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. 2019 Jul-Aug;15(4):283-290.
doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2019.04.001. Epub 2019 Apr 6.

Music Tuned to 440 Hz Versus 432 Hz and the Health Effects: A
Double-blind Cross-over Pilot Study

Diletta Calamassi^  1 , Gian Paolo Pomponi^  2
Affiliations Expand

Affiliations

  * ^1 University of Florence, Italy. Electronic address:
    diletta.calamassi@gmail.com.
  * ^2 Independent musician, Italy.

  * PMID: 31031095
  * DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2019.04.001

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Review

Music Tuned to 440 Hz Versus 432 Hz and the Health Effects: A
Double-blind Cross-over Pilot Study

Diletta Calamassi et al. Explore (NY). 2019 Jul-Aug.
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. 2019 Jul-Aug;15(4):283-290.
doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2019.04.001. Epub 2019 Apr 6.

Authors

Diletta Calamassi^  1 , Gian Paolo Pomponi^  2

Affiliations

  * ^1 University of Florence, Italy. Electronic address:
    diletta.calamassi@gmail.com.
  * ^2 Independent musician, Italy.

  * PMID: 31031095
  * DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2019.04.001

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Erratum in

  * Corrigendum to "Music tuned to 440 hz versus 432 hz and the
    health effects: a double-blind cross-over pilot study" [Explore
    Journal Vol. 15 (2019) 283-290/ No. 4].
    Calamassi D, Pomponi GP. Calamassi D, et al. Explore (NY). 2020
    Jan-Feb;16(1):8. doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2020.01.001. Explore
    (NY). 2020. PMID: 32113613 No abstract available.

Abstract

Context: The current reference frequency for tuning musical
instruments is 440 Hz. Some theorists and musicians claim that the
432 Hz tuning has better effects on the human body, but there are no
scientific studies that support this hypothesis.

Objective: To identify differences in vital parameters and
perceptions after listening to music at different frequencies, 440 Hz
versus 432 Hz.

Design: Cross-over pilot study.

Setting: A room dedicated to listening to music, in an Italian city.

Participants: 33 volunteers, not suffering from acute and/or chronic
diseases.

Interventions: Two sessions of music listening on different days.
Both sessions used the same music (movie soundtracks) but tuned to
440 Hz on one day and 432 Hz on the other. Each session consisted of
20 min' listening.

Main outcome measures: Vital parameters (blood pressure, heart rate,
respiratory rate, oxygen saturation), perceptions (physical and
emotional sensations, for example fatigue and stress), levels of
concentration during the listening session, and general satisfaction
with the experience.

Results: 432 Hz tuned music was associated with a slight decrease of
mean (systolic and diastolic) blood pressure values (although not
significant), a marked decrease in the mean of heart rate (-4.79 bpm,
p = 0.05) and a slight decrease of the mean respiratory rate values
(1 r.a., p = 0.06), compared to 440 Hz. The subjects were more
focused about listening to music and more generally satisfied after
the sessions in which they listened to 432 Hz tuned music.

Conclusions: The data suggests that 432 Hz tuned music can decrease
heart rate more than 440 Hz tuned music. The study results suggest
repeating the experiment with a larger sample pool and introducing
randomized controlled trials covering more clinical parameters.

Keywords: 432 Hz; 440 Hz; Frequency; Music; Perceptions; Vital
parameters.

Copyright (c) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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