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MIT physicists generate the first snapshots of fermion pairs MIT physicists generate the first snapshots of fermion pairs The images shed light on how electrons form superconducting pairs that glide through materials without friction. Jennifer Chu | MIT News Office Publication Date: July 6, 2023 Press Inquiries Press Contact: Abby Abazorius Email: abbya@mit.edu Phone: 617-253-2709 MIT News Office Media Download A crossword-type grid has white and black squares. In some black squares are red and blue balls. Some are linked together with a gradient line. | Download Image Caption: MIT physicists have captured snapshots of particles pairing up in a cloud of atoms, which can provide clues to how electrons pair up in a superconducting material. In this data figure, the red and blue balls are spin-up and spin-down fermions, and some are paired together. The white sites are doubly occupied sites. Credits: Image: Thomas Hartke The 5 people stand around a large, crowded machine, full of dangling wires, green lights, blue LEDS. | Download Image Caption: Zwierlein's group has been studying the behavior of potassium-40 atoms, which are known fermions, that can be prepared in one of two spin states. From left to right: Carter Turnbaugh, Ningyuan Jia, Thomas Hartke, Martin Zwierlein, and Botond Oreg. Credits: Image: Thomas Hartke *Terms of Use: Images for download on the MIT News office website are made available to non-commercial entities, press and the general public under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives license. You may not alter the images provided, other than to crop them to size. A credit line must be used when reproducing images; if one is not provided below, credit the images to "MIT." Close A crossword-type grid has white and black squares. In some black squares are red and blue balls. Some are linked together with a gradient line. Caption: MIT physicists have captured snapshots of particles pairing up in a cloud of atoms, which can provide clues to how electrons pair up in a superconducting material. In this data figure, the red and blue balls are spin-up and spin-down fermions, and some are paired together. The white sites are doubly occupied sites. Credits: Image: Thomas Hartke The 5 people stand around a large, crowded machine, full of dangling wires, green lights, blue LEDS. Caption: Zwierlein's group has been studying the behavior of potassium-40 atoms, which are known fermions, that can be prepared in one of two spin states. From left to right: Carter Turnbaugh, Ningyuan Jia, Thomas Hartke, Martin Zwierlein, and Botond Oreg. Credits: Image: Thomas Hartke Previous image Next image When your laptop or smartphone heats up, it's due to energy that's lost in translation. The same goes for power lines that transmit electricity between cities. In fact, around 10 percent of the generated energy is lost in the transmission of electricity. That's because the electrons that carry electric charge do so as free agents, bumping and grazing against other electrons as they move collectively through power cords and transmission lines. All this jostling generates friction, and, ultimately, heat. But when electrons pair up, they can rise above the fray and glide through a material without friction. This "superconducting" behavior occurs in a range of materials, though at ultracold temperatures. If these materials can be made to superconduct closer to room temperature, they could pave the way for zero-loss devices, such as heat-free laptops and phones, and ultraefficient power lines. But first, scientists will have to understand how electrons pair up in the first place. Now, new snapshots of particles pairing up in a cloud of atoms can provide clues to how electrons pair up in a superconducting material. The snapshots were taken by MIT physicists and are the first images that directly capture the pairing of fermions -- a major class of particles that includes electrons, as well as protons, neutrons, and certain types of atoms. In this case, the MIT team worked with fermions in the form of potassium-40 atoms, and under conditions that simulate the behavior of electrons in certain superconducting materials. They developed a technique to image a supercooled cloud of potassium-40 atoms, which allowed them to observe the particles pairing up, even when separated by a small distance. They could also pick out interesting patterns and behaviors, such as the way pairs formed checkerboards, which were disturbed by lonely singles passing by. The observations, reported today in Science, can serve as a visual blueprint for how electrons may pair up in superconducting materials. The results may also help to describe how neutrons pair up to form an intensely dense and churning superfluid within neutron stars. "Fermion pairing is at the basis of superconductivity and many phenomena in nuclear physics," says study author Martin Zwierlein, the Thomas A. Frank Professor of Physics at MIT. "But no one had seen this pairing in situ. So it was just breathtaking to then finally see these images onscreen, faithfully." The study's co-authors include Thomas Hartke, Botond Oreg, Carter Turnbaugh, and Ningyuan Jia, all members of MIT's Department of Physics, the MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, and the Research Laboratory of Electronics. A decent view To directly observe electrons pair up is an impossible task. They are simply too small and too fast to capture with existing imaging techniques. To understand their behavior, physicists like Zwierlein have looked to analogous systems of atoms. Both electrons and certain atoms, despite their difference in size, are similar in that they are fermions -- particles that exhibit a property known as "half-integer spin." When fermions of opposite spin interact, they can pair up, as electrons do in superconductors, and as certain atoms do in a cloud of gas. Zwierlein's group has been studying the behavior of potassium-40 atoms, which are known fermions, that can be prepared in one of two spin states. When a potassium atom of one spin interacts with an atom of another spin, they can form a pair, similar to superconducting electrons. But under normal, room-temperature conditions, the atoms interact in a blur that is difficult to capture. To get a decent view of their behavior, Zwierlein and his colleagues study the particles as a very dilute gas of about 1,000 atoms, that they place under ultracold, nanokelvin conditions that slow the atoms to a crawl. The researchers also contain the gas within an optical lattice, or a grid of laser light that the atoms can hop within, and that the researchers can use as a map to pinpoint the atoms' precise locations. In their new study, the team made enhancements to their existing technique for imaging fermions that enabled them to momentarily freeze the atoms in place, then take snapshots separately of potassium-40 atoms with one particular spin or the other. The researchers could then overlay an image of one atom type over the other, and look to see where the two types paired up, and how. "It was bloody difficult to get to a point where we could actually take these images," Zwierlein says. "You can imagine at first getting big fat holes in your imaging, your atoms running away, nothing is working. We've had terribly complicated problems to solve in the lab through the years, and the students had great stamina, and finally, to be able to see these images was absolutely elating." Pair dance What the team saw was pairing behavior among the atoms that was predicted by the Hubbard model -- a widely held theory believed to hold they key to the behavior of electrons in high-temperature superconductors, materials that exhibit superconductivity at relatively high (though still very cold) temperatures. Predictions of how electrons pair up in these materials have been tested through this model, but never directly observed until now. The team created and imaged different clouds of atoms thousands of times and translated each image into a digitized version resembling a grid. Each grid showed the location of atoms of both types (depicted as red versus blue in their paper). From these maps, they were able to see squares in the grid with either a lone red or blue atom, and squares where both a red and blue atom paired up locally (depicted as white), as well as empty squares that contained neither a red or blue atom (black). Already individual images show many local pairs, and red and blue atoms in close proximity. By analyzing sets of hundred of images, the team could show that atoms indeed show up in pairs, at times linking up in a tight pair within one square, and at other times forming looser pairs, separated by one or several grid spacings. This physical separation, or "nonlocal pairing," was predicted by the Hubbard model but never directly observed. The researchers also observed that collections of pairs seemed to form a broader, checkerboard pattern, and that this pattern wobbled in and out of formation as one partner of a pair ventured outside its square and momentarily distorted the checkerboard of other pairings. This phenomenon, known as a "polaron," was also predicted but never seen directly. "In this dynamic soup, the particles are constantly hopping on top of each other, moving away, but never dancing too far from each other," Zwierlein notes. The pairing behavior between these atoms must also occur in superconducting electrons, and Zwierlein says the team's new snapshots will help to inform scientists' understanding of high-temperature superconductors, and perhaps provide insight into how these materials might be tuned to higher, more practical temperatures. "If you normalize our gas of atoms to the density of electrons in a metal, we think this pairing behavior should occur far above room temperature," Zwierlein offers. "That gives a lot of hope and confidence that such pairing phenomena can in principle occur at elevated temperatures, and there's no a priori limit to why there shouldn't be a room-temperature superconductor one day." This research was supported, in part, by the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, and the Vannevar Bush Faculty Fellowship. Share this news article on: * Twitter * Facebook * LinkedIn * Reddit * Print Paper Paper: "Direct observation of nonlocal fermion pairing in an attractive Fermi-Hubbard gas" Check for open access version(s) of the research mentioned in this article. Related Links * Martin Zwierlein * MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms * Research Laboratory of Electronics * Department of Physics * School of Science Related Topics * Research * Superconductivity * Physics * Research Laboratory of Electronics * School of Science * National Science Foundation (NSF) Related Articles quibits graphic Vibrating atoms make robust qubits, physicists find quantum particles breaks into crystal Physicists watch as ultracold atoms form a crystal of quantum tornadoes sound graph Physicists capture the sound of a "perfect" fluid Atoms are like small magnets, so applying a magnetic force pushes them around, here, to the left (top left). Since these atoms repel each other, they cannot move if there are no empty sites (top middle). But the atomic "magnetic needles" are still free to move, with stronger magnets (red) diffusing to the left in the image, and weaker magnets (blue) having to make room and move to the right (b... Atoms stand in for electrons in system for probing high-temperature superconductors "Learning from this model, we can understand what's really going on in these superconductors, and what one should do to make higher-temperature superconductors, approaching hopefully room temperature," says Martin Zwierlein, professor of physics and principal investigator in MIT's Research Laboratory of Electronics. 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