[HN Gopher] Yamaha's DX7 synthesiser changed modern music
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Yamaha's DX7 synthesiser changed modern music
        
       Author : aluket
       Score  : 75 points
       Date   : 2020-12-31 13:05 UTC (1 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.economist.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.economist.com)
        
       | malthaus wrote:
       | If anyone is interested in playing around with FM (or PM), have a
       | look at the Elektron Digitone.
       | 
       | It's "opinionated"; something like Ruby on Rails for FM with some
       | guardrails to keep you in the sweet spot of sounds mostly. FM can
       | become quite metallic / noisy quickly otherwise.
       | 
       | Additionally you get an interesting sequencer and audio over usb
       | in a custom format and it doesn't take up too much space. You can
       | build small tracks completely on its own with it.
       | 
       | There are also really good DX7 software emulations on the market
       | but i suggest something more beginner friendly; even back in the
       | 80s the DX7 was a pain to program.
       | 
       | And theres a nice podcast episode about its ubiquity:
       | https://switchedonpop.com/episodes/the-cyndi-lauper-conspira...
        
       | fxj wrote:
       | The DX7 was the first of this kind of digital musical
       | instruments. Every keyboarder at that time had to have one. They
       | were pretty expensive, so Yamaha came out with some cheaper
       | models with 4 oscillators instead of 6. The sound was also very
       | good and the E-Rhodes is still a classic. But soon after that
       | Roland came out with the D50 and that changed everything again,
       | because now you could mix samples and digital oscillators.
       | Yamahas answer to that was the SY77. A monster synth that nobody
       | could program any more.
        
       | rcarmo wrote:
       | I've always wanted a DX7, and even though I already have Dexed
       | and other emulations, I got myself a Reface DX - which is a
       | little marvel on its own, and much handier to have around:
       | https://taoofmac.com/space/blog/2020/08/08/1430
        
       | musicale wrote:
       | I am a huge fan of FM synthesis popularized by the DX7, but the
       | DX7 is only one of many highly influential synthesizers, and FM
       | is only one of many influential synthesis approaches including
       | modular, subtractive, additive, sampling, wavetable, hybrid,
       | phase distortion and various forms of wave shaping, physical
       | modeling, and others.
       | 
       | I would rank many other developments such as modular synthesis
       | (e.g. Moog - think Switched on Bach etc. to modern Eurorack),
       | subtractive analog (e.g. Sequential, Roland, Oberheim, etc.),
       | hybrid and digital synths (e.g. Roland D-50, Korg M1), cheap
       | Casio synths (from the VL-Tone to phase distortion), samplers
       | (e.g. Fairlight, Emulator, etc.), analog (TR-808) and digital
       | (Akai MPC) drum machines, not to mention monster systems like the
       | Synclavier, supersaw synths like the JP-8000 and Access Virus
       | (basically the sound of trance) as well as the rise of virtual
       | analog synths, software instruments/plugins, and DAWs to be
       | similarly groundbreaking and influential. In many cases these
       | instruments were keys to the development of genres of popular and
       | electronic music (e.g. hip hop, techno, trance, modern EDM,
       | etc..)
       | 
       | For 1980s popular music (and radio recognizability for
       | instruments of that era) the DX7 should probably share the
       | spotlight with the Sequential Prophet 5, Roland D-50 and probably
       | others.
        
         | ratww wrote:
         | IMO the DX7 sound was kind of a fad and a dead-end in terms of
         | evolution and influence. Both the sound and the music it
         | contributed to are relegated to nostalgia those days.
         | 
         | Its popularity in the synth world was quickly eclipsed by
         | Roland-303s and Korg M1s after some mere 5 or 6 years of
         | production. People were very keen to move to anything else and
         | it sorta gave FM a bad rap for a while...
         | 
         | Also, Synths like Prophet and Oberheim were already dominating
         | pop when the DX7 popped up, and they paved the way for the DX7.
         | That's why I don't think the DX7 "changed music", like the
         | article says. However, unlike the DX7, bands didn't stop using
         | those synths when the "next thing" else came (even though they
         | lost some market popularity), and they're still sought after
         | today. People still love that Bernie Worrell funky-sync sound.
         | 
         | And Moog and ARP were already popular it in the preceding
         | decades and were back on hits in the 90s, with Dr. Dre using a
         | Moog in N.W.A., in his solo and in Snoopy Dogg's albums. Trent
         | Reznor used a MiniMoog very prominently in Closer, but treated
         | DX7s as disposable: they were just live MIDI controllers that
         | were meant to be destroyed at the end of every concert.
         | 
         | Maybe there will be a DX7 revival but I'm not really holding my
         | breath. Vaporwave was sort of, but in an ironic way, and using
         | samples instead of the synth itself.
        
           | noizejoy wrote:
           | > Maybe there will be a DX7 revival but I'm not really
           | holding my breath.
           | 
           | That reminds me of one of the very unique controllers for the
           | DX7 - the breath control apparatus, that ended up
           | immortalized as Midi Control Change 2.
           | 
           | It was intended to make horn sounds more realistic and
           | organic. It never ended up being widely used. I still have
           | one for my DX7, but also never got to like it.
        
           | TheOtherHobbes wrote:
           | Korg's new OpSix is a very successful reinvention of six-op
           | FM and a very nice-sounding synth. It's really quite
           | impressive and also much easier to program.
           | 
           | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6X4QSP0NpY
           | 
           | The real issue is that the synth universe has contracted
           | around a relatively small number of "classic" synth sounds.
           | You have the Moog bass, the supersaw pad, various dreamy
           | pads, various EDM plucks. the TB303 squelch, Oberheim brass,
           | various dubstep pseudo-vocal woobs and buzzes, various
           | clockwork-like sequences, and so on. There are maybe a few
           | hundred of these sounds, and to music consumers they all
           | sound like "synth."
           | 
           | Even with vintage analog, the space of potential sounds is
           | much, much bigger. But the number of people who are real
           | sound design virtuosos - as opposed to patching up some kind
           | of raspy randomness on Eurorack - is _tiny._
           | 
           | It's so much easier to treat sounds as presets or as
           | imitations of the "classics" - which are often imitations of
           | imitations - instead of approaching sound design as an
           | imaginative exercise in mood and association.
           | 
           | So that's why some analog synths have legendary status. The
           | promise is a legendary sound _without having to do much
           | work._ And that 's a very boring reason to play with
           | synthesizers.
        
       | type0 wrote:
       | Korg recently released fm synth (Opsix) looks cool but I wonder
       | where innovation in synthesis is nowdays? Interesting products
       | like ASM hydrasynth have fantastic sound design possibilities but
       | it still could be somewhat done in a DAW. The semimodular stuff
       | can offer things for experimentation, I wish there were more
       | digital semimodular affordable synths like Microfreak that would
       | offer versatility and invite to experimentation.
        
         | klodolph wrote:
         | New synthesis techniques don't really pop out of the woodwork.
         | As far as I can tell, what we're seeing is old techniques
         | repackaged with new user interfaces. There's a _ton_ of room
         | for innovation in user interfaces.
        
         | arvinsim wrote:
         | Speaking of Microfreak, I wish there are more portable but
         | powerful synthesizers that run on batteries.
        
       | TrackerFF wrote:
       | I love the DX7.
       | 
       | It's by no means a perfect synth, not anywhere close - but for
       | certain sounds and styles, it really excels. Pain in the @ss to
       | program at first (and later for that matter...), but for me, the
       | bass and electric piano sounds are just wonderful, at least if
       | you're doing retro stuff, or 80's cover tunes.
        
       | spinchange wrote:
       | Everyone arguing that the DX7 is NOT the most important
       | commercial synth (for whatever reason) are ignoring one metric
       | that every other synth maker, alive or dead, envies about it: its
       | sales.
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | IndySun wrote:
       | What's the HN soft rule about linking to soft paywalls?
       | 
       | https://archive.is/Gap8m
       | 
       | I lived through the DX7s arrival in to the recording studio. It
       | sounded harsh, thin, very un-musical, vastly overpriced, and was
       | dated then, and it still does. Never sounded 'cool'. Recent
       | software recreations flatter its legacy, which is a good thing.
        
       | memdiag wrote:
       | This reminded me of "How to vintage your synth", which features
       | DX7:
       | 
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eL_N3A5gVhQ
        
       | MrGando wrote:
       | The DX7 is indeed super important. The E. Piano preset is in like
       | all the 80s cheesy ballads ever... but not only those. It was
       | also used in Jazz (fusion) quite a bit. Hell, Chick Corea was a
       | fan of the Synth (listen Electric City), also George Duke.
       | 
       | Even the big brands these days have sampled the DX E. piano,
       | because if you're a live performer it's quite likely that you'll
       | need it if you're playing anything from the 80s in your
       | repertoire (https://www.nordkeyboards.com/sound-libraries/nord-
       | sample-li...).
       | 
       | The DX 7 E.Piano is not a great "E.Piano Sound", but it has a
       | life of its own... :)
       | 
       | Source: Been playing Piano for 27 years and started on Synths ~22
       | yrs ago... first synth was an FM Korg X5D :)
        
       | davtbaum wrote:
       | _The DX7 can lay claim to being one of the most important
       | advances in the history of modern popular music. Perhaps not
       | since Leo Fender attached a pick-up to a six-string in 1949_
       | 
       | Statements like this are, exaggerated, to say the least. While
       | the DX7 is undoubtedly prolific in 80s pop, it was just a synth
       | that was successful for its price point (and timing!) as called
       | out in the article. Case in point that today, nearly all the
       | major manufacturers are building re-issues and the most coveted
       | are those the analog counterparts of the Dx-7 (the sequential
       | prophets, Oberheims, ARP...). FM has no way succeeded the typical
       | subtractive synthesis of the analog machines.
       | 
       |  _source: I write 80s influenced music and collect synths_
        
         | ksk wrote:
         | Are there any reasons to use a full synth these days? I'm not a
         | musician but I've been dabbling in digital audio on and off and
         | I really like the sound quality of sampled instruments
         | especially for Piano. I haven't used the original DX7 only a
         | VST (Dexed) for it.
        
           | noizejoy wrote:
           | I much prefer using the Dexed VST software based synth for
           | recording over a DX7. The sound is hard to tell apart, the DX
           | 7 doesn't have a good surface for programming, has a crappy
           | midi implementation, and doesn't integrate into a DAW as well
           | as a plugin. Since the DX7 is digital anyway, you also don't
           | loose much real or perceived "analog warmth".
           | 
           | Source: I have both.
        
             | raphlinus wrote:
             | Thanks, appreciate the kind words!
             | 
             | Disclosure/shameless self-brag: I wrote the original
             | synthesizer engine that became Dexed, though the team has
             | moved it forward in lots of important ways. I did careful
             | reverse engineering of an actual DX7 II, including
             | disassembling its ROM, so the fact that it matches well
             | should not be surprising.
        
               | ssalazar wrote:
               | Amazing work! Would love to read/learn more if you ever
               | have the time/motivation for a blog post about it.
        
           | sounds wrote:
           | It's not a science, so objectively it could be argued either
           | way.
           | 
           | The "No synth" argument - as you say, a good DAW with the
           | right plugins completely covers the space. No one will ever
           | need a physical synth again.
           | 
           | I guess we could both imagine a "Yes synth" argument for the
           | counter.
        
             | woah wrote:
             | Computers still can't handle the style of complex analog FM
             | synthesis that people do with "eurorack" style modular
             | synthesizers. You can approach it with software like
             | https://vcvrack.com, but it will start to stutter out
             | quickly even on a fast computer, and introduces artifacts
             | if you are modulating with high frequencies.
        
               | klodolph wrote:
               | Well, VCV rack is far from the definitive solution here.
               | There are commercial alternatives like Reaktor which are
               | much more powerful. Reaktor is powerful to a fault, you
               | might say, but if you are running into limitations with
               | VCV Rack then something like Reaktor is the obvious
               | upgrade.
               | 
               | As an analogy, if VCV Rack is like a Unix shell that lets
               | you pipe programs, then Reaktor is like a C compiler.
        
               | scns wrote:
               | Or Bitwig where you can integrate your physical Eurorack
               | modules or other voltage controlled analog synths and
               | build any synth or effects unit you want from small
               | building blocks with Grid.
               | 
               | Bitwig Sound Design And Hardware Integration Workshop:
               | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=125sfyebk1o
               | 
               | FM v PM: TRUE Frequency Modulation (linear) in Bitwig's
               | Grid: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIwwgM3m3uc
               | 
               | Disclaimer: not affiliated
               | 
               | (edit: add disclaimer)
        
           | carry_bit wrote:
           | The main advantage of a hardware synth is the user
           | experience. Its controls are tailored specifically for that
           | synth.
           | 
           | If it has a built-in keyboard, it also has the benefit of
           | being a self-contained unit, and can feel (psychologically)
           | more like a real instrument.
        
           | ratww wrote:
           | Physical synths are great because they have knobs and are
           | great for real time tweaking along with playing. Also, some
           | people enjoy some of the "special sauce" that analog synths
           | have due to their imperfect nature.
           | 
           | ...with that said: the DX7 is digital, and its UI/UX sucks.
           | It has only buttons and menus, so no realtime control, and
           | it's a bit unpleasant to use IMO. There used to be an
           | external programmer unit with knobs but I never saw one in
           | the flesh.
           | 
           | So, your VST is light-years better in terms of both UI/UX and
           | sound due to better anti-aliasing filters and probably new
           | features. Another good option if you enjoy the DX7 sound is
           | the Native Instruments FM7.
           | 
           | If you want to experiment with a real analog synth may I
           | suggest something in the subtractive synthesis family?
           | Something Moog-ish is a great start! Behringer makes some
           | very affordable ones!
        
         | tgv wrote:
         | The DX series is having a bit of a revival: Yamaha's Reface,
         | Korg's Volca, and a few others. The DX are also in demand
         | again: not so long ago I bought a TX7 for around $75, now they
         | sell for $350. The DX100/DX27 is also desired by quite a few,
         | it seems.
         | 
         | There are multiple reasons, I think: - analog got popular again
         | because bands started using it again when the prices dropped
         | (due to digital tech, of course) - classic synths are
         | vulnerable, making them decent investement objects, thus
         | pushing the price, and making them more coveted than they
         | deserve - that left only cheap digital synths for players bands
         | without money, much like the 303, 808 and 909 back in the day
         | (speaking of synths that changed music...) - which makes them
         | desirable for the trend-followers, like analog 10 years ago. -
         | the DX series fits better in modern music than something like
         | the early Roland romplers with their super-cheesy sound.
        
         | spinchange wrote:
         | Apple's Logic Pro User Guide page on FM Synthesis:
         | 
         | "The DX7, sold from 1983 to 1986, remains the most commercially
         | successful professional-level hardware synthesizer ever made."
         | 
         | https://support.apple.com/guide/logicpro/frequency-modulatio...
         | 
         | How do you get good bells and brass or as punchy bass sounds
         | from subtractive-only synthesis?
         | 
         | "According to Dave Smith, founder of the synthesizer company
         | Sequential, 'The synthesizer market was tiny in the late 70s.
         | No one was selling 50,000 of these things. It wasn't until the
         | Yamaha DX7 came out that a company shipped 100,000-plus
         | synths'"
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_DX7#cite_note-:7-16
        
       | neonate wrote:
       | https://archive.is/Gap8m
        
         | IndySun wrote:
         | Thank you.
        
       | scns wrote:
       | I was astounded when i realized that the keyboard player of my
       | favourite Psychedelic Rock band plays a DX7.
       | 
       | You can check them out here:
       | https://smokemaster.bandcamp.com/album/smokemaster
       | 
       | Somehow affiliated, since the bassplayer and main songwriter is a
       | friend of mine.
       | 
       | They might have some blue (1st press) and orange (2nd press)
       | vinyls left to sell. If you want to get one and don't want to
       | feed the scalpers on discogs, send me a mail.
       | 
       | (edit: added last paragraph)
        
       | httpsterio wrote:
       | FM (frequency modulating) synthesis in itself was rather
       | groundbreaking. Typically when we're talking about creating
       | sounds, we mainly had additive and subtractive synthesis where
       | stacking oscillators were used to shape sounds. FM uses
       | oscillators to manipulate other oscillator's waveforms, which
       | opened up a whole lot of new possibilities.
       | 
       | The DX7 mainly was an affordable all-rounder that got loaded with
       | a ton of already-good presets and a way of managing presets.
       | Yamaha had already released the GS-1 three years prior, but
       | obviously it didn't remain in the books of history quite the
       | same.
       | 
       | The Sega Genesis soundchip, YM2612 is also a great showcase on
       | how different FM synthesis can sound compared to comparable
       | competing consoles.
       | 
       | If anyone is interested, there's a great open source soft synth
       | called Dexed, which is compatible with DX7 soundbanks (and comes
       | bundled with a lot of em). A free, fun way of getting a glimpse
       | into FM synthesis and music production techniques of yore.
        
         | alisonatwork wrote:
         | Great comment. This really gets to the core of why the DX7 and
         | Yamaha's FM synthesis patent was important.
         | 
         | At the time the DX7 came out, sample-based synths were still
         | too expensive for the average musician. Affordable analog
         | synths had less polyphony and mediocre piano sounds, plus they
         | were heavy! The DX7 was cheap and light and did an alright
         | piano sound, which is just what musicians wanted.
         | 
         | But having a cheap and light alternative to sample-based
         | synthesis wasn't just useful to musicians. Cut-down versions of
         | the chips also went into Sega consoles, Neo Geo arcade games,
         | AdLib sound cards for PC, and even the early Sound Blasters.
         | 
         | I think Yamaha's FM synthesis had a huge impact on the sorts of
         | music a whole generation of gamers grew up with, as well as
         | being ubiquitous in pop music through much of the 80s. This is
         | what makes the DX7 important, in my opinion. It's more
         | significant as part of the story of consumer electronics
         | becoming affordable than just as a pop music phenomenon.
        
         | ninjin wrote:
         | Indeed, the Genesis (aka Mega Drive) brought a sound very
         | different from what was around at the time. As an example, here
         | is the rendition of the Battletoads soundtrack for the NES [1]
         | which you can compare to the Genesis version [2]. Both by
         | legend David Wise [3] of later Donkey Kong Country fame.
         | 
         | [1]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCFqF-IeeAk
         | 
         | [2]: https://archive.org/details/md_music_battletoads/
         | 
         | [3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wise_(composer)
        
           | scns wrote:
           | OT since not FM, but my favourite OST is from Battletoads in
           | Battlemaniacs for SNES: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-RGsa
           | KoP66o&list=PLA90CC2EE7...
        
           | ratww wrote:
           | For FM sounds I really enjoy the Neo Geo soundtracks of the
           | 90s: Fatal Fury, The King of Fighters, Samurai Shodown.
           | 
           | They were a combination of FM and early sample chips, but all
           | super tasteful (as far as 90s game soundtracks go!) and
           | exploiting the maximum of the chips.
        
       | moogly wrote:
       | It would be a crime to have an article about the DX7 and not
       | mention one of the most famous DX7-slingers: Jens Johansson
       | 
       | https://youtu.be/Ry_AP13ylVk?t=1147
       | 
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ocpi_saZQak&t=1390
       | 
       | https://youtu.be/6CJHt37ya88?t=33
       | 
       | Also a fellow geek. Happy to see his old page still up and
       | running: http://www.panix.com/~jens/sect-index-brief.par
        
       | jdontillman wrote:
       | Interesting. I agree that the article is an exaggeration.
       | 
       | It could be argued that the DX7 had a significant negative
       | musical contribution. Oodles of sounds at the expense of musical
       | expression. The musician became alienated from the process of
       | making the sound. The keyboard player's job moved from playing
       | the piano or organ to coming up with all the accompaniment parts
       | that aren't guitars.
       | 
       | And the DX7 was way too difficult to program. Sort of like trying
       | to solve a Rubik's Cube; you can be one twist away and not know
       | it. And since whole point of synthesis was for the musician to
       | explore and tweak their sound, the DX7 was sort of an anti-synth.
       | 
       | That said...
       | 
       | Maybe it was an accidental choice of words in the article, but I
       | would also say that the DX7 was, indeed, one of the most
       | important advances in terms of musical engineering.
       | 
       | Given 1983 technology, it was very difficult to implement digital
       | audio filters, which require millions of
       | multiplication/accumulation operations a second. The
       | microprocessors of the day were not up to the task. TRW offered a
       | 16x16 bit multiplier chip, but it cost around $300 for the chip
       | alone (!!!) and required significant support circuitry.
       | 
       | FM synthesis, as such, was not new. The Buchla synthesizer
       | featured it in the 60's. John Chowning refined the concept, moved
       | from frequency to phase modulation, and brought FM into the
       | digital realm.
       | 
       | Then some smart folks realized that FM synthesis could be
       | implemented entirely in add and ROM lookup operations, which is
       | downright easy in 1983 technology. Then they refined FM some more
       | so it could produce a wide timbral range from the single engine.
       | 
       | That's the impressive part of the DX7.
        
         | malthaus wrote:
         | The difference between analog and digital FM/PM is quite
         | immense though. It's very hard to get good sounding analog FM
         | (e.g. on my modular system) due to the instability of the
         | oscillators. It's mostly used for weird sounds or with short
         | envelopes to accent the attack phase.
         | 
         | In that sense, DX7 et al where a huge leap as they brought an
         | extensive sound range to the table (even though deeply in the
         | uncanny valley for some of them)
        
         | SeanLuke wrote:
         | > FM synthesis, as such, was not new. The Buchla synthesizer
         | featured it in the 60's.
         | 
         | But the critical feature of FM synthesis that made it usable as
         | a musical element was _linear_ FM. Early synthesizers (like, I
         | presume Buchla 's) sported "FM" but it was _exponential_ due to
         | volt /oct.
         | 
         | > John Chowning refined the concept, moved from frequency to
         | phase modulation, and brought FM into the digital realm.
         | 
         | ?? Chowning's paper doesn't mention phase modulation at all,
         | does it? His equation is for frequency modulation.
         | 
         | https://web.eecs.umich.edu/~fessler/course/100/misc/chowning...
         | 
         | I would presume that the relationships between phase and
         | frequency modulation were known a half-century before Chowning.
         | 
         | > Given 1983 technology, it was very difficult to implement
         | digital audio filters, which require millions of
         | multiplication/accumulation operations a second.
         | 
         | This seems high? A second-order digital filter requires what,
         | about 4 stores, recalls, and multiplies per sample? This would
         | seem to be in the same level of complexity as six
         | carrier/modulator interactions; you have to do a multiply to do
         | a lookup after all. Or is the issue that the multiplies had to
         | be 12-16 bit?
         | 
         | > Maybe it was an accidental choice of words in the article,
         | but I would also say that the DX7 was, indeed, one of the most
         | important advances in terms of musical engineering.
         | 
         | I think it's easy to argue that the DX7 was the most important
         | synthesizer in history. People forget that the DX7 caused a
         | near-death experience for the industry as a whole as analog
         | synth makers were put out of business by the DX7 and its
         | progeny. It also heralded the arrival of commercially viable
         | FM, and created a revolution not just in synthesizers but in PC
         | sound cards, (ugh) ringtones, you name it.
        
           | walto2 wrote:
           | > A second-order digital filter requires what, about 4
           | stores, recalls, and multiplies per sample?
           | 
           | This is true today using something like the Chamberlin form
           | for a state variable filter. I don't think that level of
           | optimization had been discovered yet in the DX7 timeframe.
           | 
           | Also, for adequate quality you want to oversample at least
           | 2x, preferably at least 4x.
           | 
           | And 16 bits usually won't be enough headroom in a digital
           | filter for good audio quality. Too much truncation.
        
             | SeanLuke wrote:
             | Well, remember the DX7 was 12 bit.
        
               | walto2 wrote:
               | Right. My point was, digital filters won't sound good
               | with those constraints, so people weren't using them yet.
               | 
               | Not to overshadow the main idea. The DX7 was a heck of a
               | milestone.
        
           | jdontillman wrote:
           | >> Given 1983 technology, it was very difficult to implement
           | digital audio filters, which require millions of
           | multiplication/accumulation operations a second.
           | 
           | > This seems high? A second-order digital filter requires
           | what, about 4 stores, recalls, and multiplies per sample?
           | This would seem to be in the same level of complexity as six
           | carrier/modulator interactions; you have to do a multiply to
           | do a lookup after all. Or is the issue that the multiplies
           | had to be 12-16 bit?
           | 
           | For microprocessors in 1983, multiply instructions, if they
           | existed at all, involved a lot of shift and add cycles. That
           | took a long time.
           | 
           | A simple filter might need 4 multiplies and accumulates.
           | Times 44,000 times a second, for each sample. Times the
           | number of voices; 16 in the case of the DX7.
           | 
           | Now you are easily over a million multiplies a second.
           | 
           | And even though the original DX7 is 12 bits, I think you'd
           | need those multiplies to be 16x16 bits for accumulated error
           | issues.
           | 
           | So the DX7 was an alternative to having to implement digital
           | filters in 1983 technology. They could introduce a digital
           | synth at a very reasonable price.
        
           | jdontillman wrote:
           | >> John Chowning refined the concept, moved from frequency to
           | phase modulation, and brought FM into the digital realm.
           | 
           | > ?? Chowning's paper doesn't mention phase modulation at
           | all, does it? His equation is for frequency modulation. > >ht
           | tps://web.eecs.umich.edu/~fessler/course/100/misc/chowning...
           | > > I would presume that the relationships between phase and
           | frequency modulation were known a half-century before
           | Chowning.
           | 
           | Chowning says his equation is for frequency modulation, but
           | the equation is actually phase modulation.
           | 
           | Chowning's equation(1):                   e = A sin(t + I
           | sinbt)
           | 
           | That's phase modulation. Frequency modulation would be:
           | e = A sin(( + I sinbt) t)
           | 
           | Very different.
           | 
           | That's okay; it's the first academic paper on the topic, and
           | things were still a little wobbly.
           | 
           |  _After_ the paper, he and others refined the concept, moved
           | from frequency to phase modulation, and built digital
           | implementations.
        
             | SeanLuke wrote:
             | Ah yes, that's right. The I sin Beta t is I sin(beta t),
             | not I sin(Beta) t.
        
           | jdontillman wrote:
           | > > FM synthesis, as such, was not new. The Buchla
           | synthesizer featured it in the 60's.
           | 
           | > But the critical feature of FM synthesis that made it
           | usable as a musical element was linear FM. Early synthesizers
           | (like, I presume Buchla's) sported "FM" but it was
           | exponential due to volt/oct.
           | 
           | No; the first Buchla oscillator, the 158, did indeed have
           | linear FM.
           | 
           | And that was intentional. Early Buchla synths didn't have
           | much going on in the filter department, so instead he made
           | the oscillators extra expressive.
        
             | jdontillman wrote:
             | Correction; the senator meant to say the Buchla 258
             | oscillator had linear FM.
             | 
             | (Although there were variations!)
             | 
             | The control voltage input goes through the exponential
             | converter, and the FM input sets the bias of the
             | exponential converter.
        
             | SeanLuke wrote:
             | > No; the first Buchla oscillator, the 158, did indeed have
             | linear FM.
             | 
             | Could you point to an authoritative source on this? The
             | Model 100 owner's manual says this about the 158: "The
             | frequency modulation control require an external signal
             | input, which determines the rate (speed) of the frequency
             | modulation (vibrato)...". The fact that it says "vibrato"
             | would imply exponential FM, wouldn't it?
             | 
             | https://archive.org/details/synthmanual-buchla-100-owners-
             | ma...
             | 
             | Actually, after watching this video
             | (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49qyPIX61rg) I'm less
             | convinced that the 158 had linear FM. As he turns the FM
             | knob, the pitch changes. This would be expected for
             | exponential FM.
        
         | Exmoor wrote:
         | I would agree that the DX7's sound is really dated has honestly
         | really negatively impacted some of my favorite songs recorded
         | in the the 1980's [0][1], but I really cannot think of an
         | specific instrument as distinctive and widespread as it. The
         | Telecaster and Stratocaster were very popular, but it's very
         | tough to pick them out in a recording from other types of
         | electric guitars. Hammond Organs are distinct and popular, but
         | nowhere near as ubiquitous as the DX7.
         | 
         | [0]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JTTC_fD598A
         | [1]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXRLozwejDk
        
           | jdontillman wrote:
           | "Hammond Organs are distinct and popular, but nowhere near as
           | ubiquitous as the DX7."
           | 
           | Dude...
           | 
           | There were about 200,000 DX7s manufactured.
           | 
           | There were about 2 million Hammond Organs manufactured.
        
             | ratww wrote:
             | And Hammond Organs never went out of style.
             | 
             | ...okay, maybe in the 80s. But in the 90s/2000s they were
             | back in full force.
             | 
             | One of the best concerts of my life was The Mars Volta in
             | the early 2000s, and Ikey, the keyboard player (RIP) left
             | me speechless with his Hammond soloing.
        
             | kristjankalm wrote:
             | Could I ask the source for these numbers? I've been trying
             | to find some production numbers for popular synths
             | (including submodels, e.g. all Minimoog or Prophet 5
             | versions combined etc), but haven't really found anything
             | properly sourced/cited.
        
           | klodolph wrote:
           | I don't think it's that hard to pick out a Strat or Tele in a
           | recording, they both have fairly unique sounds and the only
           | guitars which sound like them are direct clones. At least at
           | low to medium gain levels, but that's where Strats and Teles
           | are mostly used.
        
             | ratww wrote:
             | Agreed 100%.
             | 
             | Teles are easy to pick out in country tunes, and guitar-
             | based country sounds very different when people use
             | something else.
             | 
             | Same for Strats in blues-infused pop. I'm not a super fan
             | but a lot of young people today would recognise the sound
             | of John Mayer's clean Strat tones in pop-blues, for
             | instance.
        
           | jgalentine007 wrote:
           | I don't agree - if you play guitar a bit, it's pretty easy to
           | tell a telecaster from a stratocaster or a les paul, whether
           | clean or distorted (in their traditional forms) on most any
           | recording.
        
           | brudgers wrote:
           | The Rickenbacker 360 comes to mind in the context of
           | distinctive guitar sounds.
        
             | ratww wrote:
             | I'd add that both the Rickenbacker 360 and the Rickenbacker
             | 360/12 are very distinctive, each one in a different way.
        
           | mortenjorck wrote:
           | Just as a Fender is always played through an amp, a DX7 would
           | never go dry into the mixing console. What we think of as the
           | DX7 sound is almost always a combination of the Yamaha chip
           | and a smorgasbord of effects units, usually at least reverb
           | but likely also chorus, delay, compression, and even
           | distortion, not to mention extensive EQ.
        
           | tenebrisalietum wrote:
           | The Roland TB-303--definitely unique--for a while there in
           | the late 80's and through the 90's seemed like it was
           | everywhere in any electronica/techno-based song.
        
           | scoopdewoop wrote:
           | I'd say that roland drum machines and bass synths would be up
           | there, especially in the past 30 years.
        
             | usrusr wrote:
             | I think that there is a big difference in how easy it is to
             | capture the, I don't know, "general musical identity" of a
             | TB or TR with a much less constrained drum machine or
             | bassline synth. FM synths like the DX7 are notoriously
             | difficult to control, it's as if they were deliberately
             | amplifying the tiniest differences.
             | 
             | If a piece of music can "sound Roland x0x" even if it was
             | made on an entirely different process and any arguments
             | about possible lack of an actual Roland in the production
             | is strictly the realm of nerd nitpicking. Everyone else
             | simply enjoys (or doesn't, but not because of lack of synth
             | authenticity). But if a musician goes for "that FM sound"
             | chances are the result will be very different depending on
             | what actual synth is used.
        
             | alisonatwork wrote:
             | I think the TR-808 is the only one that might qualify.
             | 
             | Although there are loads of synthesizers that were
             | extremely influential in the industry and are immediately
             | recognizable to hardcore synth fans (M1, D-50, Prophet 5,
             | TB-303, Minimoog etc), I doubt there are many that the
             | average listener would consider to be "distinctive".
             | 
             | This is what makes the TR-808 special, I think, even though
             | there are lots of other drum machines that can make the
             | same sounds. It's become a part of the standard lexicon of
             | hip-hop, R&B and electronic music. I imagine a fair amount
             | of casual pop music fans know that when someone says an 808
             | beat is about to drop, they're gonna get that booming bass
             | drum and typewriter snare, maybe a cowbell.
             | 
             | I'm not sure the DX7 ever had the same widespread name
             | recognition, even back in its heyday. And outside of
             | synths, I don't think the average person connects specific
             | guitar models to distinct sounds either, even if they know
             | the names in the abstract. The 808 might be unique in this.
             | Then again, rock music fans might never even have heard of
             | it?
        
               | MegaDeKay wrote:
               | Have you ever listened to this Twenty Thousand Hertz
               | podcast on the 808? It is a good deep dive into its
               | history, its distinctive sound, and what made it as
               | influential as it was.
               | 
               | https://www.20k.org/episodes/808
        
               | ratww wrote:
               | _> I think the TR-808 is the only one that might
               | qualify._
               | 
               | Only? No way! :D
               | 
               | The Roland TR-909 is also extremely popular and was
               | considered the sound of techno and house even after the
               | TR-808 started to fade outside hip-hop. In the mid-90s it
               | was one of the first drum machines to start being cloned
               | by new manufacturers due to the demand. The bass drum is
               | still used as the foundation for a lot of EDM. It never
               | went away... while the 808 which is back but was
               | considered passe even in hip-hop for a short while.
               | 
               | The TB-303 Bass Synth is also extremely sought after. It
               | was _the_ sound of Acid House in the late 80s and was
               | also a mainstay in the 90s for a lot of producers, even
               | though it 's limited. Today it's kind of a novelty but
               | you still hear it in some tracks. More recently Behringer
               | made a clone and Roland reissued it.
               | 
               | Both of those two got in the vernacular of EDM fans at
               | the time.
               | 
               | Also the TR-606 has some cult status due to being used by
               | artists like Autechre, Aphex Twin and Plastikman among
               | others, which are sort of "musician's musicians" among
               | the electronic music crowd, although it wasn't as famous
               | as 303/808/909 among general listeners.
        
               | scns wrote:
               | Agree with you on the 909 and especially the 303, the
               | synth that birthed the acid genre and is still in use to
               | create new music, check out Tin Man Neo Neo Acid. Hard
               | disagree on Plastikman being a musicians musician though.
               | He was beyond huge in the 90ies, saw a guy with a
               | Plastikman tattoo covering his whole back. Richie Hawtin
               | went on to become one of the top DJs in the world. One
               | year he played on four new years eve parties, travelling
               | by private plane.
        
               | tomduncalf wrote:
               | Also check TM404, who does very good music in the Tin Man
               | kind of style, maybe a bit more "dubby", using classic
               | Roland gear (303 etc)
        
               | ratww wrote:
               | Ooops, just re-read my message and you're absolutely
               | right. My mistake. I fixed it.
               | 
               | Actually even Aphex Twin is pretty famous... the only
               | thing not famous is the phrase is the TR-606! hehe
        
               | alisonatwork wrote:
               | I think this is where the conversation starts to get a
               | bit far away from the original topic, which was about how
               | the DX7 changed modern music.
               | 
               | I am also a big fan of electronic music and owned several
               | of the x0x synths, but they're only really recognizable
               | to people who are already into synths. Of course if you
               | play an 808 and 909 next to one another, they don't sound
               | the same. But if you play a random piece of music and ask
               | a casual listener what drum machine it features, I don't
               | think they would be able to tell you. (Unless, perhaps,
               | it's an 808!)
               | 
               | Even something that synth nuts know to be as unique and
               | genre-defining as a TB-303, to the casual listener it
               | isn't distinguishable from an SH-101 or any other analog
               | monosynth. People might know what an acid line sounds
               | like, but they don't tend to have the same kind of ear
               | that musicians do to be able to spot one synth model from
               | the other in the final mix.
               | 
               | When I think about a synth so distinctive and widespread
               | that it changed modern music, I think about something
               | that average people who aren't musicians can identify.
               | The DX7 might have been that, since it was the first
               | synthesizer that really went mass-market. All the synths
               | before that were "niche" instruments, but the DX7 made
               | synth music mainstream, so perhaps it was very
               | identifiable. But then the floodgates opened, so it might
               | only have lasted for a few years.
               | 
               | The 808, though, I think a lot of people still really
               | know and understand what kind of "sound" that is. But I
               | could be wrong.
        
               | ratww wrote:
               | I dunno... I disagree with the assertion that the DX7 was
               | the synth that made synth music mainstream.
               | 
               | A lot of pop from before was already using synths.
               | Funkytown was a Billboard #1 hit 4 years before the DX7,
               | and so was Vangelis, Human League, Eurythmics and Owner
               | of a Lonely Heart a year or two after that, not to
               | mention lots of Michael Jackson and even the Ghostbuster
               | theme... and that's just the Billboard #1 hits. Even Van
               | Halen released "Jump" a year before the DX7, and England
               | was already having synth bands since the late 80s. People
               | were more than used to synthesizers by the time the DX7
               | hit.
               | 
               | And about the 909/303, back in the 80s/90s a lot of EDM
               | tracks had 909 in the title, including a Daft Punk track.
               | Same for some 303 tracks (but Acid was way more obscure).
               | House and Techno people definitely heard about those. In
               | fact, they were probably more popular than the DX7.
               | 
               | Sure none of those comes close to the 808 today, but
               | that's because the 808 itself had a resurgence in the
               | mid-2000s, and hip hop only got bigger since them.
        
               | type0 wrote:
               | > I dunno... I disagree with the assertion that the DX7
               | was the synth that made synth music mainstream.
               | 
               | For a polyphonic synth though it was a game-changer, it
               | did make it affordable, but so did sh-101 and countless
               | other synths but those weren't polyphonic. Roland Juno
               | could be said, it wasn't revolutionary but more
               | evolutionary in electronic music making. Here's a good
               | article on DCO vs VCO https://blog.thea.codes/the-design-
               | of-the-juno-dco/ and recent discussion here:
               | 
               | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=25598656
        
               | ratww wrote:
               | I don't disagree about its technical merits as a synth,
               | as an instrument, or what it did to music makers. I was
               | merely disputing the claim that it made synth music
               | mainstream.
        
               | alisonatwork wrote:
               | You are correct that synth music as a genre existed
               | before the DX7, and that synths were used in popular
               | songs even going back into the 70s. But what this article
               | is discussing, and what most people discuss when they
               | talk about the DX7, is how its sales dwarfed that of any
               | synth that came before it. It didn't just become a piece
               | of equipment used by major studios in countless hits
               | across many different genres, it also became an
               | affordable and useful instrument for working musicians
               | across the board.
               | 
               | Right up the top of this thread the first commenter
               | explained it well: "The keyboard player's job moved from
               | playing the piano or organ to coming up with all the
               | accompaniment parts that aren't guitars."
               | 
               | What I don't know is if the DX7 itself was particularly
               | recognized as a DX7 by most of the people listening to
               | music that was made with it. My guess is that most casual
               | listeners still just considered it "the thing that the
               | keyboard player is playing". This is why I am not sure
               | that it is as uniquely distinctive as the commenter near
               | the top of this thread suggested.
               | 
               | Of course trained musicians can identify a DX7 in a
               | track, just as they might be able to hear the difference
               | between a Stratocaster and a Telecaster. Dedicated fans
               | might also hear the difference, if they're interested
               | enough to pay attention. But someone just listening to a
               | tune on the radio, humming along to it, I don't think
               | they're going to go "yep, that's the good ol' DX7
               | electric piano patch" or "yep that's a classic Strat
               | sound".
               | 
               | Personally, I think laypeople do identify the 808 in this
               | way, just judging from anecdotal conversations with
               | people who are not musicians, not DJs, not "serious"
               | music fans, just regular people. This is why I think the
               | 808 is an interesting instrument, and perhaps special in
               | a way that the DX7 wasn't, and the TB-303 and TR-909
               | weren't. That doesn't mean those other synths aren't
               | special for their own reasons, I was just commenting on
               | something I perceive to be unique about the 808 - a
               | relatively widespread understanding of what its "sound"
               | is.
               | 
               | If you are a hardcore music fan or a musician, it can be
               | illuminating to do some testing with someone who isn't.
               | Play them a song, point out some piece of equipment,
               | explain to them why this song has a 909 hihat but that
               | song has a 707 hihat, and how you can tell the
               | difference. Then play them another song and see if they
               | can identify the hihat. 9 times out of 10 that's not what
               | people are listening for. That's not how they experience
               | music, they don't break it down like that.
        
               | jancsika wrote:
               | > But someone just listening to a tune on the radio,
               | humming along to it, I don't think they're going to go
               | "yep, that's the good ol' DX7 electric piano patch" or
               | "yep that's a classic Strat sound".
               | 
               | At least in the U.S., lay people are notoriously bad at
               | even knowing the names of instruments, much less
               | pinpointing them in the overall musical texture.
               | 
               | About the only test you could do would be to, say,
               | _replace_ the Theremin in Good Vibrations with a string
               | synth from the DX7. Most people have never heard of
               | either instrument, but many would instantly recognize
               | that something is off in that example. Probably the same
               | if you replace a stratacaster, vocoder, etc., in a track
               | they 're familiar with, especially if you substitute it
               | with something from a different historical period.
               | 
               | Other than that, I'm afraid all that's being measured is
               | the effect of lack of funding on basic music education in
               | the U.S. :)
        
               | ratww wrote:
               | I'm not really disputing sales, I'm more disputing the
               | claim that it _changed music_ or _made synth music
               | mainstream_. Synth music _was_ mainstream before the DX7.
               | And I don 't really remember non-musicians talking about
               | the DX7 the way most prog music fans (and also some
               | Clockwork Orange fans) seem to know Moogs. Or Hammonds.
               | 80s pop music fans don't seem to be the kind to do
               | reminisce about synths.
               | 
               | About 909s and 303s, like I said, they were special when
               | they were in their heyday. Most people knew them by name,
               | since there were lots of track titles, there was a TB-303
               | reference in Ghost in the Shell, and there are some
               | TR-909 and TB-303 tattoos if you search Google... I'm not
               | disputing that 808s are more famous now that hip hop is
               | very mainstream, the 808 kick drum is in vogue for years
               | and Kanye albums have 808s in their title. Like I said,
               | you have to keep those things into context when making a
               | comparison, otherwise only the 808 will ever count as
               | "important"... that's it. Maybe the Moog is a better
               | example?
        
               | alisonatwork wrote:
               | On the DX7 thing, I expressed myself poorly, I didn't
               | mean it made synth music as a genre mainstream, but I do
               | think the original commenter was correct to say that it
               | changed how synths were used in music simply due to it
               | being so affordable and versatile. Now instead of cover
               | bands having additional members or multi-instrumentalists
               | to play brass or fiddle or whatever, they could just have
               | the keyboard player fill that role too. With the DX7 it
               | became "good enough" for a single synth to cover all of
               | those sounds. It unlocked a door that later on the M1 and
               | many other sample-based synths walked through.
               | 
               | On the 909/303, I don't dispute they were incredibly
               | influential in the rave scene, especially in the 90s. I
               | am one of those people with a 303 tattoo so I know very
               | well what a reputation they had. But also I have some
               | perspective on how small and dynamic that scene turned
               | out to be in the greater scheme of things. Most of the
               | ravers I know from back in the day couldn't pick a 303 in
               | a song and don't even listen to acid or techno music any
               | more.
               | 
               | I think a good comparison to an 808 is a Theremin. Lots
               | of people, even people who don't listen to electronic
               | music or hip-hop know the names of these instruments and
               | can probably pick one out of a song. I'd see the 909 or
               | 303 more like a Strat or a Tele - still very influential
               | and recognizable to people who are interested, but
               | perhaps not so much in the mainstream consciousness.
               | 
               | But this is all opinion just based on anecdotes, so I am
               | open to the idea I might be overestimating the cultural
               | impact of one bit of gear or the other.
        
       | alfiedotwtf wrote:
       | The DX7 is also the reason people flooded the market with all
       | their classic analog synthesizer. These days, while a DX7 is
       | about $800 Australian, an OG Jupiter 8 will set you back $30K AUD
        
         | ratww wrote:
         | It's 800 now? I remember seeing them in the early 2000s for
         | about 200 USD in used music stores and pawn shops, and even
         | then people thought that was expensive since everyone were
         | starting to hype analog stuff and had some disdain for them!
        
           | alfiedotwtf wrote:
           | Hehe... there's one on Gumtree for $580 AUD!
           | 
           | But at the time, you couldn't give away Prophet 5s! If only I
           | had a time machine
        
             | ratww wrote:
             | I was too young at the time but I remember older people
             | saying the same about Les Pauls, Jazzmasters and vintage
             | guitar pedals in the late 80s!
             | 
             | It was truly a weird time in terms of music and music
             | equipment! Everything from the 50s/60s/70s went out of
             | style, but returned in full force in the 90s, while the 80s
             | stuff started getting rejected. Crazy!
        
       | musicale wrote:
       | It is true that the DX7 piano (among other presets) was on tons
       | of songs, but so was/is the Korg M1 piano sound which became the
       | "dance/house" piano of the 1990s. Its punchiness (basically
       | compression, fast/percussive attack, quick dropoff, and tinny
       | aspect) of the sound worked perfectly, cutting through mixes and
       | also working as a solo instrument, providing strong
       | melodic/harmonic/rhythmic support without sounding overly harsh.
       | 
       | They're cliches/classics, now, but imitations (and samples) of
       | both still abound.
        
         | thewebcount wrote:
         | > Korg M1 piano sound which became the "dance/house" piano of
         | the 1990s.
         | 
         | And it's bass became famous from Seinfeld. Every time I hear
         | that bass, I think of the irritating lead in to every Seinfeld
         | episode. So grating.
        
         | type0 wrote:
         | M1 beats both DX7 and D-50 in units sold. We are living through
         | the death and simultaneous revival of synthesizers, there
         | probably won't be any characteristic bestsellers anymore. Last
         | I checked MicroKorg was bestselling (in nr of units) current
         | synth still in production but it can't leave the same mark on
         | the current era of music like DX7 presets did.
        
           | ratww wrote:
           | The Microkorg is pretty popular with indie bands, bedroom
           | producers and was big in the mid-2000s indie-electro fad. But
           | I agree that it didn't leave a mark as big as DX7 or M1! :(
        
           | klodolph wrote:
           | I think the biggest synth from the current era will be the
           | eurorack. Yes, it's really a form factor and not a synth but
           | it's taken off in the past few years in a really startling
           | way.
        
             | ratww wrote:
             | Maybe in influence... it helped kickstart the modular
             | revival and even made other form factors popular again.
             | 
             | But in number of absolute units in operation, I don't
             | know... Unless we compare number of modules sold vs number
             | of Microkorgs. Modulars are expensive!
        
               | type0 wrote:
               | > Modulars are expensive!
               | 
               | So often eurorack synth building ends up in addiction
               | like gear acquisition syndrome that it's almost like
               | gambling. The only reasonably priced building is via DIY
               | kits, but it still end up expensive and even more so time
               | consuming, so it suits those who like soldering more than
               | making music. I'm excited for a few digital eurorack
               | modules, like Erica Synths Black Wavetable VCO, but no
               | one could argue that it's affordable for a hobbyist.
        
               | klodolph wrote:
               | I think the difference is that units like the microKORG
               | will come and go, but new units will often be in Eurorack
               | form or be somehow compatible.
               | 
               | Eurorack can be expensive, but Behringer came out with a
               | line that includes the Model D, Neutron, Pro-1, K-2,
               | Wasp, and CAT--they're all cheap, they're all complete
               | synths, and they're _also_ all Eurorack modules that can
               | be plugged into a larger system.
               | 
               | Moog is also selling synthesizer modules that are
               | actually Eurorack form, but upscale from Behringer.
               | 
               | I don't have a modular synth, but it's getting harder to
               | _avoid_ Eurorack.
        
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