[HN Gopher] Basic Music Theory
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Basic Music Theory
        
       Author : jacquesm
       Score  : 100 points
       Date   : 2021-02-14 06:47 UTC (16 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (iconcollective.edu)
 (TXT) w3m dump (iconcollective.edu)
        
       | daviddaviddavid wrote:
       | For those who like workbook-style exercises and using pencils and
       | staff paper, I highly recommend "Practical Theory" by Sandy
       | Feldstein:
       | 
       | https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0882842250
       | 
       | I've been teaching myself classical piano from scratch (with a
       | very good human teacher and weekly lessons) throughout the
       | pandemic and this book has been a huge help for supplemental
       | information and just getting me in the habit of marking up staff
       | paper.
        
       | analog31 wrote:
       | I think it's worthwhile perhaps asking some random musicians what
       | they think music "theory" consists of. They will probably be the
       | first to agree that it's not the same as "theory" in the sciences
       | or "theory" in the humanities.
       | 
       | I'm a jazz musician, and have learned very little theory myself
       | beyond basic notation, scales, and chords. I can hold my own on
       | the bandstand.
       | 
       | But without exception, the musicians who are capable of composing
       | and arranging new material of any quality have all studied
       | theory. I think it expands your creative vocabulary in ways that
       | I can't really explain.
        
         | meowkit wrote:
         | In my opinion, it expands your creative vocabulary via analysis
         | and synthesis.
         | 
         | If you can analyze a riff or a progression, take it apart and
         | identify its melodic, harmonic, rhythmic, and tonal components,
         | then you can use the combos you like to synthesis new stuff
         | later with improv and audia-tion. Theory just gives you a
         | catalog and process for naming things.
         | 
         | I think many musicians learn a lot of this implicitly through
         | their ears, never learning the names and patterns. It works,
         | but its probably slower.
        
           | analog31 wrote:
           | It's certainly been slower for me. Thanks to being a bassist,
           | I was able to function in ensembles long before learning to
           | improvise melodic solos. Today, soloing is a major part of my
           | playing, but I struggle with difficult, modern changes.
           | 
           | It amazes me that Chick Corea had limited formal education,
           | given his wizardry at both composition and improvisation.
           | Nobody could thread a melodic line through complex changes,
           | with such grace.
        
       | AndrewDucker wrote:
       | They really could have done with having someone with no knowledge
       | read it and ask questions. Nowhere does it explain what a flat or
       | a sharp note is, for instance.
        
       | chobobro wrote:
       | https://tobyrush.com/theorypages/
       | 
       | Here's a very useful collection of infographics on music theory.
        
       | codeulike wrote:
       | This is useful but sometimes whats called 'Music Theory' is
       | actually more like 'Music Notation' or 'Music Naming Conventions'
       | and thats what most of this site is. IMHO for historical reasons
       | the western naming conventions we've come up with for the 12
       | semitones (A, A#/B, B, C, C#/D, D, D#/E, E, F, F#/G, G, G#/A)
       | actually obscure the underlying relationships between the notes
       | rather then elucidating them. The same conventions get carried
       | across to sheet music, where the overriding concern historically
       | seemed to be saving ink rather than clarity.
       | 
       | The real 'theory' boils down to why the pattern of the major and
       | minor scales is the pattern that it is (which is the same
       | question as 'why are the black/white keys on the piano arranged
       | that way?'). And the related question of why are there 12 of them
       | in the octave.
       | 
       | And that underlying theory is much better explained in this page
       | that was posted to HN some years ago:
       | 
       | 'How Music Works'
       | 
       | https://www.lightnote.co/
       | 
       | Previous discussion:
       | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=12792063 (2016)
       | 
       | Also see 'Music Theory for Nerds'
       | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=12528144 (2016)
        
         | mhh__ wrote:
         | Realistically all music theory is a joke - an incredibly useful
         | joke if you want to make music, but it's not a theory in any
         | sense of the word: all music theory is, is a group of notations
         | and conventions for characterising sound and how to get a
         | certain sound.
         | 
         | You could regard the period and origin of a given theory as a
         | set of axioms, e.g. African classical music has almost nothing
         | to do with Bach, but you'd be missing the point.
         | 
         | 20th century and Levine's books are a good introduction to
         | applying music theory to do bizarre and twisted things when
         | improvising.
        
           | coldtea wrote:
           | I'm not sure what kind of theory you have in mind, but music
           | theory is very much a theory (let's stick to traditional
           | western music theory for now).
           | 
           | Perhaps you compare it with something like Physic's theory.
           | That it is not.
           | 
           | But it's more like a mathematical theory, a set of axioms,
           | and an algebra of relationships and properties that derive
           | from them.
           | 
           | And of course it's a theory as opposed to the actual practice
           | (applying it to playing an instrument).
        
             | benrbray wrote:
             | I think you have it backwards. It's nothing like a
             | mathematical theorem, since you can't really _prove_
             | anything about the subjective human experience of listening
             | to music.
             | 
             | Physics on the other hand, though it relies on mathematical
             | models, can't really explain _why_ the universe exists in
             | the particular way that it does. The best we can do is use
             | the scientific method to make very educated guesses at an
             | accurate mathematical model that might help us accurately
             | explain the behavior of some physical system we 're
             | interested in. Physics is full of inconsistencies and
             | unexplained phenomena, but we're slowly getting better at
             | making predictions.
             | 
             | Music theory is the same way. Music sounds good to humans,
             | and there doesn't really need to be a deeper reason than
             | that for me to listen to a song over and over. Music
             | theorists will study the music that people tend to like /
             | dislike, and do their best to come up with an explanation
             | for why -- often by pulling it apart into its core
             | components, comparing it to other works, analyzing chord
             | structure, voicing, instrumentation, etc.. In the end, just
             | as with physics, composers have slowly built up a reliable
             | foundation of knowledge to help them compose music that
             | will reliably sound "good". But every so often someone
             | comes along with an earworm that can't fully be explained.
        
               | coldtea wrote:
               | > _I think you have it backwards. It 's nothing like a
               | mathematical theorem, since you can't really prove
               | anything about the subjective human experience of
               | listening to music._
               | 
               | That's exactly what makes it like a mathematical theorem.
               | 
               | Mathematical theorems are not about proving anything
               | about "subjective human experience".
               | 
               | The axioms of western music theory just prove that X
               | chord is the dominant under these conditions, or Y plays
               | this role in that context, or Z scale/mode/whatever
               | should be constructed as such, or M and Y form a K
               | together, and so on.
               | 
               | Similar to how a (quite simple) algebra would work.
        
             | mhh__ wrote:
             | > But it's more like a mathematical theory, a set of
             | axioms, and an algebra of relationships and properties that
             | derive from them.
             | 
             | That's what I take issue with. I vaguely agree with the
             | notion that music theory does have some kind of axiomatic
             | form hidden deep within, but what can you prove? There is
             | no fundamental theorem of Counterpoint, or that 12-tone
             | rows are the work of the devil etc.
        
               | coldtea wrote:
               | The axioms are more high level: what is the major/minor
               | form, how one derives the modes, etc.
               | 
               | It's not about reductionistically (?) deriving even those
               | from first principles.
        
           | mhh__ wrote:
           | https://www.amazon.co.uk/Twentieth-Century-Harmony-
           | Creative-... is the book (can't edit)
        
           | guerrilla wrote:
           | Adam Neely has an entertaining video essay ranting about that
           | in some detail: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Kr3quGh7pJA
        
             | djaychela wrote:
             | I'd disagree with it being entertaining. I like a lot of
             | his videos, but saying that it equates to white supremacy
             | is an unhelpful and simplistic viewpoint which perpetuates
             | a rather tiring rhetoric of self - loathing against western
             | society. Music theory was simply codified by people using
             | Western classical music as a yardstick, and taking the
             | common ideas expressed in it as the music to analyse using
             | it.
             | 
             | Is definitely somewhat out of date, and in need of
             | improvement to encompass not only the music created in
             | other cultures but also textural and sonic expression which
             | makes up interesting music which could otherwise be under -
             | analysed using WCM as the baseline, but equating this to
             | white supremacy is to me incorrect, and missing the point
             | of what's actually needed - an update.
        
               | guerrilla wrote:
               | Did you watch it? He's not calling music theory itself
               | white supremacist but the current culture that refers to
               | it as "music theory" per se as in "the" music theory
               | opposed to "a" music theory/theory of music. That it is
               | seen as the yard stick and the only thing that taught is
               | the problem, as that's clearly exclusionary, not the
               | existence of the theory which can be no more racist than
               | any other. I see nothing self-loathing about that. It's a
               | useful criticism that might help get music education to
               | broaden its horizons, which it already has started to do
               | it seems.
        
               | djaychela wrote:
               | I did watch it when it originally came out - on the day
               | it came out, I think. It has White Supremacy in the
               | title, and that means that the vast majority won't spend
               | 45 minutes watching a video, they'll just take a headline
               | and go with it. I have seen a number of people say that
               | music theory is white supremacist (both before the
               | release of the video and after it), and I think that
               | someone who has as many subscribers as Adam Neely should
               | be a little more careful and a little less clickbaity
               | with video titles. I felt at the time he was trying to
               | ride on the wave of a movement to decry music theory as
               | something that was explicitly White Supremacist, and I
               | don't agree with that sentiment. I appreciate that there
               | are plenty of people who will say that I've been
               | brainwashed by the establishment, or that I'm a White
               | Supremacist for holding that view, but I'd say that's not
               | the case.
               | 
               | Saying that it doesn't encompass some traditions of music
               | is one thing (and broadly correct, as I already said),
               | but that's not the same as saying that it's white
               | supremacist. Saying 'music theory is incomplete', or that
               | 'music theory ignores other cultures', etc. would be fair
               | enough, although again I think it would be one-sided. I'd
               | be interested to see if the teaching in other cultures
               | (such as, for instance Indian) encompasses Western
               | Classical tradition (i.e. based around a 12-note octave
               | instead of a 22 note one) in a similar manner - I would
               | imagine that it doesn't, as it concentrates on the idiom
               | that it describes. And I'm certainly not a music theory
               | specialist, but I believe that attempts have been made to
               | make a standard method of incorporating microtonality
               | into western music notation.
               | 
               | For the record, I spent nearly 20 years teaching in UK
               | schools, and the music curriculum is most definitely not
               | exclusionary - a wide range of traditions are covered in
               | detail, and the roots of popular music in 'The West' are
               | traced back to their origins, often leading pupils to
               | make some interesting wider discoveries about culture and
               | history. Music is _not_ taught in a way that the Western
               | Classical tradition is an exclusionary yardstick
               | (although at A-level some elements of it are covered in
               | some detail) And this has been the case since I was at
               | school in the 80s, so this isn 't down to any current
               | changes.
        
               | coldtea wrote:
               | > _Did you watch it? He 's not calling music theory
               | itself white supremacist but the current culture that
               | refers to it as "music theory" per se as in "the" music
               | theory opposed to "a" music theory/theory of music_
               | 
               | And he is still wrong. Every culture refers to its own
               | music theory (or most any other kind of theory) as THE
               | theory, not "A" theory. That's not because of supermacist
               | tendencies, it's just familiarity and closeness.
               | 
               | It's usually not useful, nor are we get any special
               | benefit from, to take into account 2000 other traditions
               | (even our own past ones, or some niche traditions in our
               | midst) when we talk of the kind of music we do 95% of the
               | time.
               | 
               | It would be like saying "I am hungry - and this is my
               | personal feeling", "This artist is fire - and I say this
               | speaking on behalf of myself alone", "Macaroni and cheese
               | is the best comfort food, for me that is".
               | 
               | A useless and tiresome clarification.
               | 
               | Even more so when everybody else (e.g. every other
               | culture) doesn't reciprocate the same, and speaks of its
               | own stuff as THE stuff.
               | 
               | So, yeah, this is just a fad, and a very US-centric
               | 2010-20x0 at that. No Italian would give two fucks if
               | they refer to regular western music theory as THE music
               | theory.
        
               | guerrilla wrote:
               | I think it's pretty blind to teach people that "this is
               | music" rather than "this is how we've done music here and
               | other people over there do it differently." We live in a
               | global civilization now and there's no reason not to reap
               | the benefits or to be exclusionary. Ignoring Indian and
               | Chinese theories today is just sticking your head in the
               | sand and promoting some weird type of conservatism. It'd
               | be like ignoring the non-Western parts of math just
               | because. That's completely irrational.
               | 
               | > Even more so when everybody else (e.g. every other
               | culture) doesn't reciprocate the same, and speaks of its
               | own stuff as THE stuff.
               | 
               | I've never seen this to be true in Indian music
               | discussion. They know Western music too. I can only
               | assume the same is true in China being that America and
               | Europe export so much.
        
               | djaychela wrote:
               | >Ignoring Indian and Chinese theories today is just
               | sticking your head in the sand and promoting some weird
               | type of conservatism.
               | 
               | That is true, but I don't see that happening in music
               | education in the UK. I can't speak for anywhere else.
        
               | coldtea wrote:
               | > _Ignoring Indian and Chinese theories today is just
               | sticking your head in the sand and promoting some weird
               | type of conservatism._
               | 
               | Well, Indian and Chinese theories you're never gonna use
               | in 99% of the music you play in the US, so you might as
               | well ignore it.
               | 
               | The same way Indians are not taught Bluegrass and the
               | Chinese don't study ragas.
               | 
               | Indians and Chinese in India and China do study western
               | music theory, but that's because it has become a global
               | francize and thus they need it (e.g. to play a pop gig).
               | They don't do it in order to merely be inclusive.
               | 
               | I'd reverse the charge, that only westerners (at least
               | some modern ones) think of themselves as some engligtened
               | all-inclusive superset of humanity, that they feel like
               | they should be studying western + Indian + Chinese +
               | whatever music theory, and not just the theories they
               | need as working musicians (plus a la cart study if
               | someone is interested in particular ethnic styles).
               | 
               | Chinese musicians don't feel any great urge to study
               | Indian classical music, and Indian musicians don't
               | particularly care/call for studing Chinese music...
               | 
               | Worse, if western musicians are made to study
               | Indian/Chinese music, and start producing works in said
               | formats, the end result will be the watering down of said
               | musical traditions.
               | 
               | There is Indian and Chinese music, because it's tied to
               | those peoples' history, tradition, artistic development,
               | sentiments, and so on.
               | 
               | Without that, it's just "ethnic fusion" BS - which we
               | shouldn't be encouraging more of...
               | 
               | If a westerner wants to learn that music, they shall go
               | to a special Indian/Chinese music school (preferably in
               | the respective countries), study it with reverance,
               | understand it, live like the peoples who made it do, and
               | so on, until they can actually feel it. Not have someone
               | teach it to them at Berklee and then start producing
               | works based on them....
        
               | coldtea wrote:
               | > _I think it 's pretty blind to teach people that "this
               | is music" rather than "this is how we've done music here
               | and other people over there do it differently." We live
               | in a global civilization now and there's no reason not to
               | reap the benefits or to be exclusionary._
               | 
               | Maybe start american people actually listening to music
               | outside of the US and UK? (And I'm not referring to latin
               | americans listening to latin music).
               | 
               | They're some of the most chauvinistic peoples when it
               | comes to consumption of music, movies, tv series, books,
               | etc.
               | 
               | Then we can worry about some jazz player at Berklee or
               | some high schooler at a school band learning western
               | music theory as "this is music" vs learning about the
               | gamelan or classical indian ragas...
               | 
               | > _I 've never seen this to be true in Indian music
               | discussion. They know Western music too. I can only
               | assume the same is true in China being that America and
               | Europe export so much._
               | 
               | That's only because they have to play this too, as it has
               | become popular in the 20th century.
               | 
               | Historically however there was no mention or need to
               | mention western music theory though.
        
           | codeulike wrote:
           | Ideas about ratios between note frequencies, overtones of
           | different notes co-inciding, and how those overtones affect
           | the cilia in the inner ear and hence our perception of sound
           | could perhaps be called a theory proper. e.g. Octaves are
           | fairly universal in world music, so there might be a
           | physiological basis for that.
        
             | lukeschlather wrote:
             | Octaves have a very straightforward mathematical basis.
             | Double the pitch, you get an octave.
             | 
             | What is pitch? It is defined in hertz, the number of times
             | the underlying vibration repeats per second.
             | 
             | If you have an octave, you take one pitch like 220, then
             | you double it to 440. That is the next octave. It's clear
             | that if you define the "underlying vibration" as a sound
             | that oscillates twice (2hz) then the 440hz sound is also in
             | a way a 220hz sound. Thus the octave is really just a
             | recognition of that mathematical relationship between the
             | two pitches.
        
               | jeofken wrote:
               | The 5th too is very simple. It is 1.5x the root. So the
               | the 8th of 440Hz is 880Hz, and the 5th is 660Hz. Western
               | musical theory is amazingly fractional
        
               | benrbray wrote:
               | Actually, most music produced on physical instruments in
               | the west doesn't have such nice ratios. I suggest reading
               | about equal temperament (or watching some Adam Neely
               | videos) if you're interested in learning more about how
               | our tuning system diverges from the Pythagorean ideal.
        
               | codeulike wrote:
               | I know that. The interesting bit is _why does it sound
               | right?_. Probably something to do with overtones and
               | cilia.
        
           | daviddaviddavid wrote:
           | I would disagree that "it's not a theory in any sense of the
           | word". There is an established sense of the word "theory" in
           | which its meaning is derived from how it contrasts with
           | "practice". Theory vs Practice is a fairly common dichotomy.
           | In music of course, the practice part is just playing. The
           | fact that this sense of the word has less precise boundaries
           | than the notion of theory in math/logic/science doesn't
           | render it totally useless IMO.
        
         | 86J8oyZv wrote:
         | When you get into how music editing works these two things are
         | actually very much related. I've built a multi platform Flutter
         | app that basically uses the "music theory" concepts of keys and
         | chords to automate solving the "what note names should we pick
         | for these notes (ie, Db or C#): https://beatscratch.io
        
         | contingo wrote:
         | Were you implying that a different kind of everyday notation
         | exists that could be a significant improvement on the
         | traditional system? I understand that various alternative
         | notations can give a clearer presentation of single aspects of
         | music, and I know of some in use for specific instruments and
         | genres/styles, but overall, as a general purpose encoding,
         | standard notation seems to be a well-optimized compromise
         | arrived at by real working musicians over the centuries.
         | Notation has to convey a lot of musical information beyond
         | pitch specifications and relationships. Speaking as someone
         | with good sight reading ability at the piano, and who's heard
         | better pianists sight-reducing orchestral scores even, sheet
         | music doesn't lack clarity, and saving just the right amount of
         | ink also means having a readable format.
        
           | codeulike wrote:
           | I find the 'piano roll' visualisation, as used by most major
           | sequencers/DAWs is a much more intuitive way of showing how
           | chords and intervals work, precisely because it is
           | proportionally spaced.
           | 
           | I'm not saying traditional notation isn't useful, I'm saying
           | it's unhelpful if you're trying to understand how music
           | actually works.
        
             | contingo wrote:
             | A piano roll visualization gives a somewhat more immediate
             | depiction of intervallic information. But it isn't
             | absolutely proportionately spaced, it's mapped to keyboard
             | topology. Two neighboring white keys could be a major or
             | minor second apart, etc. (And if real piano topology is
             | shown, asymmetric positioning of black keys mean that
             | identical intervals with one white key and one black key
             | are different in span.)
             | 
             | In relation to the staff, pitches in standard notation are
             | just as "proportionally spaced". Instead of squeezing in
             | black keys, you have to squeeze in accidentals, but then
             | accidentals are an extremely useful way of "showing how
             | chords work", especially in the context of progressions in
             | tonal harmony, which a piano roll gives you no meta-
             | information about. It's less intuitive only in that you
             | need some study to parse it fluently, at which point you
             | gain the advantage of being untied to the layout of a
             | particular physical instrument.
             | 
             | In any quest to "understand how music actually works", as
             | soon as you take some baby steps beyond the basic alphabet
             | of intervals, a piano roll visualization is going to hold
             | you back.
        
               | codeulike wrote:
               | In all the software I've used, it is proportionally
               | spaced. You're just used to thinking the old way. Trust
               | me, the whole thing is a lot simpler if you just accept
               | 12 equally spaced semitones, with 7 of them in play for
               | any particular key.
        
               | contingo wrote:
               | I don't trust you. You're just used to thinking in terms
               | of the piano keyboard. As I said before, the distance
               | between two adjacent white keys on a piano roll could be
               | a major second, or it could be a minor second. In other
               | words the same distance encodes different intervals. You
               | don't know which it is until you also examine the
               | position of the black keys. A keyboard where the twelve
               | semitones were actually equally spaced would not have
               | groupings of two vs. three black keys. Looking at the
               | adjacency of the keys trivial to do, but so is reading an
               | accidental, which gives you additional information about
               | the functional role of the pitch it alters.
        
               | codeulike wrote:
               | You need to actually look at how piano rolls work in a
               | DAW. The twelve semitones are all equally spaced.
        
               | contingo wrote:
               | OK, I looked at some piano roll layouts in DAWs, and
               | found examples with equal spacing between semitones,
               | you're right.
               | 
               | I looked at some music mapped onto this layout. The
               | layout allowed for speedy recognition of lone intervals
               | and simple chords, but no more so than standard notation,
               | and it was far worse than standard notation at showing
               | any higher level musical content (the harmonic function
               | of those intervals and chords in the context of the whole
               | piece or local progression, polyphony and independent
               | voices in general, counterpoint, organization of rhythms
               | and cross rhythms, phrasing, larger compositional
               | structures...). Also, because it's just a homogenous
               | field of repeating piano octaves there is much less to
               | positionally anchor the eye on as it reads through, like
               | a staff with ledger and bar lines and key signature would
               | provide to a fluent sight reader. All this musical
               | meaning is stripped away and to reinstate it would be a
               | case of painstakingly decoding the piano roll rather than
               | just fluently reading the music.
               | 
               | I can see how this layout is really useful in a DAW for
               | MIDI input and editing. As for learning the absolute
               | basics of harmony, yeah it's accessible, if you can't be
               | bothered to learn the basics of standard notation. After
               | which point it's a dead end.
        
               | [deleted]
        
               | mb7733 wrote:
               | On a piano roll the black and white keys are equally
               | spaced. Two adjacent rows are always a semitone apart.
        
               | contingo wrote:
               | OK, I looked at some piano roll layouts in DAWs, and
               | found examples with equal spacing between semitones,
               | you're right.
               | 
               | I looked at some music mapped onto this layout. The
               | layout allowed for speedy recognition of lone intervals
               | and simple chords, but no more so than standard notation,
               | and it was far worse than standard notation at showing
               | any higher level musical content (the harmonic function
               | of those intervals and chords in the context of the piece
               | or a progression, polyphony and independent voices in
               | general, counterpoint, organization of rhythms and cross
               | rhythms, phrasing, larger compositional structures...).
               | Also, because it's just a homogenous field of repeating
               | piano octaves there is much less to positionally anchor
               | the eye on as it reads through, like a staff with ledger
               | and bar lines would provide to a fluent sight reader. All
               | this musical meaning is stripped away and to reinstate it
               | would be a case of painstakingly decoding the piano roll
               | rather than just fluently reading the music.
               | 
               | I can see how this layout is really useful in a DAW for
               | MIDI input and editing. As for learning the absolute
               | basics of harmony, yeah it's accessible, if you can't be
               | bothered to learn the basics of standard notation. After
               | which point it's a dead end.
        
             | irscott wrote:
             | Those same relationships are apparent when reading a
             | traditional score. Once you reach a certain level of
             | proficiency reading music it's easy to spot the intervals
             | which make up a chord as written. I don't think the same
             | amount of proficiency isn't needed to interpret a piano
             | roll, it's just proficiency in seeing the same
             | relationships notated differently.
             | 
             | All that to say I think they're both conveying similar
             | pitch information and take a similar amount of effort to
             | ready correctly. Piano roll doesn't convey rhythmic
             | information and that's where I think piano roll falls short
             | as a method of straight notation.
        
               | codeulike wrote:
               | Imagine you are composing a piece of music that will move
               | through a series of key changes (as most pieces of music
               | do). On a piano roll you can see exactly which semitones
               | are shared in common by the different major and minor
               | keys. You can map your way through the transitions
               | visually. A major triad uses 4 and 7 semitone gap, a
               | minor triad uses 3 and 7. It's all so much simpler and
               | clearer if you are starting from scratch.
               | 
               | Traditional notations are obsessed with pretending there
               | are only 7 notes when there are in fact 12. Accidentals
               | and key changes are obfuscated.
        
               | mb7733 wrote:
               | How are accidentals obfuscated on a traditional score?
               | They are explicitly marked. It's on a piano roll that
               | they would be easy to miss -- they appear the same as any
               | other note.
               | 
               | Similarly, key changes are explicit in sheet music but
               | hard to see on a piano roll without careful inspection.
        
               | codeulike wrote:
               | What's obfuscated is the _actual_ semitone interval
               | between the accidental and the other notes around it. And
               | the actual semitone interval is the most important bit of
               | information - it's what our ears hear.
        
               | mb7733 wrote:
               | I think what you're missing is that a big part of the
               | design of traditional music notation is that it is
               | intended to be read easily and efficiently, even sight-
               | read. The musician reading the score knows the intervals
               | that apply in the given key, down to muscle memory. The
               | fact that a note lies outside the key is important, and
               | that is why an accidental is marked explicitly.
               | 
               | Likewise, when a musician sees a run of adjacent notes
               | without accidentals, they immediately know what to play.
               | They don't need to inspect each one in turn to determine
               | how many semitones it lies from the previous note.
               | Likewise, when a composer wants to write such a run, they
               | can just draw some black dots in a row. They don't need
               | to squint at a grid and select the correct rows each
               | time.
               | 
               | To sum up, traditional notation is uses a form of
               | compression that makes reading and writing diatonic music
               | easier.
               | 
               | Taking this even farther, some systems of music notation
               | compress things even further and don't explicitly list
               | all of the notes to be played. For example: figured bass,
               | basso continuo, or even just chords that accompany
               | lyrics. In fact, even regular sheet music doesn't usually
               | precisely represent of duration of all of the notes. Some
               | notes are sustained and bleed into others, some are meant
               | to be played strictly in time. Human interpretation is an
               | important part of the process.
               | 
               | On the other hand, the piano roll is a MIDI editor. It is
               | a great way to tell a computer exactly what to play, but
               | it is not easy to read quickly and it is impractical to
               | print or write by hand. Both forms of notation have
               | advantages and disadvantages but it seems to me you
               | haven't spent enough time with the standard notation to
               | fully appreciate its advantages. In other words, the
               | piano roll notation might be your blub language for
               | music. [1]
               | 
               | [1] https://wiki.c2.com/?BlubParadox
        
               | codeulike wrote:
               | Fine. But I'm saying if you want to actually understand
               | how music works (rather than play an instrument) the
               | standard notation IMHO actually gets in the way.
               | 
               | Because the most important thing is the actual semitone
               | intervals, and the standard notation hides them and gives
               | them weird names like augmented fourth (it's just six
               | semitones, just call it that). And it names the 12
               | semitones based on the c major mode even though that's
               | only one of about 50 modes/scales/keys you might want to
               | use.
        
           | analog31 wrote:
           | I'm a double bassist, and even as an amateur, my ability to
           | function in ensembles and get hired by bands over the past
           | decades owes a lot fluent sight reading ability.
           | 
           | Musical notation provides a kind of symbiosis between
           | composers / arrangers, and players. If you want to work, you
           | have to read standard notation. If you want your material to
           | get played, you have to write it in standard notation. And
           | learning any notation to the point of sight-reading it is
           | prohibitively difficult for most people, including good
           | musicians who learned without reading.
           | 
           | Experiments with developing new notation tend to involve a
           | cooperation between the composer and willing players, often
           | in an academic setting. It's also a wide open field for
           | electronic and computer aided music, where sight-reading
           | might not be an issue at all.
        
         | maroonblazer wrote:
         | I agree regarding most 'music theory' in actuality being 'music
         | notation', but disagree that 'real theory' is about the
         | construction of major and minor scales and the relationship
         | between notes.
         | 
         | I'd argue that one is only doing music theory if they're using
         | the notation to analyze a piece of music.
         | 
         | E.g. taking apart a Bach Fugue to understand - or hypothesize -
         | about a larger structure, uncover motivic developments, etc. Or
         | analyzing a Bird solo to get at how he's interpreting the chord
         | changes, how certain changes work together to form larger
         | structures, where/how he's using enclosures, where and whether
         | or not he's quoting other players, etc.
        
           | codeulike wrote:
           | Yeah I'd agree with that. I think of 'Music Theory' as being
           | that which distinguishes between 'music' as commonly
           | understood vs random plinky plonk notes with random
           | percussion. Which can also be stated as 'why does music sound
           | good?'. So that starts with the stuff about frequency ratios
           | which then leads to chords and keys and scales, and then at a
           | deeper level yes you start looking at song structure and the
           | balance between repetition and progression, the different
           | types of progression like key changes and the overall art of
           | the balance between meeting expectations and subverting them.
        
             | megameter wrote:
             | One of the deepest issues I see with music theory as it
             | stands is simply that harmony is "overworked". It has a lot
             | of baggage that is of some use conversationally to discuss
             | different eras and genres and to play polyphonically, but
             | also not really needed to write interesting music or make
             | sense of an existing piece.
             | 
             | Most harmonic structure can be described very well just in
             | terms of scale degree emphasis, and overlapping scales
             | where the structure is complex. And it's quite easy to
             | stumble into "spicy" yet listenable results by setting
             | yourself up with two scales, playing monophonic
             | arpeggiations that interchange them, and then condensing
             | those into chord progressions. It's much harder to reach
             | those chords by starting with a list of block chords,
             | because that medium works in one scale at a time, so the
             | notation quickly gets unwieldy.
        
       | Pyramus wrote:
       | I'd like to highlight Adam Neely's video on the subject [1] (also
       | pointed out by user guerilla), where he argues quite convincingly
       | that 'music theory' is not the theory behind music but theory
       | behind the particular subset of Western music.
       | 
       | That doesn't make it any less useful for creating this type of
       | music, but it's in no way a universal theory, or arguably, a
       | theory at all. More a collection of rules and conventions used in
       | Western music.
       | 
       | [1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kr3quGh7pJA
        
         | powersnail wrote:
         | I agree. Music theory is a bit like calling English Grammar
         | book "language theory". Not really a theory, and far from broad
         | enough to cover all music.
        
         | jberryman wrote:
         | I also came to post this. It's great.
         | 
         | I've got a degree in classical performance (and deeply love and
         | respect that tradition), but more often collaborate musically
         | with people who don't come from that background. Most will say
         | with a little embarrassment that they wish they knew more
         | "music theory". It's difficult to communicate to, say, and
         | indie songwriter how I think theory might help them (to
         | communicate, or analyze their own or others' music), and ways
         | it's probably totally irrelevant (depending on genre,
         | functional harmony is really not very useful).
         | 
         | And that's still just western music traditions. Study
         | Indonesian music and you can see how many ideas about music are
         | encoded even into the _notation_ of western art music.
        
       | Aardwolf wrote:
       | My biggest issue with music theory is how the numbers used in
       | names make no sense:
       | 
       | "octave" sounds like 8, however it doubles frequency (x2) and is
       | divided in 12 semitones.
       | 
       | "major third" sounds like 3, but involves 4 semitones and a ratio
       | of 5:4
       | 
       | etc...
        
         | contingo wrote:
         | It makes sense in the context of tonal harmony. An octave is
         | the interval between the 1st and 8th notes of a major or minor
         | scale. I.e. a major or minor scale repeats itself (at double
         | the frequency) every eight notes. A major third is the interval
         | between the first and third notes of a major scale, and so on.
        
         | yesenadam wrote:
         | Put your right hand fingers on a piano, on C-D-E-F-G, thumb on
         | C. Now your 2nd finger is on the 2nd, 3rd is on the 3rd, 4th is
         | on the 4th, 5th is on the 5th. I wouldn't say that makes "no
         | sense" exactly.
        
       | jb1991 wrote:
       | There is not much here, I would say it isn't really basic theory
       | but rather a list of topics without much detail about those
       | topics.
        
       | irscott wrote:
       | This is great stuff. Accurate, succinct, well thought out. Nice
       | job.
        
       | thibaultj wrote:
       | This is the least useful way to explain music theory IMO: listing
       | a set of rules and conventions that are used in music theory. If
       | you know nothing about music, you won't be able to make music
       | after learning all of this.
       | 
       | It does not actually EXPLAIN anything. Where do these rules come
       | from, and how to use them? Why are there white and black keys?
       | Why does some notes have several names? What are modes for and
       | how to use them?
       | 
       | When I started learning music a few years ago, stumbling upon
       | this kind of content made me so frustrated it inspired me to
       | start https://www.mamie-note.fr, a website to actually explain
       | music theory.
       | 
       | It's in french but I'm considering releasing an english
       | translation. Shoot me a message if you'r curious or interested.
        
       | Gravityloss wrote:
       | A very no nonsense guide. I wish I had had this 25 years ago..
        
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