https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Analytical_Language_of_John_Wilkins Jump to content [ ] Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation * Main page * Contents * Current events * Random article * About Wikipedia * Contact us * Donate Contribute * Help * Learn to edit * Community portal * Recent changes * Upload file [wikipe] Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia Search [ ] Search * Create account * Log in [ ] Personal tools * Create account * Log in Pages for logged out editors learn more * Contributions * Talk Contents move to sidebar hide * (Top) * 1Summary * 2Commentary and uses by others * 3See also * 4References * 5External links [ ] Toggle the table of contents The Analytical Language of John Wilkins [ ] 1 language * Espanol Edit links * Article * Talk [ ] English * Read * Edit * View history [ ] Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions * Read * Edit * View history General * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Permanent link * Page information * Cite this page * Get shortened URL * Download QR code * Wikidata item Print/export * Download as PDF * Printable version From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the essay by Jorge Luis Borges. For John Wilkins's magnum opus, see An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language. Short story by Jorge Luis Borges "The Analytical Language of John Wilkins" Short story by Jorge Luis Borges [200px-Jorge_Luis_Borges_-_O] First edition of Otras Inquisiciones (1937-1952), published by Sur ( Buenos Aires) in 1952 Original title El idioma analitico de John Wilkins Genre(s) Criticism Publication Published in Otras Inquisiciones (1937-1952) Publication type Anthology Publisher Sur Publication date 1942 "The Analytical Language of John Wilkins" (Spanish: "El idioma analitico de John Wilkins") is a short essay by Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges, first printed in La Nacion on 8 February 1942^[1]^ [2] and subsequently published in Otras Inquisiciones (1937-1952).^ [3]^[4] It is a critique of the English natural philosopher and writer John Wilkins's proposal for a universal language and of the representational capacity of language generally. In it, Borges imagines a bizarre and whimsical fictional Chinese taxonomy later quoted by Michel Foucault, David Byrne, and others.^[5]^[6] Summary[edit] Borges begins by noting John Wilkins's absence from the 14th edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica and makes the case for Wilkins's significance, highlighting in particular the universal language scheme detailed in his An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language (1668). Wilkins's system decomposes the entire universe of "things and notions" into successively smaller divisions and subdivisions, assigning at each step of this decomposition a syllable, consonant, or vowel. Wilkins intended for these conceptual building blocks to be recombined to represent anything on earth or in heaven. The basic example Borges gives is "de, which means an element; deb, the first of the elements, fire; deba, a part of the element of fire, a flame."^[7] [170px-Jorge_Luis_Borges]Borges in 1951 (photo by Grete Stern) Examining this and other second-hand examples from Wilkins's scheme--he did not have access to Wilkins's actual work, but based his comments on others' comments on it--Borges believes he finds "ambiguities, redundancies and deficiencies", concluding "it is clear that there is no classification of the Universe not being arbitrary and full of conjectures."^[7] He fancifully likens Wilkins's classification scheme to a "certain Chinese encyclopedia," one of his own fabrication but attributed to translator Franz Kuhn, called the Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge, said to divide animals into "(a) those that belong to the Emperor, (b) embalmed ones, (c) those that are trained, (d) suckling pigs, (e) mermaids, (f) fabulous ones, (g) stray dogs, (h) those that are included in the present classification, (i) those that tremble as if they are mad, (j) innumerable ones, (k) those drawn with a very fine camelhair brush, (l) others, (m) those that have just broken a flower vase, (n) those that look like flies from a long way off." Borges's point is the arbitrary nature of such taxonomies, regardless of whether they form a language or just a way of understanding and ordering the world. He challenges the idea of the universe as something we can understand at all--"we do not know what thing the universe is"^[7]--much less describe using language. While considering Wilkins's effort naive, Borges ultimately praises the ambition of a universal language and admits that Wilkins's word for salmon, zana, could (for someone well-versed in Wilkins's language) hold more meaning than the corresponding words in conventional languages, which are arbitrary and carry no intrinsic meaning. He says that, "Theoretically, it is not impossible to think of a language where the name of each thing says all the details of its destiny, past and future." [170px-Wilkins_An_Essay_]Frontispiece of John Wilkins's An Essay Towards a Real Character, And a Philosophical Language (1668) Commentary and uses by others[edit] Michel Foucault attributes the inspiration for his The Order of Things to Borges' "Celestial Emporium" passage and "the laughter that shattered, as I read the passage, all the familiar landmarks of my thought ... breaking up all the ordered surfaces and all the planes with which we are accustomed to tame the wild profusion of existing things..."^[8] Foucault is disturbed less by the Emporium's arbitrariness than by the idea that such a classification might be intelligible to someone or some culture,^[9] then discusses the ways cultures make sense of the world by drawing relationships between things, expressed through language. What Borges did, according to Foucault, was to highlight the importance of the "site" of order by taking it away, asking in what context the Celestial Emporium might make sense.^[8] The Emporium has often been used as a shorthand for the subversion of traditional, rational notions of order.^[10]^[11] The artist and musician David Byrne has created an art work, "The Evolution of Category", that shows a hierarchical tree based on this mythical taxonomy.^[5] See also[edit] * Artificial language * Characteristica universalis * Episteme * George Dalgarno * Ontology (computer science) * Rene Descartes, whom Borges mentions as someone else who had worked on a universal language. * International Federation for Information and Documentation, mentioned by Borges in the novel as the "Institute of Bibliography" in Brussels References[edit] 1. ^ "1942 | Borges Center". www.borges.pitt.edu. Retrieved 13 June 2022. 2. ^ "Title: El idioma analitico de John Wilkins". www.isfdb.org. Retrieved 13 June 2022. 3. ^ Borges, Jorge Luis (1952). Otras Inquisiciones (1937-1952). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Sur. 4. ^ Borges, Jorge Luis (1964). Other Inquisitions (1937-1952). Translated by Ruth L. C. Simms. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 5. ^ ^a ^b Byrne, David (2003). "View Evolution of Category". Spencer Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2021. 6. ^ Merrell, Floyd (1991). Unthinking thinking: Jorge Luis Borges, mathematics, and the new physics. West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press. p. xiii. ISBN 1557530114. Retrieved 24 September 2014. 7. ^ ^a ^b ^c Borges, Jorge Luis. "The Analytical Language of John Wilkins" (PDF). Translated by Lilia Graciela Vazquez. Alamut: Bastion of Peace and Information. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2014. 8. ^ ^a ^b Foucault, Michel (1994). The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences. Translated by C. Gordon. New York, NY: Random House. 9. ^ O'Sullivan, Gerry (1990). Edna Aizenberg (ed.). The Library Is on Fire: Intertextuality in Borges and Foucault. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help ) 10. ^ Davis, R. C.; Schleifer, R. (1989). M. Perloff (ed.). Series editors' foreword. Normal, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) 11. ^ Duszat, Michael (2012). "Foucault's Laughter: Enumeration, Rewriting, and the Construction of the Essayist in Borges's "The analytical language of John Wilkins"". Orbis Litterarum. 67 (3): 193-218. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0730.2011.01049.x. External links[edit] * The Analytical Language of John Wilkins - English translation by Lilia Graciela Vazquez * The Analytical Language of John Wilkins - English translation by Will Fitzgerald * The Analytical Language of John Wilkins - English translation by Douglas Crockford * v * t * e Jorge Luis Borges Bibliography A Universal History * "Man on Pink Corner" of Infamy * "On Exactitude in Science" * "Tlon, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius" * "The Approach to Al-Mu'tasim" * "Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote" * "The Circular Ruins" * "The Lottery in Babylon" * "An Examination of the Work of Herbert Quain" * "The Library of Babel" * "The Garden of Forking Paths" Ficciones * "Funes the Memorious" * "The Form of the Sword" * "Theme of the Traitor and the Hero" * "Death and the Compass" * "The Secret Miracle" * "Three Versions of Judas" * "The End" * "The Sect of the Phoenix" * "The South" * "The Immortal" * "The Dead Man" * "The Theologians" * "Story of the Warrior and the Original Captive" collections * "Emma Zunz" * "The House of Asterion" * "Deutsches Requiem" The Aleph * "Averroes's Search" * "The Zahir" * "The Writing of the God" * "The Two Kings and the Two Labyrinths" * "The Wait" * "The Man on the Threshold" * "The Aleph" Otras Inquisiciones * "The Analytical Language of (1937-1952) John Wilkins" Dreamtigers * "Borges and I" * "The Encounter" Dr. Brodie's Report * "The Gospel According to Mark" * "The Other" * "Ulrikke" * "The Congress" The Book of Sand * "There Are More Things" * "The Disk" * "The Book of Sand" Shakespeare's Memory * "Blue Tigers" * "Shakespeare's Memory" * "Yo, Judio" * Historia de la eternidad * "A New Refutation of Time" * Borges on Martin Fierro Other works * "El Golem" * Book of Imaginary Beings * Labyrinths * Adrogue, con ilustraciones de Norah Borges * Leonor Acevedo Suarez (mother) * Jorge Guillermo Borges (father) * Norah Borges (sister) Related * Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge * H. Bustos Domecq * Pedro Mata * Borges and mathematics * Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= The_Analytical_Language_of_John_Wilkins&oldid=1220747862" Categories: * Works by Jorge Luis Borges * Philosophy of language * Constructed languages * 1952 essays Hidden categories: * CS1 errors: periodical ignored * Articles with short description * Short description is different from Wikidata * Pages using infobox short story with unknown parameters * Use dmy dates from June 2017 * This page was last edited on 25 April 2024, at 17:43 (UTC). * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0 ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. 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