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Next-level frosted glass with backdrop-filter

Filed under
    CSS
on
in
    December 2nd, 2024.
    Dec 2024.

Last updated
on
in
    December 7th, 2024.
    Dec 2024.

Table of Contents

IntroductionCSS filtersThe IssuePointer eventsFlickering topThicker
glassBrowser supportGlassy edgeThe final codeContinue learning
Introduction

One of my all-time favourite CSS tricks is using backdrop-filter:
blur() to create a frosted glass effect. I use it in just about every
project I work on, including this blog!

Here's a quick demo, to show what I'm talking about:

Some Example Website
https://www.joshwcomeau.com/example-website

Some Website

[cupcake]

This is an example website showing how I typically use
backdrop-filter to create glassy headers.

Notice that as the cupcake moves behind the header, it appears
blurry, as it would if it was passing behind frosted glass.

Play/Pause Animation

This effect helps us add depth and realism to our projects. It's
lovely.

But when I see this effect in the wild, it's almost always missing
some crucial optimizations. A couple of small changes can make our
frosted glass so much more lush and realistic!

In this post, you'll learn how to make the slickest frosted glass
ever . We'll also learn quite a bit about CSS filters along the way!

Credit where credit is due

I learned about this effect from Artur Bien's(opens in new tab)
incredible demos. He credits Jamie Gray(opens in new tab) for the
original concept.

Link to this headingCSS filters

To briefly explain the underlying concept: CSS gives us quick and
easy access to SVG filters via the filter property.

For example, we can give elements a Gaussian blur with filter: blur
():

My 3D mascot smiling with his tongue out. It's very blurry, but
dragging the slider makes it clearer
Blur radius:16px
[16                  ]

There are lots of fun filter options, the sorts of things you'd find
in image-editing software. Like, rotating the hue of all the colors:

My 3D mascot making a puzzled face. Dragging the slider causes him to
become unnatural shades of green and pink.
Hue rotation:0deg
[0                   ]

In these examples, I'm applying the filters to an <img> tag, but we
can apply them to standard DOM nodes as well:

Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting
industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text
ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type
and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not
only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting,
remaining essentially unchanged.

Blur radius:0px
[0                   ]
Sepia percentage:0%
[0                   ]

Pretty neat, right?

Things get even cooler with backdrop-filter. This property lets us
apply these same filters to the stuff behind a given element.

For example:

[tokyo]
Sepia:50%
[50                  ]
Brightness:130%
[130                 ]

In this demo, the .magic-ring element sits in front of a photo ( 
source(opens in new tab)). It uses the backdrop-filter property to
apply some filtering to everything behind it, which can be used for
some pretty artistic effects.

In practice, I pretty much only use backdrop-filter for one use case:
blurring everything behind an element, usually a header, to create
the "frosted glass" effect I mentioned earlier:

Some Example Website
https://www.joshwcomeau.com/example-website

Some Website

[cupcake]

This is an example website showing how I typically use
backdrop-filter to create glassy headers.

Notice that as the cupcake moves behind the header, it appears
blurry, as it would if it was passing behind frosted glass.

Play/Pause Animation

Alright. Let's talk about the thing most developers miss.

Link to this headingThe Issue

Here's the problem: The backdrop-filter algorithm only considers the
pixels that are directly behind the element.

For filters like brightness or hue-rotate, that makes perfect sense.
With blur, though, we actually want to consider pixels that are near
the element too.

This is one of those things where a demo is worth a thousand words.
Check out the difference:

DefaultTweaked
Play/Pause Animation

By default, the gaussian blur algorithm is applied to all of the
pixels behind the element. This means that if a big colorful element
is near the element, it won't have any effect.

That's not really how frosted glass works in real life though. Light
bounces off of objects and then goes through the glass. It looks so
much better when the blurring algorithm includes nearby content.

Unfortunately, this isn't something we can configure directly.
Instead, we need to be a bit crafty.

Here's the code:

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<style>
  header {
    position: relative;
  }
  .backdrop {
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    height: 200%;
    backdrop-filter: blur(16px);
    mask-image: linear-gradient(
      to bottom,
      black 0% 50%,
      transparent 50% 100%
    );
  }
</style>

<header>
  <div class="backdrop"></div>
</header>
<div class="ball"></div>

[<style>   header {  ]
Resize editor. Use left/right arrows.

Result

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It looks complicated, but the principle isn't too scary.

If we want the blur to consider elements nearby, we need to extend
that element so that it covers those elements. Then, using a mask, we
trim the excess away, so that it's visually the same size as we
originally intended.

Let's walk through it step by step. First, we have a header with a
backdrop blur:

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<style>
  header {
    backdrop-filter: blur(16px);
  }
</style>

<header></header>
<div class="ball"></div>

[<style>   header {  ]
Resize editor. Use left/right arrows.

Result

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Because the red ball isn't behind the header at all, it isn't being
considered by the blurring algorithm, and so we don't get that soft
red glow. We need to extend the header so that it covers at least
some of the ball.

Rather than give the <header> an explicit height (which would lock us
into a specific size, rather than a dynamically-calculated one),
let's move the backdrop-filter to a child element, and set that child
element to be twice as large as its parent:

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<style>
  header {
    position: relative;
  }
  .backdrop {
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    /*
      By setting "height: 200%", we ensure that
      this element is 2x as tall as its parent:
    */
    height: 200%;
    backdrop-filter: blur(16px);
  }
</style>

<header>
  <div class="backdrop"></div>
</header>
<div class="ball"></div>

[<style>   header {  ]
Resize editor. Use left/right arrows.

Result

Refresh results pane

Alright, now we're getting somewhere! The .backdrop child grows to
cover most of the red ball, blurring it correctly.

Now, we don't actually want to see all of this excess backdrop. We
need to trim it back to the size of the <header> parent element.

Maybe we can solve this with overflow: hidden?

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<style>
  header {
    position: relative;
    /*
      Hide any descendants that extend
      beyond the edge of the <header>:
    */
    overflow: hidden;
  }
  .backdrop {
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    height: 200%;
    backdrop-filter: blur(16px);
  }
</style>

<header>
  <div class="backdrop"></div>
</header>
<div class="ball"></div>

[<style>   header {  ]
Resize editor. Use left/right arrows.

Result

Refresh results pane

What you see here depends on your browser. On Firefox and Safari,
this works great! But sadly, it doesn't work on Chrome. There's no
soft red glow.

I think it's an order-of-operations issue. In Chrome, the overflow
trimming occurs before the filters are applied, so when the blurring
algorithm is executed, the content has already been hidden.

For the same reasons, we can't use overflow: clip or clip-path, but
fortunately, we can use mask-image. The masking algorithm happens
after the filters, in all browsers. 

Masking is a huge topic which is well beyond the scope of this
tutorial, but the basic idea is that we can specify how transparent
parts of an element should be. For example, if our mask is an opaque
circle in a transparent box, that opaque shape can be applied to any
other element:

Element
[tokyo]
+
Mask
[tokyo-mask]
=
Result
[tokyo-mask]

Most commonly, masks are images in a format that supports
transparency (like .png or .gif), but we can also use gradients as
masks. For example, we can fade an image from opaque to transparent:

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editor:

<style>
  .fade-img {
    mask-image: linear-gradient(
      to right,
      white 30%,
      transparent
    );
  }
</style>

<img
  class="fade-img"
  src="/images/backdrop-filter/tokyo.jpg"
/>

[<style>   .fade-img ]
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Result

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For our glassy header optimization, we're using mask-image to make
the original header size fully opaque, and everything past that point
fully transparent. Essentially our mask looks like this:

Element
[mask-befor]
+
Mask
=
Result
[mask-after]

The relevant code looks like this:

Copy to clipboard

.backdrop {
  height: 200%;
  mask-image: linear-gradient(
    to bottom,
    black 0% 50%,
    transparent 50% 100%
  );
}

Our mask doesn't look like a gradient, does it? I typically picture
gradients fading smoothly from one color to the next.

It might feel like an illegal building technique?Term from the LEGO
world, referring to assembling LEGO bricks in a way that the
manufacturer did not intend., but this is what we need in this case.
Our gradient is solid black from 0% to 50%, then it instantly becomes
transparent for the final 50%.

Why 50%? We set height to 200%, so that .backdrop will always be
twice as tall as its container. The percentages inside mask-image's
gradient are relative to the current element's size.

For example, if our <header> is 200px tall, our .backdrop will grow
to 400px (200% of its parent). Then, our mask will show the first 50%
of this element (0px to 200px), and hide the rest (200px to 400px).

Here's the code again. Feel free to experiment with it, to develop
your intuition for what's happening:

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editor:

<style>
  header {
    position: relative;
  }
  .backdrop {
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    height: 200%;
    backdrop-filter: blur(16px);
    mask-image: linear-gradient(
      to bottom,
      black 0% 50%,
      transparent 50% 100%
    );
  }
</style>

<header>
  <div class="backdrop"></div>
</header>
<div class="ball"></div>

[<style>   header {  ]
Resize editor. Use left/right arrows.

Result

Refresh results pane

This is the basic idea behind this solution, but there's a bug we
need to fix, and a couple more optimizations we can consider.

Link to this headingPointer events

Our current implementation has a pretty big issue: nearby elements
become unclickable and unselectable.

Try to select the text just below the header:

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<style>
  header {
    position: relative;
  }
  .backdrop {
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    height: 200%;
    backdrop-filter: blur(16px);
    mask-image: linear-gradient(
      to bottom,
      black 0% 50%,
      transparent 50% 100%
    );
  }
</style>

<header>
  <div class="backdrop"></div>
</header>
<p>Try to select this text</p>

[<style>   header {  ]
Resize editor. Use left/right arrows.

Result

Refresh results pane

Here's what happens when I try on desktop:

Here's the problem: the mask-image property will visually hide parts
of an element, but the element is still there. We're not able to
click on the text because that .backdrop is extending out and
covering it!

Fortunately, it's an easy fix:

Copy to clipboard

.backdrop {
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
  height: 200%;
  backdrop-filter: blur(16px);
  mask-image: linear-gradient(
    to bottom,
    black 0% 50%,
    transparent 50% 100%
  );
  pointer-events: none;
}

The pointer-events property allows us to specify that an element
should be ignored when resolving click/touch events. mask-image makes
the backdrop invisible, and pointer-events: none makes the backdrop 
incorporeal?Something that can be seen but not felt, like a mirage or
a ghost.

This is another reason why .backdrop needs to be a child element. We
don't want the <header> itself to ignore clicks, since it typically
has navigation links. We want to target the frosted glass element
specifically.

Link to this headingFlickering top

By extending the glassy backdrop below the header, we can ensure that
the blurring algorithm takes it into consideration even before that
element reaches the header.

But what about when things leave the top of the viewport?

Things aren't quite so nice. Scroll down slowly in this demo:

Some Example Website
https://www.joshwcomeau.com/example-website
[boats]

Notice that weird goopy flickering, at the very top of the viewport?

It's the same issue as before. The gaussian blur algorithm is only
considering the pixels directly underneath it. When a yellow
longboard is scrolled out of view, for example, that data is no
longer factoring into the blur algorithm, causing those unnatural
color flickers.

Unfortunately, we can't re-use our solution here. As far as I can
tell, elements outside the viewport are never considered by
backdrop-filter(), even if the elements are layered correctly.

The best solution I've found for this solution is to add a gradient
that covers the flickering:

Some Example Website
https://www.joshwcomeau.com/example-website
[boats]

Here's the code:

Copy to clipboard

.backdrop {
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
  height: 200%;
  background: linear-gradient(
    to bottom,
    /*
      Replace this with your site's
      actual background color:
    */
    hsl(0deg 0% 0%) 0%,
    transparent 50%
  );
  backdrop-filter: blur(16px);
  mask-image: linear-gradient(
    to bottom,
    black 0% 50%,
    transparent 50% 100%
  );
  pointer-events: none;
}

Until now, the .backdrop element has been fully transparent; we
haven't applied a background at all. This gradient makes it opaque at
the very top, blocking the flickering colors from view, but fading to
transparent, to show the frosted glass effect.

Link to this headingThicker glass

In some circumstances, the frosted glass effect can be a bit
distracting:

Some Example Website
https://www.joshwcomeau.com/example-website
Some Website

  * Home
  * Shop
  * Contact

Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting
industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text
ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type
and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not
only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting,
remaining essentially unchanged.

It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets
containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop
publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem
Ipsum.

Contrary to popular belief, Lorem Ipsum is not simply random text. It
has roots in a piece of classical Latin literature from 45 BC, making
it over 2000 years old. Richard McClintock, a Latin professor at
Hampden-Sydney College in Virginia, looked up one of the more obscure
Latin words, consectetur, from a Lorem Ipsum passage, and going
through the cites of the word in classical literature, discovered the
undoubtable source. Lorem Ipsum comes from sections 1.10.32 and
1.10.33 of "de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum" (The Extremes of Good and
Evil) by Cicero, written in 45 BC. This book is a treatise on the
theory of ethics, very popular during the Renaissance. The first line
of Lorem Ipsum, "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet..", comes from a line in
section 1.10.32.

This feels too "busy" to me; the blurry text sitting behind the
header makes the site name and navigation too hard to read. It all
feels a bit messy, and not as subtle as I want.

There are two main ways to fix this. We could increase the blur
radius:

Some Example Website
https://www.joshwcomeau.com/example-website
Some Website

  * Home
  * Shop
  * Contact

Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting
industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text
ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type
and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not
only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting,
remaining essentially unchanged.

It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets
containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop
publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem
Ipsum.

Contrary to popular belief, Lorem Ipsum is not simply random text. It
has roots in a piece of classical Latin literature from 45 BC, making
it over 2000 years old. Richard McClintock, a Latin professor at
Hampden-Sydney College in Virginia, looked up one of the more obscure
Latin words, consectetur, from a Lorem Ipsum passage, and going
through the cites of the word in classical literature, discovered the
undoubtable source. Lorem Ipsum comes from sections 1.10.32 and
1.10.33 of "de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum" (The Extremes of Good and
Evil) by Cicero, written in 45 BC. This book is a treatise on the
theory of ethics, very popular during the Renaissance. The first line
of Lorem Ipsum, "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet..", comes from a line in
section 1.10.32.

Blur radius:12px
[12                  ]

Or, we could add a background-color to the parent <header>, making it
semi-opaque:

Some Example Website
https://www.joshwcomeau.com/example-website
Some Website

  * Home
  * Shop
  * Contact

Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting
industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text
ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type
and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not
only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting,
remaining essentially unchanged.

It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets
containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop
publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem
Ipsum.

Contrary to popular belief, Lorem Ipsum is not simply random text. It
has roots in a piece of classical Latin literature from 45 BC, making
it over 2000 years old. Richard McClintock, a Latin professor at
Hampden-Sydney College in Virginia, looked up one of the more obscure
Latin words, consectetur, from a Lorem Ipsum passage, and going
through the cites of the word in classical literature, discovered the
undoubtable source. Lorem Ipsum comes from sections 1.10.32 and
1.10.33 of "de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum" (The Extremes of Good and
Evil) by Cicero, written in 45 BC. This book is a treatise on the
theory of ethics, very popular during the Renaissance. The first line
of Lorem Ipsum, "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet..", comes from a line in
section 1.10.32.

Background Opacity:0.6
[0.6                 ]

(We could also tweak the gradient we added in the previous section,
making it fade from fully-opaque to semi-opaque, but I prefer to keep
the two things separate, so that I can tweak them independently.)

Link to this headingBrowser support

backdrop-filter has been around in all major browsers for a number of
years now; according to caniuse(opens in new tab), it's above 97%
support as I write this in December 2024. For our main optimization,
we also need mask-image, which is almost as well supported(opens in
new tab), sitting at 96.3%.

Both properties require a -webkit prefix for some browsers, but most
CSS tooling will add this for you automatically.

At the bottom of this blog post, I'll include the full copy-ready
code, which uses feature queries to make sure that older browsers
still have a usable experience. They won't get the frosted glass
effect, but everything will still be readable and usable.

Weird Firefox quirk

While working on this blog post, I ran into a known bug(opens in new
tab): backdrop-filter stops working in Firefox on a position: sticky
element if an ancestor has both overflow and border-radius set.

It's niche enough that you're not likely to run into it, but if you
do, it's completely baffling . Hopefully this saves you some time!

Link to this headingGlassy edge

As if this stuff wasn't complicated enough already, Artur Bien came
up with an extra twist; we can create the illusion of a 3D piece of
glass by adding a second blurred element with different filter
settings:

Glass thickness:3px
[3                   ]
Edge blur radius:8px
[8                   ]
Play/Pause Animation

Isn't that lovely?!

Here's how this works: The bottom edge is a separate DOM node with
its own backdrop-filter. I find it looks better with a smaller blur
radius (eg. 8px in the bottom edge, 16px in the main backdrop), and
with an extra brightness filter to really make it pop. 

The code for this is a bit gnarly . I've done my best to explain it
in the comments below:

Copy to clipboard

<style>
  .backdrop {
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    height: 200%;
    border-radius: 4px;
    background: hsl(0deg 0% 100% / 0.1);
    pointer-events: none;
    backdrop-filter: blur(16px);
    mask-image: linear-gradient(
      to bottom,
      black 0,
      black 50%,
      transparent 50%
    );
  }

  .backdrop-edge {
    /* Set this to whatever you want for the edge thickness: */
    --thickness: 6px;

    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    /*
      Only a few pixels will be visible, but we'll
      set the height by 100% to include nearby elements.
    */
    height: 100%;
    /*
      Shift down by 100% of its own height, so that the
      edge stacks underneath the main <header>:
    */
    transform: translateY(100%);
    background: hsl(0deg 0% 100% / 0.1);
    backdrop-filter: blur(8px) brightness(120%);
    pointer-events: none;
    /*
      We mask out everything aside from the first few
      pixels, specified by the --thickness variable:
    */
    mask-image: linear-gradient(
      to bottom,
      black 0,
      black var(--thickness),
      transparent var(--thickness)
    );
  }
</style>

<header>
  <div class="backdrop"></div>
  <div class="backdrop-edge"></div>
</header>

Experiment with other filters!

In the example above, I increased the brightness of everything behind
the glassy edge by 20% with a secondary filter, brightness(1.2).

And in my original cupcake example, I tweaked both the brightness and
saturation:

Copy to clipboard

.backdrop {
  backdrop-filter: blur(8px) brightness(90%) saturate(140%);
}
.backdrop-edge {
  backdrop-filter: blur(6px) brightness(110%) saturate(120%);
}

I've heard that increased saturation can help reduce the muddiness
that comes from blurring, but really, this is more art than science.
I recommend experimenting with various filter effects to come up with
something that works for your particular use case!

Link to this headingThe final code

Phew! We covered a lot of ground in this one.

Here's the final code, with all of the optimizations we've discussed.
I've also included feature queries, to make sure that our website
remains legible on older browsers.

Feel free to copy this code, and make it your own! This is intended
to be a starting point, not a complete solution. For example, you may
wish to tweak the size of the backdrop's overlap for your particular
circumstances.

Code Playground

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editor:

<style>
  header {
    --thickness: 4px;
    position: sticky;
    top: 0;
    /*
      Very opaque, for unsupported browsers.
      Overwritten in the feature queries below.
    */
    background: hsl(0deg 0% 100% / 0.95);
  }

  /*
    This code gets applied for folks using
    browsers that support backdrop-filter.
  */
  @supports
    (backdrop-filter: blur(16px)) or
    (-webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(16px))
  {
    header {
      background: hsl(0deg 0% 100% / 0.5);
    }

    .backdrop {
      position: absolute;
      inset: 0;
      /*
        These prefixed properties are usually
        added automatically by tooling:
      */
      -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(16px);
      backdrop-filter: blur(16px);
      background: linear-gradient(
        to bottom,
        hsl(0deg 0% 95%),
        transparent 50%
      );
      pointer-events: none;
    }

    .backdrop-edge {
      position: absolute;
      left: 0;
      right: 0;
      bottom: 0;
      height: var(--thickness);
      background: hsl(0deg 0% 100% / 0.1);
      -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(12px) brightness(0.96);
      backdrop-filter: blur(12px) brightness(0.96);
      transform: translateY(100%);
      pointer-events: none;
    }
  }

  /*
    This code gets applied for folks using
    browsers that support mask-image. This
    adds the "consider near elements"
    optimization discussed in this article.
  */
  @supports
    (mask-image: none) or
    (-webkit-mask-image: none)
  {
    .backdrop {
      height: 200%;
      -webkit-mask-image: linear-gradient(
        to bottom,
        black 0% 50%,
        transparent 50% 100%
      );
      mask-image: linear-gradient(
        to bottom,
        black 0% 50%,
        transparent 50% 100%
      );
    }
    .backdrop-edge {
      height: 100%;
      inset: 0;
      -webkit-mask-image: linear-gradient(
        to bottom,
        black 0,
        black var(--thickness),
        transparent var(--thickness)
      );
      mask-image: linear-gradient(
        to bottom,
        black 0,
        black var(--thickness),
        transparent var(--thickness)
      );
    }
  }
</style>

<header>
  <div class="backdrop"></div>
  <div class="backdrop-edge"></div>
</header>
<div class="ball"></div>

[<style>   header {  ]
Resize editor. Use left/right arrows.

Result

Refresh results pane

Link to this headingContinue learning

If you've enjoyed this blog post, you might like to know that I have
an entire course about CSS!

It's called CSS for JavaScript Developers(opens in new tab), and it's
built using the same tech stack as this blog: it's chock full of
interactive articles, demos, and opportunities to experiment. There
are also bite-sized videos, exercises, workshops, and even a few
mini-games!

You can learn all about my course here:

  * CSS for JavaScript Developers(opens in new tab)

Education stipends

If you currently work as a software developer, your employer may be
able to cover the cost of registration for my CSS course! Many
companies offer an "education stipend", a budget you can use to
attend conferences or purchase books and courses. If your employer
offers this perk, don't let it go to waste!

I also created a template letter(opens in new tab) you can use to
help convince your manager that this course would be a worthwhile
investment for the business.

Last updated on

December 7th, 2024

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