https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.22283643v2 Skip to main content medRxiv * Home * About * Submit * ALERTS / RSS Search for this keyword [ ] [Search] Advanced Search Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: Potential for AI-Assisted Medical Education Using Large Language Models Tiffany H. Kung, Morgan Cheatham, ChatGPT, Arielle Medenilla, Czarina Sillos, Lorie De Leon, Camille Elepano, Maria Madriaga, Rimel Aggabao , Giezel Diaz-Candido, James Maningo, Victor Tseng doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.12.19.22283643 Tiffany H. Kung 1AnsibleHealth, Inc (Mountain View, CA) 2Department of Anesthesiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Medicine (Boston, MA) * Find this author on Google Scholar * Find this author on PubMed * Search for this author on this site Morgan Cheatham 3Warren Alpert Medical School; Brown University (Providence, RI) * Find this author on Google Scholar * Find this author on PubMed * Search for this author on this site 4OpenAI, Inc; (San Francisco, CA) Arielle Medenilla 1AnsibleHealth, Inc (Mountain View, CA) * Find this author on Google Scholar * Find this author on PubMed * Search for this author on this site Czarina Sillos 1AnsibleHealth, Inc (Mountain View, CA) * Find this author on Google Scholar * Find this author on PubMed * Search for this author on this site Lorie De Leon 1AnsibleHealth, Inc (Mountain View, CA) * Find this author on Google Scholar * Find this author on PubMed * Search for this author on this site Camille Elepano 1AnsibleHealth, Inc (Mountain View, CA) * Find this author on Google Scholar * Find this author on PubMed * Search for this author on this site Maria Madriaga 1AnsibleHealth, Inc (Mountain View, CA) * Find this author on Google Scholar * Find this author on PubMed * Search for this author on this site Rimel Aggabao 1AnsibleHealth, Inc (Mountain View, CA) * Find this author on Google Scholar * Find this author on PubMed * Search for this author on this site Giezel Diaz-Candido 1AnsibleHealth, Inc (Mountain View, CA) * Find this author on Google Scholar * Find this author on PubMed * Search for this author on this site James Maningo 1AnsibleHealth, Inc (Mountain View, CA) * Find this author on Google Scholar * Find this author on PubMed * Search for this author on this site Victor Tseng 1AnsibleHealth, Inc (Mountain View, CA) 5Department of Medical Education, UWorld, LLC (Dallas, TX) * Find this author on Google Scholar * Find this author on PubMed * Search for this author on this site * For correspondence: victor@ansiblehealth.com * Abstract * Full Text * Info/History * Metrics * Data/Code * Preview PDF Loading ABSTRACT We evaluated the performance of a large language model called ChatGPT on the United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE), which consists of three exams: Step 1, Step 2CK, and Step 3. ChatGPT performed at or near the passing threshold for all three exams without any specialized training or reinforcement. Additionally, ChatGPT demonstrated a high level of concordance and insight in its explanations. These results suggest that large language models may have the potential to assist with medical education, and potentially, clinical decision-making. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Funding Statement This study did not receive any external funding Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes Footnotes * 1. Journal designation on article title page as been removed. 2. A running title has been added. Data Availability The data analyzed in this study were obtained from USMLE sample questions sets which are publicly available. The question index, raw inputs, and raw AI outputs are available in the Online Data Supplement. Inquiries and requests for additional dataset items and adjudication results can be provided upon reasonable request by contacting Victor Tseng, MD (victor{at}ansiblehealth.com). GLOSSARY OF NONSTANDARD ABBREVIATIONS ACI Accuracy-Concordance-Insight scoring system DOI Density of insight GPT Generative pretrained transformer LLM Large language model MCSA Multiple choice single answer MC-J Multiple choice single answer with forced justification MC-NJ Multiple choice single answer without forced justification NLP Natural language processing OE Open-ended question formulation Qn.m Question n, input run m USMLE United States Medical Licensing Exam Copyright The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. View the discussion thread. Back to top PreviousNext Posted December 21, 2022. Download PDF Data/Code Email Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about medRxiv. NOTE: Your email address is requested solely to identify you as the sender of this article. 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Kung, Morgan Cheatham, ChatGPT, Arielle Medenilla, Czarina Sillos, Lorie De Leon, Camille Elepano, Maria Madriaga, Rimel Aggabao , Giezel Diaz-Candido, James Maningo, Victor Tseng medRxiv 2022.12.19.22283643; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/ 2022.12.19.22283643 Share This Article: [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19] Copy Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Google logo LinkedIn logo Mendeley logo Citation Tools Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: Potential for AI-Assisted Medical Education Using Large Language Models Tiffany H. Kung, Morgan Cheatham, ChatGPT, Arielle Medenilla, Czarina Sillos, Lorie De Leon, Camille Elepano, Maria Madriaga, Rimel Aggabao , Giezel Diaz-Candido, James Maningo, Victor Tseng medRxiv 2022.12.19.22283643; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/ 2022.12.19.22283643 Citation Manager Formats * BibTeX * Bookends * EasyBib * EndNote (tagged) * EndNote 8 (xml) * Medlars * Mendeley * Papers * RefWorks Tagged * Ref Manager * RIS * Zotero * Tweet Widget * Facebook Like * Google Plus One Subject Area * Medical Education Subject Areas All Articles * Addiction Medicine (213) * Allergy and Immunology (494) * Anesthesia (106) * Cardiovascular Medicine (1088) * Dentistry and Oral Medicine (194) * Dermatology (141) * Emergency Medicine (274) * Endocrinology (including Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Disease) (495) * Epidemiology (9725) * Forensic Medicine (5) * Gastroenterology (479) * Genetic and Genomic Medicine (2290) * Geriatric Medicine (221) * Health Economics (460) * Health Informatics (1537) * Health Policy (729) * Health Systems and Quality Improvement (598) * Hematology (235) * HIV/AIDS (499) * Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS) (11604) * Intensive Care and Critical Care Medicine (614) * Medical Education (235) * Medical Ethics (66) * Nephrology (253) * Neurology (2129) * Nursing (133) * Nutrition (328) * Obstetrics and Gynecology (420) * Occupational and Environmental Health (516) * Oncology (1169) * Ophthalmology (357) * Orthopedics (127) * Otolaryngology (219) * Pain Medicine (144) * Palliative Medicine (49) * Pathology (308) * Pediatrics (688) * Pharmacology and Therapeutics (297) * Primary Care Research (264) * Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology (2160) * Public and Global Health (4628) * Radiology and Imaging (773) * Rehabilitation Medicine and Physical Therapy (448) * Respiratory Medicine (619) * Rheumatology (271) * Sexual and Reproductive Health (224) * Sports Medicine (206) * Surgery (250) * Toxicology (42) * Transplantation (120) * Urology (94)