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[wikipe] Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia Search [ ] Search * Create account * Log in [ ] Personal tools * Create account * Log in Pages for logged out editors learn more * Contributions * Talk Contents move to sidebar hide * (Top) * 1Possible causes * 2Examples Toggle Examples subsection + 2.1Mammals o 2.1.1Eulipotyphlans o 2.1.2Rodents o 2.1.3Lagomorphs o 2.1.4Primates o 2.1.5Carnivorans + 2.2Birds o 2.2.1Stem birds o 2.2.2Ratites o 2.2.3Waterfowl o 2.2.4Pangalliformes o 2.2.5Gruiformes o 2.2.6Pigeons o 2.2.7Birds of prey o 2.2.8Parrots o 2.2.9Owls o 2.2.10Caprimulgiformes o 2.2.11Passeriforms + 2.3Reptiles o 2.3.1Pterosaurs o 2.3.2Iguanids o 2.3.3Geckos o 2.3.4Skinks o 2.3.5Wall lizards o 2.3.6Snakes o 2.3.7Dubious examples + 2.4Amphibians + 2.5Arthropods + 2.6Gastropods + 2.7Flora * 3See also * 4Notes * 5References * 6External links [ ] Toggle the table of contents Island gigantism [ ] 23 languages * l`rby@ * B'lgarski * Catala * Cestina * Deutsch * Espanol * frsy * Francais * Galego * Hrvatski * Bahasa Indonesia * Italiano * `bryt * Nederlands * Norsk bokmal * O`zbekcha / uzbekcha * Portugues * Russkii * Srpski / srpski * Sunda * Turkce * Ukrayins'ka * Zhong Wen Edit links * Article * Talk [ ] English * Read * Edit * View history [ ] Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions * Read * Edit * View history General * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Permanent link * Page information * Cite this page * Get shortened URL * Wikidata item Print/export * Download as PDF * Printable version From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Evolutionary phenomena leading to an increase of the size of species with insularity [220px-Deinogalerix_Gargano_fau]Size comparison of the giant gymnure (moonrat) Deinogalerix from the Late Miocene of Gargano, Italy, with a European hedgehog. Island gigantism, or insular gigantism, is a biological phenomenon in which the size of an animal species isolated on an island increases dramatically in comparison to its mainland relatives. Island gigantism is one aspect of the more general "island effect" or "Foster's rule", which posits that when mainland animals colonize islands, small species tend to evolve larger bodies, and large species tend to evolve smaller bodies (insular dwarfism). This is itself one aspect of the more general phenomenon of island syndrome which describes the differences in morphology, ecology, physiology and behaviour of insular species compared to their continental counterparts. Following the arrival of humans and associated introduced predators (dogs, cats, rats, pigs), many giant as well as other island endemics have become extinct (e.g. the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire, giant flightless pigeons related to the Nicobar pigeon). A similar size increase, as well as increased woodiness, has been observed in some insular plants such as the Mapou tree ( Cyphostemma mappia) in Mauritius which is also known as the "Mauritian baobab" although it is member of the grape family ( Vitaceae). Possible causes[edit] [220px-Island_Gigantism-_A_Grow]Diagram displaying the change in size of weta species in two ecosystems. The size and population of weta are affected by predation. Rats introduced on the mainland began to prey on weta, reducing their population; weta shrank in response. On an island isolated from predation, such as Little Barrier Island, weta have a dense population and have grown to a massive size. Insular species of giant weta are the only ones not facing extinction. As weta grow over time, bird predation declines.^[ citation needed] Large mammalian carnivores are often absent on islands because of insufficient range or difficulties in over-water dispersal. In their absence, the ecological niches for large predators may be occupied by birds, reptiles or smaller carnivorans, which can then grow to larger-than-normal size. For example, on prehistoric Gargano Island in the Miocene-Pliocene Mediterranean, on islands in the Caribbean like Cuba, and on Madagascar and New Zealand, some or all apex predators were birds like eagles, falcons and owls, including some of the largest known examples of these groups. However, birds and reptiles generally make less efficient large predators than advanced carnivorans. Since small size usually makes it easier for herbivores to escape or hide from predators, the decreased predation pressure on islands can allow them to grow larger.^[1]^[a] Small herbivores may also benefit from the absence of competition from missing types of large herbivores. Benefits of large size that have been suggested for island tortoises include decreased vulnerability to scarcity of food and/or water, through ability to survive for longer intervals without them, or ability to travel longer distances to obtain them. Periods of such scarcity may be a greater threat on oceanic islands than on the mainland.^[4] Thus, island gigantism is usually an evolutionary trend resulting from the removal of constraints on the size of small animals related to predation and/or competition.^[5] Such constraints can operate differently depending on the size of the animal, however; for example, while small herbivores may escape predation by hiding, large herbivores may deter predators by intimidation. As a result, the complementary phenomenon of island dwarfism can also result from the removal of constraints related to predation and/or competition on the size of large herbivores.^[6] In contrast, insular dwarfism among predators more commonly results from the imposition of constraints associated with the limited prey resources available on islands.^[6] As opposed to island dwarfism, island gigantism is found in most major vertebrate groups and in invertebrates. Territorialism may favor the evolution of island gigantism. A study on Anaho Island in Nevada determined that reptile species that were territorial tended to be larger on the island compared to the mainland, particularly in the smaller species. In territorial species, larger size makes individuals better able to compete to defend their territory. This gives additional impetus to evolution toward larger size in an insular population.^[7] A further means of establishing island gigantism may be a founder effect operative when larger members of a mainland population are superior in their ability to colonize islands.^[8] Island size plays a role in determining the extent of gigantism. Smaller islands generally accelerate the rate of evolution of changes in organism size, and organisms there evolve greater extremes in size.^[9] Examples[edit] Examples of island gigantism include: Mammals[edit] Many rodents grow larger on islands, whereas carnivorans, proboscideans and artiodactyls usually become smaller. Eulipotyphlans[edit] Example Binomial Native Current Continental name range status relative Balearic giant Nesiotites Majorca Extinct shrew hidalgo and (3000-2000 Menorca BC) Sardinian giant Asoriculus Sardinia Extinct ( [120px-Neomys_ano] shrew similis and Holocene) Red-toothed shrews Corsica Sicilian giant Asoriculus Extinct shrew burgioi Sicily (Early Pleistocene) [120px-Deinogaler] Deinogalerix Gargano Extinct ( [120px-Hylomys_su] Deinogalerix spp. Island Late Miocene Moon rats ) Rodents[edit] Insular / Example Binomial name Native Current Continental mainland range status relative length or mass ratio Amblyrhiza Anguilla Extinct ( Blunt-toothed giant hutia inundata and Saint Pleistocene) Martin Larger Jamaican giant Clidomys Jamaica Extinct (Late hutia osborni Pleistocene) Plate-toothed giant hutia Elasmodontomys Puerto Extinct (c. 1 [120px-Hoplomys_g] obliquus Rico AD) Neotropical spiny Twisted-toothed mouse Quemisia Hispaniola Extinct rats gravis Arboreal giant hutia^[10] Tainotherium Puerto Extinct valei Rico Lesser Jamaica giant hutia Xaymaca Jamaica Extinct fulvopulvis Apocricetus darderi Apocricetus Majorcan giant hamsters Majorca Extinct alberti^[11] Tragomys macpheei Cricetus kormosi^ [120px-Hattomys_g] Hattomys Gargano Extinct [12] Gargano giant hamster gargantua Island [120px-St_Kilda_f] Apodemus MR [?] 2 ^ St Kilda field mouse sylvaticus St Kilda Least Concern [13] hirtensis [120px-ApodemusSy] [120px-Rhagamys_o] Rhagamys Corsica Extinct Wood mouse Hensel's field mouse orthodon and (After 1300 Sardinia BC) [120px-Canariomys] Canariomys Tenerife Extinct (Late Tenerife giant rat bravoi Pleistocene) African [120px-Canariomys] Canariomys Gran Extinct rufous-nosed rats Gran Canaria giant rat tamarani Canaria (before AD 1500) Eliomys Rare Formentera black-tailed quercinus Formentera (Introduced garden dormouse ophiusae by humans)^ [120px-Eliomys_qu] [14] Garden dormouse [120px-Hypnomys] Hypnomys spp. Mallorca & Extinct and Balearic giant dormice Menorca (Holocene) other Leithiinae Leithia melitensisLeithia Leithia cartei Sicily and dormice melitensisSicilian-Maltese Leithia Malta Extinct giant dormice melitensis [120px-Topillo_de] Microtus Orkney Orkney vole arvalis Islands Vulnerable orcadensis [120px-Feldmaus_M] Mikrotia magna Common vole and [120px-Mikrotia_m] Gargano Extinct other meadow voles Gargano giant voles M. maiuscula Island (Early Pliocene) M. parva [120px-MusMuralis] Mus musculus St Kilda Extinct (c. [120px-Mouse_whit] St Kilda house mouse muralis AD 1930) House mouse Papagomys Flores Near Flores giant rat armandvillei Threatened Sulawesi giant rat Paruromys Sulawesi Least Concern [120px-Rattus_rat] dominator North African Unknown / black rat Admiralty giant rat Rattus Manus Likely and other true detentus Island threatened^ rats [15] Congreso black rat Rattus rattus Isla del Least Concern population^[16] Congreso Peromyscus Northern [120px-DiGangi-De] Channel Islands deer mice anyapahensis Channel Extinct (c. North American Islands of 6000 BC) deer mouse P. nesodytes California [120px-Stertomys_] Stertomys Gargano [120px-7schlaefer] Gargano giant dormouse laticrestatus^ Island Extinct Glirinae dormice [17] Lagomorphs[edit] Example Binomial Native Current Continental name range status relative [120px-Nuralagus_] Nuralagus Extinct ( Alilepus (?) Minorcan giant rex Minorca Middle lagomorph Pliocene) Trischizolagus (?) Prolagus Gargano Extinct imperialis Island Corsica, Extinct [120px-Ochotona_p] [120px-Prolagus3] Prolagus Sardinia (c. AD Pikas Sardinian pika sardus and 1800) Tavolara Primates[edit] Example Binomial name Native range Current Continental status relative Antillothrix Extinct Hispaniola monkey bernensis Hispaniola (before AD 1600) Haitian monkey Insulacebus Southwestern Extinct toussaintiana Haiti [120px-Callicebus] Paralouatta Cheracebus [120px-Paralouatt] marianae^[18] Cuba Extinct Cuban monkeys (Pleistocene) P. varonai^[18] Jamaican monkey Xenothrix Jamaica Extinct mcgregori [120px-Archaeoind] Archaeoindris Central Extinct (c. Gorilla lemur fontoynontii Madagascar 350 BC) Archaeolemur spp. Extinct [120px-Archaeolem] Madagascar (before AD Baboon lemurs Hadropithecus 1280) spp. Babakotia spp. Western and [120px-Babakotia_] Central Extinct (c. [120px-Galago_sen] Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecus Madagascar AD 1500) Lorisoids spp. Megaladapis edwardsi [120px-Megaladapi] Extinct (AD Koala lemurs M. grandidieri Madagascar 1280-1420) M. madagascariensis Carnivorans[edit] Example Binomial name Native Current Continental range status relative [120px-D2627_Mega] Megalenhydris Extinct [120px-Otters_at_] Sardinian giant barbaricina Sardinia (Late Otters otter Pleistocene) [120px-Cryptoproc] Cryptoprocta Madagascar Vulnerable Fossa ferox [120px-Herpestes_] [120px-Fossa_de_l] Cryptoprocta Extinct Mongooses Giant fossa spelaea Madagascar (before AD 1400) Birds[edit] Stem birds[edit] Example Binomial Native range Current Continental name status relative [120px-Balaur_bon] Extinct [120px-Jeholornis] Balaur B. bondoc Hateg Island (Late Jeholornis^[19] Cretaceous) [120px-Gargantuav] G. Ibero-Armorican Extinct ( [120px-Patagopter] Gargantuavis philohinos Island Late Patagopteryx (?) Cretaceous) Ratites[edit] Example Binomial name Native Current Continental range status relative [120px-Apteryx_au] Apterygidae New Variable Kiwis Zealand [120px-Aepyornis_] Extinct Greater elephant Aepyornithidae Madagascar (c. AD Proapteryx^[b] birds 1700) [120px-Mullerorni] Extinct Lesser elephant Mullerornithidae Madagascar (c. AD birds 1260) [120px-Dinornis_n] New Extinct Giant moas Dinornithidae Zealand (c. AD 1450) [120px-Euryaptery] New Extinct [120px-Tinamus_ma] Lesser moas Emeidae Zealand (c. AD Tinamous 1460) [120px-Megalapter] New Extinct Upland moas Megalapterygidae Zealand (c. AD 1300) Waterfowl[edit] Example Binomial name Native Current Continental range status relative New Zealand musk Biziura New Extinct [120px-Biziura_lo] duck delautouri Zealand (after AD Australian musk 1500) duck Cnemiornis [120px-Cnemiornis] calcitrans New Extinct [120px-Cereopsis_] New Zealand geese Zealand Cape Barren goose C. gracilis Gargano Extinct ( [120px-Garganorni] G. ballmanni and Late Miocene [120px-Greylag_Go] Garganornis Scontrone ) Geese^[21] islands [120px-Chelychely] Chelychelynechen Extinct (c. Turtle-jawed quassus Kauai AD 1000) moa-nalo [120px-Moa_Nalo_M] Extinct (c. Small-billed Ptaiochen pau Maui AD 1000) [120px-Pacific_Bl] moa-nalo Dabbling ducks [120px-Moa_Nalo_M] Thambetochen Extinct (c. Large-billed chauliodous Maui Nui AD 1000) moa-nalo [120px-Thambetoch] Thambetochen O'ahu Extinct (c. O'ahu moa-nalo xanion AD 1000) [120px-Cygnus_fal] Sicily Extinct ( [120px-Mute_swan_] Giant swan Cygnus falconeri and Malta Middle Mute swan Pleistocene) Malacorhynchus New Extinct [120px-Malacorhyn] Scarlett's duck scarletti Zealand (after AD Pink-eared duck 1500) Pangalliformes[edit] Example Binomial name Native Current Continental range status relative New Extinct Pile-builder Megapodius Caledonia (c. [120px-Megapodius] megapode molistructor and Tonga 1500 Scrubfowl BC) Megavitiornis Megavitiornis Fiji Extinct altirostris New [120px-Flickr_-_R] [120px-Sylviornis] Sylviornis Caledonia Extinct Galliformes Sylviornis neocaledoniae and Isle of Pines Gruiformes[edit] Example Binomial name Native Current Continental range status relative [120px-Aphanapter] Aphanapteryx Extinct Red rail bonasia Mauritius (c. AD 1700) [120px-Hawkins] Diaphanapteryx Chatham Extinct Hawkins' rail hawkinsi Islands (c. AD 1900) [120px-Nesotrochi] Puerto Antillean cave Nesotrochis Rico and Extinct rail debooyi Virgin Islands Cuban cave rail Nesotrochis Cuba Extinct [120px-Rallus_cae] picapicensis Rails Haitian cave rail Nesotrochis Hispaniola Extinct steganinos [120px-Porphyrio_] South South Island Porphyrio Island, Endangered takahe hochstetteri New Zealand [120px-North_Isla] North Extinct North Island Porphyrio Island, (before AD takahe mantelli New 1900) Zealand Aptornis [120px-Corethrura] [120px-Aptornis_B] defossor New Extinct Madagascar Adzebills Zealand flufftail^[22] A. otidiformis [120px-Fulica_cha] Fulica Chatham Extinct Chatham coot chathamensis Islands (after AD 1500) [120px-Fulica_new] Fulica Mauritius Extinct [120px-Red-knobbe] Mascarene coot newtonii and (c. AD Red-knobbed coot Reunion 1700) and other coots New Extinct New Zealand coot Fulica prisca Zealand (after AD 1280) [120px-Porphyrio_] Porphyrio Plaine des Extinct [120px-African_Pu] Reunion swamphen coerulescens Cafres, (c. AD Purple swamphens Reunion 1730) Pigeons[edit] Example Binomial Native Current Continental name range status relative [120px-Natunaorni] Natunaornis Viti Levu [120px-Western_Cr] Viti Levu giant gigoura , Fiji Extinct Crowned pigeons pigeon Caloenas New Extinct Kanaka pigeon canacorum Caledonia (c. 500 BC) [120px-Pezophaps_] Pezophaps Extinct [120px-Nicobar_Pi] Rodrigues solitaria Rodrigues (before Nicobar pigeon solitaire AD 1778) [120px-DodoMansur] Raphus Extinct Dodo cucullatus Mauritius (c. AD 1662) Birds of prey[edit] Example Binomial name Native Current Continental range status relative Liko Cave golden Aquila Extinct [120px-GoldenEagl] eagle chrysaetos Crete (Late Golden eagle simurgh Pleistocene) Giant crab-hawk^ Buteogallus Cuba Extinct [23] borrasi Giant hawk Gigantohierax Cuba Extinct [120px-Buteogallu] sp. Great black hawk Cuba, and other hawks Titan-hawk Titanohierax Hispaniola Extinct gloveralleni and the Bahamas Jamaican caracara Caracara Jamaica Extinct [120px-Crested_Ca] tellustris Caracaras Eyles' harrier Circus eylesi New Zealand Extinct (c. [120px-Circus_app] AD 1000) Swamp harrier [120px-Garganoaet] Garganoaetus Extinct Gargano Island freudenthali Gargano (Late Aquila eagles Island Miocene) delphinensis G. murivorus [120px-Haast1] Hieraaetus New Zealand Extinct (c. [120px-Little_Eag] Haast's eagle moorei AD 1400) Little eagle [120px-Philippine] Pithecophaga Philippines Critically [120px-Gaukler-01] Philippine eagle jefferyi endangered Bateleur^[24] Parrots[edit] Example Binomial name Native Current Continental range status relative [120px-Heracles_i] Heracles New Extinct ( Hercules parrot inexpectatus Zealand Miocene) [120px-Horned_Par] [120px-Strigops_h] Strigops New Critically Other parrots Kakapo habroptilus Zealand Endangered [120px-Lophopsitt] Lophopsittacus Extinct [120px-Rose-ringe] Broad-billed mauritianus Mauritius (c. AD Psittaculine parrot 1680) parrots Owls[edit] Example Binomial name Native Current Continental range status relative [120px-Candiacerv] Athene Crete Extinct [120px-Athene_noc] Cretan owl cretensis (Pleistocene) Little owl [120px-Ornimegalo] Ornimegalonyx Cuba Extinct [120px-Strix-vari] Cuban giant owls spp. (Pleistocene) Wood owls [120px-Tyto_gigan] Gargano Extinct (Late Greater Gargano Tyto gigantea Island Miocene) giant owl [120px-Tyto_polle] Andros Extinct Andros Island barn Tyto pollens Island, (before AD [120px-Barn_Owl] owl Bahamas 1600) Barn owls [120px-Tyto_river] Tyto riveroi Cuba Extinct Rivero's barn owl [120px-Tyto_robus] Gargano Extinct ( Lesser Gargano Tyto robusta Island Early giant owl Pliocene) Caprimulgiformes[edit] Example Binomial name Native Current Continental range status relative New Zealand Aegotheles New Extinct owlet-nightjar novazelandiae Zealand (c. AD [120px-Aegotheles] 1200) Australian [120px-Aegotheles] Aegotheles New Critically owlet-nightjar New Caledonian savesi Caledonia endangered owlet-nightjar Passeriforms[edit] Example Binomial name Native Current Continental range status relative [120px-NovitatesZ] Corvus Chatham Extinct New Zealand raven Chatham raven moriorum Islands [120px-Emberiza_a] Emberiza Extinct [120px-Emberiza_c] Long-legged alcoveri Tenerife (after Cabanis's bunting bunting AD 1) Extinct Giant nukupu'u Hemignathus Hawaii (after [120px-Red-mantle] vorpalis AD Finches 1000) Tasmanian superb Malurus Least fairywren cyaneus Tasmania Concern [120px-Male_and_f] cyaneus Superb fairywren Kangaroo Island Malurus Kangaroo Least superb fairywren cyaneus ashbyi Island Concern South Stout-legged wren Pachyplichas Island of Extinct [120px-Cobb] yaldwyni New Other passeriforms Zealand [120px-Ibis_] Troglodytes St Kilda, [120px-Ein_neugie] St Kilda wren troglodytes Scotland Unknown Eurasian wren hirtensis Capricorn and Bunker [120px-Silvereye] Zosterops Group of Capricorn lateralis the Unknown [120px-Silvereye_] silvereye chlorocephalus Australian Silvereye Great Barrier Reef Reptiles[edit] Pterosaurs[edit] Example Binomial Native Current status Continental name range relative [120px-Hatzegopte] H. Hateg Extinct (Late [120px-Life_resto] Hatzegopteryx thambema Island Cretaceous) Quetzalcoatlus Iguanids[edit] Insular / Example Binomial Native Current Continental mainland name range status relative length or mass ratio [120px-Brachyloph] Brachylophus Extinct Tongan giant gibbonsi Tonga (c. 800 [120px-Iguana_igu] iguana^[25] BC) South American [120px-Lapitiguan] Lapitiguana Extinct iguanas Fijian giant impensa Fiji (c. 1000 iguana ^[26] BC) Isla Angel [120px-Sauromalus] Sauromalus de la Near MR [?] 5 ^ Angel Island hispidus Guarda, Threatened [27] chuckwalla Baja California Peninsular San chuckwalla [120px-San_Esteba] Sauromalus Esteban MR [?] 5 ^ San Esteban varius Island, Endangered [27] chuckwalla Baja California Geckos[edit] Insular / Example Binomial name Native Current Continental mainland range status relative length or mass ratio [120px-Gecko_de_D] Gigarcanum New Extinct LR [?] Delcourt's giant delcourti Caledonia (c. AD 6.75 ^ gekko 1870) [120px-Oedura_les] [c] [120px-Rhacodacty] Diplodactylid LR [?] 4.4 New Caledonian Rhacodactylus New Least geckos ^[d] giant gecko leachianus Caledonia Concern MR [?] 60 ^[e] Phelsuma Extinct [120px-Gold_dust_] Rodrigues giant gigas Rodrigues (c. AD Day geckos day gecko 1850) Skinks[edit] Example Binomial Native Current Continental name range status relative [120px-Mabuja3] Chioninia Cape Endangered Vaillant's mabuya vaillanti Verde [120px-Notomabuya] [120px-Macroscinc] Macroscincus Cape Extinct Mainland mabuyine Cape Verde giant coctei Verde (after AD skinks skink 1900) Leiolopisma Extinct Mainland Mauritius giant mauritiana Mauritius (after AD eugongyline skinks skink 1600) Ile des [120px-Skink_in_A] Terror skink Phoboscincus Pins off Endangered Mainland bocourti New eugongyline skinks Caledonia Miyako Islands [120px-Five-strip] Kishinoue's giant Plestiodon and Vulnerable Asian Plestiodon skink kishinouyei Yaeyama spp. Islands, Japan Wall lizards[edit] Example Binomial Native Current Continental name range status relative La Palma giant Gallotia La Palma Critically lizard auaritae endangered [120px-Gallotia_b] Gallotia Critically La Gomera giant bravoana Gomera endangered lizard [120px-Tenerife_g] Gallotia Extinct (c. [120px-Psammodrom] Tenerife giant goliath Tenerife AD 1500) Mediterranean lizard^[31] sandrunner lizards [120px-Gallotia_S] Gallotia El Critically El Hierro giant simonyi Hierro endangered lizard [120px-Gallotia_s] Gallotia Gran Least Gran Canaria giant stehlini Canaria Concern lizard Snakes[edit] Example Binomial name Native range Current Continental status relative Angel de la Guarda Crotalus Isla Angel [120px-Speckled_R] Island speckled mitchellii de la Guarda Least Speckled rattlesnake angelensis off Baja Concern rattlesnake California Tadanae-jima Elaphe Tadanae-jima [120px-Elaphe_qua] striped snake quadrivirgata island off Unknown Japanese striped population^[32] Tokyo snake Islands Mount Chappell ( Tasmania); [120px-20060306_K] Notechis Williams, Least [120px-Tiger_snak] Island tiger snake scutatus Hopkins, and Concern Tiger snake populations the Nuyts ^[34] Archipelago (all South Australia)^ [33] Jacques Rhinocheilus Cousteau Isla Cerralvo lecontei Island off Unknown [120px-Rhinocheil] long-nosed snake etheridgei Baja Long-nosed snake California Sur Dubious examples[edit] [150px-Komodo_dragon_]Komodo dragon (Lesser Sundas) [150px-Galapagos_gian]Galapagos giant tortoise * The Komodo dragon of Flores and nearby islands, the largest extant lizard, and a similar (extinct) giant monitor lizard from Timor have been regarded as examples of giant insular carnivores. Since islands tend to offer limited food and territory, their mammalian carnivores (if present) are usually smaller than continental ones. These cases involve ectothermic carnivores on islands too small to support much mammalian competition. However, these lizards are not as large as their extinct Australian relative megalania, and it has been proposed based on fossil evidence that the ancestors of these varanids first evolved their large size in Australia and then dispersed to Indonesia.^[35] If this is true, rather than being insular giants they would be viewed as examples of phyletic gigantism. Supporting this interpretation is evidence for a lizard in Pliocene India, Varanus sivalensis, comparable in size to V. komodoensis.^[35] Nevertheless, given that Australia is often described as the world's largest island and that the related megalania, the largest terrestrial lizard known in the fossil record, was restricted to Australia, the perception of the largest Australasian/Indonesian lizards as insular giants may still have some validity. * Giant tortoises in the Galapagos Islands and the Seychelles, the largest extant tortoises, as well as extinct tortoises of the Mascarenes and Canary Islands, are often considered examples of island gigantism. However, during the Pleistocene, comparably sized or larger tortoises were present in Australia (Meiolania), southern Asia (Megalochelys), Europe^[36] (Titanochelon), Madagascar (Aldabrachelys), North America^[37] (Hesperotestudo) and South America^[38] (Chelonoidis, the same genus now found in the Galapagos^[39]), and on a number of other, more accessible islands of Oceania and the Caribbean.^[37] In the late Pliocene they were also present in Africa ("Geochelone" laetoliensis^[40] ). The present situation of large tortoises being found only on remote islands appears to reflect that these islands were discovered by humans recently and have not been heavily populated, making their tortoises less subject to overexploitation. Amphibians[edit] Insular / Example Binomial name Native Current Continental mainland range status relative length or mass ratio Sao Tome Hyperolius Sao Tome [120px-Hyperolius] giant thomensis^[41] Island Endangered African reed frogs tree frog Palm forest Leptopelis Principe Vulnerable [120px-Leptopelis] LR [?] 1.2 tree palmatus^[41] Island Red tree frog ^[f] frog Giant Platymantis Viti [120px-Platymanti] Fiji megabotoniviti Levu, Extinct Asian ground ^[44] Fiji platymantines frog Sao Tome Ptychadena Sao Tome [120px-Madagascar] giant newtoni^[41] Island Endangered Mascarene grass grass frog frog Arthropods[edit] Example Binomial name Native Current Continental range status relative Indian Ocean [120px-Purple_her] [120px-Birgus_lat] Birgus latro islands Vulnerable Coenobita hermit Coconut crab and crabs Polynesia^ [45] [120px-Wetapunga] New [120px-ParktownPr] Giant weta Deinacrida spp. Zealand Variable South African king crickets Giant Boatswain Critically [120px-Serianus_b] pseudoscorpion^ Garypus titanius Bird Endangered Garypoids [46] Island [120px-Roachies] [120px-CockroachS] Hissing Gromphadorhini spp. Madagascar Unknown Blaberids cockroaches [120px-Labidura_h] Saint Extinct [120px-Labidura_r] Saint Helena Labidura herculeana Helena (c. AD Shore earwig earwig 1967) [120px-Stavenn_Me] North [120px-Megachilid] Wallace's giant Megachile pluto Moluccas Vulnerable Callomegachile bee [120px-Megalara_g] Mekongga [120px-Wasp_Augus] Megalara Megalara garuda Mountains, Unknown Crabronine wasps Sulawesi Microsphaerotherium [120px-Sphaeromim] spp. [120px-Giant_pill] Madagascan Madagascar Unknown Indian giant giant Sphaeromimus spp. pill-millipedes pill-millipedes (Arthrosphaera) Zoosphaerium spp. [120px-Orsonwelle] Orsonwelles spp. Hawaii Unknown [120px-Labulla_th] Orsonwelles Money spiders [120px-Conants_Gi] Thaumatogryllus [120px-Neoxabea_b] Conant's giant conanti Nihoa Unknown Tree crickets Nihoa tree cricket [120px-Taveuni_lo] Giant Fijian Xixuthrus heros Viti Levu, Endangered [120px-Longhorn_B] long-horned beetle Fiji Australasian ^[47] Xixuthrus Taveuni beetle Xixuthrus Taveuni, Unknown terribilis Fiji Gastropods[edit] Example Binomial name Native Current Continental range status relative Paryphanta [120px-Powellipha] spp. New Near [120px-Flat_shell] Kauri land snails Zealand Threatened Other rhytidids Powelliphanta spp. Flora[edit] In addition to size increase, island plants may also exhibit "insular woodiness".^[48] The most notable examples are the megaherbs of New Zealand's subantarctic islands.^[citation needed] Increased leaf and seed size was also reported in some island species regardless of growth form (herbaceous, bush, or tree).^[49] Example Binomial name Native range Current Continental status relative [120px-Anisotome_] Anisotome Campbell and [120px-Angelica_a] Campbell Island latifolia Auckland Unknown Apiaceae carrot Islands [120px-Bulbinella] Bulbinella Campbell and Naturally [120px-Bulbinella] Ross lily rossii Auckland Uncommon New Zealand Maori Islands lily [120px-Corokia_ma] Corokia Chatham [120px-Corokia_co] Chatham Islands macrocarpa Islands Unknown New Zealand korokio^[49]^[50] korokio^[51] [120px-Flora_Anta] Damnamenia Auckland and Naturally [120px-Erigeron_G] Black-eyed daisy vernicosa Campbell Uncommon Astereae Islands [120px-Cucumber_t] Dendrosicyos Socotra Vulnerable [120px-Cucumis_sa] Cucumber tree^[52] socotranus Gourds [120px-Lodoicea_M] Lodoicea [120px-Atakora-Bo] Coco de mer^[53]^ maldivica Seychelles Endangered Borassoid palms [52] Antipodes, [120px-Flora_Anta] Pleurophyllum Auckland and Unknown criniferum Campbell Islands Macquarie [120px-Pleurophyl] Pleurophyllum Island, [120px-Cineraria_] Silver-leaf daisy hookeri Auckland and Unknown Cineraria Campbell Islands [120px-Pleurophyl] Pleurophyllum Campbell and Naturally Campbell Island speciosum Auckland Uncommon daisy Islands Macquarie [120px-Stilbocarp] Stilbocarpa Island and [120px-Aralia_spi] Macquarie Island polaris New Zealand Vulnerable Araliaceae cabbage subantarctic islands See also[edit] * Deep-sea gigantism * Island tameness * Insular dwarfism * Megafauna * Pleistocene extinctions Notes[edit] 1. ^ The reduction in predation on islands often also leads to tamer behavior of island prey species, a trend that has been analyzed in lizards.^[2]^[3] 2. ^ The earliest known New Zealand kiwi ancestor, a presumed recent arrival from Australia.^[20] 3. ^ Based on the estimated total length of H. delcourti, ~23.6 in,^ [28] and the average length of a member of Diplodactylus, the most species-rich genus of Australian diplodactylid geckos, ~3.5 in.^[29] 4. ^ Based on the average total length of the larger subspecies, R. l. leachianus, ~15.5 in,^[30] and the average length of a member of Diplodactylus, the most species-rich genus of Australian diplodactylid geckos, ~3.5 in.^[29] 5. ^ Based on the average mass of the larger subspecies, R. l. leachianus, ~240 g,^[30] with the average weight of a member of Diplodactylus, the most species-rich genus of Australian diplodactylid geckos, ~4 g.^[29] 6. ^ Based on the average female snout to vent length (SVL) of L. palmatus, ~96 mm,^[42] with the average female SVL of L. rufus, ~80 mm.^[43] References[edit] 1. ^ Herczeg, G. 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External links[edit] * PBS NOVA: Why Do Islands Breed Giants (And Sometimes Dwarfs)? * v * t * e Biological rules * Allen's rule Shorter appendages in colder climates * Bateson's rule Extra limbs mirror their neighbours * Bergmann's rule Larger bodies in colder climates * Cope's rule Bodies get larger over time * Deep-sea gigantism Larger bodies in deep-sea animals * Dollo's law Loss of complex traits is irreversible * Eichler's rule Parasites co-vary with their hosts * Emery's rule Insect social parasites are often in same genus as their hosts * Fahrenholz's rule Host and parasite phylogenies become congruent * Foster's rule (Insular gigantism, Insular dwarfism) Small species get larger, large species smaller, after colonizing islands * Gause's law Complete competitors cannot coexist * Gloger's rule Lighter coloration in colder, drier climates * Haldane's rule Hybrid sexes that are absent, rare, or sterile, are heterogamic * Harrison's rule Parasites co-vary in size with their hosts * Hamilton's rule Genes increase in frequency when relatedness of recipient to actor times benefit to recipient exceeds reproductive cost to actor * Kleiber's law An animals metabolic rate decreases with its size * Hennig's progression rule In Rules cladistics, the most primitive species are found in earliest, central, part of group's area Bergmann's rule * Jarman-Bell principle The correlation illustrated with between the size of an animal and its a map and graph diet quality; larger animals can consume lower quality diet * Jordan's rule Inverse relationship between water temperature and no. of fin rays, vertebrae * Lack's principle Birds lay only as many eggs as they can provide food for * Rapoport's rule Latitudinal range increases with latitude * Rensch's rule Sexual size dimorphism increases with size when males are larger, decreases with size when females are larger * Rosa's rule Groups evolve from character variation in primitive species to a fixed character state in advanced ones * Schmalhausen's law A population at limit of tolerance in one aspect is vulnerable to small differences in any other aspect * Thorson's rule No. of eggs of benthic marine invertebrates decreases with latitude * Van Valen's law Probability of extinction of a group is constant over time * von Baer's laws Embryos start from a common form and develop into increasingly specialised forms * Williston's law Parts in an organism become reduced in number and specialized in function * Countergradient variation Where genetics opposes environment as a Related factor * Gigantothermy Large ectothermic animals more easily maintain constant body temperature * Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Island_gigantism&oldid=1189103443" Categories: * Animal size * Evolutionary biology concepts * Insular ecology Hidden categories: * All articles with bare URLs for citations * Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022 * Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations * CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list * Articles with short description * Short description matches Wikidata * All articles with unsourced statements * Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 * Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022 * This page was last edited on 9 December 2023, at 18:44 (UTC). * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0 ; additional terms may apply. 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