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Popular Searches * Mathematics * Physics * Black Holes * Evolution Home The Ocean Teems With Networks of Interconnected Bacteria Read Later Share Copied! * Comments * Read Later Read Later microbiology The Ocean Teems With Networks of Interconnected Bacteria By Veronique Greenwood January 6, 2025 Nanotube bridge networks grow between the most abundant photosynthetic bacteria in the oceans, suggesting that the world is far more interconnected than anyone realized. Read Later An illustration shows cells connected by different kinds of bridges, including suspension, truss and arch bridges. Tiny bridges, known as bacterial nanotubes, connect the inner spaces of photosynthesizing bacteria throughout the oceans -- forming little-known cellular networks of trade and communication. Nash Weerasekera for Quanta Magazine Introduction [Greenwood_Nikki] By Veronique Greenwood Contributing Writer --------------------------------------------------------------------- January 6, 2025 --------------------------------------------------------------------- View PDF/Print Mode bacteria biology cell biology cells cellular communication microbiology All topics [2021PodcastAd_Article_160] Prochlorococcus bacteria are so small that you'd have to line up around a thousand of them to match the thickness of a human thumbnail. The ocean seethes with them: The microbes are likely the most abundant photosynthetic organism on the planet, and they create a significant portion -- 10% to 20% -- of the atmosphere's oxygen. That means that life on Earth depends on the roughly 3 octillion (or 3 x 10^27) tiny individual cells toiling away. Biologists once thought of these organisms as isolated wanderers, adrift in an unfathomable vastness. But the Prochlorococcus population may be more connected than anyone could have imagined. They may be holding conversations across wide distances, not only filling the ocean with envelopes of information and nutrients, but also linking what we thought were their private, inner spaces with the interiors of other cells. At the University of Cordoba in Spain, not long ago, biologists snapping images of the cyanobacteria under a microscope saw a cell that had grown a long, thin tube and grabbed hold of its neighbor. The image made them sit up. It dawned on them that this was not a fluke. "We realized the cyanobacteria were connected to each other," said Maria del Carmen Munoz-Marin, a microbiologist there. There were links between Prochlorococcus cells, and also with another bacterium, called Synechococcus, which often lives nearby. In the images, silvery bridges linked three, four, and sometimes 10 or more cells. Munoz-Marin had a hunch about the identity of these mysterious structures. After a battery of tests, she and her colleagues recently reported that these bridges are bacterial nanotubes. First observed in a common lab bacterium only 14 years ago, bacterial nanotubes are structures made of cell membrane that allow nutrients and resources to flow between two or more cells. The structures have been a source of fascination and controversy over the last decade, as microbiologists have worked to understand what causes them to form and what, exactly, travels among these networked cells. The images from Munoz-Marin's lab marked the first time these structures have been seen in the cyanobacteria responsible for so much of the Earth's photosynthesis. They challenge fundamental ideas about bacteria, raising questions such as: How much does Prochlorococcus share with the cells around it? And does it really make sense to think of it, and other bacteria, as single-celled? Totally Tubular Many bacteria have active social lives. Some make pili, hairlike growths of protein that link two cells to allow them to exchange DNA. Some form dense plaques together, known as biofilms. And many emit tiny bubbles known as vesicles that contain DNA, RNA or other chemicals, like messages in a bottle for whatever cell happens to intercept them. It was vesicles that Munoz-Marin and her colleagues, including Jose Manuel Garcia-Fernandez, a microbiologist at the University of Cordoba, and graduate student Elisa Angulo-Canovas, were looking for as they zoomed in on Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus in a dish. When they saw what they suspected were nanotubes, it was a surprise. Share this article Copied! --------------------------------------------------------------------- Newsletter Get Quanta Magazine delivered to your inbox Subscribe now Recent newsletters top: In a microscope image, thin tubes stretch between long, narrow, pill-shaped bacteria. Bottom: In a microscope image, thin tubes connect some two dozen round cyanobacteria.Left: In a microscope image, thin tubes stretch between long, narrow, pill-shaped bacteria. Right: In a microscope image, thin tubes connect some two dozen round cyanobacteria. Growing between these bacteria (top: Prochlorococcus; bottom: Bacillus subtilis) are nanotube bridges, through which cells transport substances such as amino acids and enzymes. Although these nanotubes were first observed only in 2011, biologists now think that bacteria have been making these structures all along unnoticed. Top: Sci. Adv. 10, eadj1539 (2024); Bottom: Cell 144, 590-600 (2011) Growing between these bacteria (left: Prochlorococcus; right: Bacillus subtilis) are nanotube bridges, through which cells transport substances such as amino acids and enzymes. Although these nanotubes were first observed only in 2011, biologists now think that bacteria have been making these structures all along unnoticed. Left: Sci. Adv. 10, eadj1539 (2024); Right: Cell 144, 590-600 (2011) Nanotubes are a recent addition to scientists' understanding of bacterial communication. In 2011, Sigal Ben-Yehuda and her postdoc Gyanendra Dubey at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem first published images of tiny bridges, made of membrane, between the bacteria Bacillus subtilis. These tubes were actively transporting material: The researchers showed that green fluorescent proteins produced in one cell of the network quickly percolated through the others. They found the same result with calcein, a small molecule that is not able to cross bacterial membranes on its own. These cells were not existing placidly side by side; their inner spaces were linked, more like rooms in a house than detached dwellings. It was a startling revelation. The news compelled other biologists to reexamine their own images of cells. It soon became clear that B. subtilis was not the only species producing nanotubes. In populations of Escherichia coli and numerous other bacteria, small but consistent fractions of cells were spotted with nanotubes. In experiments, scientists watched cells sprout the tubes and then investigated what they carried. Moving across these bridges from cell to cell were substances such as amino acids, the basic building blocks of proteins, as well as enzymes and toxins. Bacteria, biologists now think, have probably been making these structures all along. Scientists simply hadn't noticed them or realized their significance. Not everyone has found it straightforward to get bacteria to make nanotubes. Notably, a group at the Czech Academy of Sciences could see nanotubes only when cells were dying. Their suggestion that the tubes are a "manifestation of cell death" cast doubt on whether the structures were truly an important part of the cells' normal biology. Since then, however, additional work has carefully documented that healthy cells do grow the structures. All this suggests that certain conditions must be met for bacteria to take this step. Still, "I think they are everywhere," Ben-Yehuda said. [Spot-illo-1-scaled] The latest findings are particularly eye-opening because Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus are not your average dish-dwelling bacteria. They live in a singularly turbulent environment: the open ocean, where water movement might reasonably be expected to break the fragile tubes. What's more, they are photosynthetic, meaning that they get most of what they need to survive from the sun. What need could they have for trading through tube networks? There has been another sighting of nanotubes in marine bacteria, but those microbes are not photosynthetic -- they gobble up nutrients from their immediate environment, a lifestyle in which swapping substances with neighbors might have a more obvious benefit. So, when Munoz-Marin and Angulo-Canovas saw their nanotubes, they were initially skeptical. They wanted to make sure that they weren't mistaking some accident of how the cells were prepared or how the images had been taken for a natural structure. "We spent a lot of time to ensure that what we were finding in the images was actually something physiological and not any kind of an artifact," Garcia-Fernandez said. "The results were so shocking in the field of marine cyanobacteria that we were, on the one hand, amazed, and on the other hand, we wanted to be completely sure." They put the cells under four radically different kinds of imaging devices -- not only a transmission electron microscope, which they had been using when they first spotted the structures, but also a fluorescence microscope, a scanning electron microscope, and an imaging flow cytometer, which images live cells as they zip by. They looked at Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus on their own and at cultures where they lived together. They looked at dead cells and living ones. They even looked at fresh samples of seawater fished out of the Bay of Cadiz. In all the samples they spotted bridges, which connected about 5% of the cells. The nanotubes did not seem to be artifacts. Five researchers pose on a grassy lawn at the University of Cordoba. From left: Jose Antonio Gonzalez-Reyes, Jesus Diez, Maria del Carmen Munoz-Marin, Elisa Angulo-Canovas and Jose Manuel Garcia-Fernandez, all based at the University of Cordoba. The researchers were part of an interdisciplinary group that discovered and studied the bacterial nanotubes that grow between photosynthetic ocean bacteria. University of Cordoba Next, to see whether the links were in fact nanotubes, they performed versions of the now-canonical experiments with green fluorescent protein and calcein described by Ben-Yehuda and Dubey. The networked cells lit up. The team also confirmed that the links were indeed made of membrane lipids and not protein, which would instead suggest pili. They were convinced, finally, that they were looking at bacterial nanotubes. These tubes connect some of the most abundant organisms on the planet, they realized. And that immediately made something very clear, something the researchers are still turning over in their minds. "At the beginning of this century, when you were speaking about phytoplankton in the ocean, you were thinking about independent cells that are isolated," Garcia-Fernandez said. "But now -- and not only from these results, but also from results from other people -- I think we have to consider that these guys are not working alone." A Cellular Network There might be a good reason why cyanobacteria, floating in the vast expanse of the ocean, might want to join forces. They have curiously small genomes, said Christian Kost, a microbial ecologist at the University of Osnabruck in Germany who was not involved in this study. Prochlorococcus has the smallest genome of any known free-living photosynthetic cell, with only around 1,700 genes. Synechococcus is not far behind. Among bacteria, small genomes relieve organisms of the pressure of maintaining bulky DNA, but this state also requires them to scavenge many basic nutrients and metabolites from their neighbors. Bacteria with streamlined genomes sometimes form interdependent communities with organisms that produce what they need and need what they produce. "This can be much more efficient than a bacterium that attempts to produce all metabolites at the same time," Kost said. "Now, the problem, when you're living in a liquid, is: How do you exchange these metabolites with other bacteria?" [Spot-illo-2-scaled] Nanotubes may be a solution. Nutrients transferred this way will not be swept away by currents, lost to dilution or consumed by a freeloader. In computer simulations, Kost and his colleagues have found that nanotubes can support the development of cooperation among groups of bacteria. What's more, "this [new] paper shows that this transfer is both happening within and between species," he said. "This is super interesting." In a previous paper, he and colleagues also noticed different species of bacteria connected by nanotubes. This kind of cooperation is probably more common than people realize, said Conrad Mullineaux, a microbiologist at Queen Mary University of London -- even in environments like the open ocean, where bacteria may not always be close enough to form nanotubes. We often speak of bacteria as being simple and single-celled. But bacterial colonies, biofilms and consortiums of different microorganisms can perform complicated feats of engineering and behavior together, sometimes rivaling what multicellular life can achieve. "I like to try to persuade people sometimes, when I'm feeling feisty: You're a biofilm and I'm a biofilm," Mullineaux said. If the sea is full of cyanobacteria communicating by nanotube and vesicle, then perhaps this exchange of resources could affect something as fundamental as the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere or the amount of carbon sequestered in the ocean. Kost, Ben-Yehuda and Mullineaux agree that the new paper's findings are intriguing. The authors have done all the right tests to ensure that the structures they are seeing are in fact nanotubes, they said. But more work is needed to explain the significance of the finding. In particular, a big open question is what, exactly, Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus are sharing with each other in the wild. Photosynthesis allows these bacteria to draw energy from the sun, but they must pick up nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus from the environment. The researchers are embarking on a series of experiments with Rachel Ann Foster of Stockholm University, a specialist in nutrient flow in the ocean, to trace these substances in networked cells. Related: --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. The Quest for Simple Rules to Build a Microbial Community 2. Seeing the Beautiful Intelligence of Microbes 3. Cells Across the Tree of Life Exchange 'Text Messages' Using RNA 4. Cells Talk and Help One Another via Tiny Tube Networks Another question is how bacteria form these tubes, and under what conditions. The tubes are not much longer than an individual cell, and Prochlorococcus, in particular, is thought to spread out in the water column. Munoz-Marin and her team are curious about the concentrations of bacteria required for a network to form. "How often would it be possible for these independent cells to get close enough to each other in order to develop these nanotubes?" Garcia-Fernandez asked. The current study shows that nanotubes do form among wild-caught cells, but the precise requirements are unclear. Looking back at what people thought about bacterial communication when he began to study marine cyanobacteria 25 years ago, Garcia-Fernandez is conscious that the field has undergone a sea change. Scientists once thought they saw myriad individuals floating alongside each other in immense space, competing with neighboring species in a race for resources. "The fact that there can be physical communication between different kind of organisms -- I think that changes many, many previous ideas on how the cells work in the ocean," he said. It's a far more interconnected world than anyone realized. [Greenwood_Nikki] By Veronique Greenwood Contributing Writer --------------------------------------------------------------------- January 6, 2025 --------------------------------------------------------------------- View PDF/Print Mode bacteria biology cell biology cells cellular communication microbiology All topics [2021PodcastAd_Article_160] Share this article Copied! --------------------------------------------------------------------- Newsletter Get Quanta Magazine delivered to your inbox Subscribe now Recent newsletters The Quanta Newsletter Get highlights of the most important news delivered to your email inbox Email [ ] [ ] Subscribe Recent newsletters Also in Biology Concept Cells Help Your Brain Abstract Information and Build Memories [Concept-Neurons_crCarlos-Arrojo-Default] memory Concept Cells Help Your Brain Abstract Information and Build Memories By Yasemin Saplakoglu January 21, 2025 Read Later Scientists Re-Create the Microbial Dance That Sparked Complex Life [LabEndosymbiosis-crKristinaArmitage-Default] cell biology Scientists Re-Create the Microbial Dance That Sparked Complex Life By Molly Herring January 2, 2025 Read Later The Year in Biology [YIR-Bio_crRichard-Borge-Default] 2024 in Review The Year in Biology By Hannah Waters December 18, 2024 Read Later Comment on this article Quanta Magazine moderates comments to facilitate an informed, substantive, civil conversation. 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