozen by regulators can be de accurately described as
           | sustaining "massive financial losses". Sure, they could have
           | been more transparent about what was going on. But so far, it
           | seems that all their issues originate from regulators making
           | it impossible for them to run a legitimate business, not
           | fraudulent intentions (which is what they are often accused
           | of).
        
             | aplummer wrote:
             | Your statements don't align with the claims in the article.
             | It says they lost (as in, "where is it") almost a billion
             | dollars and said they still had it, while knowing they
             | didn't.
             | 
             | Bad situation but honest: Legal. Bad situation but
             | dishonest: Illegal.
        
               | olalonde wrote:
               | The announcement by the Attorney General is quite biased
               | and doesn't tell the full story. For a better
               | understanding, I invite you to read the official
               | settlement agreement[0] and Tether's (obviously biased)
               | take on it[1]. It seems that Bitfinex funds were frozen
               | by government agencies and that Tether temporarily
               | provided a line of credit to Bitfinex while awaiting for
               | the funds to be released. The line of credit was repaid
               | in full as of January 2021, according to the settlement.
               | 
               | I'm not saying Bitfinex/Tether acted irreproachably, they
               | surely could have been a bit more transparent about what
               | was going on. But I have some empathy for them. They
               | wouldn't have been put in that difficult situation if it
               | weren't for the insanely restrictive regulatory
               | environment that made it impossible for them to obtain
               | banking relationships.
               | 
               | [0] https://ag.ny.gov/sites/default/files/2021.02.17_-_se
               | ttlemen...
               | 
               | [1] https://tether.to/tether-and-bitfinex-reach-
               | settlement-with-...
        
       | qertoip wrote:
       | According to the agreement with NYAG Tether admitted _no_
       | wrongdoing. The statement: https://tether.to/tether-and-bitfinex-
       | reach-settlement-with-...
        
       | hmcdona1 wrote:
       | I'm so confused why everyone just blindly believes Tether is this
       | whole big conspiracy. I am by no means defending the organization
       | but let's just take a step back here:
       | 
       | > Where does the funding come from to print tether?
       | 
       | When they mint 1 Tether they sell it on an exchange for $1. They
       | don't need anyone to upfront lock up $1 and then also sell it for
       | $1...
       | 
       | Are stablecoins not just essentially an interest free loan to the
       | minter? That's why hundreds of them are popping up all over the
       | place. Minters can go invest that money however conservatively
       | they want and just rack up free interest on billions. Why the
       | hell would they NOT print more if there is demand. Consequently,
       | why the hell would they need to participate in any illegal
       | activity when the can print interest free loans whenever they
       | want?
       | 
       | Yes, ideally you'd prefer someone with this position to be
       | overcollatorized and not simply ensure $1 = 1 tether. But that is
       | the risk you take holding that stablecoin. Pick up DAI if you
       | want an overcollatorized asset.
       | 
       | I just don't see the incentive for some of the other arguments
       | out there - many imply they are just printing it and selling it
       | for $0 I guess? Or is the argument they just siphon the money to
       | another organization? Because that would be a more valid concern.
       | There just seems to be this assumption that somehow someone is
       | fronting or magically creating value from nothing. No, the market
       | is by buying newly minted Tether on exchanges. That's where the
       | funding comes from. How is this not obvious?
       | 
       | There is probably a lot more depth to this topic than I am aware
       | of, but some of the top upvoted comments here just seem to be
       | spewing nonsense.
       | 
       | tldr; If a stablecoin minter sells a newly minted coin for
       | $1...then by definition there is now $1 available to back that
       | coin. Stop conspiring where the funds are coming from. The worry
       | should be how they are investing said collateral backing the
       | coins from there.
        
         | eightysixfour wrote:
         | > When they mint 1 Tether they sell it on an exchange for $1.
         | They don't need anyone to upfront lock up $1 and then also sell
         | it for $1...
         | 
         | According to the argument against Tether, your first principal
         | here is wrong. In this argument, Tether mints a USDT and trades
         | with someone who has bitcoin or other crypto and wants a
         | stablecoin. What the trader believes they are getting is a coin
         | which is 1:1 backed by USD. In this situation, it is not.
         | 
         | Tether gets bitcoin. Tether can then print _more_ USDT which
         | they trade for bitcoin at a higher price. They would then have
         | an infinite money cheat for buying crypto assets (as long as
         | people believe a USDT = $1) which enables them to drive the
         | price of crypto upward.
         | 
         | Tether claims that the pattern is "Someone gives us USD, we
         | give them Tether, they trade for whatever they want", _this was
         | provably false_ at some points in time.
        
       | christiansakai wrote:
       | Does this mean that Tether is not buyable by NYers in Coinbase
       | and Gemini?
        
         | TacticalCoder wrote:
         | Gemini offered/offers USDT?
        
           | christiansakai wrote:
           | Oh actually maybe only Coinbase
        
             | charcircuit wrote:
             | No, Coinbase has their own stable coin USDC.
        
       | nickthemagicman wrote:
       | This is why I like Stellar Lumens. The exchange is built in!
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | labrador wrote:
       | "Junk" bonds seemed like an appropriate term for questionable
       | bonds back in the 1980's... By the same logic, cryptocurrencies
       | should be called Junk currencies
        
       | Tangokat wrote:
       | This is the important part going forward:
       | 
       | "Tether must offer public disclosures, by category, of the assets
       | backing tethers, including disclosure of any loans or receivables
       | to or from affiliated entities. The companies will also provide
       | greater transparency and mandatory reporting regarding the use of
       | non-bank "payment processors" or other entities used to transmit
       | client funds."
       | 
       | So from now on Tether must be backed 1:1 and provide
       | transparency. This should severely limit the risk of Tether
       | blowing up the crypto ecosystem.
        
       | rtrdea wrote:
       | Bitfinex isn't an American company. This is ridiculous
        
         | Spooky23 wrote:
         | What's ridiculous?
         | 
         | That the company's home jurisdiction allowed them to defraud
         | the public?
        
           | robjan wrote:
           | It's not even clear where the company is physically located.
           | It's a Hong Kong company but all of the addresses here are
           | just virtual offices and shell companies.
        
         | bonzini wrote:
         | The full title ends with "Illegal Activities in New York", not
         | sure why it was removed.
        
           | dgellow wrote:
           | Because it's too long for HN (I instead replaced "Attorney
           | General" by "NYAG", not ideal but an ok compromise IMHO)
        
             | im3w1l wrote:
             | "Bitfinex banned from New York."
             | 
             | Edit: I'm getting downvoted but I went soft on him. You
             | know what, I'll say it. The choice of which words to retain
             | (virtual currency trading platform??) and which to drop (in
             | New York) is really bad and veering into suspicious, seems
             | like it's trying to stir up panic.
        
               | dgellow wrote:
               | It's the title of the linked press release, with a minor
               | change to fit the maximum length required for HN
               | submissions.
        
               | im3w1l wrote:
               | You make it sound like they have been taken down
               | globally. That's not a "minor change".
        
               | dgellow wrote:
               | How would the New York attorney general shut down the
               | company globally? That doesn't make sense. But feel free
               | to contact dang or other moderators and ask for a change
               | of the title if you think that can be improved.
        
               | im3w1l wrote:
               | People here are from every part of the world. Many wont
               | know what a "NYAG" is or what powers they have, in fact I
               | bet quite a few Americans don't know either.
               | 
               | Oh well.. the new title is good.
        
         | kasey_junk wrote:
         | Note the headline should add "in New York" or the like.
        
         | GavinMcG wrote:
         | Do you expect to get away with illegal activity when you travel
         | abroad?
        
           | jobigoud wrote:
           | A lot of people do. For example driving over the speed limit
           | because they can't be fined.
        
       | arberx wrote:
       | Have no idea why ycombinator is so salty towards anything crypto.
       | 
       | Yes, tether was wrong when they said USDT was backed by "US
       | Dollars". But, the conclusion is USDT is backed by something, the
       | likes of which is probably a fractional reserve.
       | 
       | Case is resolved, with Tether admitting no fault.
        
         | Clewza313 wrote:
         | "Backed by something"! It sounds so reassuring when you phrase
         | it that way.
        
           | arberx wrote:
           | That was the conclusion of the AG.
           | 
           | Case is moot. Tether is definitely sketch, but it's not this
           | massive money laundering/conspiracy HN thinks it is.
        
             | FireBeyond wrote:
             | "Partially backed by something" was indeed one of the
             | conclusions of the AG in this limited scope investigation.
             | 
             | Meanwhile, Tether is, was, claiming "Fully backed by USD!".
             | And yet you are acting like the AG was supportive of
             | Tether's claims, "Oh, yes, even the AG says so!"
        
         | joshuakelly wrote:
         | It's pretty amusing in the context of YC specifically, and less
         | so HN, given that Coinbase is very likely to become the most
         | valuable YC company to date.
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | ldbooth wrote:
       | So let's assume tether is a fraud. All they have to do is buy
       | bitcoin with their cash received for tether and they are out of
       | reach of us regulators. Is it Fraud or is it Genius? Yes.
        
       | divs1210 wrote:
       | America lied to the world when it claimed each dollar was backed
       | by gold.
       | 
       | When the world figured it out and there was a bank run, the gold
       | standard was "temporarily" put off by Nixon in 1970.
       | 
       | Bitfinex just seems to be playing the same game America has
       | always been playing.
        
         | exabrial wrote:
         | Link?
        
           | divs1210 wrote:
           | 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_shock
           | 
           | 2. https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Exorbitant_privilege
        
             | exabrial wrote:
             | thanks!
        
       | jiveturkey wrote:
       | Hopefully this isn't drowned out by all the crypto discussion.
       | 
       | How can NY require mandatory reporting on core business, if both
       | entities are forbidden now to transact with New Yorkers? How
       | would this even be enforceable? "Sorry, we don't do business in
       | your state."
        
         | dragonwriter wrote:
         | > How can NY require mandatory reporting on core business, if
         | both entities are forbidden now to transact with New Yorkers?
         | 
         | They can because that's the term the firms agreed to to settle
         | the investigation and avoid a suit over misconduct identified
         | by the OAG.
         | 
         | > How would this even be enforceable?
         | 
         | The OAG takes the firms back to court for violating the
         | settlement agreement, which can include filing charges for any
         | misconduct preceding and covered by the agreement, for which
         | the statute of limitations is suspended by the agreement.
         | 
         | > "Sorry, we don't do business in your state."
         | 
         | That...doesn't help them at all.
        
       | lifty wrote:
       | This news is so funny. Tether detractors see this as confirmation
       | that they were right all along, while crypto currency fans say
       | that this is confirmation that it was FUD all along. No bridges
       | were built in this endeavour.
        
         | jbirer wrote:
         | No bridges need to be built, only people saved from losses and
         | fraud.
        
         | bhouston wrote:
         | I like btc but in a declaring that tether is fraud isn't about
         | building bridges, it is about being correct. Getting rid of
         | tether is the best way to legitimize btc. The sooner the
         | better.
         | 
         | It is confusing why you care about bridges with regards to
         | fraud. When was fraud related to consensus building activities?
         | Huh?
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | lifty wrote:
           | I meant it as a figure of speech, in that the 2 parts can't
           | see eye to eye. I care about the legitimacy of the space and
           | I am not a big fan of these backed stable coins, because they
           | can't be easily verified.
        
             | baby wrote:
             | The same way the fascists and the democrats can't seem to
             | unify?
        
           | ketamine__ wrote:
           | Tether isn't decentralized but as it turns out users prefer
           | convenience over ideology. This is pretty apparent from the
           | rise of Binance.
           | 
           | If you want to blame anyone though it's probably the folks
           | that have been working on layer 2 since 2017 but haven't
           | delivered in a major way.
        
         | jMyles wrote:
         | > Tether detractors see this... while crypto currency fans
         | 
         | Be reminded that the overlap in this venn diagram is enormous.
        
           | lifty wrote:
           | Absolutely! I'm part of that venn diagram and I am
           | disappointed that there wasn't more light shone on the whole
           | thing.
        
       | jcfrei wrote:
       | _" Contrary to online speculation, there was no finding that
       | Tether ever issued tethers [USDT] without backing, or to
       | manipulate crypto prices"_
       | 
       | I hope that ends the spreading of FUD - claiming that bitcoin and
       | other cryptos are propped up by the printing of fake tethers -
       | which seems to spread here every time there is a sharp rise in
       | prices.
        
         | thedufer wrote:
         | "there was no finding" means that they did not show that that
         | happened, not that they showed it didn't. You're reading
         | something into that quote it very carefully does not say.
        
         | PragmaticPulp wrote:
         | This lawsuit only covers up to 2019, when the Tether supply was
         | only a fraction of what it is now.
         | 
         | It shows that Tether had no desire to correct the situation
         | with the unbacked Tethers. Why does it matter why the Tethers
         | were unbacked? The fact is that they were unbacked and Tether
         | continued operating as if they were.
         | 
         | Why would anyone trust an institution that has already
         | demonstrated they don't care about backing and, moreover, that
         | they'd rather hide that fact as much as possible until forced
         | to reveal it.
        
         | dgellow wrote:
         | Read the settlement agreement:
         | https://ag.ny.gov/sites/default/files/2021.02.17_-_settlemen...
         | 
         | Page 4 of the agreement:
         | 
         | > 20. Because of Tether's inability to conduct significant
         | banking activity during this time, it could not itself hold
         | dollars sufficient to back the hundreds of millions of new
         | tethers that had entered the market. Until September 15, 2017,
         | the only U.S. dollars held by Tether ostensibly backing the
         | approximately 442 million tethers in circulation was the
         | approximately $61 million on deposit at the Bank of Montreal.
         | 
         | That's 14% of the cash required to back the issued Tether.
        
         | tectec wrote:
         | Where is that quote from? I don't see it in the linked article
        
           | dgellow wrote:
           | It's from https://www.theblockcrypto.com/post/95207/bitfinex-
           | tether-ne....
        
           | 35fbe7d3d5b9 wrote:
           | https://www.theblockcrypto.com/post/95207/bitfinex-tether-
           | ne...
           | 
           | > Jason Weinstein, a partner at Steptoe & Johnson and counsel
           | to Bitfinex and Tether
        
             | FireBeyond wrote:
             | Ahh, so their attorney said something nicely carefully
             | worded, intended to imply to the lay person: "There was no
             | specific finding that allegation X had absolutely occurred,
             | so this shows that all along, allegation X has never
             | occurred".
        
               | jcfrei wrote:
               | I think you are reading too much into it. That's just how
               | the justice system works. You don't have to prove your
               | innocence, you have to prove someone's guilty.
        
               | 35fbe7d3d5b9 wrote:
               | Noted unbiased participant "the defendants attorney" has
               | been quoted in a pro-Bitcoin publication ;)
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | rednerrus wrote:
       | It's weird that this has sent the price through the floor.
        
       | dgellow wrote:
       | Settlement agreement available here:
       | https://ag.ny.gov/sites/default/files/2021.02.17_-_settlemen...
        
       | jstrong wrote:
       | usdt/usd market at kraken holding at ~$1
       | https://cryptowat.ch/charts/KRAKEN:USDT-USD
        
       | raiyu wrote:
       | Is this the first official ruling on tether that shows it isn't
       | backed 1:1 by the US dollar?
       | 
       | That has long been speculated, but if this is the first official
       | verification how does that affect the Market.
       | 
       | Especially the self dealing of Bitfinex.
        
         | kpaystaxes wrote:
         | This isn't a "ruling" at all. The parties just reached a
         | settlement agreement and Bitfinex/Tether did not admit any
         | wrongdoing.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | jcfrei wrote:
         | The market doesn't care. Hasn't cared for years now, just look
         | at the Kraken USDT/USD market which is freely tradable. Tethers
         | are mostly backed by USD - no 100% but that's because some
         | funds were seized due to regulatory scrutiny, not because they
         | disappeared.
        
           | albntomat0 wrote:
           | I'm not convinced your argument works. Bubbles exist until
           | they suddenly don't.
           | 
           | This isn't a strong argument that it's a bubble, but the
           | burden of proof is solidly on the tether folks to show that
           | they're 100% backed, not the other way around.
        
             | jcfrei wrote:
             | I'm not arguing - I'm making a statement. It's evident from
             | market prices that investors don't care. Whether the market
             | _should_ care is another discussion but the parent asked
             | about the market 's reaction.
        
           | vzcx wrote:
           | I am not sure why I should trust kraken, but even if I
           | trusted them completely, this only proves tether has enough
           | liquidity to maintain their peg, not that they are "mostly
           | backed." That is to say, it only puts a relatively small
           | bound on their reserve ratio.
        
         | PragmaticPulp wrote:
         | Tether themselves essentially admitted that it wasn't fully
         | backed in 2019: https://www.coindesk.com/tether-lawyer-
         | confirms-stablecoin-7...
         | 
         | The strangest part of the Tether story is how much of it was
         | obvious or even out in the open. Cryptocurrency proponents were
         | happy to look the other way as long as prices were only going
         | up. I suspect cryptocurrency proponents and Bitfinex are
         | working hard to spin this as a win for Tether right.
        
           | Cullinet wrote:
           | no the strangest thing isn't how it was out in the open -
           | that's precisely how to get away with fraud...the message and
           | the reality aren't the same but the message is pumped into
           | echo chamber
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | bhouston wrote:
           | Getting rid of the fraud (tether) at the core of btc will
           | strengthen btc. This cryptocurrency proponents should be all
           | for it.
           | 
           | I have honestly been surprised how long this obvious tether
           | saga has gone on.
        
             | ForHackernews wrote:
             | This is only true if we accept your unstated premise that
             | BTC itself isn't a big ole Ponzi scheme.
             | 
             | I guess we could argue, "It's good news for our slightly
             | more subtle fraud if the blatant, obvious fraud gets
             | stamped out."
        
               | CarelessExpert wrote:
               | > This is only true if we accept your unstated premise
               | that BTC itself isn't a big ole Ponzi scheme.
               | 
               | Let's be clear, here: There's a _substantial_ difference
               | between Bitfinex engaging in outright financial fraud vs
               | a bunch of people buying into the value of a virtual
               | currency for reasons no one can understand.
               | 
               | BTC is not a ponzi. It's just a long-running speculative
               | bubble. A collective delusion. You can disagree with
               | that, sure, but it's certainly no more a fraud than
               | Beanie Babies or tulip bulbs.
        
               | ForHackernews wrote:
               | Sort of. There are many many people hyping Bitcoin (and
               | various bitcoin-adjacent projects: mining rigs, wallets,
               | dodgy unregulated exchanges, etc.), and most of them have
               | a vested financial interest in it.
               | 
               | BTC didn't get to the price it is today on the backs of a
               | few cypherpunks experimenting with decentralized digital
               | currency technology.
        
               | CarelessExpert wrote:
               | > Sort of. There are many many people hyping Bitcoin (and
               | various bitcoin-adjacent projects: mining rigs, wallets,
               | dodgy unregulated exchanges, etc.), and most of them have
               | a vested financial interest in it.
               | 
               | You've basically described commerce.
               | 
               | Pick a random asset class--stocks, real estate,
               | commodities, etc--and ask yourself: are there people who
               | are hyping that asset who have a vested financial
               | interest in it?
               | 
               | The answer is almost certainly "yes" in every case.
        
               | ForHackernews wrote:
               | In the less-scammy world of regulated finance, there are
               | rules about disclosure and the SEC will come after you
               | for running a pump-and-dump scheme.
        
               | sekai wrote:
               | > but it's certainly no more a fraud than Beanie Babies
               | or tulip bulbs
               | 
               | Did their bubbles also last 12 years, went through
               | multiple bear/bull markets?
        
             | ffggvv wrote:
             | might strengthen it but not it's price
        
       | dudus wrote:
       | I've been following Tether for quite a long time. I have no
       | absolute proof it is a scam but the writing is on the wall. Here
       | are some facts.
       | 
       | - The current Market Cap of USDT is 34 Billion Dollars. It was 4B
       | this time last year. Since the value is pegged this means there
       | has been an influx of cash of 30 B into this shady company in the
       | last year alone. Who invested this money? We have no idea since
       | Tether doesn't disclose, but we're supposed to believe all this
       | money entered USDT even with the red flags we see.
       | 
       | - There's a correlation between Tether printing new USDT and the
       | Bitcoin Price.
       | 
       | - There's no way to transfer USDT into USD. The few exchanges
       | that say they offer withdraws actually don't if you go and try.
       | 
       | - Daily volume of transaction is in the 100 B mark. Twice that of
       | Bitcoin and 3 times Tether daily volume this time last year.
       | 
       | - BitFinex is included in the NY decision because it's proven now
       | that Bitfinex and Tether are operated by the same people. Note
       | that a few years ago this was not only undisclosed but actively
       | denied by Tether.
       | 
       | - Tether initially told its investors it was 100% backed by
       | dollar reserves and that it would be subjected to constant
       | audits. The audits never happened, and they eventually conceded
       | only ~70% was backed by "short term cash reserves".
       | 
       | My conclusion is that the folks at BitFinex came up with a new
       | currency, printed billions of it and used it to wash trade
       | against itself and other crypto, creating an artificial demand
       | that drove the prices up. It's textbook Ponzi scheme and will
       | inevitably come crashing down, killing Tether, BitFinex and a
       | chunk of the Crypto Market.
       | 
       | Crypto folks will counter argue that people has been saying this
       | for years but Tether is still chugging along and crypto is
       | healthier than ever.
       | 
       | Personally I won't touch any crypto with a 10 foot pole until
       | this thing blows over. If that means missing out on a lot of
       | possible gains so be it.
        
         | tim333 wrote:
         | >There's no way to transfer USDT into USD
         | 
         | Use Kraken. You can change USDT to USD and withdraw money. I've
         | done both.
        
           | mastermojo wrote:
           | This is the confusing part to me. Everything I read online
           | talks about Tether being fraudulent. Shouldn't the price of
           | Tether reflect a discount based on that? If it doesn't, does
           | that mean the market is okay with a Tether being 1 USD even
           | if it is not backed by anything?
        
             | firekvz wrote:
             | At some point yesterday, BTC/USD pair was trading up to
             | 400$ lower than the BTC/USDT, that should be enough to tell
             | you that a lot of people don't really want the USDT anymore
             | and were willing to pay a 400$ premium to get real USD, it
             | will start getting ugly at some point
        
             | tim333 wrote:
             | Not necessarily because Tether the company will use the USD
             | or similar that they have to buy tethers on the market if
             | the price falls below $0.995 or so. The worry is if there
             | are say 30bn tethers out there and they only have $20bn
             | cash and enough people redeem the the price will stay about
             | $1 until the $20bn runs out and then suddenly drop to not
             | much.
             | 
             | It's actually possible that rather than just holding US$
             | against USDT they have put some into bitcoin instead which
             | would mean they may have plenty of funds unless bitcoin
             | crashes in an unfortunate way.
        
         | zby wrote:
         | "There's no way to transfer USDT into USD. The few exchanges
         | that say they offer withdraws actually don't if you go and
         | try."
         | 
         | How about Bitfinex? I had some problems with withdrawals there
         | in the past - but now it seems to work.
        
         | dcolkitt wrote:
         | > There's no way to transfer USDT into USD. The few exchanges
         | that say they offer withdraws actually don't if you go and try.
         | 
         | There is an easy way. Swap USDT to USDC on Curve. Deposit USDC
         | on Coinbase. Convert USDC to USD on Coinbase. Withdraw USD.
         | 
         | I'm not saying I disagree with your overall thesis. But this
         | specific point makes it sound like USDT is some sort of roach
         | motel ("you can get in, but you can't get out"). That's not
         | true, it's fairly easy to get back to USD at low cost. The fact
         | that USDT is trading at near parity with USDC on Curve
         | indicates that most of the market doesn't perceive a risk.
        
           | lazide wrote:
           | That's fairly easy?!?! That's a textbook yak shaving exercise
           | if I heard of one, and seems like it would have to involve
           | multiple parties during the exercise.
           | 
           | Many exchanges have pretended for a long time that USDT is
           | 'the same' as dollars, and there are going to be a lot of
           | folks pissed that it isn't actually the same thing.
        
             | DebtDeflation wrote:
             | >That's fairly easy?!?! That's a textbook yak shaving
             | exercise if I heard of one
             | 
             | This. If Tether truly were just a token backed 1:1 with USD
             | on deposit at a commercial bank, you would not need to make
             | multiple hops across multiple entities to actually convert
             | it to dollars.
        
             | idownvoted wrote:
             | Also imagine how "well oiled" this financial transaction's
             | machinery will work during a market contraction.
        
           | TheCapn wrote:
           | >There is an easy way.
           | 
           | How many fees have you paid through the 3 or 4 steps to get
           | to this "easy" solution? Is that solution available to
           | everyone worldwide? (I'm not familiar with Curve or Coinbase
           | and whether they're US only or something of that nature)
        
           | nostrademons wrote:
           | There was a similar situation the last time the NYC AG tried
           | to shut down Tether and withdrawals from Bitfinex were
           | blocked (June 2019). What happened was that Tether started
           | trading at about $0.93 and USDC/DAI started trading around
           | $1.04, as the supply of other stablecoins wasn't quite
           | adequate to accommodate all the people fleeing Tether.
           | Bitcoin actually ended up being the reserve currency instead:
           | the price of Bitcoin spiked from $5200 -> $8700 over the
           | course of a couple weeks as Tether holders dumped it to buy
           | Bitcoin and move it to other exchanges.
           | 
           | Personally I'm surprised the risk premium wasn't more, but
           | Tether is still around today despite both Bitfinex and
           | Binance blocking withdrawals and the NYC AG initiating fraud
           | charges against them, so ultimately the folks who decided it
           | was nothing were right. Then, at least.
        
           | tutfbhuf wrote:
           | > There is an easy way. Swap USDT to USDC on Curve. Deposit
           | USDC on Coinbase. Convert USDC to USD on Coinbase. Withdraw
           | USD.
           | 
           | Then what is your explanation for why it is not possible to
           | directly exchange USDT for USD, there must be a reason that
           | no exchange wants to do that.
           | 
           | > that most of the market doesn't perceive a risk.
           | 
           | That is absolutely no indicator for safety.
        
             | dcolkitt wrote:
             | > That is absolutely no indicator for safety.
             | 
             | Currently, several billion in value is locked into Defi-
             | based liquidity pools with USDT. If USDT collapses
             | tomorrow, the stakers will lose nearly all of their
             | principal. (Fast traders will quickly swap worthless USDT
             | for all the USDC in the pool, before hardly anyone has time
             | to remove liquidity.)
             | 
             | The largest of these pool, currently pays about 2.6%.[1]
             | Even if all of that return reflects USDT credit risk, that
             | market implies a 1/50 chance of USDT collapsing within the
             | next year. I'm not saying the market is necessary correct.
             | But what I am saying is that very deep, liquid markets are
             | not pricing any significant USDT risk.
             | 
             | If you really disagree, you can even short USDT, by
             | borrowing USDT on Compound at 4.2%. Then use that to buy
             | USDC and supply it on Compound at 4.9%.[2] If USDT
             | collapses, you'll make nearly 100% as you'll only have to
             | buy back now worthless USDC. In fact the market will even
             | _pay_ you take this position, with the only risk being if
             | USDC collapses relative to USDT.
             | 
             | [1]https://www.curve.fi/3pool
             | [2]https://compound.finance/markets
        
             | vidarh wrote:
             | > Then what is your explanation for why it is not possible
             | to directly exchange USDT for USD, there must be a reason
             | that no exchange wants to do that.
             | 
             | https://global.bittrex.com/Market/Index?MarketName=USD-USDT
        
               | pas wrote:
               | Do they process withdrawals in a reasonable time?
        
               | vidarh wrote:
               | I have not had problems with them, but I'm also not doing
               | any large transactions.
        
               | grlass wrote:
               | Also note Kraken, withdrawals are as fast as a wire
               | transfer (so a few days): https://www.kraken.com/en-
               | us/prices/usdt-tether-usd-price-ch...
               | 
               | What I'm not sure is how that market connects to Tether's
               | bank accounts increasing or decreasing in holdings. This
               | is all third-party exchanges, presumably with other
               | customers as the counterparty.
        
               | boring_twenties wrote:
               | Dunno about Bittrex but Kraken also has a USD/USDT pair.
               | Withdrawals via wire transfer take around 2 days.
        
           | skybrian wrote:
           | I'm wondering how high volume would need to be for the first
           | step (from USDT to USDC) before something breaks?
           | 
           | Why don't more people use USDC anyway?
        
             | sb057 wrote:
             | >Why don't more people use USDC anyway?
             | 
             | USDT got there first.
        
             | arcticbull wrote:
             | Well, because Tether is happy to look the other way for
             | money launderers, cartels and other bad actors. USDC can't.
        
         | bbfnfkvkfk wrote:
         | What will happen to NY AG which investigated Tether for 2
         | years, went through 2.5 mil pages of documentation, yet missed
         | such an obvious scam that a lot of people, including on this
         | forum, can clearly see?
         | 
         | If Tether implodes, is this proof that NY AG is incompetent or
         | even worse, somehow implicated in this giant scam by covering
         | it up?
         | 
         | In the NY AG settlement PDF it clearly states that they will
         | not indict Tether in the future for the investigated crimes,
         | including not being backed up by assets, which happened before
         | the date of the payment of the fine:
         | 
         | > _56. Within five (5) days of the receipt of the penalty ...
         | and agrees not to bring any claims or causes of action against
         | Bitfinex or Tether ... for matters relating to the conduct set
         | forth in the Findings and the Petition ... arising out of
         | Bitfinex or Tether's representations concerning the backing of
         | tethers during the time period January 1, 2014 to the effective
         | date of this Settlement Agreement; transfers of a portion of
         | the cash reserves backing tethers to Bitfinex pursuant to the
         | line of credit_
        
         | jtms wrote:
         | The author of this report from 2018 agrees with your assessment
         | https://www.tetherreport.com/
        
         | quentinadam wrote:
         | > There's no way to transfer USDT into USD. The few exchanges
         | that say they offer withdraws actually don't if you go and try.
         | 
         | It's perfectly possible to exchange USDT for USD and withdraw
         | USD to your bank account; it does not involve complicated steps
         | nor outrageous fees. Kraken, for example, has a very liquid
         | USDT/USD market, is a well respected exchange, and processes
         | USD withdrawals that arrive within minutes to US bank accounts.
         | I'am speaking as an industry insider and hedge fund manager
         | that trades ~$1B/month on the crypto markets.
        
           | boring_twenties wrote:
           | How do you get withdrawals arriving within minutes? Mine take
           | about 2 days, I'm on the highest verification level that they
           | list publicly ("Pro").
        
             | quentinadam wrote:
             | It may help that we bank at all of the same banks as
             | Kraken, so most transfers are internal transfers. But even
             | to outside banks, normally US wires should be pretty fast
             | (usually within the day). It may also be the case that we
             | literally wire millions every day on a regular basis, so
             | our wires probably don't get held up at any compliance
             | checks.
        
               | boring_twenties wrote:
               | > It may help that we bank at all of the same banks as
               | Kraken
               | 
               | Sounds like a good idea. Do you happen to know if a list
               | of such banks is public?
        
               | quentinadam wrote:
               | As a start, you can check out Signature Bank and
               | Silvergate Bank. They are known for being crypto-friendly
               | banks, and they bank literally every exchange that trades
               | crypto versus USD.
        
               | boring_twenties wrote:
               | Thank you, I will!
        
         | hntrader wrote:
         | If the total amount of USDT exceeds their USD cash reserves,
         | who became the beneficiary of the extra USDT?
        
           | rednerrus wrote:
           | Bitcoin holders.
        
             | hntrader wrote:
             | Which BTC holders and how? What's the path from onboarding
             | on an exchange website, to eventually getting _unbacked_
             | USDT? If I put USD onto an exchange, why would the exchange
             | give me more USDT than what I deposited (and if this never
             | happened, then how did the first unbacked USDT come into
             | existence)?
             | 
             | I hold BTC but didn't use USDT in the process, just
             | deposited normal fiat and bought BTC using that.
        
               | _jjkk wrote:
               | 1. Bitfinex processes a USD deposit and dispenses USDT
               | 
               | 2. USDT holder purchases BTC with it
               | 
               | 3. Bitfinex purchases crypto (mostly BTC) with the USD,
               | instead of holding it as promised
               | 
               | Thus the original USD of the person buying BTC at the
               | exchange has effectively double the buying pressure on
               | the BTC market because Bitfinex is actively investing all
               | their USD holdings that "back" Tether into the market as
               | well.
        
               | hntrader wrote:
               | Good explanation. Why do they do step (3)? Aren't they
               | just opening themselves up to massive legal liability?
        
               | _jjkk wrote:
               | Some believe this is an intentional Ponzi scheme to print
               | some money for the owners of Tether and Bitfinex, others
               | believe they had good intentions at first, but through
               | bad investment or otherwise got underwater, and started
               | "investing" their USDT-backing dollars to claw back up.
               | 
               | Bitfinex originally denied relation to Tether but it's
               | been proven that was a lie.
               | 
               | The worry is, at some point there could be a "run" on
               | Tether, when the curtains are pulled back, where all the
               | USDT-BTC traders who happen to have USDT holdings and
               | they suddenly become worthless because nobody wants to
               | trade USDT-BTC anymore at 1-1.
               | 
               | As long as "public confidence" in USDT continues, the
               | charade will too
        
               | hntrader wrote:
               | Another dumb question: If they've been buying assets like
               | BTC using the USD that they were supposedly keeping as
               | reserves, shouldn't they have made massive amounts of
               | profits since 2018, and be in a position to now return
               | the USD reserves so that it's 1:1, while keeping billions
               | in profits for themselves?
        
               | WrtCdEvrydy wrote:
               | You couldn't liquidate that much BTC without tanking the
               | markets... it's a game of chicken if it's true that the
               | USD backing tether is gone.
        
               | jcranmer wrote:
               | If they haven't exited the BTC position, then selling the
               | BTC to convert back into USD may not be possible without
               | dramatically affecting the price. And if it's still in
               | BTC and they don't bother converting back into USD until
               | the last minute, then a run on USDT may make it
               | impossible for them to convert enough BTC to USD fast
               | enough to redeem USDT.
               | 
               | It's hard to analyze Tether/Bitfinex's risks here
               | because, well, they have been fairly opaque about what
               | their actual financial situation is, so people are
               | relying on their gut instincts to guess what it is.
        
               | hntrader wrote:
               | USDT has a market cap of $35bn, let's say that 30 percent
               | is unbacked and the corresponding USD was used to buy
               | BTC. That's a position of at least $11bn. It's probably
               | worth more than that now, since the price went up after
               | they supposedly bought in, but they only need to
               | liquidate $11bn to return the USD to their reserves to
               | make it 1:1 again.
               | 
               | The market cap for BTC is $1000bn. Wouldn't they easily
               | be able to unload the position over a 1-3 month period
               | without too much price impact? They own 1 percent of the
               | market cap, and in the stock market we often see larget
               | stockholders than this unload their whole position
               | without a catastrophic impact.
        
         | blu_ wrote:
         | Not considering your other points - I never had issues
         | converting between USDT and USD. I just did it yesterday in
         | fact.
        
           | joshstrange wrote:
           | Did you exchange USDT for USD through the exchange or did you
           | trade USDT for USD, there is a difference.
           | 
           | In the first instance the exchange is on the hook for the
           | USDT and they have to go to Tether to get USD to cover it.
           | 
           | In the second instance the other user you traded with is on
           | the hook for the USDT and they will probably just trade it
           | for USD in the future or another crypto.
        
         | vmception wrote:
         | Almost all fiat deposits into Bitfinex create USDT.
         | 
         | Thats an additional fact that the amount is in line with the
         | amounts that would be deposited into any big exchange.
         | 
         | If Coinbase minted USDC whenever someone deposited, you would
         | see the same kind of growth.
         | 
         | The basis of your entire post is assuming impropriety based on
         | pretty normal behavior with the addition of the business quirk
         | of when USDT is created.
         | 
         | The ability for impropriety is a good enough reason to avoid
         | it, and their unilateral willingness to do so without any
         | discussion can reinforce that. But people thought everything
         | you thought since the beginning of Tether in like 2014 or so,
         | but the reality is that it "only went fractional reserve" in
         | 2018. Its kind of like they threw up their hands and said "well
         | people think its a ponzi anyway might as well cover this
         | business debt!" The irony being that the NY AG investigation
         | actually proved that prior to 2018 it functioned exactly as
         | promised, barring their 2017 distress by having nowhere to put
         | their fiat deposits.
         | 
         | But if you assume that it hasnt come crashing down because
         | Bitfinex does what they said, then it still does make sense:
         | crypto prices pump after Tether mints because it is people
         | depositing into the exchange and then buying crypto.
         | 
         | Any way glad USDC and DAI are growing a lot now, which have
         | grown by the same orders of magnitude.
        
           | quentinadam wrote:
           | > Almost all fiat deposits into Bitfinex create USDT.
           | 
           | As a matter of fact that is NOT true. (speaking as a crypto
           | hedge fund manager, active since 2013, and trading >
           | $1B/month on all major exchanges). It used to be like that in
           | the past (when USD and USDT where one just represented as
           | "USD" on Bitfinex), but this changed a year or two ago. Now,
           | USD wires are being credited as USD and USDT deposits are
           | being credited as USDT. And there is a USDT/USD market on
           | Bitfinex to exchange between the two.
        
             | vmception wrote:
             | Nice this is how Coinbase functions with USDC too
             | 
             | Likely they all piggyback off of each other's
             | implementations in the face of evolving regulatory guidance
        
               | jonplackett wrote:
               | Why does USDC and USDT need to exist for this? What's the
               | benefit of not just having USD in your Coinbase/bitfinex
               | acc if they're meant to be pegged anyway?
        
               | SkyMarshal wrote:
               | Tax arbitrage, iirc. In some jurisdictions like the US,
               | exiting your position into USD is a taxable event for
               | capital gains taxes. I seem to recall stable coins were
               | invented to avoid that. I can't imagine tax authorities
               | allow that loophole though.
        
               | tablespoon wrote:
               | > Tax arbitrage, iirc. In some jurisdictions like the US,
               | exiting your position into USD is a taxable event for
               | capital gains taxes. I seem to recall stable coins were
               | invented to avoid that. I can't imagine tax authorities
               | allow that loophole though.
               | 
               | If they did, it looks like it's closed now. At least in
               | the US, converting between two cryptocurrencies is a
               | taxable event:
               | 
               | > There are plenty of questions about whether or not
               | investors can claim a direct crypto conversion (e.g.
               | bitcoin to ethereum) as "like-kind", avoiding taxes on
               | those transactions. The tax laws changed beginning in
               | 2018, and like-kind exchanges are only applicable to real
               | estate transactions.
               | 
               | https://www.coinbase.com/learn/tips-and-tutorials/crypto-
               | and...
        
               | inter_netuser wrote:
               | a significant amount of cross-border trade (yes, actual
               | goods transported in meatspace) is conducted in USDT for
               | many years now.
        
               | tylersmith wrote:
               | Sending USDT is cheaper, faster and easier than sending
               | actual USD.
        
           | vkou wrote:
           | > Almost all fiat deposits into Bitfinex create USDT.
           | 
           | Which is insane. Those are customer funds, that Bitfinex owes
           | to their customers, if they choose to withdraw from their
           | ecosystem.
           | 
           | They aren't a personal piggybank for them to dip into as they
           | please.
           | 
           | This is not at all like fractional reserve banking, where a
           | financial liability (customer deposts) are used to print
           | dollars (in the form of loans), because customer deposits can
           | be called back anytime, while loans cannot.
           | 
           | With Tether, if Bitfinex takes a dollar a customer deposits,
           | and then prints and sells a USDT, and the customer withdraws
           | their deposit, they have to destroy a USDT, in order to
           | maintain the 1:1 peg. There is zero evidence that they are
           | doing this at anywhere near the rate they claim.
           | 
           | Ironically, what they are doing is very similar to a double-
           | spend.
        
           | Guvante wrote:
           | Their post doesn't describe normal behavior. It describes
           | what would be illegal behavior elsewhere. It may be somewhat
           | legal depending on the underlying reasons due to the quirks
           | of not being regulated but renegading on promises to
           | investors is not normal behavior when it comes to things like
           | audits.
        
           | bitcoinmoney wrote:
           | so bitfinex customers deposited 30B US$ since last year? hard
           | to believe.
        
           | lazide wrote:
           | Is 'pretty normal business behavior' pretending two entities
           | (bitfinex and Tether) are arms lengths entities with no
           | relationship to each other to hide the conflict of interest,
           | along with the provably lying about the actual backing of the
           | coin, and using what were supposed to be customer trust funds
           | to bail out what was supposed to be an explicitly stated
           | unrelated business?
           | 
           | If so - be aware those are felonies in many industries and
           | are probably criminal in most jurisdictions (fraud at a
           | minimum). For very good reasons.
        
             | lotaezenwa wrote:
             | Yes, this is precisely how investment banks work.
        
             | ban5wall wrote:
             | Surprisingly, yes. That is fairly normal in financial
             | institutions. It seems nonsensical at a first glance, but:
             | 
             | https://www.investopedia.com/articles/analyst/090501.asp
        
               | lazide wrote:
               | What you are pointing to is expressly pointing out that
               | 1) it is illegal, 2) it is illegal for a very good
               | reason, 3) if anyone finds out the illegal things going
               | on, it will likely result in catastrophic (or at least
               | very, very expensive) consequences.
               | 
               | The pretending part that Tether and Bitfinex were doing
               | was fundamentally different than the walling happening
               | within financial institutions, where it has to be
               | disjoint staff, disjoint control/leadership, and if
               | someone sneaks through compliance and shares data ( _wink
               | wink_ ) it is highly likely someone will get fired if
               | compliance finds out.
               | 
               | In the Tether/Bitfinex issue, they shared board members
               | and ownership despite claiming they didn't in public, and
               | were misrepresenting themselves in a very material way as
               | independent.
               | 
               | If you were just adding some information, apologies. If
               | you were advocating that clear evidence someone is
               | brazenly committing a crime is not a justifiable and
               | strong reason to distrust them, or even that it is
               | inappropriate to hypothesize how they could be getting
               | rich while continue to do similar things - then yikes?
               | 
               | If you were saying Situation Normal, All Fucked Up - then
               | extra yikes?
               | 
               | Goldman Sachs (or some random VC firm) say might have
               | some subtle versions of this going on, but if they were
               | doing what Tether is and has been doing right now, they
               | wouldn't be a solvent entity for very long. That Tether
               | is hiding from jurisdictions (for now) in a way that
               | Goldman can't doesn't inspire confidence in their
               | trustworthiness or stability going forward, as they're
               | clearly on the radar now and blood is in the water. Along
               | with a lot of money and some high profile political
               | promotions, potentially.
        
               | wayoutthere wrote:
               | Goldman absolutely does play games like this on the
               | market making side, but the difference is that the
               | chairmanships of Goldman and the Federal Reserve tend to
               | be a revolving door. They're a special kind of royalty.
        
             | vmception wrote:
             | I am able to perceive things that don't all reach negative
             | conclusions. That doesn't mean I like the product or the
             | organization or have any specific opinion on it. That's how
             | due diligence works.
        
           | pas wrote:
           | If everything is fine and dandy with them why are they
           | stopping trading in NY? Why is the AG claiming they lied
           | about reserves, the one thing they really-really shouldn't
           | have been? (Insert "you had one job" meme.)
        
             | vmception wrote:
             | I didn't write that everything is fine and dandy with them.
             | 
             | The world toolset doesn't function under a "your either
             | with us or against us" mentality, it functions as a
             | gradient.
             | 
             | That gradient is that the NY AG case showed Tether was
             | functioning properly until 2017/2018. If you were around
             | crypto at that point in time, you would know that people
             | would not have believed they had full reserves ever.
             | 
             | Just reread what I wrote. You are deciding to see advocacy
             | for Tether which is not what I wrote at all.
        
               | pas wrote:
               | They haven't "functioned properly" because they promised
               | audits, transparency/openness and independence, and none
               | of that happened even back then. They then found out that
               | they can keep up the empty promises and started dipping
               | into the sauce, and now finally one investigation caught
               | up with them.
               | 
               | Your selective omissions imply advocacy - at least this
               | is how it seems to me, and I'm not saying that's
               | bad/good.
        
           | jdemaeyer wrote:
           | If fiat deposits into Bitfinex create USDT, shouldn't fiat
           | withdrawals from Bitfinex burn USDT?
           | 
           | I'm having trouble to find comprehensive data on USDT burns
           | but https://coinmarketcap.com/headlines/news/tether-just-
           | burned-... seems to suggest that one billion is extraordinary
           | (and those weren't removed from circulation but swapped to
           | another chain), and Tether finds it Twitter-worthy when they
           | burn 100 million:
           | https://twitter.com/Tether_to/status/1225088948243968005
           | 
           | For sure I don't expect Bitfinex fiat withdrawals to match
           | fiat deposits, but 100 million USD withdrawn vs 30 billion
           | deposited seems unordinary?
        
             | vmception wrote:
             | I agree and have always found this interesting. But it is
             | similar behavior in more transparent stablecoins. Only
             | Gemini's GUSD has seemed to completely burned to nothing at
             | one point. But USDC and DAI have growth so similar to
             | Tether during bear markets that I cant put the lack of
             | burns squarely on Bitfinex.
             | 
             | Either there is a broader accounting issue with minting and
             | burning methodologies or people/entities really do hold.
             | 
             | During bear markets large market participants are still
             | buying, and a tiny portion of people are providing the
             | price discovery, and this is mirrored in the increasing
             | amounts of crypto that have not moved from addresses in a
             | long time.
             | 
             | Many people hold the stablecoin itself, instead of going
             | back to fiat. So there is growth of all market
             | participants, even during bear markets when other cryptos
             | are falling out of favor.
             | 
             | Thinking out loud, I've paid a lot of graphic designers and
             | marketers in India this year in Tether. They arent familiar
             | with crypto but just notice that their Unocoin app takes
             | it. We're not doing paypal, and all fiat transfers are
             | domestic with none of fees, time, or scrutiny that an
             | international fiat transfer would have.
             | 
             | The nature of all stablecoins is that if the supply does
             | not match the demand then there are arbitrage opportunities
             | to mint more, which can be initiated by the user. If Tether
             | is worth $1.02 then you can mint a new tether by depositing
             | on Bitfinex and selling that Tether for a 2% premium.
             | 
             | So if all the stablecoins have similar growth patterns, the
             | things going for Tether are simply first mover advantage
             | and greater clout in Asia.
        
             | grey-area wrote:
             | Yes it's a scam and 30 billion dollars deposited in a year
             | is a laughable claim, particularly from a company with a
             | history of lies and fraud. Nobody in the crypto space calls
             | them on it because the fact they get away with it calls
             | into question the entire ecosystem.
        
           | firekvz wrote:
           | How come you just come here telling that deposits in bitfinex
           | creates USDT
           | 
           | But Paolo himself post that all the usdt minted is 'tron
           | replenish' everytime whale alert tweets about 800,000,000
           | USDT frwshly minted
           | 
           | So, basically, in your intentions to defend USDT you are even
           | contradicting what its own CEO says...
           | 
           | It's also funny how tesla 1.5b investment and microstrategy
           | few millions buy are to be 'celebrated' as big and huge, yet
           | you are trying to convince us there is people depositing 800m
           | daily into bitfinex?
        
             | TacticalCoder wrote:
             | I agree with you that GP's post hardly makes any sense but
             | 
             | > ... yet you are trying to convince us there is people
             | depositing 800m daily into bitfinex?
             | 
             | 800m daily would have meant 300 bn USDTs created in a year.
             | They create 30 bn in a year, no 300 bn. It's huge but you
             | are one order of magnitude off no?
        
             | vmception wrote:
             | US equities are choosing to make a big deal out of
             | something benign at fairly small amounts. The corporate
             | debt market is massive with almost all blue chips routinely
             | issuing short term debt that dwarfs anything Microstrategy
             | did, for completely ambiguous purposes and the market does
             | not care as long as its paid back. 100 billion $ worth of
             | US commercial paper was issued just in the last month with
             | no fanfare whatsoever and no disclosure on what the
             | proceeds are for. Microstrategy's dabbling in the corporate
             | debt markets is only news because the CEO wants it to be.
             | 
             | The volumes from a large crowd that can also include
             | institutional can very easily be large.
             | 
             | A recent example is the Saudi Aramco IPO, particiption in
             | that IPO used Saudi retail investors and Saudi payment
             | rails and resulted in $25bn in purchases. That one
             | country's internal financial system was able to handle it
             | and there was just that much participation.
             | 
             | Tether doesn't have the transparency we will want. Choose a
             | different product for that reason alone, and there are
             | options now.
             | 
             | But assuming the worst, out of the universe of assumptions,
             | is just as useless as assuming the best. The western world
             | says "all this is improbable so lets assume it is
             | impossible", the eastern world doesn't seem to care and
             | there are examples where much larger sums of money could
             | show that Tether's growth is not improbable or impossible.
             | 
             | The point is that $30bn of deposits (whether some of that
             | is counted incorrectly on multiple blockchains) is not
             | noteworthy enough on its own to reinforce your conclusion.
             | Many random brokers have that. If they had a stablecoin
             | that was minted upon deposit, you would see the same thing.
             | And here, institutions also use Bitfinex and $30bn is
             | actually then a reflection of how _small_ the crypto
             | markets are.
        
         | mcintyre1994 wrote:
         | > There's no way to transfer USDT into USD. The few exchanges
         | that say they offer withdraws actually don't if you go and try.
         | 
         | So what actually happens when people sell Bitcoin? They get
         | USDT on an exchange and then can never get cash out? Is there
         | some convoluted series of trades you can make from USDT -> ???
         | -> USD or something instead? And people selling Bitcoin have
         | made enough profit to just ignore the overhead of those trades
         | I guess?
        
           | T0Bi wrote:
           | OP got that wrong. It's very simple to exchange USDT for USD,
           | you can do it on Kraken and Binance and withdraw to your bank
           | account. No problem at all
        
             | kevingadd wrote:
             | Isn't that trading, you're selling USDT to someone who
             | wants to give you USD for it? That's different from telling
             | the operators of Tether itself "Here's some USDT, give me
             | the USD that backs it".
        
       | andreaorru wrote:
       | "Contrary to online speculation, there was no finding that Tether
       | ever issued tethers [USDT] without backing, or to manipulate
       | crypto prices," said Weinstein, a former federal prosecutor. [0]
       | 
       | [0] https://www.theblockcrypto.com/post/95207/bitfinex-tether-
       | ne...
       | 
       | EDIT: For some reason I'm being downvoted, but I'm genuinely
       | curious to understand why this news is being simultaneously
       | interpreted in two opposite ways.
        
         | Jonnax wrote:
         | The linked webpage is from the New York Attorney General's
         | office and the quote you quoted is from one of BitFenix's
         | lawyers.
        
         | FireBeyond wrote:
         | Because the issue is this:
         | 
         | A "finding", in legal terms, is a specific, explicit statement
         | with the supporting rationale behind it.
         | 
         | You can make statements in a legal document, even a settlement,
         | without classifying them as "findings" (that have specific
         | legal ramifications).
         | 
         | Indeed, the AG says in the documents that absolutely Tether did
         | not always have backing. However, it doesn't address -issuance-
         | without backing.
         | 
         | So the attorney for Tether is doing as attorneys do, making a
         | carefully crafted statement that will paint a specific
         | impression to the world, whilst being entirely aware (and
         | maintaining plausible deniability) that he is artfully weaving
         | through several other "inconvenient truths".
        
         | Clewza313 wrote:
         | Huh? The NYAG press release literally says: "Tether's claims
         | that its virtual currency was fully backed by U.S. dollars at
         | all times was a lie."
         | 
         | Edit: The difference between the two statements is that Tether
         | can still be "backed" by something other than USD, notably
         | crypto. And the PR is silent on what exactly Tether is backed
         | by. This saga isn't over yet.
        
           | andreaorru wrote:
           | I'm also confused by the contradicting news. CryptoTwitter
           | (and the markets) reacted enthusiastically...
        
             | Izkata wrote:
             | Those two quotes aren't necessarily contradictory, they're
             | about different timings. Tether could have been fully
             | backed when issuing new tethers, and stopped issuing
             | tethers during period(s) when it wasn't fully backed.
        
             | PragmaticPulp wrote:
             | When was the last time CryptoTwitter didn't try to spin
             | something as good for Bitcoin?
        
         | jkhdigital wrote:
         | That statement was made by their counsel, so it should probably
         | be taken with a grain of salt.
        
           | andreaorru wrote:
           | I guess we'll know more in the next few hours.
        
         | erwan wrote:
         | That's a really good point, this settlement is extremely
         | favorable to Tether and Bitfinex. It's odd to see people
         | persist in pinning Bitcoin's market performance on Tether
         | issuance after reading this settlement from NYAG. Chunks of
         | Tether collateral weren't fully liquid but my takeaway is that
         | they operated on a genuine best-effort basis. As another
         | comment put it, Tether definitely operated in a grey area
         | legally - they hacked the system, but they're not the
         | fraudsters some media, comments, or rumors made them out to be.
        
           | PragmaticPulp wrote:
           | This settlement shows they operated as if Tether was fully
           | backed and claimed Tether was fully backed when they knew it
           | was not.
           | 
           | How it that extremely favorable?
           | 
           | If someone sells something they don't have under false
           | pretenses, that's fraud. It's not a simple liquidity issue.
        
         | lovedswain wrote:
         | It also documents all their attempts to verify the peg required
         | mixing funds with an exchange known to have a running $500m+
         | hole in their balance sheet
        
         | dgellow wrote:
         | Read the settlement agreement:
         | https://ag.ny.gov/sites/default/files/2021.02.17_-_settlemen...
         | 
         | Page 4 of the agreement:
         | 
         | > 20. Because of Tether's inability to conduct significant
         | banking activity during this time, it could not itself hold
         | dollars sufficient to back the hundreds of millions of new
         | tethers that had entered the market. Until September 15, 2017,
         | the only U.S. dollars held by Tether ostensibly backing the
         | approximately 442 million tethers in circulation was the
         | approximately $61 million on deposit at the Bank of Montreal.
         | 
         | That's 14% of the cash required to back the issued Tether.
        
         | teknopurge wrote:
         | From 2019:
         | 
         | https://www.coindesk.com/tether-lawyer-confirms-stablecoin-7...
         | 
         | "The USDT stablecoin is only about 74 percent backed by fiat
         | equivalents as of April 30, says its issuer's general counsel.
         | 
         | Tether, the company behind USDT, holds about $2.1 billion in
         | cash and short-term securities, wrote its general counsel
         | Stuart Hoegner in an affidavit Tuesday. Hoegner is also general
         | counsel to Bitfinex, a crypto exchange which shares executives
         | and has overlapping owners with Tether.
         | 
         | The two companies are at the heart of allegations by the New
         | York Attorney General, who says Bitfinex borrowed more than
         | $600 million from Tether after losing as much as $850 million
         | to a currency converter."
        
       | IG_Semmelweiss wrote:
       | question for HN.
       | 
       | If tether has been so successful at avoiding scrutiny while also
       | making money, why is it that we don't see more tethers?
       | 
       | It seems like a very easy way to make money.. given the
       | authorities are asleep at the wheel ?
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | graeme wrote:
         | Well the issue is eventually if DOJ steps in and convicts the
         | founders can all go to jail. Jail is a good deterrent.
        
       | psychlops wrote:
       | Here we are again, with a steady stream of nocoiner comments
       | validating their long held positions while bitcoin slowly marches
       | ahead year after year.
        
         | ceejayoz wrote:
         | Madoff's fraud took decades to unravel, too. You'd have looked
         | silly declining to invest there, until the collapse.
        
           | psychlops wrote:
           | Madoff took in large sums of money, gave out little and lied
           | about solvency. Tether is 1/30th the market cap of bitcoin,
           | yet there is a magical belief (based on anonymous articles)
           | that it's the primary source of price levitation.
           | 
           | If true, Grayscale would have this same power.
        
             | ceejayoz wrote:
             | > Madoff took in large sums of money, gave out little and
             | lied about solvency.
             | 
             | That's exactly what Tether has done?
             | 
             | Large sums? Check - tens of billions.
             | 
             | Gave out little? Check -
             | https://cointelegraph.com/news/tether-explains-why-it-
             | hasnt-....
             | 
             | Lied about solvency? They admit in this suit that they
             | weren't 1:1 backed, despite asserting it on their website.
             | They also claimed to be regularly audited, until they had
             | to admit they'd never completed one. (Still haven't, to my
             | knowledge?)
        
               | psychlops wrote:
               | Oh, don't get me wrong, I'm not supporting Tether. Tether
               | may completely fall off the edge of the world and nobody
               | would care. There would be a minor impact on the price of
               | bitcoin and things will move on.
               | 
               | As I mentioned, I believe the proof of insolvency is
               | weak, but I don't think it matters long term either way.
               | Better alternatives will supercede them soon enough. USDC
               | and possibly Libra will be excellent choices.
        
               | T-A wrote:
               | > USDC and possibly Libra will be excellent choices
               | 
               | https://www.coindesk.com/libra-diem-rebrand
        
               | psychlops wrote:
               | Much obliged.
        
             | [deleted]
        
       | lettergram wrote:
       | It appears from the link in the settlement agreement:
       | 
       | https://ag.ny.gov/sites/default/files/2021.02.17_-_settlemen...
       | 
       | Tether wasn't backed at all times. The argument was that this
       | happened due to asset seizures in Poland and Portugal in
       | 2017-2018.
       | 
       | https://www.theblockcrypto.com/post/95207/bitfinex-tether-ne...
       | 
       | Seems to me they couldn't prove malicious intent, so they
       | suggested they stop trading. Frankly this seems a bit of a click-
       | bait title with the whole "illegal activities".
       | 
       | Sure, tether wasn't backed at all times (probably is now), due to
       | governments seizing their funds. Also banks do this all the time,
       | every time they issue a loan for instance. The bank only keeps
       | 10-30% collateral on your home.
        
         | user-the-name wrote:
         | > probably is now
         | 
         | Here are the facts we know about Tether being backed:
         | 
         | 1. They used to say they were backed 1 to 1 by cash.
         | 
         | 2. This was a direct lie.
         | 
         | 3. They now say they are backed 1 to 1 by cash and "cash
         | equivalents", not otherwise specified.
         | 
         | Which one of these facts is it that you are basing your claim
         | that they "probably are now" on?
        
           | FireBeyond wrote:
           | 3. "... while printing multiple billions a week."
        
         | PragmaticPulp wrote:
         | > Sure, tether wasn't backed at all times (probably is now),
         | 
         | Even Tether admitted that they weren't backed by funds, and
         | that was before they printed most of their current supply:
         | https://www.coindesk.com/tether-lawyer-confirms-stablecoin-7...
         | 
         | I don't understand why anyone would be in a rush to take them
         | at their word when every new piece of evidence demonstrates
         | that Tether's operators are not interested in behaving
         | honestly.
         | 
         | > Also banks do this all the time, every time they issue a loan
         | for instance. The bank only keeps 10-30% collateral on your
         | home.
         | 
         | Fractional reserve banking doesn't mean banks can simply print
         | more money than they have on the books.
         | 
         | Regardless, if a bank loses funds due to fraud or government
         | intervention or whatever, they can't simply continue pretending
         | they had the money all along.
         | 
         | I don't understand the desire to pretend that what Tether is
         | doing is normal or good for the crypto community. It's not.
        
           | wpietri wrote:
           | I think it has a pretty simple explanation. The crypto
           | community started with a few dedicated idealists. But it
           | quickly attracted loons, fantasists, scammers, and get-rich-
           | quick dreamers, along with some reasonable people interested
           | in the hype.
           | 
           | Over time, as the space has produced almost no actual utility
           | and generated billions in theft, fraud, and losses, the
           | reasonable people generally got out, often with fingers
           | burned. A few idealists remain. But by now the dominant group
           | are the people low on sense and scruples who are hoping to
           | Make Money Fast, so anything that keeps the industry aloft is
           | great by them.
           | 
           | That's how bubbles work, alas. The dot-com bubble was less
           | extreme, but still at the end there was all sorts chicanery
           | that made no sense to a vaguely rational actor. We saw it
           | again in the mortgage bubble. There was one bank CEO who
           | stayed out of the more dubious mortgages; when questioned, he
           | said, "If something grows too fast, it's a weed." But there
           | were plenty of hucksters saying that everything was normal
           | and good.
           | 
           | The good news is that bubbles eventually pop. I loved the
           | post dot-com bubble period! Most of the MBA-holding locusts
           | who had rushed in went away again. I hope the people truly
           | interested in digital financial innovation enjoy a similar
           | period of quiet soon.
        
             | 35fbe7d3d5b9 wrote:
             | > so anything that keeps the industry aloft is great by
             | them.
             | 
             |  _Bingo_. Tether being less than 100% backed isn 't a
             | surprise. Heck, they've admitted it publicly for over a
             | year now - this is, however, the first time we've seen how
             | big the gap truly is.
             | 
             | But the peg is still holding, which means that
             | 
             | 1) the market had _already_ priced in the risk of USDT
             | being 14% rather than 100% backed, or
             | 
             | 2) the market for USD:USDT is not rational.
        
         | Spooky23 wrote:
         | The entire point of the tether was that it was backed 1:1 by US
         | Dollars. Later they asserted that it was 0.75:1.
         | 
         | The bank doesn't lie about it's capitalization.
        
         | pavlov wrote:
         | _> (probably is now)_
         | 
         | This kind of argumentation makes cryptocurrency proponents so
         | insufferable. There's no evidence Tether is backed, but somehow
         | we can just assume in a parenthesis that they probably are, and
         | then go on a tangential rant about banks or fiat or digital
         | gold or something.
        
           | gruez wrote:
           | >This kind of argumentation makes cryptocurrency proponents
           | so insufferable. There's no evidence Tether is backed, but
           | somehow we can just assume in a parenthesis that they
           | probably are, and then go on a tangential rant about banks or
           | fiat or digital gold or something.
           | 
           | Ah yes, because all cryptocurrency proponents are pro-tether.
        
             | johnmaguire2013 wrote:
             | The comment you're responding to isn't implying they are.
             | It's implying a larger issue: that claims are often made by
             | cryptocurrency proponents without any evidence to back
             | them.
        
           | thedudeabides5 wrote:
           | Exactly.
           | 
           | We've traded confidence in centralized, old world financial
           | institutions, for decentralized, techno-utopian...financial
           | institutions.
           | 
           | Same s**, different marketing.
        
             | PragmaticPulp wrote:
             | At least banks have to operate within the realities of
             | regulations and legal recourse. It's not perfect, but it
             | does provide a forcing function to make them think long and
             | hard before doing anything that might be fraudulent.
             | 
             | Cryptocurrency proponents like to tout crypto's ability to
             | escape regulation as a good thing, while ignoring that the
             | same property makes it a dream come true for financial
             | fraud schemes.
        
               | [deleted]
        
             | aqme28 wrote:
             | Nothing about Tether or Bitfinex is decentralized.
        
           | inter_netuser wrote:
           | You can take redemption from tether and they will wire you
           | the money, they are in fact registered and regulated. on
           | several exchanges it can be exchanged into fiat, for smaller
           | participant.s
           | 
           | It would collapse a long time ago, if it weren't backed.
        
             | wpietri wrote:
             | Please name the regulators you think have verified Tether's
             | backing. And once you've listed them, please explain why
             | even though they missed the specific points at which the
             | NYAG has proved Tether was not fully backed, you still
             | think they can be trusted.
             | 
             | (I ask only for my own entertainment, of course. If Tether
             | were actually backed, they'd publish regular third-party
             | audits from a responsible accountant. Anybody thinking it's
             | backed is a fantasist that could make Baron Munchausen seem
             | resonable.)
        
             | chollida1 wrote:
             | I've tried, six months on they are still stringing me along
             | saying we'll get back to you.
             | 
             | As far as I know tether only allowed a few crypto "king
             | makers" to redeem tether, and even then, only at a very
             | small scale.
        
               | inter_netuser wrote:
               | Several exchanges list USDT/USD pair.
        
               | 35fbe7d3d5b9 wrote:
               | "A market currently exists, is currently liquid, and
               | currently trades 1 USDT:1 USD" is not a universal truth
               | that will hold in perpetuity.
        
               | user-the-name wrote:
               | You very specifically claimed "You can take redemption
               | from tether and they will wire you the money".
               | 
               | There is no evidence that this is the case. Tether sure
               | doesn't offer such a service openly.
        
               | inter_netuser wrote:
               | 1. https://tether.to/fees/
               | 
               | 2. https://tether.to/redeem-tethers-to-bank-account/
        
             | 35fbe7d3d5b9 wrote:
             | > You can take redemption from tether and they will wire
             | you the money
             | 
             | Tether says they will. Has anyone successfully done this?
             | 
             | > on several exchanges it can be exchanged into fiat, for
             | smaller participant.s
             | 
             | No one says you can't _trade_ USDT. But that requires a
             | counterparty, and if it turns out that Tether is mostly
             | backed by air they may evaporate as well.
        
               | lettergram wrote:
               | That's usually the way these things work. That's why the
               | AG is making statements like "stop the illegal activity"
               | and stuff, it degrades trust. However, if you read the
               | statement it's a win for the crypto exchange. Only an
               | $18m fine for supposedly "billions in fraud" (course if
               | you read deeper, they found no fraud).
        
               | 35fbe7d3d5b9 wrote:
               | I'm surprised that you read a settlement narrowly focused
               | on activities in 2017-2018 and apply it to today.
               | 
               | Tether was nearing a lifetime market cap of two billion
               | when investigated. Their "100% backed!" claim at two
               | billion turned out to be 13.8% backed.
               | 
               | They printed two billion USDT over the course of six days
               | earlier this month. Wonder how backed that is.
        
             | mumblemumble wrote:
             | Heh. I just made another comment saying that Tether is not
             | like Madoff, so of course I now need to make one comparing
             | Tether to Madoff.
             | 
             | Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities was also registered
             | and regulated, and also had to wire people their money when
             | asked. Even though they didn't actually have all the assets
             | they said they did. He was able to keep it up for 3 or 4
             | decades.
             | 
             | It will only collapse if outflows exceed inflows for long
             | enough to deplete their supply of assets. Which is
             | something that is unlikely to happen for as long as this
             | Bitcoin rocket keeps racing toward the moon.
        
               | inter_netuser wrote:
               | Was Madoff also subpoenaed by the NYAG who investigated
               | and announced there was no fraud and settled for a
               | trivial amount?
        
           | jkhdigital wrote:
           | Tether is Tether. Bitcoin is Bitcoin. The fact that exchanges
           | exist which allow you to trade one for the other does not
           | make them the same kind of thing.
        
             | notahacker wrote:
             | If I could buy tulips on cryptoexchanges with freshly
             | printed Tether, I could bid the price of tulips up. If the
             | majority of tulip trades took place on crypto exchanges and
             | much of that was bidding the price up with newly printed
             | Tether, tulips would be exactly as useful as before, but
             | cost a lot more. As such, if Tether were to collapse,
             | people's bulbs would be worth a lot less. Tulips would
             | still be tulips, but they'd be part of a Tether bubble.
        
             | PragmaticPulp wrote:
             | No one would care how many Bitcoin they had without an
             | exchange rate.
             | 
             | Tether printing is a convenient way to inflate the exchange
             | rate. Remove Tether printing and the exchange rate falls.
             | 
             | As long as people talk about Bitcoin in terms of the
             | exchange rate, Tether and Bitcoin are deeply connected.
        
               | sekai wrote:
               | No it would not, plenty of stablecoins to take it's
               | place, or just crypto/crypto ratios.
        
               | user-the-name wrote:
               | That assumes that Tether is being honest and not printing
               | unbacked coins to drive the price up.
               | 
               | So, no, it would still tank the price, because the price
               | is quite likely inflated through fraud.
        
             | user-the-name wrote:
             | Remind me, what percentage of Bitcoin trades happens in
             | Tether, again?
        
           | lettergram wrote:
           | Seems logical they would given the investigations and the
           | reason they supposedly didn't have the funds at the time. I
           | don't think tether is necessary or a good idea, simply
           | stating what I see.
           | 
           | Frankly, the AG admitted it was backed, just not "the entire
           | time".
        
             | FireBeyond wrote:
             | > Frankly, the AG admitted it was backed, just not "the
             | entire time".
             | 
             | The AG did not. Certainly not completely, nor to the extent
             | that Tether claims that it is. The AG merely acknowledged
             | that Tether had some portion of the funds it claimed to.
        
           | eMGm4D0zgUAVXc7 wrote:
           | > makes cryptocurrency proponents so insufferable
           | 
           | Tether is not a cryptocurrency.
           | 
           | It's a cargo cult: A plain old centralized system which got
           | the word "cryptocurrency" slapped onto it to attract dumb
           | money.
        
             | mannykannot wrote:
             | That is beside the point: "(probably now)" is an entirely
             | fanciful and blatantly self-serving attempt by a cryptocoin
             | proponent to avoid the very real problem Tether poses for
             | Bitcoin.
        
             | [deleted]
        
         | jkhdigital wrote:
         | > Sure, tether wasn't backed at all times (probably is now),
         | due to governments seizing their funds. Also banks do this all
         | the time, every time they issue a loan for instance. The bank
         | only keeps 10-30% collateral on your home.
         | 
         | Exactly. Tether has made no claims about the quality of the
         | collateral they use to back Tethers, so they can probably get
         | away with some very questionable accounting. Anyone who
         | actually has skin in the game understands this about Tether. If
         | you want to take the risk, go right ahead. I've traded at least
         | $50M in notional volume over the past 3 years and never, not
         | once, have I touched Tether.
        
           | PragmaticPulp wrote:
           | You're ignoring the systemic issues that come from having
           | Tether printing drive the price action.
           | 
           | You may not have touched Tether, but Tether's influence on
           | asset prices can't be understated. You are at risk by trading
           | assets that are inflated by Tether.
           | 
           | These things aren't uncoupled.
        
         | Forbo wrote:
         | If they're backed then they can prove it with an audit.
         | Considering their last auditor told them to kick rocks, I'm
         | highly skeptical.
        
           | FireBeyond wrote:
           | I thought it hilarious that 1) Bitfinex/Tether (when they
           | were still pretending they were two completely unrelated
           | entities, remember that?) thought that handing an auditor the
           | front summary page of a bank account would be sufficient to
           | 'verify holdings', and 2) when they told the public they had
           | another audit done, but were unable to release it because it
           | would be in Mandarin...
        
         | bhouston wrote:
         | The issue is that if it isn't backed they can print more at any
         | time. But they claim it is backed to avoid inflation
         | devaluation of the currency. Banks are not lower to print
         | currency but tether can at any time. The potential for fraud
         | sufrounding tether is huge and no one is checking over them. Do
         | you trust them? They are already known for lying. This is why
         | banking regulations exist.
        
           | lettergram wrote:
           | > The issue is that if it isn't backed they can print more at
           | any time.
           | 
           | That's how all banking works. China, for instance, never even
           | publish how much money they click into existence.
           | 
           | Not saying it's correct, just explaining how the system
           | really works. They really do "create" money. Even synthetic
           | shares are created on the stock market (largely when creating
           | ETF blocks), see "naked shorts". It happens all the time.
           | 
           | Here's an explanation on how banking & interest work in a
           | digestible way: http://anuparty.org/on-interest-slavery/
        
             | dgellow wrote:
             | Tether isn't a bank. It's a stable coin supposed to be
             | backed by real dollars. But that's of course not the case
             | in practice.
        
       | topynate wrote:
       | "Because of Tether's inability to conduct significant banking
       | activity during this time, it could not itself hold dollars
       | sufficient to back the hundreds of millions of new tethers that
       | had entered the market."
       | 
       | The word "itself" is doing heavy duty in this sentence. Was there
       | another entity holding dollars in this period? Did Tether issue
       | USDT without a corresponding inflow of USD? We don't know. One
       | would hope that the transparency agreement actually answers these
       | questions for its future operations. It's those questions that
       | matter, after all, not Ms. Letitia James' "efforts".
        
       | bronzeage wrote:
       | I'm waiting patiently for the whole Tether printing scheme to
       | fall and crush to finally purchase Bitcoin / Ether. However I'm
       | not viewing them as inflation hedges so long as Bitfinex / etc.
       | are allowed to continue with their obvious money printing scheme.
       | 
       | When most crypto trading volume is traded at trustworthy
       | exchanges which actually hold dollars as much as they say they
       | do, I'll trust $/BTC to be a fair market.
       | 
       | It's dumb escaping from Powell's printing machine straight into
       | Bitfinex tether printing machine. BTC isn't the hedge people
       | think it is so long as it's traded against fictional dollars.
       | Tether's volume exceeds Bitcoin, so that's the scale of fictional
       | dollars supporting Bitcoin right now.
        
         | PragmaticPulp wrote:
         | Cryptocurrency isn't the only way to escape USD inflation.
         | Investors have been investing to avoid inflation long before
         | Bitcoin was invented.
         | 
         | Investing in virtually any asset other than cash will, almost
         | by definition, shield you from inflation. Inflation is an
         | increase in asset prices, resulted in reduced buying power. You
         | only need to invest in assets (stocks for example) and minimize
         | holdings in cash if your goal is simply to avoid losing buying
         | power of your cash. Cryptocurrency currently functions as a
         | speculative instrument, not a stable store of value.
         | 
         | Cryptocurrency in general is only deflationary if we pretend
         | only a single cryptocurrency exists and ignore all of the
         | increasingly brazen financial instruments offered by exchanges.
         | As it stands, the ever expanding list of crypto currencies,
         | NFTs, crypto lending products, and new crypto currencies
         | represents a general inflation in the cryptocurrency space.
        
           | devoutsalsa wrote:
           | Stocks prices get negatively impacted by rising interest
           | rates. With interest rates at ~0%, there's little money to be
           | made in bonds, savings accounts, or anything that pays
           | interest income, so people put money into stocks w/ the hope
           | the stocks will go up. When interest rates go up to fight
           | inflation, there's more incentive to put money into bond
           | markets, which means there's not as much money going into
           | stocks, which means stock prices don't go up as much. Housing
           | prices also tend to go down as interests go up, as rising
           | borrowing costs mean fewer funds are available for buying a
           | home.
        
             | ketamine__ wrote:
             | The returns you can make in securities over ten to twenty
             | years is much more impressive than bonds.
        
               | xur17 wrote:
               | Key word being "can". On average securities have a much
               | better return than bonds, but they also have a much
               | higher risk of a large drop in value.
        
               | ketamine__ wrote:
               | On an individual basis perhaps but not if you're in an
               | S&P 500 ETF.
        
               | xur17 wrote:
               | Go lookup a graph of the sp500 from 2000 to 2010. There
               | are no guarantees that it will always trend up.
        
               | vkou wrote:
               | Go look at that same graph from 2007 to 2021. If you
               | bought in at the top of the 2008 bubble, you'd have
               | tripled your money by now.
               | 
               | Unless you're planning on retiring in the next 10 years,
               | buy stocks.
        
               | tim333 wrote:
               | The S&P is unusually pricey at the moment though.
        
               | vkou wrote:
               | It's only unusually pricey if you expect to always live
               | in a world of 3-4% interest rates. We're no longer living
               | in that world, though.
               | 
               | The thing is, you could say the same thing at nearly any
               | point between 2009 and 2021, and be right, and it would
               | still have been a good idea to invest into the S&P.
        
             | deanmoriarty wrote:
             | What's your recommendation for least-worse inflation hedge?
        
               | ztjio wrote:
               | This is not financial advice. This is just a reflection
               | of knowledge that has kept all my long term investments
               | stable or growing through every dip and shift in the last
               | 25 years.
               | 
               | - Stable index funds are the best long term hedge. (Date
               | targeted mutual funds have largely been doing very well
               | in the last 15+ years too.) - Then consider LONG TERM
               | materials investments. - Then consider Treasury Inflation
               | Protected Securities. - Then consider property, as in
               | real estate.
               | 
               | Actually personally I'd drop the materials at this point.
               | It's easier to screw up materials investments and they're
               | often in stable funds anyway.
               | 
               | This is all long term, you'll note. I would argue there
               | are no true short term hedges. There are bets against the
               | market and that's often what you see in "hedge funds"
               | that go relatively short term. But if you're in that
               | space, well, you probably shouldn't even be having this
               | discussion on Hacker News. I'm sure I'll take flack for
               | that reinterpretation but it's important to be honest
               | about these things, and many make money in this space by
               | eschewing that honesty.
               | 
               | But, your basic goal of keeping your money valuable long
               | term is not a hard problem, it's literally a solved
               | problem and it's what the S&P 500 & similar indexes
               | and/or TIPS exist for. If you think you need to hedge
               | against the fall of the US or at least the USD? I think
               | you should be hedging outside the financial system
               | entirely, go full prepper, because, that's where that
               | fatalistic logic will take you ultimately anyway.
               | 
               | Actually, with less snark, it is always reasonable to
               | keep moderate term survival in mind. An actual major
               | financial meltdown would likely be survivable with minor
               | prepper-like approach to long term food and water stores,
               | especially if you own property. So maybe move property up
               | on your list if you are in a position to own it outright,
               | and bury some water and long term preserves there as a
               | bonus?
        
               | tootie wrote:
               | Paper towels never lose value and pretty pegged to
               | inflation.
               | 
               | But seriously, look at the past 20 years and your
               | takeaway should be that USD is indestructible and that
               | the Fed can do no wrong. They ran the printing press day
               | and night for years and struggled to hit 2% inflation.
               | "Full Faith and Credit of the US Government" is evidently
               | the best inflation hedge in the world.
        
               | sneak wrote:
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-of-history_illusion
        
               | tootie wrote:
               | > In the long run, we're all dead
               | 
               | If you want to know where to stash your money in 2021,
               | you look at history for lessons. USD will be completely
               | worthless one day just like the sun will eventually burn
               | off the surface of the Earth. I'm thinking back to
               | financial crisis days when there were endless cries of
               | runaway inflation being around the corner and that the
               | Fed couldn't handle a crisis of this magnitude. And I
               | think that looking back they handled it extremely well.
               | They took a nuclear bomb to the chin and stayed standing.
        
               | xur17 wrote:
               | It depends on how much downside risk you are okay with
               | taking. If you want something relatively cash like,
               | ibonds are an interesting option - their rate of return
               | is updated to the latest inflation measurement every 6
               | months.
               | 
               | If you are okay taking on some risk, a mix of stocks and
               | bonds seems sensible to me.
        
               | deanmoriarty wrote:
               | I totally buy ibonds, but their 10-15k limit a year is
               | unfortunately a joke. I wish I could buy way more.
        
               | alasdair_ wrote:
               | Buy TIPS instead?
               | 
               | https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tips.asp
        
               | ffggvv wrote:
               | Buy the swiss franc. Or TIPS. or a commodities etf. or
               | emerging markets etf as EM does well when dollar is weak.
               | (their loans are dollar denominated)
        
               | microtherion wrote:
               | The Swiss would appreciate if you did NOT buy Swiss
               | francs as an inflation hedge. This kind of speculation
               | hurts our export industry.
        
               | ffggvv wrote:
               | sorry :/ we just trust your government more than ours
        
               | BenoitEssiambre wrote:
               | Buy all the non perishables, non obsoletables you're
               | going to need for the next decade. Buy them in discounted
               | bulk for and extra return. Bonus: capital gains tax free!
        
               | dec0dedab0de wrote:
               | So invest in toilet paper?
        
               | BenoitEssiambre wrote:
               | Yup materialize your savings for a 2% a year compounding
               | tax free return.
               | 
               | Urban dwellers might be more limited but for people who
               | have unused or underused space, this is a way to get a
               | return on that space.
               | 
               | Salt, granulated sugar, powdered sugar, brown sugar,
               | socks, underwear, under-shirts, vinegar, soap bars,
               | toothbrushes, razor blades, feminine products, toilet
               | paper, paper towels, napkins, trash bags, freezer bags,
               | sandwich bags, foil paper, parchment paper, plastic wrap,
               | wax paper, candles, matches, diapers, pet supplies
               | (litter, etc.), gardening supplies, building supplies,
               | repair supplies, medical supplies, fire wood, wood
               | pellets, long lasting appliances and furniture,
               | kitchenware, dinnerware, sheets and pillowcases,
               | blankets,comforter,bedspreads, Maintenance, renovations,
               | Efficiency upgrades.
               | 
               | Some liquid soaps and chemicals have a limited shelf life
               | of just a couple of years so it might be better to avoid
               | unless you know the shelf life. Also be careful buying
               | more than you need which can lead to waste. Be careful
               | being wasteful just because you have lots of stuff at
               | home. Buying alcohol ahead of time in bulk works if you
               | have the discipline not to drink more. Also to get a good
               | return you need to use the full life of your stuff before
               | replacing from your stash, not replace early because it's
               | right there.
               | 
               | There is also a macroeconomic benefit to this approach.
               | It can get the economy out of keynesian recessions when
               | people save by buying.
        
               | gus_massa wrote:
               | Tuna cans. The $/volume ratio of toilet paper is
               | horrible, and in case of a real big emergency the other
               | end is more important.
        
               | kijin wrote:
               | Spam has more calories and lasts just as long. If you
               | want carbs as well, add canned fruits and vegetables.
               | 
               | Any kind of dry bulk food will also work as long as you
               | take proper measures to keep mold and insects out. Bonus
               | points if you can also keep oxygen out. (Grains often
               | contain a surprisingly large amount of lipids that can go
               | rancid.) In the kind of emergency where you'd be
               | seriously worried about the "other end", you could very
               | well exchange a bag of rice or sugar for a handgun or a
               | bottle of motor oil.
        
               | deanmoriarty wrote:
               | Not very practical if the amount to be preserved is
               | multiple 7 figures, I should have clarified my question
               | better.
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | US$5M is a bit under 100 kg of gold or 6 tonnes of
               | silver. Might not be a _bad_ idea to spend a few percent
               | of that on hiring security guards and stocking up on
               | perishables to feed them an their families.
        
               | deanmoriarty wrote:
               | This quickly went downhill lol. Thank you for your
               | suggestion, I'll stick my $5M in VTWAX and hope for the
               | best.
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | Probably a good idea to maintain a more diverse asset
               | balance than 100% in stocks, in the interest of hedging
               | wealth preservation against both likely and unlikely
               | shocks. The base rate of state collapse, for example, is
               | about 1% per year, and examination of past episodes shows
               | that it's often pretty unexpected. See notes/pandemic-
               | collapse.html in Derctuo for some of the reasoning here.
               | Moreover it's hardly unusual for share markets to dip 10%
               | or 20% and take several years or a decade to recover.
        
               | BenoitEssiambre wrote:
               | That is probably your best bet for large amounts. You can
               | also diversify into TIPS (note the negative nominal
               | returns though) and improve your housing situation with
               | renos, upgrades etc.
        
               | elwell wrote:
               | Potentially high opportunity cost here
        
               | nayuki wrote:
               | Solar panels, water filtration, and indoor farming!
        
               | dkersten wrote:
               | Investing for the zombie apocalypse!
        
               | prewett wrote:
               | Land is the typical recommendation. A noisy crowd thinks
               | gold is a good hedge. Personally, I think that high
               | quality companies with pricing power should retain their
               | value; Coca-Cola and Apple can probably increase their
               | prices to compensate for inflation, leading to increased
               | earnings, leading to increased stock price (the increase
               | compensating for inflation).
        
               | ivalm wrote:
               | Land and stock have the issue of being inversely related
               | to interest rates and interest rates do rise with
               | inflation.
        
               | devoutsalsa wrote:
               | I'm mostly kidding... Buy forever stamps from USPS. As
               | they raise the price of postage, your stamps will go up
               | in value, and then you can sell them for a profit! This
               | is probably a terrible idea, but it makes me giggle.
               | 
               | Now I'm imaging some sort of push on r/wallstreetbets to
               | YOLO on stamps, posting insane strategies on how to
               | predict when the price of postage will go up, by how
               | much, and how liquid the market is for millions of
               | stamps.
        
               | currymj wrote:
               | Back in the roaring '20s Charles Ponzi came up with a way
               | to theoretically make a profit trading postage stamps,
               | and raised a lot of money from investors, although in
               | fact he never actually bought the stamps, and instead
               | invented the Ponzi scheme.
        
               | powvans wrote:
               | My wife is a lawyer and she buys a lot of stamps.
               | Recently she stumbled onto some strange stamp firesale on
               | Ebay and bought forever stamps at below face value. I
               | could only guess that this was an unwinding of the trade
               | you propose.
        
               | ipsin wrote:
               | That, or forgeries being laundered... [1]
               | https://www.linns.com/news/us-stamps-postal-
               | history/quality-...
               | 
               | For a cash-like instrument, stamps _seem_ to have very
               | little in the way of anti-counterfeiting security.
        
               | toast0 wrote:
               | Stamps (forever or not) are often used for Ebay
               | manufactured spend because they're easy to sell (clear
               | value, lightweight and easy to ship).
               | 
               | It goes like Ebay says spend $X or sell $X on ebay and
               | they'll give you a rebate. (Or sometimes the rebate comes
               | from a credit card or Bing). If the $X covers ebay fees
               | and shipping, then buy stamps to reach the $X and then
               | sell them when you get them. If the rebate it sufficient,
               | you can sell the stamps for less than cost, because
               | you're already ahead.
        
               | samizdis wrote:
               | There's a quaint and quirky thing in the UK called a
               | premium bond, which you can buy and which the government
               | guarantees to buy back from you at its initial fixed
               | value (1 bond costs 1 British pound). Every month, a
               | lottery system pays out prizes to holders of bond
               | numbers, as chosen by "ERNIE" - "Electronic Random Number
               | Indicator Equipment".
               | 
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium_Bond
        
               | robocat wrote:
               | The equivalent New Zealand scheme (Bonus Bonds) is being
               | wound up due to low interest rates:
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonus_Bonds
               | 
               | From elsewhere: "With low interest rates continuing to
               | reduce the Bonus Bonds prize pool, the Bonus Bonds scheme
               | was closed to new investment on 25 August 2020 and an
               | announcement was made that ANZIS intended to begin
               | winding up the scheme no later than the end of October
               | 2020."
        
           | antonios wrote:
           | Cryptocurrency "in general" obviously isn't deflationary,
           | given that one can create a new cryptocurrency with a simple
           | code fork. But Bitcoin is, no?
        
             | hiq wrote:
             | As commenters hinted at in a previous thread, the price is
             | a measure of the combination of demand and supply. The
             | mechanics of Bitcoin only address the supply side. OP
             | hinted at the demand side: if a new cryptocurrency were to
             | become more popular, then Bitcoin could lose value.
        
             | throwaway4good wrote:
             | Which Bitcoin?
        
           | ROARosen wrote:
           | While your point is correct, I live in NY and true, it's
           | heartening to see that someone is looking out for obvs fraud.
           | But it's really annoying that I can't (straightforwardly)
           | open an account at most crypto exchanges, and I'm banned from
           | investing according to my choosing and to my knowledge.
           | 
           | If I decide to hedge inflation with some obscure or even
           | mainstream "coin" that should be my choice why should gov be
           | able to deny that right?
        
             | easymodex wrote:
             | So much for freedom right?
        
           | api wrote:
           | > Investing in virtually any asset other than cash will,
           | almost by definition, shield you from inflation.
           | 
           | ... which is why virtually every nation on Earth adopted some
           | kind of inflationary fiat currency. It pushes money to be
           | invested, not held. Wealth is a verb, not a noun.
        
             | anewaccount2021 wrote:
             | This makes sense when you are under forty and can wait out
             | a bad market. If you are 75, expect to live to be 83, you
             | are much better off being able to guarantee your assets.
             | 
             | This is a strange pattern emerging on HN lately - that
             | inflation is fine because you should be fully invested in
             | equities anyway
        
             | PragmaticPulp wrote:
             | The world would certainly be a strange and sad place if the
             | best thing for everyone to do with their wealth was hoard
             | it in currency.
             | 
             | Not holding wealth in cash has been investing 101 material
             | long before cryptocurrency. It is fascinating how crypto
             | proponents took over that narrative to imply that crypto
             | was the only investment that could escape inflation.
             | 
             | They've also spread an idea that money printing is the
             | singular source of inflation, which isn't true at all.
             | Bitcoin, for example, is an inflating asset due to hype-
             | driven demand. It hasn't spiked upward 100% of the time
             | because USD became 50% less valuable overnight
        
               | abernard1 wrote:
               | > The world would certainly be a strange and sad place if
               | the best thing for everyone to do with their wealth was
               | hoard it in currency.
               | 
               | Wealth is never held in currency, ever. It's a physically
               | impossible thing.
               | 
               | When a person holds savings, it doesn't prevent humans
               | from working, or raw resources from being used, or land
               | from being purchased -- it just means that person is not
               | redeeming a claim on those resources at the time. Their
               | failure to redeem at a point in time does not preclude
               | others from doing so: otherwise said, for every debit
               | there's a credit.
               | 
               | But historically, you don't have to take my word for it.
               | The United States had _deflation_ and 0% interest rates
               | on government bonds for 100+ years during the period
               | between the National Banks and the Fed. You held money in
               | cash at 0%, because when you purchased goods later, your
               | dollars were worth more.
        
               | atleta wrote:
               | Not only that, but inflation is a feature not a bug.
               | Maybe a bug turned into a feature, but still a feature.
               | Something governments and national banks _use_ to
               | stimulate investment and thus economic growth. Because,
               | as you say, hoarding and holding cash (or cash
               | equivalent) does no good for the world. Even though our
               | instinct is to do just that: secure what we have, secure
               | our future and avoid risks.
               | 
               | The strange thing about this is that it's not some secret
               | knowledge, but something that is being discussed in
               | (front of) e.g. the media constantly.
        
               | CarelessExpert wrote:
               | > They've also spread an idea that money printing is the
               | singular source of inflation, which isn't true at all.
               | Bitcoin, for example, is an inflating asset due to hype-
               | driven demand.
               | 
               | Uh, I'm very much of the opinion that your average BTC
               | fan isn't exactly educated about macroeconomics, but this
               | sentence makes absolutely no sense.
               | 
               | Inflation isn't a thing that happens to a currency, it's
               | a thing that happens to an economy. It's a systemic
               | increase in prices across a basket of assets that
               | demonstrates the _de_ valuation of a currency, as a
               | single unit of that currency effectively buys less.
               | 
               | Bitcoin, if it had been a usable currency over the last
               | decade, is very clearly deflationary, as its rise in
               | value as a currency relative to USD has dramatically
               | outpaced the rise in the price of goods and services as
               | denominated in USD, meaning that had prices been
               | denominated in BTC, they would have dropped.
        
               | jcranmer wrote:
               | Inflation can happen to assets, and PragmaticPulp is
               | analyzing Bitcoin as an asset, not a currency. Given that
               | even when you buy stuff with BTC, you're buying a product
               | or service denominated in USD, their analysis is
               | generally more correct than arguing that Bitcoin should
               | be analyzed as a currency.
        
               | CarelessExpert wrote:
               | > Inflation can happen to assets, and PragmaticPulp is
               | analyzing Bitcoin as an asset, not a currency.
               | 
               | Actually PragmaticPulp was doing both.
               | 
               | In the comment I quoted, they stated:
               | 
               | > They've also spread an idea that money printing is the
               | singular source of inflation, which isn't true at all.
               | 
               | This is specifically referring to currency inflation.
               | 
               | They then went on to say:
               | 
               | > Bitcoin, for example, is an inflating asset due to
               | hype-driven demand.
               | 
               | As you say, this is asset inflation.
               | 
               | These should not be compared like this, which is why I
               | noted that "this sentence makes absolutely no sense." I
               | stand by that statement.
        
           | bronzeage wrote:
           | Stocks might fall in inflationary circumstances, depending on
           | many things such as how much of the companies revenue can
           | inflate - and most times, the answer is worse than inflation.
           | Bonds might not give you a yield exceeding the inflation,
           | especially in inflation created for the sole purpose of
           | buoying bonds.
           | 
           | Speculative inflation hedges might also act erratically, like
           | bitcoin and gold, getting ahead of themselves and the
           | inflation sometimes.
        
           | maaaaattttt wrote:
           | I used to say "a house will always have the price of a house"
           | (it has issues of course _cough_ 2008 _cough_ ) to illustrate
           | what you're saying here as I never managed to explain it
           | properly like you did.
        
             | gph wrote:
             | But it also has property taxes and maintenance costs, which
             | will likely be higher than inflation. So it's not a great
             | passive investment unless you expect the value minus costs
             | to gain faster than inflation. Otherwise you gotta live in
             | it or rent it to make back your money, and that's no longer
             | passive.
        
           | mumblemumble wrote:
           | Even if we assume only Bitcoin, it's not currently expected
           | to stop printing money until (assuming Ray Kurzweil wasn't
           | right all along) long after we're all dead.
           | 
           | The Bitcoin inflation story is more political than simply
           | economic. Right now, it's not really possible for it to be
           | narrowly about whether printing money is OK. But one could
           | easily mount an argument about whether humans should be able
           | to twiddle with the money printing policy.
        
             | PragmaticPulp wrote:
             | It is supremely ironic that we're supposed to believe that
             | the best way to escape money printing is to buy a
             | cryptocurrency that was invented out of thin air, which is
             | continuously mined (during most of our lifetimes) out of
             | thin air by doing useless calculations.
             | 
             | Or even worse, a basket of multiple crypto currencies,
             | where the number of available crypto currencies and crypto
             | assets grows larger every day.
        
               | dasudasu wrote:
               | It's not really surprising when anyone pushing crypto to
               | you also happen to hold a lot of crypto. It's self-
               | serving advice 100% of the time. It's pretty much a
               | staple also to call every other crypto you don't hold a
               | fraud trying to steal the spotlight.
        
               | nemo44x wrote:
               | BTC has been the #1 asset over the last 10 years. In many
               | individual years it has out performed every other asset.
               | It has this year by a large amount.
               | 
               | At some point the dissenters will have to admit they were
               | wrong. The reality is, BTC is here to stay and is a
               | valuable hedge that is independent of any corporation,
               | government, or central bank.
        
               | UncleMeat wrote:
               | What does it mean to be wrong? Should I have mined 1000
               | coins in my CPU a decade ago? Duh. Does that mean that
               | BTC is a useful financial hedge against inflation? Why
               | would it? BTC went up by a factor of a gazillion during a
               | decade when USD inflation was not out of the ordinary.
               | Clearly something other than "inflation hedge" is driving
               | the price.
        
               | nemo44x wrote:
               | What it means is pundits have spared no opportunity to
               | ridicule anyone who has invested their money in BTC,
               | pontificated that BTC has no value, that it is a fad,
               | that it is a bubble, etc. For 10 years. At some point
               | don't they have to capitulate from that provenly wrong
               | position and at least admit there's something there?
               | 
               | What is driving the price is price discovery. More people
               | are becoming comfortable with it as an asset as the FUD
               | described above has continued to be debunked. As more
               | people become comfortable that drives demand which
               | increases the value.
               | 
               | As a hedge against inflation it works for a number of
               | reasons. People generally price it in dollars, like
               | stocks or real estate. As the dollar inflates one would
               | assume the value of BTC would increase as investors have
               | more dollars to invest into it, driving demand.
               | 
               | But the "something other" is more and more people
               | agreeing it has value and therefore creating more demand
               | for it and therefore creating higher prices. This is how
               | any asset works.
        
               | andresp wrote:
               | I think people don't really agree it has that much value.
               | People want to get rich quickly. They always have done
               | that and continue to do so. Casinos and lotteries are
               | older than bitcoin.
               | 
               | The idea that BTC goes above 50k USD because millions of
               | people believe its intrinsic value is worth that much is
               | a story that BTC investors tell themselves before going
               | to sleep. Reality is much greedier than that, and they
               | know it, but the narrative won't change while the fairy
               | tale continues to be profitable.
        
               | mumblemumble wrote:
               | This statement, minus the political content, sounds very,
               | very, _very_ similar to what I was hearing about tech
               | stocks a bit over 20 years ago, and houses about 15 years
               | ago.
               | 
               | Maybe that means something, maybe it doesn't. If I had
               | some way of knowing, I'd have a lot more money than I am
               | now. It's worth remembering, though, that prices are just
               | that: prices. Nothing more, nothing less.
        
               | nemo44x wrote:
               | Yeah me too - I remember when AMZN was $2. I remember
               | when AAPL was 28 cents (before splits, etc). I remember
               | when the Internet had a host of pundits proclaiming it
               | was a dying fad in 2001.
               | 
               | And most anyone who bought a house at the peak of the
               | bubble is doing quite well if they still have it today.
        
               | mumblemumble wrote:
               | Are you familiar with the concept of survivorship bias?
               | 
               | It's an important concept to remember when talking about
               | the long term outcomes from adverse market events. "If
               | they still have it today," for example, is a useful
               | qualifier, because it subtly renders the statement almost
               | tautological. "Sure, it was a bloodbath, but all the
               | people who survived seem to be doing OK."
        
               | nemo44x wrote:
               | Yeah, don't go on margin is the lesson there. People that
               | lost their hat on the housing crises borrowed too much
               | (went too far on margin, which is what a home loan is).
               | Anyone who just kept investing during any market crash in
               | history is sitting well.
               | 
               | So yeah, it's up to you.
        
               | Apocryphon wrote:
               | Those stocks were issued by businesses that were
               | providing goods and services for people and being paid in
               | return.
        
               | jcranmer wrote:
               | The counterpoint is Japan: its economy peaked around
               | 1990, and _still_ hasn 't recovered to that level, 30
               | years later.
        
               | ad31mar wrote:
               | > This statement, minus the political content, sounds
               | very, very, very similar to what I was hearing about tech
               | stocks a bit over 20 years ago, and houses about 15 years
               | ago.
               | 
               | Well those two performed pretty damn spectacularly in the
               | past 20 years.
        
               | silexia wrote:
               | I saw a great comment earlier, "Buying bitcoin to hedge
               | against inflation is like buying lotto tickets to hedge
               | against Apple stock declines."
        
               | heliodor wrote:
               | That makes no sense.
               | 
               | Lotto tickets have an expiration date. No value
               | fluctuation over time. At expiry, they're worth X or
               | zero.
               | 
               | How is that like Bitcoin?
        
               | mumblemumble wrote:
               | You're maybe stretching the analogy way beyond what was
               | intended.
               | 
               | The intended analogy, I'm guessing, is that both lottery
               | tickets and BTC seem to be uncorrelated with USD. A good
               | hedge is something that is inversely correlated with the
               | thing you're trying to hedge against.
        
             | erwan wrote:
             | You can inflate the money supply and still be
             | "deflationary" if the convenience yield of holding the
             | money (tokens, UTXOs, or whatnot) exceeds or neutralize
             | that inflation rate. You make an excellent point, Bitcoin
             | doesn't have to overtake gold or become a global-reserve to
             | change the world. It just has to be a plausible alternative
             | that enables people to opt-in or out of the system. It has
             | largely already achieved that and I'm hopeful for a future
             | of monetary pluralism.
        
               | redblacktree wrote:
               | > I'm hopeful for a future of monetary pluralism.
               | 
               | My big concern about monetary pluralism is what happens
               | to US citizens, when their day-to-day currency stops
               | being used as the reserve currency for the world? I have
               | trouble imagining any way in which that turns out good
               | for me, as someone living and working in the US. Anything
               | you can do to assuage my fears, since you seem to be
               | educated on the matter?
        
               | PragmaticPulp wrote:
               | As much as we hear about things like M1 money supply, the
               | vast majority of wealth doesn't exist in the form of
               | cash. Investors hold companies, stocks, real estate, and
               | so on. Fluctuations in money supply (or demand for
               | currency) have exaggerated significance in online crypto
               | discussions because crypto proponents find that angle
               | more favorable to their "buy crypto" argument, not
               | because it's the full picture.
               | 
               | The global reserve currency issue is worth watching, but
               | remember that it isn't a binary on/off switch where
               | everyone changes overnight. Likewise, it's not really
               | true that USD is _the_ global reserve currency so much as
               | one of the most trusted. Again, crypto proponents like to
               | suggest the collapse of the US currency is imminent, but
               | the global market believes otherwise. Likewise, crypto
               | proponents want you to believe that Bitcoin is the
               | logical alternative, but again that's missing the point
               | that part of the reserve currency math depends on things
               | like stability, resistance to manipulation, and backing
               | of a powerful government.
        
               | spiralx wrote:
               | For one the USD is only the largest reserve currency used
               | internationally: GBP, EUR and JPY are also used as
               | reserve currencies. For another the US has been trying to
               | reduce the role of the dollar as a reserve currency
               | because it actually has significant downsides and fewer
               | benefits than is popularly portrayed - this even has it's
               | own term, "exorbitant privilege". Here's Ben Bernanke
               | talking about it:
               | 
               | https://www.brookings.edu/blog/ben-
               | bernanke/2016/01/07/the-d...
               | 
               | TL;DR: the USD's reserve currency status is very much
               | exaggerated.
        
               | redblacktree wrote:
               | Thank you, that was interesting reading. Not sure why you
               | were downvoted.
        
               | Robotbeat wrote:
               | It has? Bitcoin _isn't_ an alternative to the existing
               | system for people. It _might_ be a digital alternative to
               | gold for people hedging inflation or in failed states,
               | but its transaction fee is just way too high to be a
               | practical alternative to anything but, like, wire
               | transfers (Visa and ACH are WAY cheaper except for huge
               | transfers... and Bitcoin isn't particularly fast,
               | either). And this high cost is driven by the fundamental
               | non-scalability of the blockchain which requires other
               | layers for the little people (and this is partly why you
               | have people doing business through large companies like
               | coinbase or whatever instead of the vision of
               | decentralized cyberpunk utopia where everyone is at the
               | same level and can directly make transactions using just
               | math... which is the part of the original Bitcoin white
               | paper that was fascinating to me). It's primarily NOT an
               | alternative to the existing system except that, as a
               | speculative investment, it's crowding out other more
               | productive physical investments.
               | 
               | I suppose it is helping people think outside the box, but
               | I fear that Bitcoin is sucking a lot of air out of the
               | room. We should be pushing for instant and extremely low-
               | fee ACHs, alternatives to banks like credit unions where
               | customers--as owners--hold more power, etc. Hopefully
               | things move in that direction.
               | 
               | That startup people see cryptocurrency as a way to lock
               | up rents by becoming new gatekeepers for the blockchain
               | (like banks are for the traditional system) or whatever
               | is really a betrayal of the hacker ethos IMHO.
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | If you live in a country with a highly functional banking
               | system and no kleptocracy, Bitcoin is probably a bit
               | puzzling unless you have family in Cuba. But it's not
               | puzzling at all for those of us who live somewhere in the
               | middle of the broad spectrum between Switzerland and
               | Somalia, because most places have _a little_ kleptocracy.
               | Argentina is far from being  "a failed state," but if you
               | want to send US$500 abroad via non-Bitcoin means it's
               | basically impossible, and the only broadly available
               | savings vehicle is real estate (" _ahorrar en ladrillos_
               | "), which of course grossly inflates real-estate prices,
               | with a substantial part of the capital city occupied by
               | empty apartments someone bought "as an investment".
               | Historically Argentines have saved by buying dollars but
               | that's limited to US$200 a month now, and then only if
               | you have a non-under-the-table job (about a third of
               | total employment is under the table):
               | 
               | https://www.ambito.com/finanzas/dolares/cronologia-del-
               | cepo-...
               | 
               | You can see that in September 02019 when this measure was
               | imposed the price of a dollar was AR$63.50; now it's
               | AR$147. So whatever savings you had in pesos in 02019
               | have lost 57% of their value to peso devaluation.
               | 
               | In 02001 a lot of Argentines had saved dollars in their
               | dollar-denominated bank accounts. This did not preserve
               | their savings through the financial crisis that year; the
               | cash-strapped government limited withdrawals to a
               | trickle, then converted dollar deposits to pesos at a
               | one-to-one rate, then released the exchange-rate peg, at
               | which point peso went overnight from being worth US$1 to
               | being worth US$0.25 before settling at about US$0.31 for
               | the next few years.
               | 
               | You suggest, "alternatives to banks like credit unions
               | where customers--as owners--hold more power," but
               | Credicoop depositors suffered the same two-thirds
               | confiscation of savings as depositors in for-profit
               | banks. And they pay the same 3% tax on bank transactions
               | including checks. That's more than a fast Bitcoin
               | transaction fee of US$15 for transactions over US$500.
               | 
               | But we're not a failed state. There are no gangs of
               | bandits roving the streets in Argentine cities (though
               | there are some pretty bad slums where you'll get robbed
               | if you wander in without knowing anybody). Courts, free
               | public hospitals, and roads continue to function, though
               | there are more potholes than a year ago. Argentine infant
               | mortality is 10 per 1000 live births, down from almost 20
               | in the late 01990s and the same as the late 01980s in the
               | US; life expectancy at birth is 77 years, worse than
               | Switzerland's 84, but the same as China and Hungary, and
               | better than Saudi or Mexico. (Somalia is 54.)
               | 
               | Most of the world is worse off than Argentina, although
               | not necessarily in such a statistically transparent
               | fashion. About one fourth of the people in the world are
               | unbanked, 51% here in Argentina; even advanced countries
               | like Russia, Hungary, and Uruguay have roughly a quarter
               | of the population unbanked:
               | 
               | https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/worlds-
               | most-...
               | 
               | And if your family lives in a country like Iran or
               | Venezuela subject to US sanctions, and you live in the
               | US? Good luck sending them an ACH, instant or otherwise!
               | It's well known that Bitcoin is very popular in
               | Venezuela, which kind of _is_ a failed state, so one of
               | the Venezuelan governments is trying to tax Bitcoin
               | remittances at 15%.
               | 
               | https://archive.fo/ZRXzS
               | 
               | Bitcoin handles a few billion dollars per year in such
               | remittances. This might seem like a trivial amount of
               | money to someone in a rich country, but in poor
               | countries, it's enough to keep several million people
               | alive.
               | 
               | Even in the US, it's common for the police to confiscate
               | large amounts of paper currency just because they can
               | ("civil forfeiture"); US bank accounts are probably fine
               | for US$100K but probably somewhat risky for US$10M if the
               | bank thinks you don't seem like the kind of person who
               | ought to have it. US$10M in US$100 bills fits in a box
               | you can wheel around on a dolly, but Bitcoin is a lot
               | more practical. (And of course US$10M in dollar bills
               | loses about US$200k per year to inflation.)
               | 
               | So, Bitcoin doesn't have to be a cypherpunk utopia to be
               | a big improvement on the _status quo ante_. For those of
               | you living in stable countries where your worries are
               | things like  "instant and extremely low-fee ACHs" and
               | "decentralized utopia", this may be very confusing, but
               | try to remember that most of the world lives in places
               | with much more pressing concerns, concerns that Bitcoin
               | helps a lot with. And you may live there too, soon -- the
               | loyal subjects of Kaiser Wilhelm in 01913 certainly
               | didn't expect that in 15 years they'd be in the middle of
               | a hyperinflation episode that remains legendary a century
               | later.
        
               | mancerayder wrote:
               | You should publish this someplace. This perspective is
               | never mentioned in the mainstream outlets, even if it's
               | pro or neutral on BTC.
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | Everyone is free to redistribute my comments in this
               | thread, in whole or in part, modified or unmodified, with
               | or without credit; I waive all rights associated with
               | them to the maximum extent possible under applicable law.
               | Where applicable, I abandon their copyright to the public
               | domain. I wrote and published these comments in Argentina
               | in 2021.
               | 
               | http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
        
               | Robotbeat wrote:
               | Yeah I grant Bitcoin has value as a hedge against system
               | failure. And maybe you're right about the corner case it
               | addresses being larger than I think. But so much of the
               | hype of Bitcoin is in developed countries with very low
               | inflation. And this should be tempered.
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | But I'm not talking about system failure, primarily; I'm
               | talking about day-to-day life for somewhere between one
               | third and two thirds of people, most of whom aren't using
               | Bitcoin yet.
        
               | UncleMeat wrote:
               | The same four countries get brought up by BTC proponents
               | all the time. Yes, evading authoritarian regimes can be
               | useful. But like 1/3 of the planet lives in just
               | India/China. Going from "a use case is sending cash from
               | the US to your family in Iran" to "2/3 of the world
               | population wants this" is a big leap.
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | Which ones--Cuba, Venezuela, Iran, and Argentina? I don't
               | think Bitcoin adoption is terribly high here in
               | Argentina, but hopefully you can forgive me bringing it
               | up--I live here, so it's the place I know best, and the
               | uses of Bitcoin are pretty easy to understand here even
               | if most people aren't using it yet. And even those four
               | countries are hardly inconsequential in terms of the
               | global commonweal: 170 million people live in them, one
               | in every 46 people alive. That's, like, more people than
               | play _Fortnite_ or _Minecraft_. More people than have
               | bought a Justin Bieber album. Almost as many people as
               | follow Ariana Grande on Instagram. Four times as many
               | people as live in California. We 're not talking about
               | some tiny Elbonia here. Anything that affects 170 million
               | people is a big deal for human welfare.
               | 
               | But the utility, or potential utility, of Bitcoin is a
               | lot broader than that.
               | 
               | Argentina is not terribly high on the scale of "people
               | being unbanked" or "kleptocracy". If we take infant
               | mortality as a rough measure of kleptocracy, we're #84
               | out of 201 countries and territories in https://en.wikipe
               | dia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_infant_an..., so we're
               | actually better than average. We're neck and neck with
               | PRC and way ahead of India. If we trust the table in the
               | GFMag link I posted, which they attribute to "a just-
               | released study by the British research platform Merchant
               | Machine", whoever that is, there are nine countries with
               | an even larger percentage of unbanked than Argentina,
               | namely, Morocco, Vietnam, Egypt, the Philippines, Mexico,
               | Nigeria, Peru, Colombia, and Indonesia. Each of Nigeria
               | and Indonesia are _individually_ nearly the size of the
               | US; Indonesia is the fourth biggest country in the world.
               | As for India and China, they claim that 20% of PRC 's
               | population is unbanked (another unbanked population
               | nearly as large as the US) as well as 20% of India's (yet
               | another).
               | 
               | And Bitcoin doesn't become useless just because you have
               | a bank account. If you're paying a 3% tax on every bank
               | transaction (as we do here), experiencing substantial
               | inflation rates, working under the table, or facing the
               | prospect of an Argentina-style bank confiscation, you
               | have a use case for Bitcoin. Don't tell me it can't
               | happen in the US; it _did_ happen in the US in 01933 with
               | Executive Order 6102, with gold playing the role of
               | Argentine dollars.
               | 
               | To expand on the inflation question, on https://en.wikipe
               | dia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_inflation... there are
               | 24 countries with a consumer price inflation index over
               | 10% per year, of course including Venezuela, Argentina,
               | and Iran (but not Cuba), but also including Sudan
               | (regular and South), Zimbabwe, Congo, Angola, Libya,
               | Syria, Suriname, Haiti, Sierra Leone, Burundi, Nigeria,
               | Mozambique, Turkey, Pakistan, Zambia, Azerbaijan,
               | Uzbekistan, Ghana, Liberia, and Malawi. You may not care
               | about Burundi but this list _also_ includes the 7th-
               | biggest country in the world by population and the NATO
               | member with the largest military. These countries don 't
               | necessarily have "authoritarian regimes" but it's still
               | useless to try to save up money in the local currency for
               | anything more than the very short term; after 5 years
               | you've donated 40% of it to your central bank by way of
               | inflation. Or maybe 85% if you're in Angola.
               | 
               | India doesn't have a high inflation rate by the numbers
               | but it did "demonetize" the savings of the poor in 2016--
               | those piles of rupee bills under your mattress didn't
               | lose just 10% or 20% of their value but 100% of it--and
               | this in a country where hundreds of millions of people
               | have no bank accounts! Most of them have cellphones,
               | though.
               | 
               | Both India and China also have a tendency to limit their
               | subjects' access to foreign exchange in general, and cut
               | it off entirely at precisely the moments when their
               | subjects most need to emigrate to seek work. This is not
               | at all unusual among poor countries; a Bloomberg overview
               | of some of the measures current in 02019 is at https://ec
               | onomictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/fro...
               | though mostly from the perspective of foreign investors.
               | 
               | Now, even if the 84 million Turks (one third without bank
               | accounts) aren't _currently_ using Bitcoin to escape the
               | ruinous inflation rate (15% per year)--the way they used
               | to use dollars before the government cracked down on it--
               | it 's clearly a problem many of them need to solve,
               | whether or not their nominally democratic government is
               | an "authoritarian regime". But diffusion of innovations
               | doesn't happen in a vacuum, and it may take a while for
               | Bitcoin or something similar to get widely adopted in
               | Turkey.
               | 
               | So that's the kind of thing that makes me think my
               | Argentine experience generalizes to about  2/3  of the
               | world population, and my US experience doesn't.
        
               | andresp wrote:
               | Isn't there really any service that lets you buy and use
               | USD, EUR, GBP... online? And if not, would you still
               | continue to buy crypto if one of these currencies was
               | available?
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | Of course there is! The banks provide this service. It's
               | called "Home Banking" (yes, in English). As I said above,
               | and as in most countries, it's heavily regulated by the
               | government as described above--prohibited to the part of
               | the population whose need for a form of savings is most
               | desperate, and limited to US$200 a month--and everyone
               | over 20 remembers when the government confiscated  2/3
               | of everybody's Argentine-bank USD savings. Something like
               | half of Argentines have a bank account and about half of
               | those (about a quarter of the total) are eligible to
               | purchase dollars with it.
               | 
               | Bitcoin is so far not heavily regulated, but presumably
               | will be. But it doesn't provide the scrumptious, juicy
               | central point of control that the Banco Central de la
               | Republica Argentina does; regardless of what the law
               | says, there's no practical way to confiscate every
               | Argentine's Bitcoin savings between sunset and sunrise.
        
               | vkou wrote:
               | Not to mention that the reason you can't send money to
               | Iran is not because of any problem in Iran - it's because
               | the United States doesn't want you to do it.
               | 
               | If you live in the US, and you are using bitcoin to
               | circumvent the embargo, you're just adding to the list of
               | crimes you're committing.
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | Family remittances to Iran are specifically exempted from
               | the USA embargo, but good luck finding a way to do that
               | through a bank: https://www.wiggin.com/wp-
               | content/uploads/2019/09/26580_advi...
        
               | Robotbeat wrote:
               | Is it practical to use Bitcoin for day to day life for
               | one to two thirds of people if the transaction fee is now
               | $24? The Bitcoin blockchain itself is limited to 7
               | transactions per second. With 7 billion people using it,
               | that mean each person doesn't get one transaction per
               | day, they get one transaction per billion seconds (over
               | 31 years).
               | 
               | It's useful for rare cross-border transactions for a
               | small portion of the world's population, I agree. But it
               | cannot, in its current form, be used by one-third to two-
               | thirds of people day to day. Even if you increased the
               | block size 1000 fold (which is not necessarily very
               | practical), you're still only talking about one
               | transaction a week.
               | 
               | So first layer blockchain Bitcoin simply isn't going to
               | be useful to most people for day to day operations.
               | They'll have to go through intermediaries or use higher
               | layers (perhaps with more localized trust, etc). Which
               | may be fine, but we should temper our expectations here
               | of first layer Bitcoin.
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | > _Is it practical to use Bitcoin for day to day life for
               | one to two thirds of people if the transaction fee is now
               | $24?_
               | 
               | Yes, but the transaction fee is typically about US$15
               | these days, down to US$5 or so if it's the kind of thing
               | you can wait 24 hours for. This is about the same cost as
               | Western Union. Today there's a lot of trade volume as
               | people panic, but the latest block
               | https://blockchain.coinmarketcap.com/block/bitcoin/671850
               | contains fees ranging from .023 mBTC, with a bunch of
               | transactions paying .042 mBTC up to 58.7 mBTC. The block
               | reward including fees was 7763 mBTC, of which 6250 mBTC
               | is the mining bounty and the other 1513 mBTC is
               | transaction fees for the 2900 transactions in that block,
               | a mean of 0.52 mBTC. The median transaction in that block
               | paid .341 mBTC:
               | 
               | https://btc.com/00000000000000000000476ab57eea9be8ada36e2
               | 680...
               | 
               | The recommended fees from earn.com (previously
               | blockchain.info) are currently 102 satoshis per byte for
               | immediate inclusion and 88 satoshis per byte for
               | inclusion within the hour, but this .341 mBTC median from
               | the last block is generally 140 satoshis per byte.
               | 
               | https://bitcoinfees.earn.com/api/v1/fees/recommended
               | 
               | In dollars at US$50/mBTC, this means that the latest
               | block included transactions that paid as little as
               | US$1.15 and as much as US$2935 (!!!), and a whole bunch
               | of transactions that paid US$2.10, but the mean is US$26
               | and the median is US$17. That means about 1400 of those
               | 2900 transactions paid _less_ than US$17.
               | 
               | But yeah, this is not what you want to use to pay for a
               | can of Red Bull or even a restaurant dinner. It's more
               | like Western Union or US$100 bills or gold. For example
               | the current underground market spread for dollars is
               | AR$142 buy, AR$147 sell, which is a price you will not
               | get for small bills like US$20:
               | 
               | https://preciodolarblue.com.ar/
               | 
               | In effect every time you buy US$100 for savings from one
               | of the "blue market" currency dealers (travel agencies
               | and the like) you are paying half that spread, AR$250 or
               | US$1.70, to the money changer. 1.7%. The break-even point
               | where this is more expensive than the Bitcoin transaction
               | fee is US$16000 for a US$26 fee, US$10000 for a US$17
               | fee, US$1200 for a US$2.10 fee, or US$700 for a US$1.70
               | fee. And, as you point out, lots of Bitcoin transactions
               | happen inside of a single vendor platform like Coinbase
               | and so don't pay the fee at all.
               | 
               | Usually cashing out your savings so you can buy a car or
               | pay the rent or buy food or whatever is an every-month or
               | every-few-months kind of thing. But you're still buying
               | food on a day-to-day basis.
               | 
               | Even if you're using Bitcoin in an ATM-like fashion,
               | paying a fee of US$15 or so every time you withdraw
               | US$200, it's in the "everyday financial bad decisions"
               | category, not the "totally impractical" category. (I hear
               | ATM fees are a lot lower than that in the US now. Sadly,
               | not in Argentina.)
               | 
               | Early on I avoided Bitcoin because I worried it might
               | destroy civilization--after all, I rely on public
               | streets, the public education of the people around me,
               | and the public hospitals, not to mention the police, all
               | funded by tax dollars. And there's been a cogent argument
               | since Tim May presented his manifesto at Hackers (01991?
               | Certainly before early 01993, when I read it) that
               | cryptocurrencies would inevitably kneecap taxation and
               | thus cause the collapse of governments.
               | 
               | But the US election in 02016 made it clear that
               | civilization is doing a perfectly fine job of destroying
               | itself before losing any significant taxability to
               | Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies, and the best we can
               | hope for is to salvage its crown jewels from the rubble.
        
               | stickfigure wrote:
               | Not that many years ago, we used to pay for things with
               | _physical cash_ (gasp!). Once ever week or two, I would
               | go to an ATM, withdraw $N00 in USD, and put it in my
               | wallet. Sometimes I 'd have to spend $2 in fees for this
               | service.
               | 
               | There's no reason BTC can't work the same way. With high
               | transaction fees, maybe you'd withdraw once a month? The
               | cost is annoying but it's still safer than having your
               | savings in a shady banking system.
        
               | Lord_Baltimore wrote:
               | This a very good use case for a cryptocurrency, but in
               | the long run a crypto like NANO might be a better
               | solution with due to quicker transaction times, lack of
               | fees, and much lower environmental impact.
        
               | ordinaryradical wrote:
               | This is the most cogent answer I've seen regarding BTC
               | utility for those living under less stable regimes.
               | Usually it's a hand-wavy "something something Venezuela
               | something," which, as bad as Venezuela is, makes it seem
               | like crypto is only really relevant in exceptional cases
               | of instability.
               | 
               | Thanks for the effort.
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | I'm glad you found it useful!
               | 
               | If we're talking about _political_ regimes, though, I don
               | 't think we're even talking about "less stable" regimes--
               | whatever you might think about Cuba ethically, old Raul
               | and his brother have been in power there for over 60
               | years and show no signs of losing control, and I don't
               | see any signs of incipient revolution in Indonesia, PRC,
               | Mexico, or Vietnam either. Here in Argentina we've
               | remained democratic since 01983, electing presidents from
               | three different political parties (UCR, PJ, and PRO), and
               | there's no serious insurgency. It's the _economy_ and
               | _government policy_ that are ruinously unstable, to a
               | point that seems satirical to anyone accustomed to the
               | US, but is lamentably common worldwide.
               | 
               | Thank you for the ego strokes!
        
               | firekvz wrote:
               | Venezuelan and bitcoin whitepaper lover here
               | 
               | I've posted several times that the adoption of bitcoin in
               | venezuela is pure bull**
               | 
               | Is only used for corruption/drugs money laundering, more
               | details onhttps://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=25599693
               | 
               | So please, the fact that some venezuelan hners say they
               | use bitcoin doesn't make bitcoin a real valid alternative
               | and widely used
               | 
               | Venezuelans right now only care to protect against the
               | 5000% yearly inflation and they do it with the dollar,
               | they don't care _for now_ about dollar losing value when
               | Bolivar loses 5000%
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | I'm not Venezuelan or in Venezuela, but I definitely know
               | Venezuelans here in Argentina who send Bitcoin back to
               | Venezuela. But it's clearly not widely used--the best
               | estimates are that there are only a few billion dollars
               | per year in total Bitcoin remittances, of which under
               | US$400 million (per year) are to Venezuela, and there are
               | 5 million Venezuelan expats. And Venezuela has almost 30
               | million people. So clearly only about 2%-10% of
               | Venezuela's population uses Bitcoin at most, and many of
               | them only use it to provide "send money to your family"
               | services to and from other Venezuelan expats--who may not
               | know or care that Bitcoin is involved.
               | 
               | That certainly doesn't add up to "widely used" but it's
               | not "absolutely 0" as you said in your other comment
               | either.
               | 
               | When I said, "Bitcoin is very popular in Venezuela" I
               | meant relative to its popularity in other countries, not
               | relative to the Venezuelan population as a whole. I mean,
               | if I said Emacs was very popular in Venezuela, that
               | wouldn't mean that every other moto-taxi driver could
               | give you Elisp tips. It would just mean that more people
               | used Emacs than VS Code.
               | 
               | Where does this hypothetical 2% of Bitcoin adopters live?
               | Maybe not in Caracas where it's easy to find someone to
               | exchange dollars with. Maybe they live close to the
               | Colombian border, where they trade with drug traffickers?
               | (Though why would Colombian drug traffickers be Bitcoin
               | _buyers_ rather than _sellers_? Maybe I need to think
               | this through better.) Maybe they live in rural areas?
               | Probably one of the P2P market sites has a map.
               | 
               | If you had to flee Venezuela, maybe through unsafe areas
               | where bandits were operating, would you rather be
               | carrying your savings in Bitcoin or in dollars?
        
             | jessriedel wrote:
             | >18.5M of bitcoin has already been mined of the maximum
             | 21M. So the amount of remaining future inflation from
             | increased supply negligible. That the remaining 2M will be
             | mined asymptotically over many years is not important
             | except for purposes of incentivizing miners to run
             | transactions.
        
               | mumblemumble wrote:
               | It's not _that_ negligible. At current reward of 6.25BTC,
               | that means that the rate at which new BTC are being
               | minted, as a percentage of total BTC supply, is about 3
               | times the (admittedly unusually low) current US inflation
               | rate.
               | 
               | You're right, though, it will become negligible at some
               | point in the not-too-distant future. I think, though,
               | that that may not be all that relevant. The arguments
               | about BTC and money printing seem to be more moral than
               | pragmatic, so I'm not sure you can really draw a line and
               | say, "Below this mark, printing money is A-OK. Above this
               | mark, printing money is _the end of the world_ ," because
               | trying to move to that style of argument would be moving
               | the goalpost right out of the stadium. It was never about
               | the actual pragmatics of inflationary currency policy.
               | 
               | By analogy, I'm not sure a lot of dyed-in-the-wool gold
               | bugs would respond to the hypothetical opening of a
               | massive new gold mine by saying, "An increase in the
               | production rate? That, I just cannot do," and walking
               | away from gold. If, on the other hand, the mine were
               | opening in their own country, and being operated by the
               | government, which planned to carefully release gold onto
               | the market at a slow rate, then you might see a lot of
               | protesting. That would actually be better for price
               | stability, but price stability was never actually the
               | point.
        
           | eigenvalue wrote:
           | It's absolutely not true that investing in any assets besides
           | cash will shield you from inflation. Inflation impacts
           | companies very differently, and you want a preservation of
           | real earnings power taking into account the need to replace
           | plant and equipment over time. The best inflation protection
           | would come from a company with a pure revenue royalty with
           | fixed expenses. The worst would be a company with bad pricing
           | power and lots of commodity inputs.
        
             | redblacktree wrote:
             | Is there an easy way to determine which companies are
             | which? Do I need to be well-studied in business, or is
             | there a chart or key statistic I can look at to tell one
             | from the other?
        
             | deanmoriarty wrote:
             | What's your recommendation for least-worse inflation hedge?
        
           | BenoitEssiambre wrote:
           | On top of that, any asset for which demand comes mostly from
           | being an "inflation hedge" is a bad inflation hedge since
           | prices will rise when people want more inflation hedging and
           | drop when they want less hedging, meaning the majority of
           | people inflation hedging will buy high and sell low.
           | 
           | Gold has had that dynamic for a long time, which is one
           | reason it is not considered a good investment most of the
           | time. Buy assets that are productive and you will be much
           | less subject to that. Real inflation hedges look like
           | stockpiles of goods, inventory or production capacity
           | thereof.
        
             | boredpandas777 wrote:
             | This proven logic is drowned by people's instinct to follow
             | the herd... and buy Bitcoin.
        
             | kipchak wrote:
             | Could that make such inflation hedges a good pre-inflation
             | hedge? For example buying gold with the expectation that
             | people will soon want more hedging than they do now, though
             | this relies on getting in earlier than others.
        
               | pas wrote:
               | This is how derivatives trading (and speculation, and
               | investing itself ultimately) works. It's all about
               | mentalizing how others will trade.
               | 
               | The big question is to pick the optimal asset for
               | hedging.
        
               | dkersten wrote:
               | So, just price speculation then?
        
               | vkou wrote:
               | Yes, but at that point, you should just borrow money, and
               | do something useful with it, because being in debt is a
               | simple, straightforward inflation hedge.
        
           | orasis wrote:
           | Yes! Value producing assets produce value regardless of the
           | nominal price of that value. It's insane that people don't
           | understand this.
        
           | yabudemada wrote:
           | This is why I think the proper crypto currencies are backed
           | by another functional use instead of "just coins." (e.g.
           | Ethereum vs. Bitcoin)--one is a useful Turing-complete
           | machine; the other only exists to send coins.
           | 
           | Bitcoin will probably always outshine the other "just coins"
           | because it was the first. Why get another coin if this one
           | works fine for monetary transactions?
           | 
           | Similarly with the functional ones: Ethereum will probably
           | always outshine the other "Global Turing Machines" because it
           | was the first. We don't really need another one--assuming it
           | can adapt to changes in efficiency with hard-forks as needed.
           | 
           | The rest of them really ought to provide another service
           | underneath to become valuable.
        
             | ad31mar wrote:
             | > Ethereum will probably always outshine the other "Global
             | Turing Machines" because it was the first. We don't really
             | need another one--assuming it can adapt to changes in
             | efficiency with hard-forks as needed.
             | 
             | We didn't need the first one.
        
         | safog wrote:
         | You'd need to do better than that. How exactly does printing
         | USDT lead to BTC price inflation? I haven't heard anything
         | convincing yet. Most of the vol doesn't come from the BTC USDT
         | pair. Exchanges don't seem to be doing anything shady like
         | manipulating the price upwards by themselves.
        
           | CapmCrackaWaka wrote:
           | The story is that Tether has been printing tethers and buying
           | Bitcoins. However, they haven't released any concrete
           | holdings or submitted to an audit AFAIK, so there's a lot of
           | speculation on how big of a problem this actually is.
        
             | safog wrote:
             | I don't think there are any claims that Tether the
             | organization itself is doing anything like that. They just
             | print USDT and send it to people who are interested in
             | buying USDT like exchanges.
             | 
             | The two problems as I see them are:
             | 
             | - Is USDT actually backed 1:1 by USD / cash equivalents as
             | Tether claims? w/o independent audits we have no idea. So
             | technically, if you hold USDT on an exchange and use it to
             | trade alts and evade the taxman, then if this whole thing
             | falls apart your USDT might be worthless.
             | 
             | - The owners of Bitfinex and the people who run tether are
             | the same set of people. So theoretically it's possible that
             | + Bitfinex generates artificial demand for USDT somehow
             | + Finds a way to swap actual USD for USDT (customer
             | deposits? 19bn worth of customer deposits? Unlikely)
             | + In turn goes around and buys BTC with that USD for some
             | reason         + Does it w/ enough vol that all the
             | arbitrage bots won't           be able to arbitrage it
             | away.
             | 
             | These are a lot of ifs and I'm just not seeing the
             | incentives here as best case Finex gets stuck with a bunch
             | of BTC they inflated themselves which isn't in their
             | interest.
             | 
             | I'm not a finance guru, so I'd love it if someone more
             | informed than me can comment on how someone can pull this
             | off.
        
               | graeme wrote:
               | The settlement agreement shows that at multiple points
               | Tether was not backed: https://ag.ny.gov/sites/default/fi
               | les/2021.02.17_-_settlemen...
               | 
               | I think the best case is tether printed usdt, used it to
               | buy btc, inflated the btc price and is now fully backed
               | by their btc holdings. This works as long as people want
               | btc
               | 
               | They were able to do it because people accepted usdt as
               | dollars.
        
               | [deleted]
        
               | FireBeyond wrote:
               | > - Is USDT actually backed 1:1 by USD / cash equivalents
               | as Tether claims? w/o independent audits we have no idea.
               | 
               | I'm going to say no. Because Tether refuses audit,
               | refuses to name banks, and would be, based on their
               | printing rates, depositing $3.5B USD a week into their
               | bank (a rate which would put them on par with AT&T,
               | Samsung, or Alphabet). I'm not sure how a few people
               | working out of Hong Kong, etc., do that while sliding
               | under the radar and avoiding scrutiny (from their bank or
               | authorities).
        
               | safog wrote:
               | Yes I agree, but still trying to figure out what impact
               | that has on the broader eco system if USDT ends up being
               | worthless starting now. How exactly will it impact the
               | BTC price?
        
               | graeme wrote:
               | 70% of btc volume is tether. Apparently the dollar exit
               | points in regulated markets are rather narrow.
               | 
               | So it could be rather catastrophic if either the market
               | loses confidence in Tether or subsequent Us enforcement
               | action shuts them down or makes Tether untouchable to
               | various exchanges.
        
               | luka-birsa wrote:
               | It's well known that USDT is not 1:1 backed and this is
               | true since the AG started their investigation.
               | 
               | Market doesn't care. Right now USDT trading is popular
               | since people are used to it. There are so many stable
               | coin alternatives (backed with various collateral, some
               | like USDC backed by USD 1:1), so you can always remove
               | the risk.
               | 
               | Good luck to those shorting crypto due to "Tether scam".
               | If you're a newcomer, this kind of news makes rounds
               | every X months and market sometimes reacts widely, just
               | to return back and inexperienced crypto investors/users
               | get spooked. I'm not saying that Tether is all good and
               | for sure they run a hazy operation there, but there is a
               | wider crypto adoption taking place now. Companies are
               | diversifying their treasuries, starting to load on BTC as
               | a hedge against inflation.
               | 
               | PS: Expect news of China banning bitcoin, India banning
               | bitcoin, Russia takedown on crypto, Yelen commenting that
               | BTC is a scam. All of this will be amplified to move
               | price down and shakeout small time holders while large
               | investors keep buying more and more.
        
         | rthomas6 wrote:
         | I've always championed DAI for a stablecoin. I don't know why
         | it's not more popular. https://makerdao.com/en/
         | 
         | Instead of it being (supposedly) backed by a dollar reserve,
         | it's collateralized by ETH and several ERC20 tokens in a smart
         | contract. The smart contract does things to make DAI tend
         | toward $1. It's been out for years and I think it has worked
         | pretty well: https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/multi-
         | collateral-dai/
         | 
         | It works through collateralized loans.
        
           | nipponese wrote:
           | Super interesting project and tech, but it's competing with
           | USDC (and similar USD-backed tokens). Adoption will just take
           | longer for DAO-backed stablecoins.
        
           | intotheabyss wrote:
           | DAI is very cool.
           | 
           | If you want to really blow your mind, check out RAI:
           | https://stats.reflexer.finance/
        
             | rthomas6 wrote:
             | Very interesting. I wonder how stable it will be vs USD
             | over the long run.
             | 
             | I am interested in someone making a CPI coin, that tracks
             | some value of a basket of goods instead of another
             | currency. I think that would be sort of the ultimate
             | inflation hedge because ideally the value would not change
             | at all over the long run.
        
               | notahacker wrote:
               | The real question would be "how". A [crypto]asset backed
               | by another currency is easy in principle: simply hold the
               | currency to back it (and make sure you have some sort of
               | transaction fee to cover your storage costs, and don't
               | lie about it...). Same with a [crypto]asset backed by oil
               | or metals. But CPI goods include many goods which are
               | either perishable or lose value over time, and the
               | composition of actual CPI baskets changes over time so
               | you can't do that.
               | 
               | In the absence of that backing you can create a purely
               | synthetic asset that can only track CPI if you've got the
               | ability to withdraw significant quantities from
               | circulation every time the value starts to drop. (That's
               | sort of what central banks do with targeting a fixed
               | _non_ -zero rate of CPI inflation. But they have an
               | economy built on debt so the money supply can contract
               | organically by debts being repaid faster than new debts
               | are issued. This is less troubling for the future of a
               | coin than alternative strategies like having to use
               | VC/company funds to buy back coins, or making a
               | percentage of coins disappear)
        
               | rthomas6 wrote:
               | Well, DAI exists and is pegged to USD without USD
               | backing. Why couldn't one create a similar system with a
               | CPI value target instead of a 1 USD target?
        
               | nbardy wrote:
               | You could it's a really interesting idea. Synthetix and
               | kwanta have done it with TSLA share price. It requires a
               | liquidity pool to balance the asset. The liquidity pools
               | are usually seeded with rewards from the companies that
               | start them. They eventually find stability via automated
               | market makers.
        
             | erwan wrote:
             | Short description: RAI dampens volatility (goes up slower,
             | goes down slower) of its collateral (Eth). All thanks to
             | some straightforward control theory tricks!
        
           | SilasX wrote:
           | Can you summarize the dynamics/phenomena that those
           | smartcontracts in DAI exploit to maintain stable value? What
           | stops it from gaining -- or, more importantly, losing --
           | value?
           | 
           | I couldn't tell from the link.
        
             | rthomas6 wrote:
             | There are a few different mechanisms. I might be missing
             | some, but here are the ones I know about.
             | 
             | * The interest owed on loaned DAI (called a stability fee)
             | changes depending on the market price. So if DAI goes too
             | high, the stability fee increases which makes getting a DAI
             | loan less attractive. If the market price goes too low, the
             | stability fee drops. If it drops to 0, this would mean
             | interest free collateralized loans.
             | 
             | * There is a savings account smart contract that generates
             | a variable savings rate on DAI. The savings rate changes
             | depending on the market price.
             | 
             | * There is the Target Rate Feedback Mechanism which frankly
             | I don't understand. It has something to do with changing
             | the amount your collateral is worth depending on DAI's
             | market price.
             | 
             | * When the value of the collateralized asset drops to some
             | defined percentage of the DAI withdrawn (currently 150% I
             | think?), the smart contract can liquidate and auction off
             | that asset _for the value of the withdrawn DAI_. This
             | increases the value of DAI and also ensures that all DAI is
             | overcollateralized.
             | 
             | * MKR token holders function as the governance for DAI and
             | vote on stuff, like the collateralization rate mentioned
             | above. They get rewards for holding MKR and in normal
             | circumstances the amount of MKR is static. But in the event
             | of a black swan, if the collateralized assets drop to below
             | 1:1 faster than the normal system can handle, MKR is
             | automatically generated and sold to raise the additional
             | collateral needed. This devalues MKR in order to keep DAI
             | stable.
        
         | ssakamoto wrote:
         | Both are still printing machines. Dollars are backed by faith
         | in the USA. Is there any difference ?
         | 
         | Powell - "We print money digitally. As a central bank, we have
         | the ability to create money."
         | 
         | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ff6SDsaS7rI
        
           | ncallaway wrote:
           | I mean, if you accept that Bitfinex is printing tether, then
           | the difference would seem to be the fact that Bitfinex is
           | lying about it while the US Government isn't lying about it?
           | 
           | The ability of the US Government to create more dollars is a
           | well understood aspect of the financial system. The US
           | Government acknowledges is has the power to print money, and
           | regularly tells us how much it is printing.
           | 
           | Bitfinex claims they do not print USDT and that it is backed
           | by USD.
           | 
           | For a system that's based largely on trust (for both the USD
           | and USDT), lying is a significant problem.
        
           | NovemberWhiskey wrote:
           | Sorry, is the question really "what is the difference between
           | the US Government printing dollars and Tether printing
           | dollars?"
        
           | heterodoxxed wrote:
           | | _Dollars are backed by faith in the USA. Is there any
           | difference ?_
           | 
           | Jesus lord, yes, absolutely. The weight of the US Empire and
           | all its combined military and economic might versus what...
           | some shell corporations and the whisper of a promise?
        
             | christiansakai wrote:
             | You have no idea that a lot of people, including high
             | profile analysts forgets this very crucial fact, and refuse
             | to invalidate their analogy. You thought flat Earthers are
             | ignorant enough, surprise surprise.
             | 
             | Many people think that money is money. They think money is
             | what makes a nation strong, not products and services. I
             | don't know how even highly educated people missed this
             | part.
             | 
             | Money is a side effect of power, not the other way around.
        
           | owenmarshall wrote:
           | One has a standing army and a history of successfully
           | deploying it against countries that attempt to disrupt the
           | geopolitical status quo by moving away from the dollar.
           | 
           | The other does not.
        
         | FireBeyond wrote:
         | As recently as a couple of weeks ago, I've heard people claim
         | that Tether is still "1:1 backed with USD". Oh, and:
         | 
         | > Keep in mind that in relationship to tether, $1.5 billion is
         | tiny. It's only 3 days of tether printing.
         | 
         | apparently depositing $3.5B a WEEK into some bank (unnamed of
         | course, because Tether won't disclose).
         | 
         | While there is a large deal of potential, and some real value
         | in crypto, there's definitely a non-negligible portion of True
         | Believers, the crypto equivalent of Qanon.
        
           | jcranmer wrote:
           | > As recently as a couple of weeks ago
           | 
           | For more recent claims, just read the comments on this post
           | in this site.
        
         | jkhdigital wrote:
         | And what about all the cash-for-difference swaps and futures?
         | BitMEX's XBTUSD swap is basically a synthetic dollar that can
         | only be redeemed for Bitcoin within the walled garden of
         | BitMEX. Tether is like a dollar swap contract that can be moved
         | on-chain and, in theory, can be redeemed for the nominal
         | currency. Of course Tether represents itself as a fully
         | reserved stablecoin, which is likely a total fiction, but in
         | the grand scheme of things I don't think it actually matters
         | much.
        
         | kenneth wrote:
         | I have the same doubts you do about Tether's legitimacy, but
         | there's a few conclusions I believe you're jumping to which I
         | think don't quite hold:
         | 
         | - Tether's volumes being greater than other crypto-currencies
         | don't have much impact on the legitimacy of other crypto-
         | currencies. The volume is so high because USDT is the other
         | side of most crypto-currency trading pair. Given the liquidity
         | of the market, you can trade almost anything (BTC, ETH, all
         | alts, etc) against USDT without being exposed to any underlying
         | USDT risk.
         | 
         | - The market value of crypto-currencies minus any deposit-
         | backed USD coins far exceeds those coins. Tether "printing"
         | coins out of nothing cannot alone explain the market
         | capitalization of cryptocurrencies.
         | 
         | - Even if everything alleged were true, it really wouldn't be a
         | drop in the bucket compared to the kind of shenanigans central
         | banks have been pulling for centuries. If the crypto-currency
         | market is illegitimate due to money printing by Tether, then so
         | is the conventional financial system due to quantitive easing
         | by the Federal Reserve and other central banks around the
         | world.
        
           | kaibee wrote:
           | > If the crypto-currency market is illegitimate due to money
           | printing by Tether, then so is the conventional financial
           | system due to quantitive easing by the Federal Reserve and
           | other central banks around the world.
           | 
           | The difference is that central banks aren't lying about
           | whether they're printing money or not.
        
             | ericns wrote:
             | Instead, they control the methodologies that define the
             | value of what they've printed as well as the flows.
             | 
             | Differences...Distinctions...are there?
        
           | rglullis wrote:
           | > If the crypto-currency market is illegitimate due to money
           | printing by Tether, then so is the conventional financial
           | system due to quantitive easing by the Federal Reserve and
           | other central banks around the world.
           | 
           | IOW, "Meet the new boss, same as the old boss"?
           | 
           | No, there should be no moral relativism to get Tether out of
           | the hook. It doesn't matter if they manipulated the market by
           | one or one hundred billion dollars, they are a bad actor in
           | the space that we _must_ get rid of.
        
           | CarelessExpert wrote:
           | > Even if everything alleged were true, it really wouldn't be
           | a drop in the bucket compared to the kind of shenanigans
           | central banks have been pulling for centuries. If the crypto-
           | currency market is illegitimate due to money printing by
           | Tether, then so is the conventional financial system due to
           | quantitive easing by the Federal Reserve and other central
           | banks around the world.
           | 
           | Man, I find it endlessly amusing that cryptocurrency utopians
           | touted the benefits of BTC based on how it will democratize
           | finance and finally remove the yoke of corrupt governments
           | manipulating currencies and markets to their benefit.
           | 
           | And then when a private company like Tether comes along and
           | starts engaging in shenanigans in this cryptoanarchist
           | libertarian fantasy land, all of a sudden the whataboutisms
           | pop out and the excuse is "well... whatever dude, like, the
           | government does this, too!"
        
             | rglullis wrote:
             | Both your paragraphs are correct, yet each refers to
             | different groups of people.
        
           | FireBeyond wrote:
           | > - Even if everything alleged were true, it really wouldn't
           | be a drop in the bucket compared to the kind of shenanigans
           | central banks have been pulling for centuries. If the crypto-
           | currency market is illegitimate due to money printing by
           | Tether, then so is the conventional financial system due to
           | quantitive easing by the Federal Reserve and other central
           | banks around the world.
           | 
           | Currently Tether is printing $3.5B worth of Tether per week.
           | 
           | They, and supporters are claiming with a straight face that
           | those printings are supported by USD deposits. But who knows
           | what bank this supposed $180B/year is going into?
           | 
           | Recognizing that revenue is not a straight comparative metric
           | (but that much revenue is banked and/or/then invested), that
           | would put Tether's deposit rate at the top 20 in the world (h
           | ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_by_r..
           | .). We're going to need to accept that there's some pretty
           | large optimism needed to believe this.
        
             | carleverett wrote:
             | Tether is using Deltec Bank and Trust in the Bahamas.
             | Deltec's CEO actually did an interview where he responded
             | to the Tether fraud claims:
             | https://unchainedpodcast.com/is-tether-a-fraud-its-bank-
             | says...
             | 
             | When Tether started, most financial institutions weren't
             | open to working with cryptocurrency companies, but the fact
             | that it's still the top stablecoin by value is troubling
             | since there are plenty of better options now.
        
               | ordinaryradical wrote:
               | People have already researched that the total volume in-
               | out of Deltec and it could not be more than a fraction of
               | Tether's printing meaning:
               | 
               | 1) They aren't holding the money as USD 2) They aren't
               | holding the money in the Bahamas--then where? 3) They are
               | printing money without a corresponding asset aka Ponzi
               | Scheme.
        
               | FireBeyond wrote:
               | I'm sure it'll get me flagged as a naysayer, but this
               | raises more questions than it answers
               | (https://www.coindesk.com/tether-bank-deltec-stablecoin-
               | reser...):
               | 
               | > "Every tether is backed by a reserve and their reserve
               | is more than what is in circulation," said Gregory Pepin,
               | Deltec Bank's deputy CEO.
               | 
               | What business does the bank have in auditing Tethers? Why
               | would they care? They're just holding funds.
               | 
               | > "We can see it firsthand, so I can confirm that."
               | 
               | That to me more reads like Deltec is heavily involved in
               | the actual day-to-day operations at Bitfinex/Tether.
               | Which wouldn't be surprising - after all, remember when
               | Bitfinex and Tether were claimed to be entirely separate
               | and independent entities.
               | 
               | It's a little bit of a stretch to say that Bitfinex has
               | been able to get Deltec on board with keeping this all
               | going by providing a "partnership" above and beyond the
               | usual "banking relationship", but that's very much the
               | vibe I get from all this, and as I said, to me, it just
               | increases the sketchiness of everything.
               | 
               | Oh, and WTF, I watched the video of the interview with
               | the "Deputy CEO" of Deltec Bank, self-described as a
               | "50-year-old bank [whose] customers range from asset
               | managers to high-net-worth individuals"
               | 
               | It's a damn "kid" who looks to be 30 at most, sitting in
               | his gamer seat with red slashes in the black, wearing a
               | Razer gaming headset.
               | 
               | He has almost no photos on the internet, his LinkedIn
               | profile is full of multiple spelling errors
               | ("Independance Weath Management"), who claims to be a
               | Professor of Finance at a University in Lebanon (a year
               | after graduating from a Lausanne University) while
               | working for numerous Swiss funds, oh and in Jacksonville,
               | Florida, simultaneously.
               | 
               | How the hell are people taking this seriously?!?
               | 
               | EDIT: He's 33.
               | 
               | So he apparently graduated with a Masters in Science from
               | HEC Lausanne when he was FIFTEEN. I'm sorry, I'm crying
               | now with laughter.
               | 
               | Sources:
               | 
               | -
               | https://wallmine.com/nasdaq/tenx/officer/2087842/gregory-
               | pep...
               | 
               | - https://www.linkedin.com/public-profile/in/gregory-
               | pepin-0a8...
        
               | jboggan wrote:
               | And the Bahamas does annual reports on the total amount
               | of reserves its banks hold, and the government numbers
               | aren't close to what Tether claims to deposit in Deltec,
               | even if Deltec were the only bank in the Bahamas.
        
               | FireBeyond wrote:
               | You mean this interview?
               | 
               | https://www.reddit.com/r/Buttcoin/comments/l5m2my/gregory
               | _pe...
               | 
               | See my previous comments, the Deltec Deputy CEO claims
               | that he was simultaneously Professor of Finance in a
               | Lebanon University, administering Swiss investment funds,
               | oh and working for a company in Jacksonville FL. He gave
               | his interview from his gaming setup, and talked all about
               | seeing all the Tethers personally from their operations
               | (Why? You're just their bank).
               | 
               | You're going to forgive me on being a little skeptical
               | here.
               | 
               | Especially when his LinkedIn has him graduating HEC
               | Lausanne in 2001 with a Masters in Science...
               | 
               | when he was fifteen...
               | 
               | Funnily enough, Deltec bank removed him from their
               | website when this interview was published, then re-added
               | them when people asked questions, and then arranged a
               | very quick website complete "redesign" (I use that word
               | lightly - this looks like a WordPress template that
               | they've struggled to fill with any content whatsoever -
               | most of the pages are effectively empty, many of the
               | buttons to "learn more" are not linked to anywhere).
               | 
               | This is such a scam.
        
         | ketamine__ wrote:
         | Bitcoin is going up because young people want to buy Bitcoin.
         | Most young people are trading (i.e. WSB) and not investing in
         | cryptocurrency. That has a lot to do with price fluctuations.
         | Also taxes, vacations, etc are all funded by cashing out.
        
       | nateberkopec wrote:
       | Are there any other active government investigations of
       | Tether/iFinex that we know about?
        
       | temp wrote:
       | So even back in 2017, Tether was backed only by a fraction of
       | USD.
       | 
       |  _> Until September 15, 2017, the only U.S. dollars held by
       | Tether ostensibly backing the approximately 442 million tethers
       | in circulation was the approximately $61 million on deposit at
       | the Bank of Montreal._
       | 
       | Wonder how much of the tether they pumped out through last year
       | has been backed?
        
         | londons_explore wrote:
         | Nearly none I would guess... Which large company, investment
         | firm or rich individual will wire Tether Inc millions of
         | dollars in return for a promise from a bunch of people that
         | look like arrest warrants will shortly be issued for them...
        
         | BelenusMordred wrote:
         | Do people here not realise that people give them bitcoin and
         | other cryptocurrencies for that in exchange for tethers? If
         | they were only a week late in converting it to USD they'd be up
         | tens of billion in profit this year.
         | 
         | The lack of critical thinking and mindless mob mentality around
         | tether is amusing and has been going on for years now. Proven
         | wrong everytime.[1][2][3]
         | 
         | Even this announcement is dumb politiking that people seem to
         | lap up. Bitfinex has banned US customers since 2017.[4]
         | 
         | [1] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=14934874
         | 
         | [2] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=16252365
         | 
         | [3] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=16182423
         | 
         | [4] https://www.coindesk.com/bitfinex-suspends-sale-select-
         | ico-t...
        
           | tootahe45 wrote:
           | A 145m sell just sent BTC down 13k. It's not so easy to just
           | sell your ~30b worth of buttcoin.
           | 
           | If anything it's shocking that "we checked and it's all
           | fraud" is seen as a win for crypto.
        
             | graeme wrote:
             | Where can you find data on sell volumes? This seems very
             | material.
        
           | FireBeyond wrote:
           | > Do people here not realise that people give them bitcoin
           | and other cryptocurrencies for that in exchange for tethers?
           | If they were only a week late in converting it to USD they'd
           | be up tens of billion in profit this year.
           | 
           | So they're speculating to cover their "1:1 Backing!", and
           | relying on BTC still being hyped, like they said all along?
           | 
           | No, wait, hang on. They were the ones who said they received
           | 1:1 USD inflow for each and every Tether printed.
           | 
           | Now you're like "mindless mob mentality!" while fully
           | admitting that their claims all this were exactly as the mob
           | said.
           | 
           | Tell me, what happens to Tether's ability to create backing
           | out of BTC (or whatever) arbitrage and trading if and when
           | BTC craters again?
           | 
           | > Bitfinex has banned US customers since 2017.
           | 
           | NY is still investigating and believes that Bitfinex has
           | knowingly kept US customers while claiming that they don't.
        
           | bhouston wrote:
           | And if they used made up tether to buy a bit of extra btc or
           | a lot they would be even further ahead. The easily
           | exploitable opportunities for fraud surrounding tether is
           | huge. Bernie Madoff should be jealous.
        
       | filleokus wrote:
       | So there are 34B outstanding USDT right now. In the documents I
       | see talk about some 850M USD is missing. Are all the other [?]
       | 33B USDT backed?
       | 
       | Will we only know that on the first report they obliged to do
       | each quarter? Will those reports be made public?
       | 
       | I'm confused what to make of this.
        
         | Clewza313 wrote:
         | The NYAG investigation is about what happened up to 2019 or so.
         | What has happened since (which includes printing 33 of those 34
         | billion) is a separate matter, and NYAG is basically saying
         | it's irrelevant because nobody in NY should be able to use
         | Tether/Bitfinex anymore.
        
           | TacticalCoder wrote:
           | What's confusing is that in addition to the slap on the wrist
           | of 18.5m and the prohibition for BitFinex to operate in NY,
           | it is written:
           | 
           | "agreement with iFinex, Tether, and their related entities
           | will require them to cease any further trading activity with
           | New Yorkers, as well as force the companies to pay $18.5
           | million in penalties, in addition to requiring a number of
           | steps to increase transparency."
           | 
           | What are these steps to "increase transparency"? On
           | activities related to these 850m or on the 33 bn+ printed
           | since then?
           | 
           | To benefit whom? New Yorkers cannot use BitFinex anymore. If
           | it's now irrelevant to the NYAG because from NY's point of
           | view BitFinex is out, why ask for "a number of steps to
           | increase transparency"?
        
         | lovedswain wrote:
         | The most damning detail I've seen comes from US treasury TIC
         | reports, which fail to reveal matching bond ownership inflow to
         | the country that is the reputed host of Tether's segregated
         | bank account.
         | 
         | It is possible that Tether holds funds in some kind of strange
         | non-interest-bearing account, but that seems highly unlikely.
         | Another possibility is that the primary bank is actually a
         | wrapper around some overseas correspondent bank where the funds
         | are really held.
         | 
         | Occam's razor: a company selling a 1:1 hedged coin should have
         | absolutely _no difficulty whatsoever_ proving on a daily or
         | hourly basis that all coins are verifiably fully hedged. It
         | should literally be the company 's prime directive, and in this
         | particular case, especially following the endless stream of
         | controversy. The fact they haven't managed to convincingly
         | achieve this even once in 7 years is all I need to know.
         | 
         | The whole thing stinks terribly. Good luck for those who invest
         | in it, but I'll be there if/when it blows up to quietly feel
         | smug about it all
        
         | raiyu wrote:
         | The minting of tether accelerated in 2020 and continues in to
         | 2021 including one week alone where $2B was minted.
         | 
         | https://www.coindesk.com/tether-mints-record-2b-usdt-in-one-...
        
       | Clewza313 wrote:
       | Meanwhile, a group of hackers claim to have penetrated
       | Bitfinex/Tether's bank Deltec:
       | 
       | https://deltecexposed.medium.com/deltec-bank-trust-and-their...
       | 
       | Grab some popcorn, the show is only getting started.
        
         | capnorange wrote:
         | no evidence. looks like some random post.
        
       | capnorange wrote:
       | wait.. this seems contradictory to this --
       | https://www.theblockcrypto.com/post/95207/bitfinex-tether-ne...
        
         | londons_explore wrote:
         | I think I trust ag.ny.gov much more than theblockcrypto.com...
         | 
         | It suggests the latter is 100% made up news, possibly with the
         | aim of market manipulation by sentiment bots who will be fooled
         | for a few minutes until humans intervene.
        
           | celticninja wrote:
           | I would also prefer to trust that source, however it is
           | written as a press release. So they write it to make them
           | look as positive as they can and stress the Bitfinex bad
           | points. The blockcrypto article seems to indicate that the
           | accounts were now balanced, but the ag.ny.gov makes no
           | mention of it, which is expected if they are still trying to
           | paint bitfinex as a wrongdoer, but calls into question their
           | impartiality, so it becomes difficult to accept either at
           | face value.
        
             | londons_explore wrote:
             | The settlement agreement[1] I suspect is a good middle
             | ground.
             | 
             | It looks like the NYAG believes the loan from bitfinex to
             | tether has now been repaid, but makes no claims about
             | either having sufficient reserves to cover liabilities.
             | 
             | [1]: https://ag.ny.gov/sites/default/files/2021.02.17_-_set
             | tlemen...
        
             | FireBeyond wrote:
             | > I would also prefer to trust that source, however it is
             | written as a press release. So they write it to make them
             | look as positive as they can and stress the Bitfinex bad
             | points.
             | 
             | Whereas theblockcrypto is quoting Bitfinex's counsel who is
             | weasel wording over people's understanding of what a
             | "finding" is at law?
             | 
             | > The blockcrypto article seems to indicate that the
             | accounts were now balanced
             | 
             | Given that in 2019, Tether's lifetime holdings were $2.1B
             | and even that was not fully backed, and they're now
             | printing $3.5B a week, I'm intensely curious how they are
             | comfortable drawing that conclusion.
        
               | londons_explore wrote:
               | I'm also very interested in the $18.5M number in the
               | settlement...
               | 
               | It seems surprisingly small for someone who can't explain
               | where $200M+ has gone to...
        
         | dgellow wrote:
         | This article doesn't make that much sense IMHO. You can read
         | the settlement agreement for yourself here:
         | https://ag.ny.gov/sites/default/files/2021.02.17_-_settlemen...
         | 
         | Page 4 of the agreement:
         | 
         | > 20. Because of Tether's inability to conduct significant
         | banking activity during this time, it could not itself hold
         | dollars sufficient to back the hundreds of millions of new
         | tethers that had entered the market. Until September 15, 2017,
         | the only U.S. dollars held by Tether ostensibly backing the
         | approximately 442 million tethers in circulation was the
         | approximately $61 million on deposit at the Bank of Montreal.
         | 
         | That's 14% of the cash required to back the issued Tether at
         | the time.
        
       | londons_explore wrote:
       | The price of bitcoin dropped _substantially_ yesterday.
       | 
       | I wonder who was trading on this information before release...
        
         | zaxu wrote:
         | It was always public information that this was coming out today
         | or tomorrow.
        
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       (page generated 2021-02-23 23:01 UTC)