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A Database of 5,000 Historical Cookbooks Is Now Online, and You Can
Help Improve It
It took Barbara Ketcham Wheaton more than 50 years to compile The
Sifter.
by Reina Gattuso August 13, 2020
A Database of 5,000 Historical Cookbooks Is Now Online, and You Can
Help Improve It
Copy Link Facebook Twitter Reddit Flipboard Pocket
The Roret Encyclopedia of Confectionery and Chocolate,
published in 1921 and included in The Sifter, was part of a
French encyclopedia series spanning the late 1800s and early 1900s.
The Roret Encyclopedia of Confectionery and Chocolate, published in
1921 and included in The Sifter, was part of a French encyclopedia
series spanning the late 1800s and early 1900s. Courtesy of The
Sifter
[YmFkZ2UucG]
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In the early 1960s, Julia Child and her husband handed Barbara
Ketcham Wheaton the keys to their home in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
The famous couple was going to California for the summer, but they
wanted their young neighbor to be able to continue one of her
favorite activities: perusing Child's collection of historical
cookbooks.
Now an honorary curator of Harvard University's Schlesinger Library
Culinary Collection, Wheaton was then in her early 30s, with young
children at home. She had left an art history PhD program a few years
before to marry historian Bob Wheaton, but she still had a passion
for the past. When she discovered her love of cooking, and her
neighbor's trove of unique books, Wheaton wondered: What if she
turned the same methodology she had learned in art-history classes to
a more humble text--the cookbook?
During long afternoons, Wheaton buried herself in the Schlesinger
Library's historical-cookbook collection. And she ventured to her
neighbor Julia's house, to pore over the famous chef's cookbook
collection. Wheaton didn't know it at the time, but her curiosity
about the books' stiff pages, full of strange stains and descriptions
of vintage sauces, would soon turn her into one of the best-known
scholars of culinary history. "I started looking at old cookbooks and
one thing led to another," says Wheaton.
Barbara Ketcham Wheaton began compiling her 130,000-item database at
Harvard's Schlesinger Library, and in the personal library of her
neighbor, Julia Child. Barbara Ketcham Wheaton began compiling her
130,000-item database at Harvard's Schlesinger Library, and in the
personal library of her neighbor, Julia Child. Joe Wheaton
Now, the public can enjoy the fruits of Wheaton's 50 years of labor.
In July 2020, Wheaton and a team of scholars, including two of her
children, Joe Wheaton and Catherine Wheaton Saines, launched The
Sifter. Part Wikipedia-style crowd-sourced database and part
meticulous bibliography, The Sifter is a catalogue of more than a
thousand years of European and U.S. cookbooks, from the medieval
Latin De Re Culinaria, published in 800, to The Romance of Candy, a
1938 treatise on British sweets.
The Sifter isn't a collection of recipes, or a repository of entire
texts. Instead, it's a multilingual database, currently 130,000-items
strong, of the ingredients, techniques, authors, and section titles
included in more than 5,000 European and U.S. cookbooks. It provides
a bird's-eye view of long-term trends in European and American
cuisines, from shifting trade routes and dining habits to culinary
fads. Search "cupcakes," for example, and you'll find the term may
have first popped up in Mrs. Putnam's Receipt Book And Young
Housekeeper's Assistant, a guide for ladies running middle-class
households in the 1850s. Search "peacock" and you'll find the bird's
meat was sometimes eaten from the 1400s to the 1700s in courtly
England.
Wheaton hopes the website will be useful more complex projects. She
suggests, for example, using the site to track the relationship
between cookbook authors' gender and the value of the ingredients
included in their recipes, as a way of measuring gendered economic
and cultural capital over time.
The Art of Cookery Made Plain And Easy, a 1777 cookbook
included in the database, "which far exceeds any Thing of the Kind
yet published," was popular in Britain and the American colonies. Its
author, Hannah Glasse, was one of the first famous female cookbook
authors.The Art of Cookery Made Plain And Easy, a 1777 cookbook
included in the database, "which far exceeds any Thing of the Kind
yet published," was popular in Britain and the American colonies. Its
author, Hannah Glasse, was one of the first famous female cookbook
authors. Public Domain
The story of The Sifter's genesis similarly reveals the connection
between gender, labor, and prestige. When Wheaton got started as a
culinary historian, as a young mother 60 years ago, "I couldn't have
a PhD, because there wasn't a PhD in the field until we invented it,"
she says. At the time, there was a split in the academy around the
study of domestic labor, such as cooking. On one side, traditional
historians--predominantly male--considered the history of food to be
unimportant, even vulgar. "Food history has been a bit of an
embarrassment to a lot of academics, because it involves women in the
kitchen," says Joe Wheaton, a professional sculptor and member of The
Sifter's advisory board.
Western scholars had a bias against studying sensual experience, the
relic of an Enlightenment-era hierarchy that considered taste, touch,
and flavor taboo topics for sober academic inquiry. "It's the baser
sense," says Cathy Kaufman, a professor of food studies at the New
School, and a member of The Sifter's advisory board, of culinary
pleasure. "It's bestial. It's animal."
At the same time, newly minted feminist historians were engaging in a
contentious debate about the role of food and domestic labor in
women's oppression. While some feminists advocated for reclaiming
cooking as a way of recognizing women's historically undervalued
creativity and labor, others felt this simply rehashed the sexist
notion that women's proper place was in the kitchen. Some scholars,
says Wheaton, accused her of "celebrating the oppression of women."
Radcliffe College, the historic women's college at Harvard and today
the site of the Schlesinger Library. When Barbara Ketcham Wheaton
studied art history at Harvard in the late 1950s, the institution was
still predominantly male. Radcliffe College, the historic women's
college at Harvard and today the site of the Schlesinger Library.
When Barbara Ketcham Wheaton studied art history at Harvard in the
late 1950s, the institution was still predominantly male. Public
Domain
But Wheaton took a more pragmatic approach. Though options for income
and independence were limited for most women throughout European
history--and though male cookbook authors were, and continue to be,
celebrated and compensated above female authors--Wheaton says that,
for many women, skill in the kitchen was a ticket to relative
economic stability. "If you were a good cook working in a reasonable
family, you had a life that wasn't that bad."
Thanks to passionate scholars, the status of food studies began to
change in the 1980s. In 1981, a group of researchers held the first
Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery. Wheaton joined the Symposium
two years later, after her first book, Savoring The Past, a history
of French cuisine from 1300 to 1789, splashed onto the scene. "It was
magisterial," says Kaufman, of the book's scope and ambition. "No
other book had tried it."
Wheaton's big innovation was in developing what she dubbed a
structured approach to studying historical cookbooks. She
methodically analyzed each element of a cookbook, including its
ingredients, the kitchen layout and technologies that its recipes
assume cooks have access to, the author's suggestions for menus and
meal planning, the book as an object, and the role of the cookbook in
the broader society. That sweep of ambition made Savoring the Past a
success. "I was astonished," Wheaton says.
Before the personal computer, Wheaton used edge-notched cards like
these to organize her recipe database.Before the personal computer,
Wheaton used edge-notched cards like these to organize her recipe
database. Public Domain
But Wheaton had a problem: The scope of her ambition outstripped the
technology at hand. She envisioned a sweeping catalogue of cookbooks,
like a landscape seen from a satellite, that would allow her to map
the contours of culinary history--the shifting trade routes, the
fickle food fads, the new technologies. Researching her book in the
late 1970s, Wheaton used a system of stacked cards with punched holes
around the edges, each precise formation of holes representing
particular categories. When she wanted to see all the works in a
particular category--say, books that mentioned peaches--she slipped a
knitting needle through that series of holes. "Which is useless for
more than eight pieces of information," Kaufman says.
In the late 1970s, when Wheaton was working on her book, the cutting
edge in computing was the Boston Computer Society, which had been
founded by a 13 year old. By the time Savoring the Past was
published, IBM had finally come out with a computer that could record
information with French accent marks. Wheaton began logging her notes
digitally. It took almost 30 more years--until just this July--for
Wheaton's database to launch.
Today, The Sifter's lengthy spreadsheets and clunky search functions
may admittedly seem less than flashy to younger people, who never had
to use a knitting needle to perform a data search. But once you get
the hang of it, the website's 130,000 references--each one
painstakingly entered from Wheaton's notes--are little bursts of light
shone on the past.
Julia Child, pictured here in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1978. The
famous chef let her neighbor Barbara Ketcham Wheaton use her
collection of antique cookbooks. Julia Child, pictured here in
Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1978. The famous chef let her neighbor
Barbara Ketcham Wheaton use her collection of antique cookbooks. Lynn
Gilbert/CC BY-SA 4.0
A search for "cheesecake," for example, will result in 189
references, including Robert Abbot's 1790 recipe for almond
cheesecake, Hannah Glasse's 1805 recipe for lemon cheesecakes, and E.
Smith's 1742 recipe for potato or lemon cheesecake. If this research
on the evolution of cheesecake makes you want to learn more about
Robert Abbot himself, you'll find that his 1790 Housekeeper's
Valuable Present or Lady's Closet Companion also included
instructions for how "to make very good wigs." Another quick search
will yield that in the late 1700s, "wigs" were a kind of bun or
scone, rather than a style statement--but that, as in Hannah Glasse's
work, cookery books of the era often did contain recipes for both
wigs (buns) and to "preserve hair and make it grow thick."*
You can explore The Sifter's search functions at home. Try tracing
the history of your favorite dish, the evolution of cinnamon use in
France or Germany, or the popularity of very good wig (or very good
hair-care) recipes. The Sifter is also a work in progress, and it's
relying on the community to expand what Wheaton started. You can
register for an account to contribute translation expertise or input
cookbook information, from any pre-1940 cookbooks you might have on
hand, or from an internet archive.
If you do contribute to The Sifter, you'll be in good company.
Wheaton, now 89 years old, is celebrating the launch of her life's
work through virtual chats with her children and collaborators, and
by doing what she loves best: reading cookbooks. "I live in a
retirement community where I don't have to work on anything
practical," she tells me over Zoom, framed by the bookshelf behind
her. "The thing I longed for when the kids were small and growing up
was to be able to work on the stuff all the time. And now I can."
*Correction: An earlier version of this article confused "wigs," the
18th-century bun, with wigs, the hair piece.
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