https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral_formula Jump to content [ ] Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation * Main page * Contents * Current events * Random article * About Wikipedia * Contact us * Donate Contribute * Help * Learn to edit * Community portal * Recent changes * Upload file [wikipe] Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia Search [ ] Search [ ] Appearance * Create account * Log in [ ] Personal tools * Create account * Log in Pages for logged out editors learn more * Contributions * Talk Contents move to sidebar hide * (Top) * 1 History * 2 Contained information Toggle Contained information subsection + 2.1 Organ numbers and fusion + 2.2 Symmetry + 2.3 Sexuality * 3 Examples Toggle Examples subsection + 3.1 Using boxes * 4 See also * 5 Notes * 6 References * 7 Bibliography * 8 External links [ ] Toggle the table of contents Floral formula [ ] 30 languages * baaNlaa * Bosanski * Catala * Cestina * Deutsch * Eesti * Ellenika * Espanol * Esperanto * frsy * Francais * Galego * hangugeo * Italiano * Latviesu * Makedonski * Nederlands * Ri Ben Yu * O`zbekcha / uzbekcha * Polski * Portugues * Romana * Russkii * Slovencina * Slovenscina * Srpski / srpski * tmilll * Ukrayins'ka * Tieng Viet * Zhong Wen Edit links * Article * Talk [ ] English * Read * Edit * View history [ ] Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions * Read * Edit * View history General * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Permanent link * Page information * Cite this page * Get shortened URL * Download QR code * Wikidata item Print/export * Download as PDF * Printable version In other projects Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Notation representing flowers' structure Anagallis arvensis K5 [C(5) A5] G(5) Floral formula of Anagallis arvensis.^[1]^: 307 Polysymmetric flower. The perianth consists of 5 free sepals and 5 joined petals, which are fused with androecium. Flower is bisexual, it contains 5 stamens, pistil is fused of five carpels, ovary is inferior. A floral formula is a notation for representing the structure of particular types of flowers. Such notations use numbers, letters and various symbols to convey significant information in a compact form. They may represent the floral form of a particular species, or may be generalized to characterize higher taxa, usually giving ranges of numbers of organs. Floral formulae are one of the two ways of describing flower structure developed during the 19th century, the other being floral diagrams.^[2] The format of floral formulae differs according to the tastes of particular authors and periods, yet they tend to convey the same information.^[1] A floral formula is often used along with a floral diagram. History [edit] Floral formulae were developed at the beginning of the 19th century.^ [2] The first authors using them were Cassel^[3] (1820) who first devised lists of integers to denote numbers of parts in named whorls; and Martius^[4] (1828). Grisebach^[5] (1854) used 4-integer series to represent the 4 whorls of floral parts in his textbook to describe characteristics of floral families, stating numbers of different organs separated by commas and highlighting fusion. Sachs^[6] (1873) used them together with floral diagrams, he noted their advantage of being composed of "ordinary typeface". [220px-Extract_from_Cassel_]Cassel formula Although Eichler widely used floral diagrams in his Bluthendiagramme, ^[7]^[8] he used floral formulae sparingly, mainly for families with simple flowers. Sattler's^[9] Organogenesis of Flowers (1973) takes advantage of floral formulae and diagrams to describe the ontogeny of 50 plant species. Newer books containing formulae include Plant Systematics by Judd et al.^[10] (2002) and Simpson^[11] (2010). Prenner et al. devised an extension of the existing model to broaden the descriptive capability of the formula and argued that formulae should be included in formal taxonomic descriptions.^[2] Ronse De Craene (2010)^[1] partially utilized their way of writing the formulae in his book Floral Diagrams. Contained information [edit] Organ numbers and fusion [edit] The formula expresses counts of different floral organs;^[note 1] these are usually preceded by letters or abbreviations according to the organ type. They are ordered corresponding to the arrangement of the parts of the flower from the outside to the inside: Tepals (perigon or Bracts Bracteoles perianth), or Stamens ( Carpels ( Ovules sepals (calyx) and androecium) gynoecium) petals (corolla) P^[2] or CaCo^[12] V^[2] B^[2] Bt^[2] K^[2] or C^[2] or A G or O^[ Ca^[12] Co^[12] 9] The labels with darker backgrounds are less common. "V" used by Prenner et al. for the number of ovules per gynoecium is followed by lowercase letter describing the type of placentation. For epicalyx/ calyculus, the letter "k" is used. The numbers are inserted after the labels, they may be formatted as sub- or superscript. If an organ is absent, its number is written as "0" or it is omitted, if there are "many" (usually more than 10-12) instances, it can be written as "[?]". Whorls of the same organ are separated by "+". Organ counts within a whorl can be separated by ":", for example when part of the whorl is morphologically different. A range can be given if the number is variable, e.g. when the formula summarizes a taxon. + K[3+3] - a calyx with six free sepals, arranged as two separate whorls + A[?] - many stamens + P3-12 - perianth from three to twelve petals Groups of organs can be described by writing the number of instances in the group as superscript. A52 - 5 groups of 2 stamens The formula can also express organ fusion. Fusion of one organ type can be shown by enclosing the number in a circle, fusion of different organs can be represented by ties, as e.g. in Judd et al. Prenner et al. state that this method is difficult to achieve via standard typesetting.^[2]^: 242 Joining of organs can be more readily written using parentheses "(...)" if instances of the same organ are fused. Fusion between different organs can be achieved by square "[...]", eventually curly brackets "{...}". + A(5) - five fused stamens + [C(5) A5] - corolla fused from 5 petals, fused to stamens Prenner et al. propose superscript zero for a lost organ, and superscript "r" for a reduced one. Ronse De Craene uses a degree symbol to mark a staminode (infertile stamen) or pistillode (infertile carpel). + A3:2^r+5^0 - (Prenner et al.) androecium in two whorls, first contains 3 stamens and 2 staminodes, second whorl lost + A1+2deg - (Ronse De Craene) androecium in two whorls, first whorl containing a stamen, second whorl containing two stamens in Ovary position Ovary position is shown by alternating the "G" label. Simpson circumvents the intricate formatting by expressing the ovary position by words. superior inferior half-inferior ovary ovary ovary Prenner et al.,^[2]^: 243 Ronse De G, G -G- Craene^[1]^: 39 G Sattler^[9]^: xviii G [S:G:S] Simpson^[11] G..., G..., G..., superior inferior half-inferior Symmetry [edit] Symmetry or arrangement may be described for the whole flower; in such case the corresponding symbol is usually placed at the beginning of the formula. It may be also outlined separately for different organs, placing it after their labels or numbers, or it may not be included in the formula at all. It is described by following symbols: polysymmetry disymmetry monosymmetry asymmetry spiral (actinomorphic) (zygomorphic) arrangement |, - or O, Prenner et depending on not al.^[2]^ * + the symmetry [?] mentioned : 242 plane orientation |, arrow Ronse De orientation Craene^[1]^ - depending on V : 39 symmetry | plane orientation Sattler^[2]^ + [?]|[?] : xviii Judd et al.^ * X $ not [10]^: 66 not mentioned Subrahmanyam mentioned % in median not ^[13] [?] plane, / in mentioned lateral plane Rosypal^[14] | | # Sexuality [edit] Sexuality of the flower can be highlighted by or [?] for hermaphrodite (bisexual), for male (staminate) and for female (pistillate) flower. The symbols are usually placed at the beginning of the formula, after or before the symmetry symbol. Prenner et al. recommend to use the corresponding symbols ( and ) only for flowers of separate sexuality. Ronse De Craene utilizes the words "pistillate" or "staminate" instead of the symbols. Floral formula can also incorporate the fruit type, Judd et al.^[10] place it at the very end. Examples [edit] | K3 [C3 A1deg-3deg+1/2:2deg] G(3)^[1]^: 39 - the formula of Canna indica; asymmetric flower; calyx of three free sepals; corolla of three free petals joined with androecium; androecium in two whorls, the outer whorl contains 1-3 staminodes, the inner contains 1/2 of a stamen and 2 staminodes; gynoecium fused of 3 carpels, inferior ovary B Bt^C K3:(2)^C| C3:2^r| A(3):2^r|+4^r:1^0 G1| Vm8-10^[2]^: 246 - the formula of Tamarindus indica; bract and petaloid bracteoles; monosymmetric calyx of three and two petaloid sepals; monosymmetric corolla of three and two reduced petals; two whorls of stamens, the outer monosymmetric from three fused and two reduced stamens, the inner of 4 reduced and 1 lost stamen; monosymmetric gynoecium of 1 carpel with superior ovary; marginal placentation with 8-10 ovules per gynoecium. Using boxes [edit] Narcissus Floral formula Br P3+3+Corolla A3+3 G(3) Bracteate, Actinomorphic, Bisexual Perianth: 6 tepals in 2 whorls of 3 Stamens: 2 whorls of 3 Ovary: Superior - 3 fused carpels P3+3 A3+3 G(3) Liliaceae Floral formula Flowers actinomorphic and hermaphrodite with 6 undifferentiated tepals in two whorls of three, the same number and arrangement of stamens, and a superior ovary with 3 fused carpels. Individual species and genera may have more or less derived formulas. Haloragaceae Floral formula K 3 - 4 {\displaystyle \mathrm {K} ^{3-4}} {\displaystyle \mathrm {K} ^{3-4}} C 3 - 4 {\displaystyle \mathrm {C} ^{3-4}} {\displaystyle \mathrm {C} ^{3-4}} or C 0 {\displaystyle \mathrm {C} ^{0}} {\ displaystyle \mathrm {C} ^{0}} A 2 - 8 {\displaystyle \mathrm {A} ^ {2-8}} {\displaystyle \mathrm {A} ^{2-8}} G ( 2 - 4 ) - {\ displaystyle \mathrm {G} ^{\overline {(2-4)}}} {\displaystyle \mathrm {G} ^{\overline {(2-4)}}} 3-4 free sepals, 3-4 free petals (or absent), 2-8 stamens, inferior ovary with 2-4 fused carpels See also [edit] * Floral diagram Notes [edit] 1. ^ Bracts and bracteoles are not considered parts of the flower itself, yet they may be included in the floral formula References [edit] 1. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Ronse De Craene, Louis P. (2010-02-04). Floral Diagrams: An Aid to Understanding Flower Morphology and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-49346-8. 2. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ^i ^j ^k ^l ^m ^n Prenner, Gerhard; Richard M. Bateman; Paula J. Rudall (February 2010). "Floral formulae updated for routine inclusion in formal taxonomic descriptions". Taxon. 59 (1): 241-250. doi:10.1002/tax.591022. ISSN 0040-0262. Archived from the original on 2018-03-29. Retrieved 2014-02-06. 3. ^ Cassel, F. P. (1820). Morphonomia botanica: sive observationes circa proportionem et evolutionem partium plantarum. Colonia Agrippina [Cologne]: M. DuMont-Schauberg. 4. ^ Martius, C. F. (1828). "Uber die Architectonik der Bluthen". Isis (Oken) (21): 522-529. 5. ^ Grisebach, A. (1854). Grundriss der systematischen Botanik. Gottingen: Verlag der Dieterichschen Buchhandlung. 6. ^ Sachs, J. (1873). Lehrbuch der Botanik nach dem gegenwaertigen Stand der Wissenschaft. Leipzig: Engelmann. 7. ^ Eichler, August Wilhelm (1875). Bluthendiagramme, erster Theil: Enthaltend Einleitung, Gymnospermen, Monocotylen und sympetale Dicotylen. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann. 8. ^ Eichler, August Wilhelm (1878). Bluthendiagramme, zweiter Theil: Enthaltend die apetalen und choripetalen Dicotylen. Vol. 2. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann. 9. ^ ^a ^b ^c Sattler, Rolf (1973). Organogenesis of flowers; a photographic text-atlas. Toronto, Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-1864-5. 10. ^ ^a ^b ^c Judd, Walter S.; Christopher S. Campbell; Elizabeth A. Kellogg; Peter F. Stevens; Michael J. Donoghue (2002). Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach (2nd ed.). Sunderland, Mass., U.S.A.: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0878934030. 11. ^ ^a ^b Simpson, Michael George (2010). Plant Systematics. Oxford (Great Britain): Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-374380-0. 12. ^ ^a ^b ^c "Floral formula". 13. ^ Subrahmanyam, N. S. (1997-01-01). Modern Plant Taxonomy. Jangpura, New Delhi: South Asia Books. ISBN 9780706993462. 14. ^ Rosypal, Stanislav (2003). Novy prehled biologie. Praha: Scientia. ISBN 80-7183-268-5. Bibliography [edit] * N S Subrahmanyam, Modern Plant Taxonomy, Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd, 2009. ISBN 0706993462 External links [edit] * Kvetne vzorce - a website dedicated to floral formulae (in Slovakian) * Table 2.1. Floral formulae; symbols used in this book. In Ronse De Craene, p. 39 * Symbols employed in floral formula. In Subrahmanyam, p. 42 * Floral Diagram Generator - a website to generate floral diagrams from floral formulae. * v * t * e Botany * History * Outline * Archaeobotany * Astrobotany * Bryology * Dendrology * Ethnobotany * Paleobotany Subdisciplines * Phycology * Phytochemistry * Phytogeography + Geobotany * Plant anatomy * Plant ecology * Plant pathology * Algae * Archaeplastida * Bryophyte * Non-vascular plants * Vascular plants Plant groups * Fern * Lycophyte * Spermatophytes * Gymnosperm * Angiosperm * Cell wall * Phragmoplast Plant cells * Plastid * Plasmodesma * Vacuole * Cork * Ground tissue + Mesophyll * Meristem Tissues * Storage organs * Vascular tissue + Vascular bundle * Wood * Bulb * Root * Rhizoid * Rhizome * Shoot Vegetative + Bud + Leaf o Cataphyll o Petiole + Sessility + Stem * Archegonium * Antheridium * Androecium + Pollen + Stamen o Anther o Filament + Staminode + Tapetum * Flower + Aestivation + Flower development Plant anatomy + Floral diagram + Floral formula * Plant + Floral symmetry morphology + Whorl (glossary) * Fruit + Anatomy + Berry + Capsule + Nut + Pyrena + Seed Reproductive o Dispersal (incl. 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