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Colossus in the Colosseum >>

Birds and Human Flight

JF Ptak Science Books    Overall Post 5154
Blogflightleonardo_2 For thousands of years the most popular fuel of
the common idea for humans to achieve flight was through the
application of bird flight mechanics.  (The other common vehicle
employed balloons of one sort or another--I'll look at that later.)

Before the age of the actual application of these principles there
were long sustained bird-like semi-humanoid-godlike-birdforms
throughout mythology. 

  Kings and overarching rulers living and imagined were seen to
perform bird-supported and flighted adventures; the Old Testament is
populated by winged seraphim and cherubin; Egyptian gods and
goddesses were depicted with long, graceful vulture-like wings; in
ca. 160 ACE Lucian of Samosata wrote one of the earliest accounts of
space flight with Icaromenippus, who reached ultra-great heights with
a device employing eagle and vulture wings, using them in an attack
upon Heaven;  a Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty reputedly kept an
eye on his empire from a flying chariot; the famous Bellerophon took
flight on Pagasus (the horse with bird-like wings, and confusing my
point some) to spear the Chimera.  Closer to the point is the flight
of Daedalus and his waxy birdwings, as well as Thidireks (from a
Germanic myth) who uses a suit of artificial feathers to fly; but
much closer to the point of this post was the Persian king
Keykavus--he oversaw his lands from the comfort of his throne, which
was transported by four apparently very muscular eagles.

Among the many things that Leonardo was working on as he was
semi-creating the Renaissance was a system of solo flight for man. 
His earliest system was based on a large winged device in which a
person would be prone, flapping flexible wings via the use of a
pulley system, looking quite birdlike.  Later on Leonardo would
develop multi-winged systems, some of which would be quite large and
requiring the operator to be upright, making the whole look more like
a helicopter than a man-filled bird.
Blogflight_bird_064  

Perhaps the greatest visionary of techno-anthropormorphic human
flight was Cyrano de Bergaerac.  Before he was the object of Edmund
Rostand's 1897 play, de Bergerac was a massively creative author,
producing, among other things, the book Histoire des Etats et Empires
de la Lune (History of the States and Empires of the Moon, published
posthumously in 1657), followed by Histoire des Etats et Empires du
Soleil (History of the States and Empires of the Sun, again,
published further and deeper into his life's surrender, 1662), both
eventually collected as L'Autre Monde (Other Worlds).  Bergerac
introduces us, the humble reader, to one of the most important
concepts in the history of literature--namely that we humans were not
only not alone in the universe, but that we were not even the
dominant culture, and indeed we were actually hated by some of the
other more advanced species. 

In a very complicated series of adventures the protagonists are
brought to the moon and to the other side of the sun and such by
being flown in a basket attached to the neck of a giant bird.  (In
one part of the escapade, Cyrano takes us to the moon, which is a
paradise, where the adventurer is captured and imprisoned by the
intelligent indigenous folks, and from which he escapes by clinging
to a soul being removed by the devil. (!))

Blogflightgodwin

Another spectacular visionary was Francis Godwin, who brought us
about the first book on interplanetary space travel with his The Man
in the Moone; or, A Discourse of a Voyage Thither; by F.G., B. of H.;
to which is added Nuncius inanimatus, written in Latin by the same
author, and now Englished by a person of worth (London, 1657).  Here
we encounter the tales of y Domingo Gonsales, who Godwin gets to teh
moon on a device powered by captured birds, becoming also one of the
earliest literary proponents of the plurality of world's thesis.

A quick look at the chronology of imaginary flight shows that there
are lots of other attempts at flight--but none that I can identify
quickly that use birds to lift and carry its cargo to the sun. 

Fast forward to the 19th century though and we come into the
veritable heyday of anthropomorphic flight attempts.  Here we find
very notable attempts by George Cayley--who was probably the first
person to truly understand the dynamics and physics of flight 
creates his first aerial device--a model helicopter with
contra-rotating propellers reminiscent of the Leonardo device. 
Blogflighttatin
Victor Tatin's ornithopter of 1875 actually was a much more sound
"read" than it looked.  He had a very advanced idea of the mechanics
of flight, understanding the conditions, and physics, and the
resistance of the air, and so on, but just couldn't translate this
understanding into a realistic design.  This is especially true when
he hit upon one of the key ingredients to the Wright success--a good,
powerful but very lightweight engine.  This was pretty big news,
though Tatin would up a suicide. 

And speaking of deadly ideas, the exceptional Otto Lilienthal would
wind up a victim of his thinking, too, though his end came in
practical applications (or impracticable, I guess) rather than
unrealized theoretical understanding.  Lilienthal was one of the most
important figures in the development of flight in the nineteenth
century, making the first heavier than air gliding flights in what
looked quite a bit like bird wings.  (Wilbur Wright said of him; "Of
all the men who attacked the flying problem in the 19th century, Otto
Lilienthal was easily the most important. ... It is true that
attempts at gliding had been made hundreds of years before him, and
that in the nineteenth century, Cayley, Spencer, Wenham, Mouillard,
and many others were reported to have made feeble attempts to glide,
but their failures were so complete that nothing of value resulted"
as found in  The Aero Club of America Bulletin, Sept. 1912 and also
in the article on Lilenthal in WIki.)  He would die in 1896 in a
gliding accident, falling to a crumpled death. 
Blogflightpilcher
This was also the fate of Percy Pilcher, a great English aviator, who
was also quite close to developing a powered heavier than aircraft,
but was killed in 1899 before having a chance to test the craft.

Note:  The title of this post comes from the World War II (late 1942)
patriotic song, with words by Harold Adamson and music by Jimmy
McHugh. It tells the tale of a plane struggling home after a bombing
raid:

Comin' in on a wing and a prayer
What a show, what a fight
Boys, we really hit our target for tonight
How we sing as we limp through the air
Look below, there's our field over there
Though there's one motor gone
We can still carry on
Comin' in on a wing and a prayer.

 

 

Posted by John F. Ptak in Anticipation, History of , Aviation &
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