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Article Library > Connector Tutorial

Connector Tutorial

By Pat Sagsveen

Contributed By DigiKey

2017-09-05

Connectors may not be the most sophisticated part of a circuit, but
they are certainly one of the most important parts. A circuit can be
thought of in a couple different ways. The first way that most
engineers may see a circuit is the theoretical side that can be
represented on paper. While this is important, and certainly no
circuit would work well without well thought out considerations, this
is not the whole picture. Circuits are meant to go into a device or
product that is meant to perform a certain function. Often these
products can be very large like an airplane or a train which
certainly could not be fit onto a large circuit board, they may have
no circuit boards at all. For this reason, connectors are chosen to
be quick and efficient ways to connect parts of circuits that are not
necessarily on the same physical board, they are the bypass to the
electron highway.

There are several different kinds of connectors in the marketplace,
all of these serve the same purpose but do so in different ways. Some
are meant to be used in automotive applications where vibration is an
issue while others are meant to be outside in a static but weathered
environment, the list never ends. Connectors help to cut down on
manufacturing time, the time it takes a worker to solder several
connections is much longer than the time it would take them to plug
one connector into another. Hopefully this article can shed some
light on connectors in general and which connector should be used for
a given application.

Rectangular connectors

The term "rectangular connector" refers to the shape of the actual
connector. It means that this connector housing will be rectangular
in shape. These are often found on PCB boards because they are easy
to use for manufacturing. A board will typically have either a
through hole or surface-mounted male header that a female socket can
fit onto, this is a good way to connect wires to a board. The female
connector would have sockets with wires crimped onto them which would
be connected to something else. An example of this would be the
B2B-XH-A(LF)(SN), which is the male header, and the XHP-2, which is
the female housing that would mate with the header. These products
are from JST Sales America Inc. and will not work as-is. The XHP-2 is
only a plastic housing, there are no sockets inside of this
connector, so there are also no wires coming out of this connector.
The sockets are proprietary accessories that are specific to the
housing. While several contacts are very similar, it is always
recommended to use the proper contacts that are made for the
particular connector housing to ensure the connector will work. On
the Digi-Key page for XHP-2 there is a section towards the bottom of
the page that shows the sockets as an "Associated Product" (Figure
1).

Image of Associated Product section for XHP-2 product page

Figure 1: The "Associated Product" section for XHP-2 product page.

When manufacturers create a series of connectors, they often make the
same style connector in many different positions. These will be
labeled as a series of connectors like the XH Series that the first
two examples came out of. Looking at the XH Series options in the
Rectangular Connectors - Housings page, it is easy to see the
associated products on all of the connectors have the same contacts
offered for every housing. Typically most series of connectors will
have a few different variations of contacts; there will be wire gauge
options and sometimes different plating options. This is not a rule;
some series have connectors with different size contacts, which is
typical for connectors that have dedicated power pins and dedicated
signal pins. An example of this can be seen with the AUHR-05V-H which
is designed to have four signal pins and one power pin. Looking at
the contacts one can see that there are two different styles, there
is a power pin and a signal pin. The power pin is made for a larger
22-26 wire gauge while the signal pin is made for 28-30 gauge wire.
Plating options refer to the finish on the contact. The most common
plating options are tin and gold. Tin is cheaper and a suitable
contact finish for many products that are not going to be in a
corrosive environment or that do not need high reliability. Gold is
better for applications in corrosive environments because gold is a
noble metal that will not corrode. It is not recommended to mate a
gold contact to a tin contact because flakes from both will
intermingle and eventually allow for oxidization.

JST has made pre-crimped leads with 2" / 6" / 12" wires attached. An
example of these leads would be the ASXHSXH22K152, which removes the
need for an expensive hand tool for prototyping. Many manufacturers
make pre-crimped leads for this purpose, there is an entire section
devoted to this on the Digi-Key website called Jumper Wires,
Pre-Crimped Leads. This can be helpful when developing a product with
a low budget. If this was in a production run, then the tooling would
ultimately be more economical than buying the pre-crimped leads. Just
like finding the sockets for the housing, the Digi-Key website will
have a tab listed for tooling on an individual contact page. For
example, if looking at the SXH-001T-P0.6, the bare socket for the
XHP-2, there will be a box for the tooling (Figure 2).

 Image of tooling for the XH series connectors

Figure 2: Tooling for the XH series connectors as shown on the
product page.

Another tool that would be needed would be the insertion/extraction
tool used for inserting the contacts and removing them. This is also
listed in the "tooling" box, for this product it would be the XJ-06.
Not all contacts will need an insertion tool but most will need an
extraction tool if removing the contacts is desired. Ultimately, to
use the male header B2B-XH-A(LF)(SN) mentioned earlier, the following
would be needed:

 1. Male header - B2B-XH-A(LF)(SN)
 2. Female housing - XHP-2
 3. Either a socket like the SXH-001T-P0.6 which would need tooling
    like the WC-110 or a pre-crimped lead like the ASXHSXH22K152
 4. Insertion / Extraction tool for removing contacts - XJ-06

Rectangular connectors are very popular styles of connectors. They
are not typically used for high current applications, but for small
current applications they are great ways to power boards or send and
receive signals economically. Most of these will have some form of a
latch to keep them in place which is good for resisting vibration.
These are not the only styles of rectangular connectors, there are
rectangular connectors that are free hanging and panel mount as well.
Take for example the 3-640441-2 from TE Connectivity AMP Connectors.
While this connector can mate with a header on a board, it can also
mate with the 3-647001-2, a free hanging connector. It is important
to note that these connectors use a different form of termination
than the previous connectors. The previous male was a through hole
that would be soldered onto the board, and the previous female would
use a crimp termination on the contact. These particular connectors
use IDC (insulation displacement contact). This means there is a
conductor that pierces the insulation to make contact with the wire.

There are several forms of contact terminations

 1. Crimp
 2. Solder
 3. IDC
 4. SCREW

Above are the four main kinds of terminations. Crimping involves
having a contact and forming it around a wire to make electrical
contact on the wire while holding the insulation with another part of
the contact. TE Connectivity has put out a good video that
illustrates what crimping is and what makes an acceptable crimp. The
video is titled "Crimp Theory Fundamentals: Series I English". Solder
termination will either mean soldered onto a board for a through hole
component, or there will be a cup or place on the connector to solder
a wire onto. IDC or, insulation displacement contact, involves
piercing the insulation to make contact, and screw termination means
there is a screw that can clamp the wire down onto a contact. Solder
termination would imply that the contact is already in the connector
while a crimp termination would imply that the contacts come
separately from the housings. On the Digi-Key website it can be
confusing to know if a housing has contacts already or not. There are
several pages of connector products on the Digi-Key web site; many of
these pages have the word "Housings" in them. These pages will only
be the housing and will usually have contacts listed as associated
products. An example of this product page can be seen in Figure 3.

Image of an example of a product page breadcrumb string

Figure 3: An example of a product page breadcrumb string for
"Rectangular Connector - Housings"

When dealing with rectangular connectors, there is another point that
needs to be brought up, the pitch of the pins. Pitch refers to the
distance between the pins. The most common sizes are 1.27 mm, 2.00
mm, and 2.54 mm. These are by no means a standard; however, they are
the most common. Typically in electronics, smaller is better, but
this is a guideline not a rule. Board space will likely help to
determine which pitch is going to work best for a given application.

Headers are very common connectors that are soldered onto a board and
can have sockets easily placed on top of them. The first example was
a header that was shrouded; there are also non-shrouded headers like
the 61300311121 from Wurth Electronics Inc.  (Figure 4).

Image of Wurth Electronics' 61300311121 three position header

Figure 4: Wurth Electronics' 61300311121 three position header.

These are very popular on evaluation boards where several aspects of
a chip need to be tested. They can be used to easily take a board and
put it onto a breadboard. An example of this would be the Arduino Pro
Mini 3.3v. This board comes with circuitry to test and use the
ATmega328 chip but there are no connections on any of the pins. It is
possible to solder headers onto the board so the board can sit into a
breadboard and be easier to use. Headers like this can use jumpers as
well to short the pins together if needed. When choosing a jumper it
is imperative to know the pitch of the headers. This particular
header has a 2.54 mm pitch, so a jumper like the 382811-8 from TE
Connectivity AMP Connectors would be acceptable because it also has
the same pitch. Most breadboards will have a 2.54 mm pitch, this is
often referred to as a 0.1" spacing for standard measurements. These
will often mate to sockets that have the same face as a breadboard
like the 5-534998-6.

Image of 5-534998-6 0.1 inch, twelve position socket from TE
Connectivity

Figure 5: The 5-534998-6 0.1 inch, twelve position socket from TE
Connectivity.

That particular connector is meant to be soldered onto a board but
there are also sockets that can be free hanging that attach to ribbon
cable like the AWP 10-7240-T from ASSMANN WSW Components.

Image of Assmann's AWP 10-7240-T ten position, free hanging socket

Figure 6: Assmann's AWP 10-7240-T ten position, free hanging socket.

These types of connectors will usually use IDC termination to attach
the ribbon cable and often have strain reliefs like the AWZ-10-T.
Digi-Key sells cable assemblies for sockets like these that can be
found in the Rectangular Cable Assemblies page. There are socket to
socket options like the FFSD-05-D-04.00-01-N, socket to plug options
like the FFMD-05-T-06.00-01-N, and plug to plug options like the
FFMD-05-D-06.00-01 from Samtec Inc.

Circular connectors

Circular connectors are just like rectangular connectors in the fact
that they connect parts of a circuit together. They are called
circular connectors because they are circular in shape. These can be
mounted on a board like the rectangular connectors, but will likely
be seen more in a free hanging or panel-mounted situation. There are
different ways to fasten circular connectors together, often a
threaded connector or bayonet style connector will be used to assure
the connector does not come unplugged. Many circular connectors are
used in industrial and military applications. Often circular
connectors can have high current capabilities and are easier to get
an IP rating than a rectangular connector. An IP rating is an
"ingress protection" rating which has to do with how well the
connector can keep dust and water out. This is a very attractive
quality when dealing with anything in a dirty or damp environment.
Imagine a circuit that needed to provide power, ground, and a signal
line to a sensor from a panel box to the top of a tower. This would
be outdoors and exposed to rain and potentially snow as well. A good
solution to this would be a panel mounted circular connector like the
17282-3SG-300 from Conxall/Switchcraft.

Image of 17282-3SG-300 three position circular connector from Conxall
/Switchcraft

Figure 7: The 17282-3SG-300 three position circular connector from
Conxall/Switchcraft has an IP67 rating.

This connector has an IP67 rating so it will work well submersed in
up to a meter of water, making it the perfect solution for the
potentially damp environment. A nice thing about circular connectors
is that they are easy to mount on a panel due to their circular
shape. Cutting a rectangular hole in steel or aluminum is much more
difficult than cutting a circular hole. The 17282-3SG-300 has a cover
that can be used when it is not in service (16295) and a small gasket
that can be used to help keep water out (16293). This connector can
mate with a free hanging connector like the 16282-3PG-311. These are
fastened with a bayonet lock so they can be easily mated and unmated.
This connector may not be the solution to all outdoor problems, but
it clearly illustrates some of the positive attributes of circular
connectors.

Like rectangular connectors, circular connectors can often have
accessories and tooling. The Digi-Key website will usually have all
of the accessories listed on a particular product page and tooling
can usually be found when looking at the actual contacts for a
connector. As mentioned before, the page on the Digi-Key website that
says "Housings" will not have contacts while the page that simply
says "Circular Connectors" will have contacts in them already. Many
circular connectors fall into the category of mil-spec connectors.
These connectors are standardized so that regardless of who the
manufacturer is, the parts all meet the same specifications. In
addition to the mil-spec connectors, there are derivative series that
follow the same guidelines but do not go through the certifications
that the real mil-spec connectors go through. The derivative series
will be exactly the same as their mil-spec counterparts; they will
simply not have paperwork showing that they are mil-spec parts. These
derivative counterparts will follow their mil-spec counterparts
numbering schemes very closely.  Often these numbers will only
involve a prefix change on the part number.

To examine these numbering schemes, take the example of the
MS3102E14S-2P. The same part can be seen from two different
manufacturers, ITT Cannon and Amphenol Industrial Operations. The
number actually calls out all the attributes of the connector and
since the numbers are standardized, the connectors with this exact
number will be interchangeable from different manufacturers. To
further investigate, this number will need to be broken down into
sections by using the "how to order" section on page 70 from the
Amphenol series datasheet.

MS - This designates Military Standard

3102 - This calls out a box mounting receptacle with an environmental
resisting service class

Representational drawing of Amphenol circular connectors

Figure 8: Representational drawing of Amphenol circular connectors
with dimensional designations. (Image courtesy of Amphenol Industrial
Operations)

14S - (On its own) this calls out the shell size of the connector

Image of dimensional numbers for a shell size designation of 14S

Figure 9: Dimensional numbers for a shell size designation of 14S.
(Image courtesy of Amphenol Industrial Operations)

14S-2 - This calls out the contact arrangement

Image of contact arrangement for the 14S shell size

Figure 10: Contact arrangement for the 14S shell size. (Image
courtesy of Amphenol Industrial Operations)

P - Calls out a pin contact

The number details what the attributes of the connector are. The box
mounting receptacles will all look like Figure 8; however, there are
different dimensions for different shell sizes. The contact
arrangement describes how the contacts will be laid, as depicted in
Figure 11 for the MS3102E14S-2P.

Image of Amphenol's MS3102E14S-2P contact arrangement

Figure 11: Amphenol's MS3102E14S-2P contact arrangement for the 14S-2
designation. (Image courtesy of Amphenol Industrial Operations)

This particular connector comes with the contacts loaded into it;
however, many of these will have crimp contacts. To find which
contacts are orderable for these, it is imperative to know what the
contact size is. The contact size will be called out under the
contact arrangement. An example can be taken from one of the MIL-5015
derivative parts 97-4102A-18-4S. This part replaces the MS with a 97
because that connector belongs to the 97 series. The 4102A is still
another box receptacle like the previous MS3102E14S-2P which can be
seen from the 97 series catalog:

Representational drawing of Amphenol's 97-4102A box receptacle

Figure 12: Representational drawing of Amphenol's 97-4102A box
receptacle with dimensional designations. (Image courtesy of Amphenol
Industrial Operations)

The 97-4102A-18-4S will have an 18-4 contact arrangement which calls
out four #16 contacts. Page 26 of the catalog has ordering
information for the contacts. Figure 13 is an image of the bulk
packaged contacts ordering information.

 Image of bulk packaged contacts ordering information

Figure 13: Bulk packaged contacts ordering information. (Image
courtesy of Amphenol Industrial Operations)

Using the previous information about this connector will help in
finding the proper contact. It calls out #16 contacts and the shell
size of this particular connector is 18-4. Using this information,
the contact can be derived by looking at the eighth row on the table.
This calls out size 16 and for connector sizes 18 to 36, the
resulting socket contact part number of 9745-1622S-X(920) is
determined. For the purpose of ordering this through a distributor
like Digi-Key, it is good to point out that some of the nuances of
the part number can be lost. An example of this is can be seen with
the contact that was listed.  While the Amphenol ordering guide says
the part number is 9745-1622S-X(920), the manufacturer's part number
on the Digi-Key website says 97-45-1622S-4(920). The X before the
(920) is a generic placeholder for another option of silver plating
or gold plating. The 4 on the Digi-Key website calls out that this
has silver plating. There is even another name for this connector
under "other names" on the product page on the Digi-Key website:
97451622S40920. If this causes confusion, which it undoubtedly can,
it is good to mention that distributors like Digi-Key have a team of
people who can help in understanding how to order the correct
connectors. To contact Digi-Key simply call 1-800-344-4539 and ask to
speak with an applications engineer.

DIN connectors are another example of circular connectors. These are
small circular connectors that would usually be used for signal-level
communications. These will have a 13.2 mm diameter across the face of
the connector. This can be illustrated with the SD-80 from CUI
Devices which has a 13.2 mm diameter across the face. DIN connectors
will all have the same size of face; however, there are several
contact arrangements that can be selected depending upon the
arrangement that is needed. There will always be a notch as well that
allows the connector to only be mated one way. Figure 14 is a clip
from the SD series datasheet that illustrates this point.

Image of CUI Devices' SD series DIN connector contact arrangements

Figure 14: CUI Devices' SD series DIN connector contact arrangements.
(Image courtesy of CUI Devices)

These connectors will also have another rating for how many times
they can be mated and unmated. On the datasheet it will be called out
as "Life" and it stands for how many times these can be reliably
mated an unmated, this is often referred to as "Mating Cycles". This
particular model will have 5,000 cycles before the end of its life.
This can be found under the "Specifications" part of the datasheet
(Figure 15).

Image of specifications for CUI Devices' SD series DIN connectors

Figure 15: Specifications for CUI Devices' SD series DIN connectors
with the "life" or mating cycles highlighted. (Image courtesy of CUI
Devices)

Terminal blocks

Terminal blocks are used to connect two or more wires together. Often
there will be a screw lock to hold the wire down inside of the
terminal block.  These are typically plastic insulators with contacts
on them where each circuit is separated by an insulator. There are
many different kinds of terminal blocks, from headers, plugs,
receptacles, barrier blocks, wire to board, DIN rail channel,
interface modules, and panel mounted options, all of which can be
found on the terminal block portion of the Digi-Key website.  These
will usually have either a screw termination, or a spring
termination.

Barrier blocks

Barrier blocks will be plastic housings with screw terminals for the
wire termination. An example of one of these would be the TB100-08SP
from Eaton (Figure 16).

Image of eight circuit barrier block (TB100-08SP) from Eaton

Figure 16: Eight circuit barrier block (TB100-08SP) from Eaton.

These are used to connect wires on either side of the block together.
This particular model can handle up to 30 amps per contact with up to
300 V. Many barrier blocks have jumpers that are made to connect one
circuit to another on the block itself. These should be called out in
the documentation from the manufacturer. The TB100-08SP belongs to
the Magnum TB100 series. On the first page, this product can be found
under the "Dimensions - in" table in the 08 poles row (Figure 17).

Image of Eaton's Magnum TB100 series dimension specifications

Figure 17: Eaton's Magnum TB100 series dimension specifications.
(Image courtesy of Eaton)

To find the associated hardware look on the second page of the
datasheet. There are a few different options for screws, quick
connects, and jumpers listed. Often manufacturers will have all of
these accessories listed right on their datasheet. For this
particular product there are three jumpers listed (Figure 18).

Image of jumpers for the Eaton TB100 series terminal blocks

Figure 18: Jumpers for the TB100 series terminal blocks. (Image
courtesy of Eaton)

These have very short part numbers and are difficult to find as a
result. They will often not be listed on the same page for a
distributor website. These would fall into the Terminal Blocks -
Accessories - Jumpers page on the Digi-Key website. To easily see if
this item is available, rather than putting the number into the
entire website search bar, it will be more efficient to find the
terminal block accessory page and put this into the search within
results tab like the Figure 19 search for the J101.

Image of Digi-Key part search example for the J101 jumper

Figure 19: Digi-Key part search example for the J101 jumper.

The result that will be found when doing this will be the J101/J.
This will be the correct jumper for the TB100 series that TB100-08SP
belongs to; it has the proper pitch of 9.53 mm and is shaped like the
image on the datasheet. When regarding accessories, the Digi-Key
website will usually have a "For Use With/Related Products" entry in
the "Products Attributes" table to show which series or part an
accessory goes with (Figure 20).

Image of Digi-Key part search page for the J101/J jumper

Figure 20: Digi-Key part search page for the J101/J jumper
highlighting the "For Use With/Related Products" product attribute.

Headers, plugs and sockets

These are very much like the headers and free hanging sockets
mentioned in the rectangular connector portion of this article. The
header will often be mounted onto a board and the free hanging end
will fit into the header receptacle. An example of this is the
OSTOQ063250 from On-Shore Technology, Inc. which mates to the
OSTTJ0631530. Often times these can be interchangeable from
manufacturer to manufacturer. If looking at the OSTJ0631530 on the
Digi-Key website, to find similar products that can mate with this,
start by selecting the pitch, number of positions, and type from the
product specifications (Figure 21).

Image of mating connector search

Figure 21: When searching for a mating connector on the Digi-Key
website, check the appropriate boxes.

From there hit the "Search" button at the bottom of the page (Figure
22).

Image of search box at the bottom of the page

Figure 22: After all matching attributes are selected, click the
search box at the bottom of the page.

Figures 23, 24, and 25 show the face of several of the resulting
connectors.

Image of 1827745 connector from Phoenix Contact

Figure 23: 1827745 - Phoenix Contact.

Image of TJ0631530000G connector Amphenol Anytek

Figure 24: TJ0631530000G - Amphenol Anytek.

 

Image of 1792810000 connector from Weidmuller

Figure 25: 1792810000 - Weidmuller.

The front of each of these manufacturers' parts are keyed the same.
This will be true for many of the pluggable terminal blocks which
make them more convenient to work with. Each pitch will have a
slightly different face. These plugs are all free hanging with
sockets for contacts, there are also free hanging receptacles with
male pins. An example of this would be the 1858073 from Phoenix
Contact. Alternatively, there are receptacles with male pins that can
be mounted to something but still retain a screw termination rather
than a solder termination like the 1788570 from Phoenix Contact.

So far all of these have had screw terminations, but spring
termination is also quite popular. An example of a spring termination
is the 1881367 from Phoenix Contact. This connector uses springs on
the back to hold the wire in place; by depressing the spring it is
possible to remove the wire (Figure 26).

Image of 1881367 connector from Phoenix Contact

Figure 26: 1881367 - Phoenix Contact.

DIN Rail terminal block

DIN rails are popular in many industrial applications, and there are
terminal blocks created for DIN rail applications. These will
function to connect circuits like the previous examples, but will be
quite aesthetically different. They will all have a slot on the
bottom of them for attaching to a DIN rail like the 1020000000 from
Weidmuller (Figure 27).

Image of Weidmuller's 1020000000 DIN rail terminal block

Figure 27: Weidmuller's 1020000000 DIN rail terminal block.

These types of terminal blocks will usually have a plate that can be
added to enclose the internal chamber of the terminal block. These
can be found on the associated tab on the Digi-Key website, an
example would be the 1050000000 which is the endplate for the
1020000000. There are also jumpers if it is necessary to connect one
of these terminal blocks to another like the 1693800000.

Interface modules

Interface modules can be thought of as an adapter. They will have a
control side connection and a process side connection. An example
would be the DSUB-9-MF from American Electrical, Inc. This connector
allows for either a male or female 9 position D-Sub connector to be
easily broken out into discrete wires as seen in Figure 28.

Image of DSUB-9-MF interface module from American Electrical, Inc.

Figure 28: The DSUB-9-MF interface module from American Electrical,
Inc.

There are many other forms of interface modules. Another great
example of an interface module is an RJ45 Jack going to discrete
wires like the 2900701 from Phoenix Contact (Figure 29).

Image of Phoenix Contact's 2900701 interface module

Figure 29: Phoenix Contact's 2900701 interface module.

Panel mount

Terminal blocks can be panel mounted as well. The mating side will
follow the same rules that the free hanging and mounted terminal
blocks follow. Basically, if the pitch of the connector is known, it
will likely mate to another manufacturers terminal block. An example
that could double as a wall outlet for power would be the 1861167
from Phoenix Contact. There will usually be mounting holes on either
side of the connector as shown in Figure 30.

Image of Phoenix Contact's 1861167 panel-mount terminal block

Figure 30: Panel-mount terminal blocks usually feature mounting holes
as seen in Phoenix Contact's 1861167.

It is important to note that this will not come with screws. Often
hardware is separate, and this is no exception. Like previously
stated, there will usually be an associated section on the Digi-Key
website that will show accessories for these. This particular model
has a hardware set that is sold with it, 0728263.

D-Sub

D-Sub, otherwise known as D-subminiature, connectors get their name
by the shape of their mating side; they are shaped like a D. There
are standard shell sizes for D-Sub connectors that will have a
standard pin number. On the Digi-Key website there will be a shell
size and a connector layout designator that will help to identify
this. This can be illustrated using the 171 series from NorComp Inc.

There are five shell size options and connector layouts, each of
which correlates to a number of pins.

+------------------------------------------------------+
|Pin Number|Shell Size|Connector Layout|  Part Number  |
|----------+----------+----------------+---------------|
|9         |1         |(DE,E)          |171-009-103L001|
|----------+----------+----------------+---------------|
|15        |2         |(DA,A)          |171-015-103L001|
|----------+----------+----------------+---------------|
|25        |3         |(DB,B)          |171-025-103L001|
|----------+----------+----------------+---------------|
|37        |4         |(DC,C)          |171-037-103L001|
|----------+----------+----------------+---------------|
|50        |5         |(DD,D)          |171-050-103L001|
+------------------------------------------------------+

Table 1: A selection of standard D-Sub shell size and connector
layouts.

Like the standard shell sizes and layouts, there are also high
density layouts which have the same shell size but an extra row of
contacts fitting a higher density of contacts into the same area. A
good illustration of this is the AMPLITIMITE HD-22 series from TE
Connectivity AMP Connectors

+-----------------------------------------------------+
|Pin Number|Shell Size| Connector Layout  |Part Number|
|----------+----------+-------------------+-----------|
|15        |1         |(DE,E) High Density|5749767-1  |
|----------+----------+-------------------+-----------|
|26        |2         |(DA,A) High Density|5748481-5  |
|----------+----------+-------------------+-----------|
|44        |3         |(DB,B) High Density|5748482-5  |
|----------+----------+-------------------+-----------|
|62        |4         |(DC,C) High Density|5748394-5  |
|----------+----------+-------------------+-----------|
|78        |5         |(DD,D) High Density|5748483-5  |
+-----------------------------------------------------+

Table 2: A selection of high density D-Sub shell size and connector
layouts.

These are not all of the shell sizes or layouts by any means, but
this brings up most of the major ones. Many D-Sub connectors have
power pins and coaxial pins as well. An example of this is the
DCMM-13W6S from ITT Cannon. This connector has seven signal pins and
six pins that can be used for either coax or power. This still has
the 4(DC,C) size face as the previous examples but a different layout
than both of the previous 4(DC,C) connectors.

Barrel connectors

Barrel connectors are often used to supply power to consumer grade
electronics. They are round in shape and come in many different
sizes. These can be found on all kinds of electronic devices such as
wall adapters for laptops. An example of a barrel connector would be
the PP3-002A from CUI Devices which is a fairly standard size (Figure
31).

Image of CUI Devices' PP3-002A barrel connector

Figure 31: CUI Devices' PP3-002A barrel connector.

This has an outer diameter of 5.5 mm and an inner diameter of 2.1 mm
which is a very popular size of barrel connector. Most barrel
connectors have either a 2.1 mm inner diameter or a 2.5 mm inner
diameter and typically they will have a 5.5 mm outer diameter. There
are many different sizes for these connectors, so assuming a 2.1 mm
or 2.5 mm diameter can cause problems. The absolute best way of
knowing the size of a connector is having the documentation to it,
the manufacturer should have documented the physical dimensions at
some point. If there is no documentation available, then it is
recommended to use a caliper to determine the diameter of the plug.
These types of barrel plugs will mate with barrel jacks like the
PJ-036AH-SMT-TR shown in Figure 32.

Image of PJ-036AH-SMT-TR barrel jack from CUI Devices

Figure 32: The PJ-036AH-SMT-TR barrel jack from CUI Devices.

There are also barrel audio connectors as well. One of the most
recognizable ones would be a 1/8" plug like the SP-3501 from CUI
Devices. This is a very common headphone plug that can be used on
many 1/8" jacks like those found on computers, cell phones, many MP3
players, and other devices that play audio.

Image of CUI Devices' SP-3501 1/8" audio jack

Figure 33: Standard 1/8" audio jack (CUI Devices' SP-3501 shown
here).

The vernacular many distributors like Digi-Key will use to describe
such a connector will be a 3.5 mm plug. The reason many distributors
call them this is because they have an actual 3.5 mm diameter which
is 0.138". This dimension can be taken off of the drawing for this
product (Figure 34).

 Image of dimensions for a 3.5 mm audio plug

Figure 34: Dimensions for a 3.5 mm audio plug.

One of the very nice things about this particular style of connector
is that it will not matter which manufacturer the connector comes
from. The 1/8" jack is an industry recognized size for a connector.
The SP-3501 would work on any consumer grade 1/8" jack regardless of
the manufacturer. It is still important to note that not all
connectors that look like this will be this size, 1/8" and 1/4" are
very standard. 1/8" connectors will be used for plugging in
headphones or small computer speakers. Typically, 1/4" connectors
used to be used on phone lines and are now more commonly used to
connect electric guitars through their pedals and into their amp.
Those two sizes are standard and easy to cross from one manufacturer
to another. Other barrel audio connectors may not work the same way.
An example can be taken from the SP-25401 from CUI Devices (Figure
35).

Image of CUI Devices' SP-25401 is a 2.5 mm jack

Figure 35: CUI Devices' SP-25401 is a 2.5 mm jack.

This connector looks very similar to the SP-3501; however, its
diameter is a full millimeter smaller than the SP-3501. This has a
2.5 mm diameter and would not mate with the jack for the SP-3501. It
is important to know what the diameter is of these to avoid
unsuccessful mating, but once the diameter is known, it is easy to
mate that to another manufacturer's part that has the same size. The
SP-25401 also is different from the SP-3501 in the fact that it has
four conductors instead of three. This can be seen by looking at the
metal conductor on the plug, there are three insulators on the
SP-25401 making four conductors. The SP-3501 has two insulators
making three conductors which would be typical of an audio plug meant
for stereo sound.

USB

There are several different forms of USB. One of the most popular
types of USB is USB A which is often used for peripheral devices on
computers, or for charging many appliances. Usually the computer will
have a female USB A and the device side will be a male. These will
often have four contacts, two for power and ground and two for data.
An example of one of these connectors would be the 87583-3010RPALF
from Amphenol FCI (Figure 36).

Image of Amphenol's 87583-3010RPALF USB A receptacle 

Figure 36: Amphenol's 87583-3010RPALF USB A receptacle.

This connector will have four contacts on it along with a retention
post for holding it down onto a PCB board. When using a connector
like this it is imperative to know how to lay out the PCB board.
Thankfully, manufacturers typically leave a recommended footprint for
these components as illustrated in Figure 37 for the 87583-3010RPALF.

Image of PCB layout for the Amphenol 87583-3010RPALF USB A receptacle

Figure 37: The recommended PCB layout for the 87583-3010RPALF USB A
receptacle.

These connectors will follow a standard, so it is possible to mate
one manufacturer's part with another. If an engineer was using the
87583-3010RPALF for their female side, it would be acceptable to use
the 048037220 from Molex LLC to mate with it (Figure 38).

Image of 0480372200 USB A male plug from Molex

Figure 38: A USB A male plug, the 0480372200 from Molex.

 The standardization and interchangeability between manufacturers
makes USB a very popular choice in today's marketplace. USB A is not
the only USB connector on the market; there are several other types
such as USB B which is very popular as well. USB B connectors are
found on many printers and Arduino Uno's. They are a little more
robust than the USB A type and have their contacts laid out
differently. USB A has all of the contacts in a line while USB B has
its contacts split with two above the insulator and two below the
insulator like the USB-B1HSW6 from On-Shore Technology, Inc. Figure
39 illustrates this difference, USB A is pictured on the left and USB
B on the right.

Diagram of different contact layouts of USB A (left) and USB B

Figure 39: The different contact layouts of USB A (left) and USB B
(right).

Since the female side has the four contacts separated into two rows
by the insulator, the male side of USB B will have the four contacts
separated with two on top and two on the bottom like the A-USBPB-N
from ASSMANN WSW Components. Figure 40 shows how the contacts are
laid out on this component, this will be standard for all USB B
connectors.

Diagram of ASSMANN pin layout of the ASSMANN A-USBPB-N socket

Figure 40: The pin layout of the ASSMANN A-USBPB-N socket.

The USB-mini is also a popular style of USB connector. These were
used on many older cell phones and peripheral devices. An example of
this would be the UX60A-MB-5ST from Hirose Electrical Co. LTD  
(Figure 41).

Image of Hirose's UX60A-MB-5ST USB-mini receptacle

Figure 41: Hirose's UX60A-MB-5ST USB-mini receptacle.

These are smaller than the USB A and USB B. The mating connectors for
these will be free hanging like the UX40A-MB-5P which by itself isn't
as identifiable, but when attached to a cable quite recognizable.
Figure 42 shows the UX40A-MB-5P on the left and the
UX40-MB-5PP-500-1002 on the right which is the cabled version of the
UX40A-MB-5P.

Image of Hirose's UX40A-MB-5P USB-mini and the cabled version

Figure 42: Hirose's UX40A-MB-5P USB-mini (left) and the cabled
version, the UX40-MB-5PP-500-1002 (right).

Something to point out would be the difference in pin count between
the USB A and USB mini. The USB A has four pins, one for power, one
for ground, and two for data. The USB mini has five pins, these will
be for the same functions as the USB A, but also there is a fifth pin
referred to as the sense pin. The fifth pin allows the cable to send
a signal to let the device communicate whether it needs to be a
master or a slave. When there is a USB cable that has USB A and USB
mini, the sense pin will be shorted to ground. This is called USB On
The Go, or USB OTG. Maxim Integrated has an article that goes further
into depth regarding this titled USB On-the-Go Basics.

Coaxial connectors

Coaxial connectors are used to terminate coaxial cable. To understand
the connector it is important to first understand what coaxial cable
is. It is a solid conductor which is surrounded by a dielectric
material which will be covered by a second conductor. Connectors for
these are laid out in exactly the same manner. These connectors will
have a center conductor, an insulator, and a second conductor
surrounding the inner conductor like the 1909763-1 from TE
Connectivity AMP Connectors (Figure 43).

Image of 1909763-1 coaxial connector from TE Connectivity

Figure 43: The 1909763-1 coaxial connector from TE Connectivity.

As illustrated, the center male pin does not touch the outside shell
of the connector. This particular connector is an Ultra Miniature
Coaxial Connector. There are many different kinds of coaxial
connectors in the market. Some of the major ones are BNC, SMA,
RP-SMA, UMCC, along with several others. There are several things
that need to be considered when choosing a coaxial connector. The
style of connector must be the same; it is not possible to mate a BNC
connector to an SMA connector without an adapter. Once the style has
been determined the next step is knowing the impedance. Some styles
have several different impedance options, a BNC connector would be an
example of this. When looking at BNC connectors at the Digi-Key
website it will be evident that there are a couple of impedance
options, 75  or 50 . It is recommended to match the impedance to
that of the mating connector. If the mating BNC connector is 75 
then it will be imperative to choose a 75  connector. If an engineer
was tasked with terminating a coaxial cable onto an SMA connector,
they could follow the following line of thinking. An SMA connector
has 50  impedance and will mate to another SMA connector. If the
connector that was already in place was a panel mounted receptacle
with a female socket like the 132139 from Amphenol RF Division, the
engineer knows he needs a free hanging plug with a male pin like the
132114 from Amphenol RF Division. If one side is a receptacle with a
socket, the other side will need to be a plug with a pin. Looking at
the 132114 on the Digi-Key website there will be an entry in the
"Product Attributes" box that says "Cable Group". This will show the
applicable cable that this connector can use (Figure 44).

Image of Digi-Key part search for the Amphenol 132114 part

Figure 44: The entry in Digi-Key part search for the 132114 part
shows the cable group applicable for this connector.

Once the cable group has been found, it will be time to locate one of
these cables. If there is a large project that will involve several
hundred, it may be better to go to the part of the website that has
RF cables which can be found in the Cables, Wires > Coaxial Cables
(RF) page on the Digi-Key website under the "Cables, Wires" page and
pick one of the cable groups from the "Cable Group" option on the
parametric search (Figure 45).

Image of cable group option selection

Figure 45: Select the desired cable group option to find the
appropriate parts.

One of the options on the cable group for the 132114 was RG-316 which
would leave the 9316 BR005 from Alpha Wire as an option for a cable.
If there were only a few cables that were needed, it may be more
economical to look through the coaxial cable assemblies on the
Digi-Key website which can be found on the Cable Assemblies > Coaxial
Cables (RF) page. From that page it would possible to select an SMA
to SMA connector and then select the RG-316 cable type. The
135101-01-06.00 from Amphenol RF Division is a good example of a
cable assembly that would work well if only 6" of cable is needed
(Figure 46).

Image of 135101-01-06.00 SMA, 6" cable assembly from Amphenol

Figure 46: The 135101-01-06.00 SMA, 6" cable assembly from Amphenol.

This cable assembly has the RG-316 cable connecting two SMA plugs
with male pins that are free hanging. Often there will be cable
assemblies for connectors. The reason for this is because cable is
expensive because it is usually sold in large quantities and often
small cable runs are all that is necessary. Manufacturers know that
tooling is expensive so they often have assemblies that they put
together that can meet certain needs for their customers. When
looking at coaxial connectors, these cable assemblies will often be
much cheaper than the cost to create a cable assembly.

Summary

There is much more that can be said about connectors. Hopefully this
article has shed some light on different styles and types of
connectors. This is an absolutely huge topic that is difficult to
summarize in a few short pages. Some of the ideas covered here were
the different types of connectors, what they could be used for, and
what goes into choosing these connectors. Often connectors will come
assembled; however, sometimes there will just be a housing with the
wires and contacts required to be added afterwards. There are several
different ways to terminate a connector such as soldering, crimping,
using an insulation displacement contact, or screw termination. There
is much more that could have been written regarding connectors, but
hopefully this is a good start to understanding the vast variety of
connectors and how they can be used to help complete a circuit.
Connectors can often be overlooked when designing a circuit and when
in reality, even though they are simple parts, they can make or break
a circuit.

All of these connectors and many more can be found on the "
Connectors, Interconnects" page on the Digi-Key website.

[Digikey_lo]

Disclaimer: The opinions, beliefs, and viewpoints expressed by the
various authors and/or forum participants on this website do not
necessarily reflect the opinions, beliefs, and viewpoints of DigiKey
or official policies of DigiKey.

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About this author

[Pat-Sagsve]

Pat Sagsveen

Pat Sagsveen, Product Manager at DigiKey, is responsible for
recruiting, onboarding, and managing companies added to the DigiKey
Marketplace and Fulfillment service. He joined DigiKey in 2016 after
earning his Associate in Applied Science degree in Electronics and
Communication from Bismarck State College. His passion for music led
him into electronics and his passion for electronics led him to
DigiKey.

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