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[ ] Contents move to sidebar hide * (Top) * 1Description of the source * 2Events + 2.1Hospital abandonment + 2.2Theft of the source + 2.3Opening the capsule + 2.4Source is sold and dismantled + 2.5Ivo and his daughter + 2.6Maria Gabriela Ferreira notifies authorities + 2.7Source's radioactivity is detected * 3Health outcomes + 3.1Fatalities + 3.2Other individuals + 3.3Other affected people * 4Legal matters * 5Cleanup + 5.1Objects and places + 5.2Means and methods + 5.3Recovery considerations + 5.4Contamination locations * 6Legacy + 6.1Disposal of the capsule + 6.2Research + 6.3Media depictions + 6.4Foundation * 7See also * 8References * 9External links Toggle the table of contents [ ] Goiania accident [ ] 20 languages * l`rby@ * Deutsch * Espanol * Francais * hangugeo * Bahasa Indonesia * Italiano * `bryt * Magyar * mlyaallN * Nederlands * Ri Ben Yu * Polski * Portugues * Russkii * Simple English * Slovenscina * Srpskohrvatski / srpskokhrvatski * Ukrayins'ka * Zhong Wen Edit links * Article * Talk [ ] English * Read * Edit * View history [ ] More * Read * Edit * View history From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1987 radioactive contamination accident in Goiania, Goias, Brazil See also: Caesium-137 SS Incidents and accidents Goiania accident 02010019 radioactive cesium source Goiania accident.jpg A photograph of the radioactive source involved in the 1987 accident. Date September 13, 1987; 35 years ago (1987-09-13) Location Goiania, Goias, Brazil 16deg40'29''S 49deg15'51''W / 16.6746degS 49.2641degW / -16.6746; -49.2641 (Instituto Goiano de Radioterapia)Coordinates: Coordinates 16deg40'29''S 49deg15'51''W / 16.6746degS 49.2641degW / -16.6746; -49.2641 (Instituto Goiano de Radioterapia) See also SS Contamination locations Type Radiation accident Cause Radiation source left unsecured by authorities * Maria Gabriela Ferreira Participants * Devair Alves Ferreira * and other relatives Outcome INES Level 5 (accident with wider consequences) Deaths 4 Non-fatal 249 contaminated injuries [220px-Teletherapy_Capsule2] A teletherapy radiation capsule composed of the following: 1. an international standard source holder (usually lead), 2. a retaining ring, and 3. a teletherapy "source" composed of 4. two nested stainless steel canisters welded to 5. two stainless steel lids surrounding 6. a protective internal shield (usually uranium metal or a tungsten alloy) and 7. a cylinder of radioactive source material, often but not always cobalt-60. In the Goiania incident it was caesium-137. The diameter of the "source" is 30 mm. The Goiania accident [goj'jania] was a radioactive contamination accident that occurred on September 13, 1987, in Goiania, Goias, Brazil, after a forgotten radiotherapy source was stolen from an abandoned hospital site in the city. It was subsequently handled by many people, resulting in four deaths. About 112,000 people were examined for radioactive contamination and 249 of them were found to have been contaminated.^[1]^[2]^[3] In the consequent cleanup operation, topsoil had to be removed from several sites, and several houses were demolished. All the objects from within those houses, including personal possessions, were seized and incinerated. Time magazine has identified the accident as one of the world's "worst nuclear disasters" and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) called it "one of the world's worst radiological incidents".^[4]^[5] Description of the source[edit] The radiation source in the Goiania accident was a small capsule containing about 93 grams (3.3 oz) of highly radioactive caesium chloride (a caesium salt made with a radioisotope, caesium-137) encased in a shielding canister made of lead and steel. The source was positioned in a container of the wheel type, where the wheel turns inside the casing to move the source between the storage and irradiation positions.^[1] Comparison of radioactivities Goiania source (TBq) 1971 74 1987 50 .9 Recovered 44 Unrecovered (c. 1987) 7 Unrecovered (c. 2016) 3 .5 Smoke detector 0 .000000037 [400px-Goi] A wheel type radiotherapy device which has a long collimator to focus the radiation into a narrow beam. The caesium chloride radioactive source is the blue rectangle, and gamma rays are represented by the beam emerging from the aperture. The activity of the source was 74 terabecquerels (TBq) in 1971. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) describes the container as an "international standard capsule". It was 51 millimeters (2 inches) in diameter and 48 mm (1.8 inches) long. The specific activity of the active solid was about 814 TBq*kg^-1 of caesium-137, an isotope whose half life is 30 years. The dose rate at one meter from the source was 4.56 grays per hour (456 rad*h^-1). While the serial number of the device was unknown, thus hindering definitive identification, the device was thought to have been made in the U.S. at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and was used as a radiation source for radiation therapy at the Goiania hospital.^[1] The IAEA states that the source contained 50.9 TBq (1,380 Ci) when it was taken and that about 44 TBq (1200 Ci, 87%) of contamination had been recovered during the cleanup operation. This means that 7 TBq (190 Ci) remained in the environment; it would have decayed to about 3.5 TBq (95 Ci) by 2016. Events[edit] Hospital abandonment[edit] The Instituto Goiano de Radioterapia (IGR), a private radiotherapy institute in Goiania,^[1] was just one kilometre (0.6 mi) northwest of Praca Civica, the administrative center of the city. When IGR moved to its new premises in 1985, it left behind a caesium-137-based teletherapy unit that had been purchased in 1977.^[6] The fate of the abandoned site was disputed in court between IGR and the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul, then owner of the premises.^[7] On September 11, 1986, the Court of Goias stated it had knowledge of the abandoned radioactive material in the building.^[7]^[clarification needed] Four months before the theft, on May 4, 1987, Saura Taniguti, then director of Ipasgo, the institute of insurance for civil servants, used police force to prevent one of the owners of IGR, Carlos Figueiredo Bezerril, from removing the radioactive material that had been left behind.^[7] Figueiredo then warned the president of Ipasgo, Licio Teixeira Borges, that he should take responsibility "for what would happen with the caesium bomb".^[7] The Court of Goias posted a security guard to protect the site.^[8] Meanwhile, the owners of IGR wrote several letters to the National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN), warning them about the danger of keeping a teletherapy unit at an abandoned site, but they could not remove the equipment by themselves once a court order prevented them from doing so.^[7]^[8] Theft of the source[edit] On September 13, 1987, the guard who was tasked with protecting the site did not show up for work. Taking advantage of the absence of the guard,^[8] burglars Roberto dos Santos Alves and Wagner Mota Pereira illegally entered the partially demolished IGR site. They partially disassembled the teletherapy unit and placed the source assembly - which they thought might have some scrap value - in a wheelbarrow, taking it to Alves's home.^[1] There, they began dismantling the equipment. That same evening, they both began to vomit due to radiation sickness. Nevertheless, they continued in their efforts. The following day, Pereira began to experience diarrhea and dizziness, and his left hand began to swell. He soon developed a burn on his hand in the same size and shape as the aperture - he eventually underwent partial amputation of several fingers.^[9] On September 15, Pereira visited a local clinic, where his symptoms were diagnosed as the result of something he had eaten; he was told to return home and rest.^[1] Alves, however, continued with his efforts to dismantle the equipment and eventually freed the caesium capsule from its protective rotating head. His prolonged exposure to the radioactive material led to his right forearm becoming ulcerated, requiring amputation on October 14.^[10] Opening the capsule[edit] On September 16, Alves succeeded in puncturing the capsule's aperture window with a screwdriver, allowing him to see a deep blue light coming from the tiny opening he had created.^[1] He inserted the screwdriver and successfully scooped out some of the glowing substance. Thinking it was perhaps a type of gunpowder, he tried to light it, but the powder would not ignite. The exact mechanism by which the blue light was generated was not known at the time the IAEA report of the incident was written, though it was thought to be either ionized air glow, fluorescence, or Cherenkov radiation associated with the absorption of moisture by the source; a similar blue light was observed in 1988 at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the United States during the disencapsulation of a ^137Cs source.^[1] Source is sold and dismantled[edit] On September 18, Alves sold the items to a nearby scrapyard. That night, Devair Alves Ferreira, the owner of the scrapyard, noticed the blue glow from the punctured capsule. Thinking the capsule's contents were valuable or even supernatural, he immediately brought it into his house. Over the next three days, he invited friends and family to view the strange glowing substance. On September 21, at the scrapyard, one of Ferreira's friends (identified as "EF1" in the IAEA report) succeeded in freeing several rice-sized grains of the glowing material from the capsule using a screwdriver. Ferreira began to share some of them with various friends and family members. That same day, his wife, 37-year-old Maria Gabriela Ferreira, began to fall ill. On September 25, 1987, Devair Ferreira sold the scrap metal to a third scrapyard. Ivo and his daughter[edit] The day before the sale to the third scrapyard, on September 24, Ivo, Devair's brother, successfully scraped some additional dust out of the source and took it to his house a short distance away. There he spread some of it on the concrete floor. His six-year-old daughter, Leide das Neves Ferreira, later ate an egg while sitting on this floor. She was also fascinated by the blue glow of the powder, applying it to her body and showing it off to her mother. Dust from the powder fell on the egg she was consuming; she eventually absorbed 1.0 GBq and received a total dose of 6.0 Gy, more than a fatal dose even with treatment.^[11]^[12] Maria Gabriela Ferreira notifies authorities[edit] Maria Gabriela Ferreira had been the first to notice that many people around her had become severely ill at the same time.^[13] On September 28, 1987 - fifteen days after the item was found - she reclaimed the materials from the rival scrapyard and transported them to a hospital. Source's radioactivity is detected[edit] In the morning of September 29, a visiting medical physicist^[14] used a scintillation counter to confirm the presence of radioactivity and persuaded the authorities to take immediate action. The city, state, and national governments were all aware of the incident by the end of the day. Health outcomes[edit] News of the radiation incident was broadcast on local, national, and international media. Within days, nearly 130,000 people in Goiania flooded local hospitals, concerned that they might have been exposed. ^[2] Of those, 250 were indeed found to be contaminated - some with radioactive residue still on their skin - through the use of Geiger counters.^[2] Eventually, twenty people showed signs of radiation sickness and required treatment.^[2] Fatalities[edit] Ages in years are given, with dosages listed in grays (Gy). * Admilson Alves de Souza, aged 18 (5.3 Gy), was an employee of Devair Ferreira who worked on the radioactive source. He developed lung damage, internal bleeding, and heart damage, and died October 28, 1987. * Leide das Neves Ferreira, aged 6 (6.0 Gy), was the daughter of Ivo Ferreira. When an international team arrived to treat her, she was discovered confined to an isolated room in the hospital because the staff were afraid to go near her. She gradually experienced swelling in the upper body, hair loss, kidney and lung damage, and internal bleeding. She died on October 23, 1987, of "septicemia and generalized infection" at the Marcilio Dias Navy Hospital, in Rio de Janeiro.^[15] She was buried in a common cemetery in Goiania, in a special fiberglass coffin lined with lead to prevent the spread of radiation. Despite these measures, news of her impending burial caused a riot of more than 2,000 people in the cemetery on the day of her burial, all fearing that her corpse would poison the surrounding land. Rioters tried to prevent her burial by using stones and bricks to block the cemetery roadway.^[16] She was buried despite this interference. * Maria Gabriela Ferreira, aged 37 (5.7 Gy), wife of scrapyard owner Devair Ferreira, became sick about three days after coming into contact with the substance. Her condition worsened, and she developed hair loss and internal bleeding, especially of the limbs, eyes, and digestive tract. She suffered mental confusion, diarrhea, and acute renal insufficiency before also dying on October 23, 1987, the same day as her niece, of "septicemia and generalized infection",^[15]^[17] about a month after exposure. * Israel Batista dos Santos, aged 22 (4.5 Gy), was also an employee of Devair Ferreira who worked on the radioactive source primarily to extract the lead. He developed serious respiratory and lymphatic complications, was eventually admitted to the hospital, and died six days later on October 27, 1987. Devair Ferreira himself survived despite receiving 7 Gy of radiation. He died in 1994 of cirrhosis aggravated by depression and binge drinking.^[18] Ivo Ferreira died of emphysema in 2003.^[19] Other individuals[edit] The outcomes for the 46 most contaminated people are shown in the bar chart below. Several people survived high doses of radiation. This is thought in some cases to be because the dose was fractionated.^[1] Given time, the body's repair mechanisms will reverse cell damage caused by radiation.^[citation needed] If the dose is spread over a long time period, these mechanisms can mitigate the effects of radiation poisoning.^[citation needed] This is a barchart showing the outcome for the 46 most contaminated people for whom a dose estimate has been made. The people are divided into seven groups according to dose. Other affected people[edit] Afterwards, about 112,000 people were examined for radioactive contamination; 249 were found to have significant levels of radioactive material in or on their body.^[1] Of this group, 129 people had internal contamination. The majority of the internally contaminated people only suffered small doses (< 50 mSv, less than a 1 in 400 risk of getting cancer as a result^[citation needed]). A thousand people were identified as having suffered a dose which was greater than one year of background radiation; it is thought that 97% of these people had a dose of between 10 and 200 mSv (between 1 in 2,000 and 1 in 100 risk of developing cancer as a result^[citation needed]). In 2007, the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation determined that the rate of caesium-137 related diseases are the same in Goiania accident survivors as they are in the population at large. Nevertheless, compensation is still distributed to survivors, who suffer radiation-related prejudices in everyday life.^[20] Legal matters[edit] In light of the deaths caused, the three doctors who had owned and operated IGR were charged with criminal negligence. Because the accidents occurred before the promulgation of the Federal Constitution of 1988 and because the substance was acquired by the clinic and not by the individual owners, the court could not declare the owners of IGR liable. One of IGR's owners and the clinic's physicist were ordered to pay R$100,000 for the derelict condition of the building. The two thieves were not included as defendants in the public civil suit. In 2000, CNEN was ordered by the 8th Federal Court of Goias to pay compensation of R$1.3 million (near US$750,000) and to guarantee medical and psychological treatment for the direct and indirect victims of the accident and their descendants down to the third generation.^[21] Cleanup[edit] This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and [50px-Q] removed. Find sources: "Goiania accident" - news * newspapers * books * scholar * JSTOR (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Objects and places[edit] Topsoil had to be removed from several sites, and several houses were demolished. All the objects from within those houses were removed and examined. Those that were found to be free of radioactivity were wrapped in plastic bags, while those that were contaminated were either decontaminated or disposed of as waste. In industry, the choice between decontaminating or disposing objects is based on only the economic value of the object and the ease of decontamination. In this case, the IAEA recognized that to reduce the psychological impact of the event, greater effort should have been taken to clean up items of personal value, such as jewelry and photographs. It is not clear from the IAEA report to what degree this was practised. Means and methods[edit] After the houses were emptied, vacuum cleaners were used to remove dust, and plumbing was examined for radioactivity. Painted surfaces could be scraped, while floors were treated with acid and Prussian blue mixtures. Roofs were vacuumed and hosed, but two houses had to have their roofs removed. The waste from the cleanup was moved out of the city to a remote place for storage. Potassium alum dissolved in hydrochloric acid was used on clay, concrete, soil, and roofs. Caesium has a high affinity for many clays. Organic solvents, followed by potassium alum dissolved in hydrochloric acid, were used to treat waxed/greased floors and tables. Sodium hydroxide solutions, also followed by dissolved potassium alum, were used to treat synthetic floors, machines and typewriters. Prussian blue was used to internally decontaminate many people, although by the time it was applied, much of the radioactive material had already migrated from the bloodstream to the muscle tissue, greatly hampering its effectiveness. Urine from victims was treated with ion-exchange resin to compact the waste for ease of storage. Recovery considerations[edit] The cleanup operation was much harder for this event than it could have been because the source was opened and the active material was water-soluble. A sealed source need only be picked up, placed in a lead container, and transported to the radioactive waste storage. In the recovery of lost sources, the IAEA recommends careful planning and using a crane or other device to place shielding (such as a pallet of bricks or a concrete block) near the source to protect recovery workers. Contamination locations[edit] Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML [220px-Goi] View of the site of Devair Ferreira's scrapyard in 2020 The Goiania accident spread significant radioactive contamination throughout the Aeroporto, Central, and Ferroviarios districts. Even after the cleanup, 7 TBq of radioactivity remained unaccounted for. Some of the key contamination sites: * Goiania's Instituto Goiano de Radioterapia (IGR) (16deg40'29''S 49deg15'51''W / 16.6746degS 49.2641degW / -16.6746; -49.2641 (Instituto Goiano de Radioterapia))^[1], despite being the origin of the radiation source, suffered no actual exposure or breach of radioactive contents. IGR moved its clinic to another location in the city,^[22] with the previous site having been replaced around 2000 with the modernized Centro de Convencoes de Goiania (Goiania Convention Center). * Roberto dos Santos' house (16deg40'07''S 49deg15'48''W / 16.66848degS 49.26341degW / -16.66848; -49.26341 (Roberto dos Santos' house))^ [1] on Rua 57. The radioactive source was here for about six days, and it was partially broken into. * Devair Ferreira's scrapyard (16deg40'02''S 49deg15'59''W / 16.66713degS 49.26652degW / -16.66713; -49.26652 (Devair Ferreira's scrapyard)), ^[1] on Rua 15A ("Junkyard I") in the Aeroporto section of the city, had possession of the items for seven days. The caesium container was entirely dismantled, spreading significant contamination. Extreme radiation levels of up to 1.5 Sv*h^-1 were found by investigators in the middle of the scrapyard. * Ivo Ferreira's house (16deg39'50''S 49deg16'09''W / 16.66401degS 49.26911degW / -16.66401; -49.26911 (Ivo Ferreira's house/Junkyard II))^[1] ("Junkyard II"), at 1F Rua 6. Some of the contamination was spread about the house, fatally poisoning Leide das Neves Ferreira and Maria Gabriela Ferreira. The adjacent junkyard scavenged the remainder of parts from the IGR facility. The premises were heavily contaminated, with radiation dose rates up to 2 Sv*h^-1. * "Junkyard III" (16deg40'09''S 49deg16'48''W / 16.66915degS 49.28003degW / -16.66915; -49.28003 (Junkyard III)).^[1] This junkyard had possession of the items for three days until they were sent away. * Vigilancia Sanitaria (16deg40'30''S 49deg16'23''W / 16.675degS 49.273degW / -16.675; -49.273 (Vigilancia Sanitaria)).^[1] Here, the substance was quarantined, and an official cleanup response began. Other contamination was also found in or on:^[23] * Three buses * 42 houses * fourteen cars * five pigs * 50,000 rolls of toilet paper Legacy[edit] Disposal of the capsule[edit] The original teletherapy capsule was seized by the Brazilian military as soon as it was discovered, and since then the empty capsule has been on display at the Escola de Instrucao Especializada ("School of Specialized Instruction") in Rio de Janeiro as a memento to those who participated in the cleanup of the contaminated area.^[citation needed] Research[edit] In 1991, a group of researchers collected blood samples from highly exposed survivors of the incident. Subsequent analysis resulted in the publication of numerous scientific articles.^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27] Media depictions[edit] A 1990 film Cesio 137 - O Pesadelo de Goiania ("Caesium-137 - The Nightmare of Goiania"), a dramatisation of the incident, was made by Roberto Pires.^[28] It won several awards at the 1990 Festival de Brasilia.^[29] A 1992 episode of Captain Planet and the Planeteers depicts a somewhat loosely-based version of this event in the episode "A Deadly Glow," albeit with a happier ending for all involved, and blaming the contamination of the town on an eco-villain. However, it did feature caesium-137 as the radioactive contaminant, as well as portrayed two young children unwittingly playing with it in a similar manner to Leide das Neves Ferreira, who, unlike the children in the cartoon, received a fatal dose.^[30] Foundation[edit] The state government of Goias established the Fundacao Leide das Neves Ferreira in February 1988, both to study the extent of contamination of the population as a result of the incident and to render aid to those affected.^[31] See also[edit] * flagBrazil portal * icon1980s portal * List of civilian radiation accidents * Ciudad Juarez cobalt-60 contamination incident, similar disaster in Mexico References[edit] 1. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ^i ^j ^k ^l ^m ^n ^o ^p The Radiological accident in Goiania (PDF). Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. 1988. ISBN 92-0-129088-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2005. 2. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Foderaro, Lisa (July 8, 2010). "Columbia Scientists Prepare for a Threat: A Dirty Bomb". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017. 3. ^ Hill, Kyle (September 4, 2021). "How one handful of powder contaminated a whole city". YouTube. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021. 4. ^ "The Worst Nuclear Disasters - Photo Essays". Time.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2018. 5. ^ Yukiya Amano (March 26, 2012). "Time to better secure radioactive materials". Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 21, 2018. Retrieved August 29, 2017. 6. ^ Puig, Diva E. "El accidente de Goiania. ?Por que hoy?". Apuntes sobre energia nuclear. Lo que los abogados deben saber sobre la tecnologia nuclear (in Spanish). Noticias Juridicas. Archived from the original on May 3, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2014. 7. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Godinho, Iuri (February 8, 2004). "Os medicos e o acidente radioativo". Jornal Opcao (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on March 9, 2004. 8. ^ ^a ^b ^c Borges, Weber (May 27, 2007). "O jornalista que foi vitima do cesio". Jornal Opcao (in Portuguese).^[permanent dead link] 9. ^ "Planeta Diario". carlalacerda.blogspot.co.uk. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2018. 10. ^ "Aint No Way to Go: All That Glitters". www.aintnowaytogo.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018. 11. ^ "Mae acredita que Leide das Neves e a "santa" criada pela tragedia do cesio". Jornal Opcao (in Portuguese). September 16, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2021. 12. ^ "Brazil Deadly Glitter". Time. October 19, 1987. 13. ^ "2 Die of Radiation Poisoning in Brazil". Los Angeles Times. October 24, 1987. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved February 22, 2012. 14. ^ "Pais esta preparado para atuar em acidente radioativo" [Country is prepared to act in radioactive incident] (in Portuguese). Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI). September 13, 2012. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2013. Note: person named only as "WF" in the IAEA report. 15. ^ ^a ^b "Vida Verde" (in Portuguese). 1987. p. 15. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2016. 16. ^ "Memorial Cesio 137" (in Portuguese). Greenpeace. Archived from the original on January 26, 2008. 17. ^ Malheiros, Tania (1996). Historias secretas do Brasil nuclear (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: WVA. p. 122. ISBN 9788585644086. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2016. 18. ^ Irene, Mirelle (13 September 2012). "Goiania, 25 anos depois: 'perguntam ate se brilhamos', diz vitima". Terra. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2013. 19. ^ "YouTube". www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on September 1, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2018. 20. ^ UOL. Vitimas do cesio 137 voltam a receber remedios e pedem assistencia medica para todos Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine. September 25, 2012 21. ^ "Case Law and Administrative Decisions, Judgement of the Federal Court in the Public Civil Action concerning the Goiania Accident" (PDF). OECD. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 18, 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) 22. ^ "IGR - Instituto Goiano de Radiologia". www.igr.com.br. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2018. 23. ^ Steinhauser, Friedrich (November 2007). "Countering Radiological Terrorism: Consequences of the Radiation Exposure Incident in Goiania (Brazil)". Volume 29 NATO Science for Peace and Security Series: Human and Societal Dynamics: 7. Archived from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2016. 24. ^ Da Cruz, AD; Curry, J; Curado, MP; Glickman, BW (1996). "Monitoring hprt mutant frequency over time in T-lymphocytes of people accidentally exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation". Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 27 (3): 165-75. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1996)27:3<165::AID-EM1>3.0.CO;2-E. PMID 8625952. S2CID 33478289. 25. ^ Saddi, V; Curry, J; Nohturfft, A; Kusser, W; Glickman, BW (1996). "Increased hprt mutant frequencies in Brazilian children accidentally exposed to ionizing radiation". Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 28 (3): 267-75. doi:10.1002/(SICI) 1098-2280(1996)28:3<267::AID-EM11>3.0.CO;2-D. PMID 8908186. S2CID 32582195. 26. ^ Da Cruz, AD; Volpe, JP; Saddi, V; Curry, J; Curadoc, MP; Glickman, BW (1997). "Radiation risk estimation in human populations: lessons from the radiological accident in Brazil". Mutation Research. 373 (2): 207-14. doi:10.1016/S0027-5107(96) 00199-6. PMID 9042402. 27. ^ Skandalis, A; Da Cruz, AD; Curry, J; Nohturfft, A; Curado, MP; Glickman, BW (1997). "Molecular analysis of T-lymphocyte HPRT- mutations in individuals exposed to ionizing radiation in Goiania, Brazil". Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 29 (2): 107-16. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1997)29:2<107::AID-EM1> 3.0.CO;2-B. PMID 9118962. S2CID 38529905. 28. ^ Cesio 137 - O Pesadelo de Goiania at IMDb 29. ^ UraniumFilmFestival.org: Roberto Pires Archived 2012-08-13 at the Wayback Machine 30. ^ "Captain Planet and the Planeteers - The Deadly Glow - TheTVDB.com". thetvdb.com. Retrieved April 18, 2022. 31. ^ Camargo Da Silva, T. (1997). Leibing, Annette (ed.). Biomedical Discourses and Health Care Experiences: The Goiana Radiological Disaster. The Medical Anthropologies in Brazil. Curare Sonderband. Vol. 12. Berlin: Verlag fur Wissenschaft Und Bildung. pp. 72-73. ISBN 9783861355687. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2016. External links[edit] * Globo Reporter - Goiania accident on YouTube * Detailed Report from the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1988 * Similar accidents over the world (short overview) * The Goiania Radiation Incident * v * t * e Nuclear and radioactive disasters, former facilities, tests and test sites * Crimes involving radioactive substances * Criticality accidents and incidents * Nuclear meltdown accidents * List of milestone nuclear explosions * Military nuclear accidents * Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents * Nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll * Nuclear and radiation fatalities by country * Nuclear weapons tests + China Lists of + France disasters + India and + North Korea incidents + Pakistan + South Africa + Soviet Union + United Kingdom o in Australia o in the United States + United States * Sunken nuclear submarines * List of orphan source incidents * Nuclear power accidents by country * 2019 Nyonoksa radiation accident * 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster * 2001 Instituto Oncologico Nacional#Accident * 1996 San Juan de Dios radiotherapy accident * 1990 Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident * 1987 Goiania accident * 1986 Chernobyl disaster + Effects + Related articles * 1985 Chazhma Bay nuclear accident * 1985-1987 Therac-25 accident * 1982 Andreev Bay nuclear accident * 1980 Kramatorsk radiological accident Individual * 1979 Three Mile Island accident and Three Mile Island accidents accident health effects and sites * 1969 Lucens reactor * 1962 Thor missile launch failures at Johnston Atoll under Operation Fishbowl * 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis * 1961 K-19 nuclear accident * 1961 SL-1 nuclear meltdown * 1957 Kyshtym disaster * 1957 Windscale fire * 1957 Operation Plumbbob * 1954 Totskoye nuclear exercise * Bikini Atoll * Hanford Site * Rocky Flats Plant * 1945 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki * International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) * Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack * Books about nuclear issues * Films about nuclear issues * Anti-war movement * Bikini Atoll * Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists * History of the anti-nuclear movement * International Day against Nuclear Tests Related * Nuclear close calls topics * Nuclear-Free Future Award * Nuclear-free zone * Nuclear power debate * Nuclear power phase-out * Nuclear weapons debate * Peace activists * Peace movement * Peace camp * Russell-Einstein Manifesto * Smiling Sun [32p] Nuclear technology portal # Category * Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Goiania_accident&oldid=1136869122" Categories: * Health disasters in Brazil * Disasters in Brazil * 1987 industrial disasters * 1987 health disasters * 1987 in Brazil * Radiation accidents and incidents * Radioactive waste * Waste disposal incidents * Caesium * Goiania * Radioactively contaminated areas * 1987 in the environment * September 1987 events in South America * INES Level 5 accidents * Civilian nuclear power accidents * 1987 disasters in Brazil Hidden categories: * CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) * CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) * All articles with dead external links * Articles with dead external links from December 2013 * Articles with permanently dead external links * Webarchive template wayback links * CS1 errors: missing periodical * IMDb ID not in Wikidata * Articles with short description * Short description is different from Wikidata * Use mdy dates from October 2021 * Coordinates on Wikidata * Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023 * All articles with unsourced statements * Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022 * Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020 * Articles needing additional references from September 2017 * All articles needing additional references * Lists of coordinates * Geographic coordinate lists * Articles with Geo * This page was last edited on 1 February 2023, at 15:48 (UTC). * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0 ; additional terms may apply. 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