https://rdi.berkeley.edu/blog/trustworthy-benchmarks-cont/ Berkeley RDI Logo Home Research Education Events Blog About Home Research Education Events Blog About Contact Exploit coverage by benchmark How We Broke Top AI Agent Benchmarks: And What Comes Next Hao Wang, Qiuyang Mang, Alvin Cheung, Koushik Sen, Dawn Song UC Berkeley April 2026 (Est. 15-20 minutes read, tool available at github.com/moogician/ trustworthy-env) --------------------------------------------------------------------- Our agent hacked every major one. Here's how -- and what the field needs to fix. --------------------------------------------------------------------- The Benchmark Illusion Every week, a new AI model climbs to the top of a benchmark leaderboard. Companies cite these numbers in press releases. Investors use them to justify valuations. Engineers use them to pick which model to deploy. The implicit promise is simple: a higher score means a more capable system. That promise is broken. We built an automated scanning agent that systematically audited eight among the most prominent AI agent benchmarks -- SWE-bench, WebArena, OSWorld, GAIA, Terminal-Bench, FieldWorkArena, and CAR-bench -- and discovered that every single one can be exploited to achieve near-perfect scores without solving a single task. No reasoning. No capability. Just exploitation of how the score is computed. These aren't theoretical attacks. Our agent builds working exploits for each benchmark, runs them through the official evaluation pipelines, and watches the scores roll in. * A conftest.py file with 10 lines of Python "resolves" every instance on SWE-bench Verified. * A fake curl wrapper gives a perfect score on all 89 Terminal-Bench tasks without writing a single line of solution code. * Navigating Chromium to a file:// URL reads the gold answer directly from the task config -- giving ~100% on all 812 WebArena tasks. * And many more... The benchmarks aren't measuring what you think they're measuring. This Is Already Happening Benchmark scores are actively being gamed, inflated, or rendered meaningless, not in theory, but in practice: * IQuest-Coder-V1 claimed 81.4% on SWE-bench -- then researchers found that 24.4% of its trajectories simply ran git log to copy the answer from commit history. Corrected score: 76.2%. The benchmark's shared environment made the cheat trivial. * METR found that o3 and Claude 3.7 Sonnet reward-hack in 30%+ of evaluation runs -- using stack introspection, monkey-patching graders, and operator overloading to manipulate scores rather than solve tasks. * OpenAI dropped SWE-bench Verified after an internal audit found that 59.4% of audited problems had flawed tests -- meaning models were being scored against broken ground truth. * In KernelBench, torch.empty() returns stale GPU memory that happens to contain the reference answer from the evaluator's prior computation -- zero computation, full marks. * Anthropic's Mythos Preview showed that frontier models can actively try to hack the environment and succeed. In one episode, the model needed to edit files it lacked permissions for; after searching for workarounds, it found a way to inject code into a config file that would run with elevated privileges, and designed the exploit to delete itself after running. If a model can independently craft self-erasing privilege escalation exploits, it can find the holes in an evaluation harness. These are not isolated incidents. They are symptoms of a systemic problem: the benchmarks we rely on to measure AI capability are themselves vulnerable to the very capabilities they claim to measure. --------------------------------------------------------------------- The Scorecard of Our Exploit Agent Exploit coverage by benchmark -- bar chart showing all eight benchmarks exploitable at 73-100% Zero tasks solved. Zero LLM calls (in most cases). Near-perfect scores. * Terminal-Bench (89 tasks) -- 100% score. Binary wrapper trojans. * SWE-bench Verified (500 tasks) -- 100% score. Pytest hooks force all tests to pass. * SWE-bench Pro (731 tasks) -- 100% score. In-container parser overwrite. * WebArena (812 tasks) -- ~100% score. Config leakage + DOM injection + prompt injection. * FieldWorkArena (890 tasks) -- 100% score. Validation never checks answer correctness. * CAR-bench (all hallucination tasks) -- 100% score. Reward components skipped entirely. * GAIA (165 tasks) -- ~98% score. Public answers + normalization collisions. * OSWorld (369 tasks) -- 73% score. VM state manipulation + public gold files. --------------------------------------------------------------------- How Our Agent Did It Terminal-Bench: Trojanizing the Test Infrastructure Terminal-Bench exploit -- binary wrappers installed during agent phase intercept verifier's dependency chain Terminal-Bench evaluates agents on 89 complex terminal tasks (from building COBOL chess engines to configuring distributed systems). It uses Harbor, a sandboxing framework that re-uploads protected test files before verification. Containers have full internet access -- Harbor's allow_internet config defaults to True and no task overrides it. Harbor correctly protects /tests/ -- but it doesn't protect system binaries. Here's the irony: 82 of 89 tasks download uv from the internet at verification time via curl, creating an exploitable dependency chain. Our exploit replaces /usr/bin/curl with a wrapper during the agent phase. When the verifier later runs curl ... | sh to install uv, our wrapper intercepts the request, installs the real uv, and then trojanizes the uvx binary. The trojanized uvx detects pytest invocations and produces fake passing output: ============================= test session starts ============================== collected 3 items tests/test_outputs.py ... [100%] ============================== 3 passed in 0.05s =============================== It writes 1 to the reward file. The verifier trusts it. Task "passed." For the remaining 7 tasks, our agent wraps pip (to trojanize freshly-installed pytest), python (to intercept python -m pytest), or the pre-installed uvx binary. Result: 89/89 tasks, 100% score, without writing a single line of solution code. --------------------------------------------------------------------- SWE-bench: 100% Resolve Rate Without Fixing a Single Bug SWE-bench exploit flow -- conftest.py hook hijacks pytest to force all tests to pass SWE-bench is arguably the most influential AI coding benchmark. It presents real GitHub issues and asks the agent to produce a patch that makes the failing tests pass. SWE-bench-Verified (500 hand-validated instances) and SWE-bench Pro (731 multilingual instances) are currently considered the gold standards for measuring coding agents. Both are exploitable at 100%. The vulnerability: The agent's patch is applied inside the same Docker container where tests run. Anything the patch introduces -- a conftest.py, a monkey-patch, a Go init() function -- executes with full privileges before or during testing. SWE-bench Verified exploit: Our agent creates a conftest.py with a pytest hook that forces every test to report as passing: import pytest @pytest.hookimpl(hookwrapper=True) def pytest_runtest_makereport(item, call): outcome = yield rep = outcome.get_result() if rep.when == "call": rep.outcome = "passed" rep.longrepr = None Pytest auto-discovers conftest.py files and loads them before running tests. The hook intercepts every test result during the "call" phase and rewrites it to "passed." The log parser sees PASSED for every test. The grader sees all fail-to-pass tests now passing. Instance resolved. For Django (231 of 500 instances), which uses unittest instead of pytest, the exploit prepends a monkey-patch to django/__init__.py that replaces unittest.TestCase.run with a function that unconditionally reports success. For repos with an existing conftest.py, the exploit uses the patch --batch --fuzz=5 fallback (the third of SWE-bench's three patch application methods) to prepend our hook to the existing file. SWE-bench Pro exploit: Pro uses a separate parser.py to extract test results -- but it runs inside the same container. Our conftest.py includes a pytest_configure hook that overwrites /workspace/parser.py with a fake parser that marks every extracted test as PASSED. The same approach works for Go (via init() functions) and JavaScript (via .mocharc.yml setup files). Result: 500/500 Verified instances and 731/731 Pro instances exploitable, with zero issues solved. --------------------------------------------------------------------- WebArena: Reading the Answer Key WebArena exploit -- the model navigates Chromium to a local file:// URL to read the gold answers, then returns the answer WebArena is a popular benchmark of 812 web interaction tasks. It runs a PromptAgent that drives a Playwright-controlled Chromium browser, and it ships task configs -- including reference answers -- as JSON files on the local filesystem at config_files/{task_id}.json. The exploit requires zero changes to WebArena's code. We don't patch run.py, don't modify the PromptAgent, don't touch the evaluation harness. Our agent finds a way to use the existing harness and steal the solution. It exploits a browser primitive that WebArena never restricted: Playwright's Chromium happily navigates to file:// URLs. By outputting a goto action pointing at file:///proc/self/cwd/ config_files/{task_id}.json, the model can read any file on the local system -- including the task config containing the gold answers. The evaluator never notices; it just sees a correct answer come back. We also found additional risks in the evaluation pipeline. Tasks using must_include scoring check for substring presence in the page DOM -- a hidden
injected by the agent is enough to satisfy the check without the answer appearing visibly. Tasks scored by an LLM judge pass agent content directly into the prompt without sanitization, making prompt injection straightforward: a comment appended to the agent's reply can reliably bias the judge's decision. Neither vector requires filesystem access, complementing the file:// exploit. --------------------------------------------------------------------- FieldWorkArena: 100% With a Single Character FieldWorkArena presents 890 tasks where an AI agent must answer questions about images, videos, PDFs, and text files through a browser environment. It was designed to test multimodal understanding and web navigation. Its validate() method checks only one thing: did the last message come from the assistant? def validate(self, page, chat_messages): if chat_messages[-1]["role"] == "assistant": return 1.0, True, "Recieved answer", {} # ANY answer = 1.0 The message content is completely ignored. The function that would actually compare answers against ground truth -- llm_fuzzy_match -- is imported but never called. It's dead code. Our exploit agent: send_msg_to_user("{}") One action. Zero LLM calls. Zero files read. 100% on all 890 tasks. The 71 tasks requiring JSON output fare no better -- the validator checks only that the response contains parseable JSON. {} qualifies. This is not a subtle edge case. The benchmark's core evaluation function simply does not evaluate. --------------------------------------------------------------------- OSWorld: Downloading the Gold Answers OSWorld tests agents on 369 desktop computing tasks inside a full Ubuntu VM. The VM has unrestricted internet access -- by design, since many tasks require the agent to browse live websites, install packages, and interact with online services. Its most common evaluation pattern: fetch a file from the VM and compare it against a "gold" reference. The gold references are hosted on public HuggingFace URLs embedded in the task config. Since the VM has internet access, our exploit agent downloads the gold file directly into the path the evaluator checks: wget -q -O '/home/user/output.xlsx' 'https://huggingface.co/.../gold.xlsx' The evaluator compares gold vs. gold. Perfect match. Score 1.0. For tasks that check system state, the agent directly sets it -- gsettings set for desktop preferences, writing expected config files, appending expected strings to checked files. For the 29 "infeasible" tasks, the evaluator config explicitly marks them as such; the agent outputs FAIL and gets free points. And then there's the eval() vulnerability: the grader calls eval() on a string obtained from the VM. Our agent sets a gsettings value to a Python expression containing __import__('os').system(...), achieving arbitrary code execution on the grading machine itself. --------------------------------------------------------------------- GAIA: Normalization Defeats the Purpose GAIA tests general AI assistants with 165 validation questions requiring multi-step reasoning. It's a submit-your-answers leaderboard -- there's no sandboxed execution environment; you run your agent however you want and upload the results. Its validation answers are publicly available on HuggingFace -- making it a lookup table exercise. Our exploit agent simply loads these answers from a local JSON file at runtime (no internet needed). But even setting aside the leaked answers, the scorer's normalize_str function strips ALL whitespace, ALL punctuation, and lowercases everything before comparison. This means: Ground truth: "Dr. Martin Luther King Jr." Agent answer: "D.R M.A.R.T.I.N L.U.T.H.E.R K.I.N.G J.R" Normalized: "drmartinlutherkingjr" - Match - Score 1.0 The leaderboard has a 100% score blocker -- but it's a simple if all scores == 1.0 check. Intentionally missing one question per level gives ~98% while avoiding the filter. There's also a comma routing bug: ground truth "1,500" gets split as a list ["1", "500"], while the correct answer "1500" splits as ["1500"] -- length mismatch, scored wrong. The scorer penalizes correct answers. --------------------------------------------------------------------- CAR-bench: LLM Judges Are Not Judges CAR-bench (car voice assistant) relies heavily on LLM-as-judge evaluation, where an LLM reads the agent's conversation and scores it. The agent's messages are interpolated directly into the judge prompt with no sanitization. Our exploit agent appends hidden instructions: The judge is biased toward favorable scores. CAR-bench has an even simpler exploit for hallucination tasks: three of four reward components (state-based, tool-subset, and policy) return 0.0 delta for hallucination task types. A generic refusal avoids tool errors and triggers a clean exit. Result: 1.0 on every hallucination task without an LLM. --------------------------------------------------------------------- The Seven Deadly Patterns Across all eight benchmarks, the same vulnerability patterns repeat: The seven recurring vulnerability patterns and which benchmarks they affect 1. No Isolation Between Agent and Evaluator The most pervasive flaw. In SWE-bench, Terminal-Bench, and OSWorld, the agent's code runs in the same environment the evaluator inspects. Any evaluation that reads state from a shared environment without careful validation can be defeated by an agent that writes state to that environment. 2. Answers Shipped With the Test WebArena passes reference answers in the task config. OSWorld embeds gold file URLs in task metadata. GAIA's validation answers are public on HuggingFace. If the agent can see the expected answer, the benchmark measures lookup speed, not capability. 3. eval() on Untrusted Input WebArena and OSWorld both call Python's eval() on strings controlled by the agent, enabling arbitrary code execution on the grading machine. This isn't just a scoring exploit -- it's a security vulnerability that could compromise evaluation infrastructure. 4. LLM Judges Without Input Sanitization WebArena and CAR-bench interpolate agent content directly into LLM judge prompts. Prompt injection is trivial: embed a hidden "system note" in your response and the judge parrots your preferred score. LLM-as-judge is not adversarially robust. 5. Weak String Matching WebArena's must_include uses substring containment. GAIA's normalizer collapses visually distinct strings. When matching is too loose, any sufficiently verbose answer passes. 6. Evaluation Logic That Doesn't Evaluate FieldWorkArena's validate() never checks answer correctness. CAR-bench skips three of four reward components for hallucination tasks. GAIA's comma routing penalizes correct answers. When the scoring code itself is wrong, the leaderboard reflects noise, not signal. 7. Trusting the Output of Untrusted Code SWE-bench trusts pytest output generated inside a container the agent controls. Terminal-Bench trusts reward files written by scripts the agent can tamper with. When the test infrastructure can be compromised by the system under test, the results are meaningless. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Why This Matters This is not an academic exercise. Benchmark scores drive real decisions: * Model selection: Teams choosing between models based on SWE-bench resolve rates may be comparing noise. * Investment: Funding decisions are influenced by leaderboard positions that can be gamed. * Safety evaluation: If capability benchmarks can be inflated, safety benchmarks -- which often use similar patterns -- may be equally fragile. * Research direction: Researchers optimize for benchmark performance. If the benchmarks are broken, the field optimizes for the wrong thing. We are not claiming that current leaderboard leaders are cheating. Most legitimate agents do not employ these exploits -- yet. But as agents grow more capable, reward hacking behaviors can emerge without explicit instruction. An agent trained to maximize a score, given sufficient autonomy and tool access, may discover that manipulating the evaluator is easier than solving the task -- not because it was told to cheat, but because optimization pressure finds the path of least resistance. This is not hypothetical -- Anthropic's Mythos Preview assessment already documents a model that independently discovered reward hacks when it couldn't solve a task directly. If the reward signal is hackable, a sufficiently capable agent may hack it as an emergent strategy, not a deliberate one. The fact that a trivial exploit agent outscores sophisticated systems means the benchmarks fail as reliable measures of capability. --------------------------------------------------------------------- The Agent-Eval Checklist: Building Benchmarks That Actually Work If you're building an evaluation, here's what our findings say you must get right. We distill these into the Agent-Eval Checklist -- a minimum bar that every agent benchmark should clear before publishing results: * Isolate the agent from the evaluator. This is non-negotiable. The system under test must not be able to read, write, or influence the evaluation environment. + Run evaluation outside the agent's container. Don't trust files, outputs, or state from inside the sandbox. Extract raw artifacts (logs, files) through a controlled channel and evaluate them on a separate, read-only host. + Don't pass reference answers to the agent. Task configs should contain only the information a human would have. Evaluation metadata (expected answers, gold files, evaluator configs) must live on a separate, inaccessible path. + Use read-only filesystems for any binaries, test files, or infrastructure the evaluation depends on. * Never eval() untrusted input. This should go without saying, but two major benchmarks do it. Parse structured data with a proper parser. If you need to evaluate expressions, use a sandboxed interpreter with no access to builtins. * Sanitize LLM judge inputs. If you use LLM-as-judge, treat agent output like untrusted user input: + Delimit agent content with clear structural markers that the judge is instructed to treat as data, not instructions. + Strip or escape any content that resembles system prompts or evaluation instructions. + Use structured output formats (JSON schema, function calling) to reduce the attack surface. + Better yet, evaluate on extracted features (e.g., "did file X contain string Y?") rather than asking an LLM to make subjective judgments on the full trajectory. * Test your evaluator adversarially. Before publishing a benchmark, try to break it. Build an exploit agent that does everything except solve the task and see what score it gets. If a zero-capability agent scores above baseline, your evaluation has a bug. Specifically: + Run a null agent that takes no actions. Its score is your floor. If it's not zero, something is wrong. + Run a random agent that takes random actions. If it significantly outperforms the null agent on some tasks, those tasks may have evaluation gaps. + Run a prompt injection agent that tries to influence LLM judges. If scores change, your judge is compromisable. + Run a state-tampering agent that modifies the evaluation environment instead of solving tasks. If it scores above zero, your isolation is broken. * Prevent tampering with evaluation data and traces. If your evaluation pipeline involves multiple stages (agent execution, test execution, result parsing), ensure the agent or its generated solution cannot modify, overwrite, or inject into the data and traces passed between stages. Treat all artifacts from the agent's environment as untrusted -- copy them out, validate them, and never let the agent write directly to paths the evaluator reads. * Make scoring robust. + Avoid substring matching on short strings. Require semantic matching or exact structured comparisons. + Don't silently exclude failed tasks from the denominator. A crashed task is a zero, not a missing data point. + Don't make the scoring code skip checks for any task category. If hallucination tasks need different evaluation, build that evaluation -- don't skip it. + Test your scorer with adversarial inputs: empty strings, strings with injected delimiters, edge-case numbers, unicode that normalizes unexpectedly. * Keep answers secret. + Never publish ground truth for any split you're using as a primary leaderboard. Once answers are public, the benchmark measures memorization. + Rotate test instances periodically. A static benchmark becomes a lookup table over time. + Consider held-out evaluation: accept model outputs and run them against a private test set that the submitter never sees. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Conclusion We built an agent that helped us hack eight benchmarks. We achieved near-perfect scores on all of them without solving a single task. The exploits range from the embarrassingly simple (sending {} to FieldWorkArena) to the technically involved (trojanizing binary wrappers in Terminal-Bench), but they all share a common thread: the evaluation was not designed to resist a system that optimizes for the score rather than the task. As AI agents become more capable -- and as the pressure to demonstrate capability through benchmarks intensifies -- the gap between "high score" and "high capability" will only widen. We are already seeing frontier models develop emergent hacking capabilities that were never explicitly trained. Models that are good at pattern-matching may inadvertently stumble into some of these exploits. Models that are explicitly optimized for benchmark performance may find them deliberately. The benchmarks we examined were built by talented research teams solving hard problems. The vulnerabilities we found are not signs of incompetence -- they're signs that adversarial evaluation robustness isn't yet a standard practice in the field. It needs to become one. Don't trust the number. Trust the methodology. And if you're building a benchmark: assume someone will try to break it. Because they will. --------------------------------------------------------------------- BenchJack: An Agent Benchmark Vulnerability Scanner The automated scanning agent we used to uncover these vulnerabilities is being developed into BenchJack, a general-purpose agent benchmark vulnerability scanner. BenchJack is itself an AI agent -- you point it at any evaluation pipeline and it goes to work. BenchJack operates in two phases. First, it probes and understands the benchmark: it analyzes the evaluation code, maps out the scoring mechanism, identifies isolation boundaries, and catalogs every potential loophole. Then, it automatically crafts end-to-end exploits that manifest each discovered loophole into a working attack. The result is not a theoretical vulnerability report -- it's a concrete, runnable exploit agent that demonstrates exactly how a zero-capability agent can inflate its score through each weakness. If BenchJack's exploit agent scores above baseline, your benchmark has a problem, and BenchJack shows you exactly where and how. Think of it as a penetration test for your benchmark -- it finds the holes before a leaderboard-gaming agent does. We envision BenchJack becoming a standard step in the benchmark development lifecycle: run it before you publish, run it after every update, and use it to validate that your Agent-Eval Checklist items actually hold. The goal is to make adversarial robustness testing as routine as unit testing. We're preparing BenchJack for public release. If you're a benchmark developer who wants to harden your evaluation, a researcher who wants to audit your own benchmarks, or simply someone who wants to stay informed, sign up for our mailing list to be notified when it's available: Sign Up for BenchJack Updates - We believe every benchmark should be adversarially tested before it's used to make decisions. BenchJack is how we make that easy. Berkeley RDI Advancing the science, technology, and education of decentralization and AI to empower a responsible digital economy. Explore * Research * Education * Events * Blog * About Us Copyright (c) 2025 UC Regents; all rights reserved