https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_C Jump to content [ ] Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation * Main page * Contents * Current events * Random article * About Wikipedia * Contact us Contribute * Help * Learn to edit * Community portal * Recent changes * Upload file [wikipe] Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia Search [ ] Search * Donate [ ] Appearance * Create account * Log in [ ] Personal tools * Create account * Log in Pages for logged out editors learn more * Contributions * Talk Contents move to sidebar hide * (Top) * 1 Technique * 2 Recordings * 3 Impact on other music * 4 References * 5 Further reading [ ] Toggle the table of contents In C [ ] 6 languages * Cestina * Dansk * Deutsch * Francais * Italiano * Nederlands Edit links * Article * Talk [ ] English * Read * Edit * View history [ ] Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions * Read * Edit * View history General * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Permanent link * Page information * Cite this page * Get shortened URL * Download QR code * Wikidata item Print/export * Download as PDF * Printable version In other projects Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Musical composition For the album by Acid Mothers Temple & The Melting Paraiso U.F.O., see In C (album). [220px-Terry_Riley_In_C_1968]Riley's 1968 LP recording of In C as part of the CBS Records "Music of our Time" series. In C is a musical piece composed by Terry Riley in 1964 for an indefinite number of performers. He suggests "a group of about 35 is desired if possible but smaller or larger groups will work".^[1] A series of short melodic fragments that can be repeated at the discretion of musicians, In C is often cited as the first minimalist composition to make a significant impact on the public consciousness. ^[2] The piece was first performed by Steve Reich, Jon Gibson, Pauline Oliveros, Stuart Dempster, Morton Subotnick and others at the San Francisco Tape Music Center.^[3]^[4] It received its first recorded release in 1968 on CBS Records. Subsequent performances have been recorded many times since. In 2022, the 1968 LP recording of In C was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Recording Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.".^[5] Technique [edit] In C consists of 53 short numbered musical phrases, lasting from half a beat to 32 beats, and having from one note to twenty-five. Performers are expected to play the first phrase once in unison, after which each performer may repeat the phrase or move on to the next. Each phrase may be repeated an arbitrary number of times at the discretion of each musician in the ensemble. Each musician is expected to use the same tempo, as led by "the pulse" on piano or pitched percussion (such as xylophone or marimba) but otherwise the performers have control over which phrase they play and how many times it is repeated. Performers are encouraged to play the phrases starting at different times, even if they are playing the same phrase. In this way, although the melodic content of each part is predetermined, In C has elements of aleatoric music to it and each performance will be different from others.^[6] The performance directions state that the musical ensemble should try to stay within two to three phrases of each other. The phrases must be played in order, although some may be skipped. The first musician to reach the final numbered phrase repeats it indefinitely until all other musicians reach the same phrase, at which point they all crescendo and gradually stop playing until only "the pulse" remains and then goes silent. As detailed in some editions of the score, it is customary for one musician ("traditionally... a beautiful girl," Riley notes in the score)^[7] to play the note C in repeated eighth notes, typically on a piano or pitched-percussion instrument (e.g. marimba). This functions as a metronome and is referred to as "The Pulse". Steve Reich introduced the idea of a rhythmic pulse to Riley, who accepted it, thus radically altering the original composition by Riley which had no pre-determined rhythm.^[8] [400px-Music_Now_May_1968_Prog_Pg1]Program notes from first UK performance, May 1968 In C has no set duration; performances can last as little as fifteen minutes or as long as several hours, although Riley indicates "performances normally average between 45 minutes and an hour and a half." The number of performers may also vary between any two performances. The original recording of the piece was created by 11 musicians (although, through overdubbing, several dozen instruments were utilized), while a performance in 2006 at the Walt Disney Concert Hall featured 124 musicians. The piece begins on a C major chord (patterns one through seven) with a strong emphasis on the mediant E and the entrance of the note F which begins a series of slow progressions to other chords suggesting a few subtle and ambiguous changes of key, the last pattern being an alternation between B and G. Though the polyphonic interplay of the various patterns against each other and themselves at different rhythmic displacements is of primary interest, the piece may be considered heterophonic. The first UK performance of In C was on 18 May 1968 at Royal Institute Galleries by the Music Now Ensemble directed by Cornelius Cardew as part of a series of four Music Now, Sounds of Discovery Concerts, during May 1968.^[9]^[10] Recordings [edit] The piece has been recorded a number of times: Artist Instrumentation Duration Tempo (=) Recording Release information information Terry Riley and saxophone, oboe, Center of bassoon, trumpet, March 27-28, Creative and clarinet, flute, 42' 03" 132 1968 (many Columbia MS 7178 (LP); Sony Performing Arts viola, trombone, overdubs) SNYC 45368 (Re-mastered) (SUNY-Buffalo) vibraphone, marimbaphone saxophones, trumpets, Volume 33: Mantra (LP); Reed L'Infonie percussion, piano, 29' 20" 104 Recorded in Streams / In C, Cortical guitar, bass guitar, 1970 Foundation Corti 2 trombones Ensemble vibes, glockenspiel, Diamine Studio, In C / Djembe, Materiali Percussione marimbas, xylophone, 41' 01" 116 Mestre-Venezia, Sonori Ricerca crotales Italy in 1983 Recorded in January 1989 at traditional Chinese the Recording Shanghai Film instruments ("various Studio of the Orchestra lutes, zithers, mouth 28' 35" 108 Shanghai Film Celestial Harmonies 13026 organs, flute, and Industry. Mixed percussion") by Terry Riley, Jon Hassell and Brian Eno concert grand piano, Piano Circus upright piano, Rhodes 20' 00" 132 Recorded in Six Pianos / In C, Argo piano, harpsichords, 1990 430380 vibraphone saxophones (sopranos, alto, tenor, and baritone), xylophone, Recorded live synthesizers, voices, on January 14, flute, viola, 1990 at the New Terry Riley and violins, trombones, 76' 16" 108 Music Theatre In C - 25th Anniversary Friends cello, piano, and Life on the Concert, New Albion 71 guitars, Water, San glockenspiel, drums, Francisco marimba, clarinet, accordion, xylophone, bass clarinet flute, oboe, English horn, clarinet, bassoon, French Recorded live Quebec horns, trumpets, on June 12, Contemporary trombone, tuba, harp, 35' 46" 116 1997 at the Atma Classique 22251 Music Society percussion, sitar, Salle tablas, violins, Pierre-Mercure viola, cello, double bass, vocal ensemble Recorded live percussion, double on May 31, 1997 basses, harp, cello, at Chapelle des guitar, piano, Brigitines, Ictus (with accordion, oboe, Brussels. Blindman violin, clarinets, 65' 00" 130 Slightly Cypres 5601 Kwartet) soprano saxophone, overdubbed at alto saxophone, tenor Acoustic saxophone, baritone Recording saxophone Studio, Brussels cello, glockenspiel, vibraphone, bass, Recorded live mandolin, soprano on November 20, Bang on a Can saxophone, pipa, 45' 32" 120 1998 at the Cantaloupe 21004 piano, violin, World Financial electric guitar, Center, New chimes, marimba, York clarinet keyboards, clarinet, trumpet, violins, Recorded live Terry Riley cello, fretless on April 20, Repetitition baritone guitar, 76' 40" 108 2000 in DOM, Long Arm Records 01033 [sic] Orchestra double bass, Moscow chime-bells, percussion, voices Recorded on guitars, keyboards, September 21, The Styrenes bass, drums, 53' 19" 120 2000 at Unique Enja 94352 vibraphone Studio, NYC (many overdubs) voices, monster bass, Acid Mothers electric guitars, Recorded at FTF Temple & the synthesizers, drums, Studio, Indo-yo Melting Paraiso violin, zuruna, 20' 31" 92 and Acid Squealer 37 U.F.O tambura, shruti box, Mothers Temple, vibraphone, 2002 glockenspiel violin, viola, violoncello, marimba, Recorded April European Music electric piano, 19-22, 2001 at Project, English horn, 60' 48" 120 Sendesaal des Wergo 66502 zignorii++ clarinets, alto Funkhauses Koln saxophone, electronic arrangements flute, clarinet, soprano saxophone, alto saxophone, re-sound voice, electric 57' 00" Recorded in Move Records MD 3262^[11] guitar, electric Australia (2002) bass, percussion, keyboards, violin, cello classical guitars, Recorded on electric guitars, November 23, DesAccordes / electric basses, 48' 54" 120 2003 at Espace MUSEA/GAZUL GA8681.AR d-zAkord harp, cellos, Culturel du percussion, drums, Bois Fleuri, bass Lormont, France synthesizer, alto Recorded live Ut Gret saxophone, vibes, 64' 11" 120 at Tewligans in Recent Fossils, Ear-X-tacy marimba, flute, bass 2002 Records clarinet Ars Nova Recorded on Copenhagen, vocals, marimbas, January 17, Percurama bass marimba, 55' 16" 116 2005 at Focus Dacapo 8.226049 Percussion vibraphone, Bali gong Recording, Ensemble Copenhagen Recorded live as "In C in American Just Festival of just-fretted guitars, Intonation," Microtonal viola, harpsichord, 23' 11" 112 Terry Riley's Ear Gardens, Pitch P-200209 Music kanon, guitar "pulse" reworking commissioned by the AFMM in 1988 Recorded live Oxford at Sheldonian Minimalist 45' 09" Theatre Oxford www.minimalistensemble.co.uk Ensemble UK on 11 May 2006 The New Live at the Edge, Odessa Audience 16' 36" Mama (2006) Ensemble Recorded at Barbara Church, Jeroen van Veen Piano and other 57' 56" 120 Culemborg on Minimal Piano Collection, keyboards October 23-28, Brilliant Classics 8551 2006 (many overdubs) piano, percussion, xylophone, bassoon, accordion, flute, The project bass flute, clarinet, included GVSU New Music bass clarinet, cello, 20' 43" remixed In C Remixed, Innova 758 Ensemble English horn, soprano versions by 16 (2009) and tenor saxophones, other marimba, vibraphone, musicians, guitar, trumpet, violin Orkest de 51' 36" 108 The Minimalists, Mode 214/ Volharding 215 (2009) Hans Balmer Flutes (overdubbed) 40' 04" 124 Minimal Flute, Fontastix (2009) Laptops recorded live Salt Lake Feb. 3, 2010 in Electric Laptop orchestra with 65' 56" 85 Salt Lake City, sleearts.com (2010) Ensemble percussion acoustic instruments overdubbed Feb/ Mar 2010 Piano, Percussion, Flute, Cello, Accordion, Violin, Recorded live Terry Riley: In C Clarinet, Bass, on November 8, Ghostly International GI-108 GVSU New Music Saxophone, Acoustic 61' 28" 124 2009, at Le (2010) Ensemble Guitar, Electric Poisson Rouge, Limited Edition CD + Digital Guitar, Trumpet. New York City Download Featured Guest Dennis DeSantis on laptop and effects. Analogue modular synth 'pulse', organ, Recorded at piano, marimba, Hatchlands Invisible percussion, violin, 45' 40" 115 Park, Surrey, Junior Aspirin Records Polytechnic viola, hurdy-gurdy, and Them Usem, (ASP020, 2011) harp, bass guitar, London oboe, daegeum, bassoon, voices Piano 'pulse', guitar, electric guitar, 2 violins, Recorded live viola, cello, on March 17, balalayka, 2012, at museum Anton Glushkin balalayka-contrabass, 51' 110 of contemporary Hands For Friends studio and friends flute, clarinet, arts "Erarta", bassoon, French horn, St. Petersburg, bayan, harp, Russia harpsichord, synthesizer, percussion Recorded The Sensorium Bass, Baritone, December 2010 Saxophone Tenor, Alto and 35' 110 at Creative Living Records (2012) Orchestra Soprano Saxophones, Music Studios, with Snare Drum Pulse Brooklyn, New York clarinet, alto saxophones, voices, electronic bells, DTX electronic drums, MIDI sequencer, University of CDJ-2000 turntable, Lethbridge iPad, piano, Minimoog Lethbridge, Digital Audio Arts Electroacoustic Voyager, microKorg 41'13" 96 Canada, April University of Lethbridge Ensemble XL, keyboards, 2013 acoustic guitars, electric guitar, bass guitar (Ableton Suite and Logic Pro controlled by iPad and keyboards) PressingPlay Ableton Live 8, Recorded live at PlonkPlonk laptop APC40, Kore 2 23'52" 128 June 2013 Records in June 2013 Orchestra Adrian Utley's Electric Guitars, Recorded live Guitar Organs, Bass 61'24" at St. George's Released by Invada Records Orchestra Clarinet, Percussion hall, Bristol, on 14 October 2013 6 February 2013 Haanwijk Guitaret 21 Hohner Guitarets 19'47" Released April 2014 Ensemble balafons, baritone-guitar, calabash, djembe, Recorded at Released February 2015; flutes, guitars, Maison des titled In C Mali. Features Africa Express imzad, kalimbas, 40'45" 130 Jeunes, Bamako Brian Eno and Damon Albarn.^ kamel n'goni, koras, and Studio P5, [12] melodica, Berlin percussions, violin, vocals clarinet, soprano Performed saxophone, trombone, without pulse percussion, in a varying, electronic free-flowing Fighting percussion, analogue tempo. Recorded Released by PMG Jazz on July Windmills + synthesizer, modeling 78'41" (variable) live at Kino 5, 2018 Sethstat synthesizer, electric Frosina, MKC - guitar, electronics, Skopje, bass guitar, Macedonia, contrabass December 16, 2016. dBs Music Synthesizer Orchestra 53'50" 85 Recorded at dBs Performed December 2018^[13] Bristol strings quintet, Recorded live Selfie piano, guitar, bass, at Onerkhana Orchestra and mezzo-soprano, 66'10" 93.75 Performing Arts Performed June 24, 2021^[14] Friends accordion, Theatre electronics (Almaty, Kazakhstan) Recorded live at the "Studio electronics, guitar, des Forces Released 9 September 2022^[ The Young Gods voice, drums and 51'59" Motrices", 15] percussions Geneva, Switzerland, 21 October 2021 Impact on other music [edit] Grand Valley State University New Music Ensemble produced an album of remixed versions of In C. A discussion of the In C remixing project including music played from three of the remixed versions can be heard in Radiolab's podcast on In C from December 14, 2009.^[16] The remixers included Jad Abumrad, Mason Bates, Jack Dangers, Dennis DeSantis, R. Luke DuBois, Mikael Karlsson/Rob Stephenson, Zoe Keating , Phil Kline, Kleerup, Glenn Kotche, David Lang, Michael Lowenstern, Paul D. Miller (DJ Spooky), Nico Muhly, Todd Reynolds and Daniel Bernard Roumain (DBR).^[17] References [edit] 1. ^ Riley, Terry, "In C: Performing Directions", from the score for In C, 1989, Celestial Harmonies 2. ^ Christopher Bonds, The Musical Impulse, second, revised edition (Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall Hunt Publishing Company, 1994): 345. ISBN 9780840398024 3. ^ "A guide to Terry Riley's music" by Tom Service, The Guardian, 29 January 2013 4. ^ "Radio Eclectus: Stuart Dempster interviewed by Michael Schell" , April 9, 2020 5. ^ "National Recording Registry Inducts Music from Alicia Keys, Ricky Martin, Journey and More in 2022". Library of Congress. Retrieved 13 April 2022. 6. ^ Honigmann, David (October 7, 2013). "In C, Barbican, London - review". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10. Retrieved 2014-07-28. `In C - probably the second-best-known aleatory classic - is less a score than a set of instructions' 7. ^ This direction seems to be in the original score, but is not in the OtherMinds CC-licensed score. 8. ^ Andrew Ford (May 6, 2012). "Steve Reich - rhythm and minimalism". The Music Show. ABC Radio National. Archived from the original on 2021-12-09. Retrieved 2014-08-07 - via YouTube. `Steve Reich turned his back on Serialism back in the late 60s. He'd heard John Coltrane's free jazz and following a trip to Ghana in the early 70s he decided rhythm was more important than melody. So Minimalism was born in uptown New York.'{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) 9. ^ Programme for the Cornelius Cardew Ensemble, Royal Institute Galleries. (1968) 10. ^ Anderson, Virginia (18 November 2013). "Systems and Other Minimalism in Britain". In The Ashgate Research Companion to Minimalist and Postminimalist Music, ed. Keith Potter, Kyle Gann, and Pwyll ap Sion. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. 11. ^ Move Records MD 3262 re-sound: In C 12. ^ Clark, Philip. "Riley In C". Gramophone. 13. ^ "VIDEO: A day recording with Portishead's Adrian Utley at DBS Music". 14. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "In C by Terry Riley". YouTube. 15. ^ "In C". The Young Gods. Retrieved 6 November 2022. 16. ^ Radiolab, "In C", December 14, 2009 17. ^ "In C Remixed". GVSU New Music Ensemble. Retrieved 26 February 2014. Further reading [edit] * Carl, Robert. 2009. Terry Riley's in C. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-532528-7 doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/ 9780195325287.001.0001 * Reed, S. Alexander. 2011. "In C on Its Own Terms: A Statistical and Historical View". Perspectives of New Music 49, no. 1 (Winter): 47-78. doi:10.7757/persnewmusi.49.1.0047 Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata International * VIAF * Germany * United States National * France * BnF data Other * MusicBrainz work * BRAHMS * v * t * e Terry Riley * A Rainbow in Curved Air Albums * Persian Surgery Dervishes * Shri Camel * In C * Chanting the Light of Foresight Works * Sun Rings * At the Royal Majestic * Church of Anthrax Collaborations * Cadenza on the Night Plain * Salome Dances for Peace Related articles * Minimal music Category * Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_C&oldid =1243891355" Categories: * Compositions by Terry Riley * Minimalistic compositions * 1964 compositions * Process music pieces * Compositions in C major * United States National Recording Registry recordings * United States National Recording Registry albums Hidden categories: * CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown * Articles with short description * Short description matches Wikidata * This page was last edited on 3 September 2024, at 23:42 (UTC). * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License; additional terms may apply. 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