https://www.npr.org/2023/11/08/1209932614/jungle-gym-playground-monkey-bars-maths-hinton-fourth-dimension

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Inside the weird and delightful origins of the jungle gym, which just
turned 100 The history of the jungle gym, and its sibling the monkey
bars, is full of weird and delightful twists and sub-plots that take
us from Japan to suburban Chicago and delve into theoretical math.

History

Inside the weird and delightful origins of the jungle gym, which just
turned 100

November 8, 20235:01 AM ET
Matt Ozug headshot

Matt Ozug

Inside the weird and delightful origins of the jungle gym, which just
turned 100

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[gettyimage]
Enlarge this image

A jungle gym in the 1970s -- a staple of playgrounds all across the
U.S. H. Armstrong Roberts/ClassicStock/Getty Images hide caption

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H. Armstrong Roberts/ClassicStock/Getty Images

A jungle gym in the 1970s -- a staple of playgrounds all across the
U.S.

H. Armstrong Roberts/ClassicStock/Getty Images

This story starts in the fourth dimension.

Or, more specifically, with a British mathematician who, in the late
1800s, was intrigued by the fourth dimension and how to teach
disinterested children about it.

Charles Hinton wore a lot of hats. He wrote sci-fi stories before
there was sci-fi -- he called them "scientific romances." At
Princeton, where he worked for a time as mathematics instructor, he
invented a baseball pitching machine powered by gunpowder. He also
practiced polygamy, which was against both the mores and laws of his
native England. And when he was convicted of bigamy in the 1880s, he
was forced to move his young family to Japan where he found work
teaching mathematics.

We will save all of that for the biopic, because for the purposes of
this story, Hinton was the unintentional inspiration behind the
jungle gym -- the patent for which has just turned 100.

It turns out that the history of the jungle gym, and its sibling the
monkey bars, is full of weird and delightful twists and sub-plots
that take us from Japan to suburban Chicago and touch on child
development theories and, yes, theoretical math.

Imagining dimensions -- in bamboo

Hinton was a mathematician who explored the concept of the fourth
dimension and how to represent it. His model of a tesseract as a way
to represent the fourth dimension in geometrical space has since
inspired a long lineage of science fiction writing and movies -- from
A Wrinkle in Time to Interstellar.

Yet it was while living in Japan that Hinton struggled to get his
students to adequately wrestle with the concept of the fourth
dimension.

[hintonport]

Charles Howard Hinton Studio of K. Yoshida in Kanazawa, Japan -
Papers of Howard Everest Hinton, University of Bristol Archive hide
caption

toggle caption
Studio of K. Yoshida in Kanazawa, Japan - Papers of Howard Everest
Hinton, University of Bristol Archive

"He said, you know, the reason these students can't grasp the fourth
dimension is because they were never exposed to the third dimension
as children," says Luke Fannin, a primatologist and Ph.D. candidate
at Dartmouth College, who became obsessed with finding out where the
term "monkey bars" came from (more on that later) and ended up
becoming something of a Hinton family expert.

Hinton theorized that since we spend so much of our lives simply
walking in straight lines, and not using all of the three-dimensional
space around us, we have an even harder time making the mental leap
to fourth dimension.

His solution was to train young children, namely his own kids, to
internalize the third dimension. To pull this off, Hinton built his
children a series of stacked bamboo cubes. He labeled the bamboo in
all three directions, Fannin says: "Where the junctions would be, he
would put X, Y, Z coordinates." Then he attempted to turn these
stacked cubes into a game. "He would say, 'X2, Y4, Z3 -- go! And all
the kids would race each other towards the correct coordinate,'" says
Fannin.

If that does not sound like a fun game to you, you are not alone. And
those bamboo cubes never amounted to much. But years later, Hinton's
son Sebastian would recall how much fun it was to climb and swing on
them.

"And he goes, 'That's what I remember. I don't remember anything
about the math, but I remember that it was so fun,'" says Fannin.

By now it was the early 1920s, and the junior Hinton had moved to
Winnetka, Illinois where he worked as a patent lawyer. He dreamed of
recreating the bamboo climbing structure of his youth -- minus the not
very fun math games -- and he started describing his plans at a dinner
party one night.

Winnetka at this time was a hotbed for progressive education. The
village was taken with the educational philosophy of John Dewey,
which called for "whole child education." This meant not just
teaching reading, writing and arithmetic, but also how to be healthy
and active humans.

So, as Hinton was describing his dream climbing structure, the dinner
party was stacked with educators, including the superintendent of the
Winnetka City Schools, Carleton Washburne. Fannin says he imagines
Washburne's eyes widening before telling Hinton, "We need to build
this in the schools!"

Soon after, Hinton began filing his early patents for the design,
which he registered to something he called JungleGym Inc. And the
rest, as they say, is history.

If that dinner party had taken place anywhere else in the world, this
iconic piece of equipment may never have existed. Or, as Fannin says,
"It only stays in Hinton's backyard. It never becomes sort of the
cultural mainstay that is now ubiquitous on most playgrounds."

The difference between monkeys and apes

From the outside, there's nothing remarkable about the old Victorian
home at 411 Linden Street in Winnetka, Illinois, which these days
serves as the headquarters for the town's historical society.

Inside, the 30,000 artifacts range from typewriters to vacuum
cleaners. But for visitors who walk through a small gate into the
back yard, surrounded by 20-foot tall conifers, there's a little bit
of a hidden treasure, says Mary Treishman, the executive director of
the Winnetka Historical Society.

"We currently don't have a historical plaque on it," she says. "We
just have this laminated sign that says, 'Please do not climb on this
artifact. It's not safe.'"

That artifact is a 100-year-old jungle gym -- the first real version.

[original-j]

Hinton's original jungle gym, pictured here in the 1930s at the
Horace Mann School before it was moved to the Winnetka Historical
Society. Courtesy of Winnetka Historical Society hide caption

toggle caption
Courtesy of Winnetka Historical Society

To this day, kids sometimes still stumble across it, and Treishman
has to politely tell them to stay off.

"I've seen adults come back here and really want to climb it because
it reminds them of their childhood," she says, adding that something
about the classic bars really animates people. "The memories of this
climbing structure are very deep. This is what everyone played on."

Few things last 100 years. Children's toys seem particularly fickle.
Pet rocks, pogo sticks and scooters have all had full boom and bust
cycles while the jungle gym -- unflashy, workman-like, no fuss -- keeps
children coming back. Why is that?

It may be that the act of swinging and climbing in the jungle gym
contains just enough risk, says Ellen Sandseter -- a professor at the
Department of Physical Education and Health at Norway's Queen Maud
University College, and an expert on risky play.

Sandseter says the jungle gym, and its sibling the monkey bars, offer
a lot of challenging and also risky play, which is a good thing. She
says it helps kids' physical development -- think motor skills -- and
their mental health, by building courage and self-confidence while
reducing anxiety.

What's more, unlike a lot of newer equipment that tells kids how it's
supposed to be used, Sandseter says the beauty of the jungle gym is
in its simplicity.

"A monkey bar could be used in many different ways. And it,
therefore, also affords creativity among children," she says.

This all may help explain why the jungle gym has endured 100 years.
But what about Fannin's original question: how did the monkey bars
get their name? Well, in the original 1923 patent for the jungle gym,
Hinton seems to imagine children playing on it in language that has
an ethereal quality of dreaming, of imagination:

"I have designed a climbing apparatus, so proportioned and
constructed that it provides a kind of forest top through which a
troop of children may play in a manner somewhat similar to that of a
troop of monkeys through the treetops in a jungle."

[untitled-d]

Hinton's plans for the jungle gym, as outlined in his patent
application. United States Patent and Trademark Office, Sebastian
Hinton. hide caption

toggle caption
United States Patent and Trademark Office, Sebastian Hinton.

"There's an illustration of it in the last patent he had approved. It
basically is a jungle gym, and then adhered next to it is the
'Accessory monkey runway,'" says Fannin. AKA, the monkey bars.

It's worth remembering, Hinton was a patent lawyer, not a
primatologist. And that behavior -- swinging by your arms -- is ape 
behavior, not what monkeys do. So should they be called ape bars?

"If you want to be pedantic about it," says Fannin. "But I love the
term monkey bars."

Sadly, Sebastian Hinton never saw his invention get the U.S. Patent
Office's stamp of approval. He died in April of 1923, just six months
before his patent was officially approved.

Much has changed since then: safety concerns have softened materials
and rounded edges in playgrounds. But Hinton's simple design that
doesn't dictate behavior, but facilitates it, has endured.

Perhaps it's precisely because of this freedom that jungle gyms have
afforded children the chance to dream for the last century. And maybe
some of them will even dream about new dimensions.

Christopher Intagliata contributed to this report.

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