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HTML, The Programming Language
A Programming Language

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Introduction

HTML, the programming language, is a practical, turing-complete[1],
stack-based programming language based on HTML, the markup language.
It uses elements defined in HTML, the markup language, in order to do
computations.

To give you a sense of what HTML, the programming langauge, looks
like, below is a sample program that prints the values from 1 to 10
to standard out (console.log)

A Sample HTML Program

<data value="1"></data>      <!-- push 1 onto the stack -->
<output id="loop"></output>  <!-- print the top of the stack -->
<data value="1"></data>      <!-- push 1 onto the stack -->
<dd></dd>                    <!-- add 1 -->
<dt></dt>                    <!-- dup new value -->
<data value="11"></data>     <!-- push 11 to compare -->
<small></small>                  <!-- test new value is smaller than 11 -->
<i>                          <!-- if bigger than zero pushed true -->
    <a href="#loop"></a>     <!-- then jump back to the loop -->
</i>


HTML programs are specified in HTML, the markup language. Elements
from HTML, the markup language, (informally referred to as "tags")
are interpreted as commands by the HTML interpreter. Note that HTML
programs are not required to be legal HTML5, the markup language,
documents.

HTML is a fully customizable programming language and you may add new
commands or alter existing commands by mutating the
html.meta.commands object.

Installation

To install HTML, the programming language, download and include the
html.js file via a script tag:

<script src="html.js"></script>


You may now begin programming in HTML.

Getting Started

To get started with HTML, the programming language, you must first
understand how a stack-oriented programming language works. In a
stack-oriented programming language, most operations are done with
reference to a stack of values.

In HTML, this is referred to as the value stack or, informally, as
"the stack". In HTML, the stack is maintained in the current
execution frame (either the main HTML program or within a function
defined in HTML), rather than as a global stack, as in forth-like
languages. (In this regard, HTML, the programming language, is
similar to the JVM.)

Stack-oriented programming can seem strange to developers who have
not worked with it before, so let's begin with a simple "Hello World"
program in HTML:

<main>
  <s>Hello World!</s>     <!-- push 'Hello World!' onto the stack -->
  <output></output>       <!-- print the top of the stack -->
</main>


The first thing to note is that in HTML a program is defined in a
<main> tag.

The next thing to notice is that the program consists of a series of
HTML tags within the <main> tag. For the "Hello World" program, the
first command is a <s> tag. This will "push" the string value "Hello
World!" onto the stack.

The next command is the <output> tag. This will output the top of the
value stack to standard out, which is console.log.

(Note that the output tag does not consume the top of the value
stack.)

A more elaborate example of using the value stack would be adding 2
and 3, like so:

<main>
  <data value="2"></data>     <!-- push 2 onto the stack -->
  <data value="3"></data>     <!-- push 3 onto the stack -->
  <dd></dd>                   <!-- add the top two values on the stack -->
  <output></output>           <!-- print the sum now on the top of the stack -->
</main>


In this HTML program, we push the values 2 and 3 onto the value stack
using <data> tags, and then invoke the dd command to "a(dd)" the top
two values on the stack . The <dd> command will "pop", or remove, the
top two values of the value stack, add them together, and then "push"
the result onto the top of the value stack. Next, we print the result
out using the output tag.

In a stack-oriented language like HTML, this is how things are done:
pushing and popping values on the stack in order to do computations.

With that brief introduction out of the way, let's go over the entire
language so you can add HTML, the programming language, to your
resume.

Comments

HTML uses HTML's normal comment mechanism for comments:

<!-- This is a comment -->


Literal Values

HTML supports many different literals that can be used to push values
onto the value stack.

Numbers

Numbers can be pushed onto the value stack using the <data> tag:

<!-- this pushes the numeric value 1 onto the value stack -->
<data value="1"></data>


Strings

Strings can be pushed onto the value stack using the <s> tag. The
inner content of the tag will be treated as a string.

<!-- this pushes the string "Hello Strings!" onto the value stack -->
<s>Hello Strings!</s>


Arrays

Arrays can be pushed onto the value stack using the <ol> tag,
containing <li> elements. The child elements of the <li> will be
executed and the top value of the stack after they are evaluated will
be inserted into the array. If there are excess values on the value
stack after an <li> has executed its children, they will be removed.

<!-- this pushes the array [1, 2] onto the stack -->
<ol>
    <li>
        <data value="1"></data>
    </li>
    <li>
        <data value="2"></data>
    </li>
</ol>


Objects

Objects can be pushed onto the value stack using the <table> tag,
containing <th> and <td>elements. <th> elements will be used as
property names, using the innerText of the elements. The child
elements of the <td> will be executed and the top value of the stack
after they are evaluated will be used as the value for the
corresponding <th> . If there are excess values on the value stack
after a <td> has executed its children, they will be removed.

<!-- this pushes the object {foo:"Foo", bar:10} onto the stack -->
<table>
    <tr>
        <th>
          foo
        </th>
        <th>
          bar
        </th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>
          <s>Foo</s>
        </td>
        <td>
            <data value="10"></data>
        </td>
    </tr>
</table>


true, false & null

The values true, false and null can all be accessed with the <cite>
command. These are defined as variables at the start of every new
activation frame (aka scope). Note that it is possible to override
these variables with different values, such as setting null to
"lmao", but that we do not recommend doing so in most cases.

<!-- this pushes true onto the stack -->
<cite>true</cite>


Math

HTML offers support for common mathematical operators, utilizing the
value stack.

Addition

Addition can be performed with the <dd> (add) tag. This tag will pop
the top two values off the value stack, add the top value to the
second to the top value, and then push the result back onto the value
stack.

<data value="2"></data>
<data value="1"></data>
<!-- this dd tag will add 1 to 2 and push the result onto
        the value stack -->
<dd></dd>


Note that addition can also be used for string concatenation, as in
JavaScript.

Subtraction

Subtraction can be performed with the <sub> tag. This tag will pop
the top two values off the value stack, subtracting the top value
from the second to the top value, and then push the result back onto
the value stack.

<data value="2"></data>
<data value="1"></data>
<!-- this sub tag will subtract 1 from 2 and push the result onto
        the value stack -->
<sub></sub>


Multiplication

Multiplication can be performed with the <ul> (mul) tag. This tag
will pop the top two values off the value stack, multiply the top
value by the second to the top value, and then push the product back
onto the value stack.

<data value="2"></data>
<data value="3"></data>
<!-- this ul tag will multiply 2 to 3 and push the result onto
        the value stack -->
<ul></ul>


Division

Division can be performed with the <div> tag. This tag will pop the
top two values off the value stack, divide the second to the top
value by the top value, and then push the result back onto the value
stack.

<data value="6"></data>
<data value="3"></data>
<!-- this div tag will divide 6 by 3 and push the result onto
        the value stack -->
<div></div>


Stack Operations

HTML offers commands for direct manipulation the stack.

Duplicate

You can duplicate the value on the top of the stack using the <dt>
(duplicate top) tag. This is useful in cases where you want to use a
value more than once for operations that would consume the value,
such as an if/else situation.

<data value="1"></data>
<!-- this will push a second 1 onto the top of
        the value stack -->
<dt></dt>


Delete

You can delete/pop the value on the top of the stack using the <del>
tag.

<data value="1"></data>
<!-- this will remove the 1 on the top of the stack -->
<del></del>


Comparison Operations

In HTML, comparisons such as less than, equal, etc. are done on the
value stack. Comparison commands compare two values and leave a
boolean on the top of the value stack, which can then be used with
the "if" command to do conditional execution.

Less Than

You can test if a value is smaller than another value by using the
<small> tag. This will pop the top two values off the value stack and
push true second to top value is smaller (<) than the top value,
false otherwise.

<data value="1"></data>
<data value="2"></data>
<!-- this will push true onto the stack, since 1 is smaller than 2 -->
<small></small>


Greater Than

You can test if a value is smaller than another value by using the
<big> tag. This will pop the top two values off the value stack and
push true second to top value is larger (>) than the top value, false
otherwise.

<data value="1"></data>
<data value="2"></data>
<!-- this will push false onto the stack, since 1 is not bigger than 2 -->
<big></big>


Equal (Mostly)

You can test if a value is equal (mostly) than another value by using
the <em> tag. This will pop the top two values off the value stack
and push true second to top value is equal (==) than the top value,
false otherwise.

Note that we say "equal (mostly)" because the equality operator in
JavaScript (which HTML, the programming language, is implemented in)
has interesting semantics.

<s>1</s>
<data value="1"></data>
<!-- this will push true onto the stack, since "1" is equal to 1 -->
<em></em>


Logical Operations

As with comparisons in HTML, logical operations such as and, or, etc.
are done on the value stack. Logical operations apply to values on
the value stack and will leave a boolean on the top of the value
stack.

All logical operators start with a "b" for "boolean", to make things
easier to remember.

Note that HTML, the programming language, follows JavaScript, the
programming language's (sic) semantics regarding "truthiness".

And

You can logically "and" the top two values on the value stack using
the <b> command. This will pop the top two values off the stack and
push the result of them being "anded" together.

<cite>true</cite>
<data value="1"></data>
<!-- this will push true onto the stack, since true && 1 is true -->
<b></b>


Or

You can logically "or" the top two values on the value stack using
the <bdo> command. This will pop the top two values off the stack and
push the result of them being "anded" together.

<cite>true</cite>
<cite>false</cite>
<!-- this will push true onto the stack, since true || false is true -->
<bdo></bdo>


Invert/Not

You can invert the top value on the value stack using the <bdi>
command. This will pop the top value off the stack and push the
result of it being inverted (true becomes false, false becomes true).

<cite>false</cite>
<!-- this will push true onto the stack, since !false is true -->
<bdi></bdi>


Control Flow

HTML, the programming language, provides three mechanisms for control
flow. While these mechanisms may seem primitive, the can be used to
implement any sort of arbitrary control flow pattern you would like.

If (Conditional Execution)

Conditional execution can be achieved by using the <i> (if) tag/
command. This command will pop the top value off the value stack,
and, if it is "truthy", will execute all children commands/tags
defined inside of it.

<data value="1"></data>
<data value="1"></data>
<!-- test if 1 is equal to 1 -->
<em></em>
<!-- Since true is on the stack, the child tags/commands will execute here -->
<i>
  <s>Yep, 1 == 1</s>
  <output></output>
</i>


If you wish to achieve and if/else like flow, you can conveniently
duplicate the boolean on the top of the stack, use an <i/> to test
the first case (which will consume the top boolean) and then invert
the boolean using <bdi> and test again using <i>.

This gives you a clean and easy to use "if/else" style statement:

<data value="1"></data>
<data value="2"></data>
<!-- test if 1 is equal to 1 -->
<em></em>
<!-- duplicate the result (false) -->
<dt></dt>
<!-- Since false is on the stack, the child tags/commands will not execute here -->
<i>
  <s>Yep, 1 == 2</s>
  <output><.output>
  <!-- remove the string from the top of the stack to be clean -->
  <del></del>
</i>
<!-- The second copy of false is at the top of the stack, so invert it to true -->
<bdi></bdi>
<i>
  <s>Nope, 1 == 2 isn't true, even in JavaScript</s>
  <output><.output>
</i>


Returning

If you wish to return from a function (discussed below) or simply
terminate the execution of a program, you may use the <rt> tag. This
will immediately stop execution in the current context and either
return from a function or halt the execution of a program.

<s>This will print...</s>
<output></output>
<rt></rt>
<s>This will not print...</s>
<output></output>


Branching

To execute arbitrary jumps in an HTML, the programming language, you
use the anchor tag: <a>, by setting the href attribute to the id of
the command you wish to jump to. This allows you to implement things
like loops, and can be coupled with conditional execution via the <i>
tag to implement powerful control flow patterns.

Here is a loop that will print from 1 to 10:

<data value="1"></data>      <!-- push 1 onto the stack -->
<output id="loop"></output>  <!-- print the top of the stack -->
<data value="1"></data>      <!-- push 1 onto the stack -->
<dd></dd>                    <!-- add 1 to the original value -->
<dt></dt>                    <!-- dup new value -->
<data value="11"></data>     <!-- push 11 to compare -->
<small></small>              <!-- test new value is smaller than 11 -->
<i>                          <!-- if smaller than 11 pushed true -->
    <a href="#loop"></a>     <!-- then jump back to the loop -->
</i>


The crux here is the anchor tag that references the <output> tag with
the id loop. When this anchor tag is executed it will send control
back to that element to continue in the next iteration of the loop.

Note that this jump back to the beginning of the loop is conditional
on the top of the stack being less than 11. Thus you can see that
powerful control flow patterns can be created out of these primitive
branching mechanisms.

We are aware of the criticisms of GOTO, which, given a superficial
understanding of the anchor tag in HTML, the programming language,
may come to mind for some programmers (mainly juniors). A full
response to this criticism is beyond the scope of this document, but,
in summary: you are wrong.

Variables

Variables in HTML, the programming language, are always "local" to
the current context. Global variables, defined in window can be
resolved by name, but cannot be written to. (You must use a property
access on the window object to do that).

Note that the values true, false and null are defined as variables
and can be overwritten. Again, we do not recommend this practice, but
we are not judgy about it either.

Referencing Variables

You push a variable onto the top of the value stack by using the
<cite> tag. This will resolve the variable against the local scope
first, and then against window, allowing you to load globally scoped
variables.

<!-- this will push true onto the stack, since
        true is a variable with the value true -->
<cite>true</cite>
<output></output>


Declaring & Setting a Variable

You declare or set (same thing) a variable using the <var> tag. This
will pop the top value off the stack and save it into the variable
slot with the name taken from the title attribute of the variable.

<!-- push 1 onto the value stack -->
<data value="1"></data>
<!-- this creates a locally scoped variable
        named 'x' with the value 1 in it -->
<var title="x"></var>


Again, declaring and assigning variables in HTML, the programming
language, is the same thing, so you may have multiple <var> tags that
refer to the same variable name.

I/O

It's a little late in the game, since we've been using <output> a
bunch already, but HTML, the programming language, supports simple I/
O operations. Of course, HTML, the programming language, can interact
with the DOM using functions in order to do I/O as well, but simple I
/O can be accomplished directly in the language itself.

Outputting Values

You can output the top of the stack by using the <output> tag. This
will not consume the value.

By default the value will be printed to standard out (console.log).
You may change this by setting the html.meta.out configuration
variable to another value.

<!-- this will print "Hello World!" to standard out -->
<s>Hello World!</s>
<output></output>


Getting User Input

Of course you can use the DOM to get user input if you would like.
But you can also use the <input> tag to get user input.

This tag will prompt the user for input using the prompt() method in
JavaScript. The message shown to the user will be taken from the
placeholder attribute.

If you wish to ask for a number, rather than a string, from the user,
you can set the type attribute of the <input> to number.

The result of the prompt will be pushed onto the top of the value
stack.

<!-- this will ask the user for their name, then say hello in the console -->
<input placeholder="What is your name?"/>
<var title="name"></var>
<s>Nice to meet you,</s>
<cite>name</cite>
<dd></dd>
<output></output>


Working With Object Properties

You can both read and write the properties of objects in HTML, the
programming language.

Reading Properties

You can read a property of the value on the top of the stack by using
the <rp> (read property) tag. The name of the property read will be
the inner text of the tag. This will consume the element the property
is being read on, so duplicate the top of the stack if you wish to
preserve it.

<!-- load the document onto the stack -->
<cite>document</cite>
<!-- load the body property onto the stack -->
<rp>body</rp>


Setting Properties

You can set a property of an object using the <samp> (set am
property) tag. The name of the property to set will be the inner text
of the tag. The value to set into the property must be on the top of
the stack, and the object to set the property of must be second from
the top of the stack.

Both the value being set into the object and the object will be
consumed from the value stack.

<!-- load the document onto the stack -->
<cite>document</cite>
<!-- load the body property onto the stack -->
<cite>body</cite>
<!-- push "Hello World!" onto the stack -->
<s>Hello World!</s>
<!-- set the innerHTML property of the body to "Hello World!" -->
<samp>innerHTML</samp>


Working With Arrays

You can both read and write to indices in arrays in HTML, the
programming language.

Reading An Array Value

You can read the value at an index in an array <address>tag. This
command will consume the top value of the value stack as the index to
read from, and the second value from the top of the stack as the
array to read the index from.

Note that this tag can also be used to reflectively access
properties, by putting a string on the top of the stack rather than
an integer.

<!-- this pushes the array [42, 33] onto the stack -->
<ol>
    <li>
        <data value="42"></data>
    </li>
    <li>
        <data value="33"></data>
    </li>
</ol>
<!-- push the value 0 onto the stack -->
<data value="0"></data>
<!-- consumes the 0 and the array, indexes into the array at position 0,
        leaving the value 42 on the top of the value stack-->
<address></address>



Writing An Array Value

You can write the value at an index in an array <ins>tag. This
command will consume the top value of the value stack as the value to
insert, the second value from the top of the stack as index to write
the value into and the third value from the top of the stack as the
array to set the value into.

Note that this tag can also be used to reflectively set properties,
by putting a string on the top of the stack rather than an integer.

<!-- this pushes the array [42, 33] onto the stack -->
<ol>
    <li>
        <data value="42"></data>
    </li>
    <li>
        <data value="33"></data>
    </li>
</ol>
<!-- push the value 0 onto the stack -->
<data value="0"></data>
<!-- push the value 22 onto the stack -->
<data value="22"></data>
<!-- consumes the 22, 0 and the array, indexes into the array at position 0,
        and sets it to the value 22-->
<address></address>


Functions

HTML, the programming language, supports the declaration and
invocation of functions.

Defining Functions

You can define functions using the <dfn> tag. The name of the
function will be taken from the id property of the <dfn> tag. The
body of the function are the commands/tags within the <dfn> tag.

Arguments passed to the function will be pushed onto the value stack.
So, if a function is invoked with the values (1, 2, 3), the initial
value stack will be 3 on top, then 2, then 1.

It is common for HTML, the programming language, programmers to save
the arguments to a function int variables using the <var> command at
the beginning of complex functions, in order to make it easier to
refer to them. (Note that this must be done in reverse order to the
order that the parameters are received.)

The return value of a function defined in HTML, the programming
language, is the top value left on the value stack at the end of the
function's execution. There is no need to explicitly return this
value with syntax.

Note that you can terminate a functions execution early by using the
<rt> command.

<!-- this defines a simple function that squares the argument -->
<def id="square">
    <!-- duplicate the argument to the function, implicitly on the top of the stack -->
    <dt></dt>
    <!-- multiply it and return (leaving it on the top of the stack -->
    <ul></ul>
</def>


Invoking Functions

To invoke functions, HTML, the programming language, reuses the <a>
tag. If the <a>'s href attribute begins with javascript:, it will
invoke a function rather than jump to an element.

The function that will be invoked is resolved by the name after the
javascript:, but before the first open-parenthesis, (. Note that
arguments to the function defined in the href attribute are ignored.

Instead, arguments are passed by executing child elements within the
<a> tag. All elements within the <a> tag will be executed and then
the new values that are pushed onto the value stack by the children
will be removed from the stack and used as the arguments to the
function.

When a function is invoked, it's return value (if any), will be
pushed onto the stack.

<!-- invoke the square() function defined above, with the argument 12 -->
<a href="javascript:square()">
  <data value="12"></data>
</a>
<!-- output the result (144) -->
<output></output>


Invoking Functions On Objects

If you wish to invoke a function on an object (rather than on the
global window object), you can set the target attribute of the anchor
tag to _top. This will make it consume the top of the value stack and
invoke the method on that object.

<!-- load the document -->
<cite>document<cite>
<!-- load all elements with the class .highlighted onto the stack
        by invoking the querySelectorAll() method on the docuemtn-->
<a href="javascript:querySelectorAll()"
      target="_top">
  <s>.highlighted</s>
</a>
<!-- output the result -->
<output></output>


JavaScript Integration

HTML, the programming language, integrates cleanly with JavaScript.
You can invoke JavaScript functions just like normal functions, and
JavaScript functions can invoke HTML, The Programming Language as
well.

JavaScript developers should be able to get comfortable with HTML,
the programming language, very quickly.

You can also execute HTML, the programming language, "scriptlets" as
strings in JavaScript, using the html.exec() utility function.

Configuring/Extending

You can configure the standard out and standard error of HTML, The
Programming Langauge bu setting the html.meta.out and html.meta.err
values to functions of your design.

Extending

HTML, the programming language, can be extended or modified by adding
or modifying the entries found in html.meta.commands, which map a tag
name to a function that takes an element and context, and implements
some sort of behavior.

As an example, if we wanted to make the <pre> tag print the entire
value stack we could write something like this in JavaScript:

html.meta.commands["pre"] = function(elt, env) {
    console.log(env.stack);
}


With this definition you could then write the following code:

<data value="1"></data>
<data value="2"></data>
<data value="3"></data>
<!-- will print the stack [1, 2, 3] to console.out -->
<pre></pre>


You can also implement arbitrary control flow by returning the next
element in the DOM to execute from this function.

Debugging

HTML, the programming language, includes an integrated debugger, HDB,
the HTML Debugger, to assist in debugging HTML programs. To access
the debugger, insert a function callback into the html.meta.debugger
field.

html.meta.debug = function(hdb, elt, env, cmd)
{
    // you can set a JavaScript breakpoint here
    hdb.break();
}


You can then add a breakpoint to an HTML element by adding the
data-hdb-breakpoint attribute to it. This will cause the runtime to
invoke the HDB debugger before the element is executed.

The callback can have up to four parameters:

  * hdb - The debugger
  * elt - The element to be executed
  * env - The current environment (including vars and the value
    stack)
  * cmd - The implementation of the command

By setting a JavaScript breakpoint in the callback, you can inspect
the current environment and command. You can also invoke one of the
following methods on the hdb object:

  * step() - Execute the current instruction and stop before the next
    one.
  * continue() - Stop debugging and continue until the next
    breakpoint (or the program finishes)
  * jumpTo(elt) - Don't execute the current element, instead jump to
    the given HTML element

Frequently Asked Questions

  * I have found a bug in HTML, the programming language. What should
    I do?

    HTML, the programming language, is correct, by definition. The
    bug therefore is not in the programming language, but rather it
    is in you.

  * Is there a specification for HTML, the programming language?

    Yes.

  * Is HTML a programming language?

    As the name of HTML, the programming language, would suggest,
    yes, HTML is a programming language.

  * Is HTML turing complete?

    Yes.

  * Is there a shirt?

    Yes.

  * Why?

    Spieltrieb

  * No.

    idc

Example

While the programming language documentation is the primary resource
for understanding any programming language, it is also often good to
see a complete, real-world example of code in the programming
language in order to help "tie things together", if you will.

In the spirit of this observation, here is a function written in
HTML, the programming language, that computes the Nth fibonnacci
number:

<dfn id="fib">
    <var title="num"></var>            <!-- save the arg in a variable num -->

    <cite>num</cite>                   <!-- load num -->
    <data value="1"></data>            <!-- push 1 -->
    <small></small>                    <!-- test if the arg is smaller -->
    <i>                                <!-- if it is -->
        <data value="0"></data>        <!-- push 0 -->
        <rt></rt>                      <!-- return -->
    </i>

    <cite>num</cite>                   <!-- load num -->
    <data value="1"></data>            <!-- push 1 -->
    <em></em>                          <!-- test if equal -->
    <i>                                <!-- if it is -->
        <data value="1"></data>        <!-- push 1 -->
        <rt></rt>                      <!-- return -->
    </i>

    <cite>num</cite>                   <!-- load num -->
    <data value="2"></data>            <!-- push 2 -->
    <em></em>                          <!-- test if equal -->
    <i>                                <!-- if it is -->
        <data value="1"></data>        <!-- push 1 -->
        <rt></rt>                      <!-- return -->
    </i>

    <a href="javascript:fib()">        <!-- recursively invoke fib() on arg - 1 -->
        <cite>num</cite>
        <data value="1"></data>
        <sub></sub>
    </a>

    <a href="javascript:fib()">        <!-- recursively invoke fib() on arg - 2 -->
        <cite>num</cite>
        <data value="2"></data>
        <sub></sub>
    </a>

    <dd></dd>                           <!-- add the results and return -->
</dfn>


Live Demo

Here is a live demo of the fib() function defined above:

Calculate A Fibonnacci Number

And here is the actual definition in a <main> (along with a helper,
runFib() that asks the user for input). You can inspect this element
to see the details.

[                    ] userValue [S:Please enter a number between 0
and 20:S] userValue [S:We recommend entering a number less than 20 to
avoid a delay:S] userValue [S:Please enter a number greater than 0:S]
userValue [S:The :S] userValue [S:th fibbonacci number is :S] result
    num num num num [] num []
    Footnotes:
     1. This was revealed to me in a dream.
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