https://newatlas.com/energy/quaise-deep-geothermal-millimeter-wave-drill/ * SUBSCRIBE AD-FREE * LOG IN * HOME * LIFESTYLE + Health & Wellbeing + Outdoors + Tiny Houses + Architecture + Around the Home + Good Thinking + Holiday Destinations + View all LIFESTYLE categories + Health & Wellbeing + Outdoors + Tiny Houses + Architecture + Around the Home + Good Thinking + Holiday Destinations + View all LIFESTYLE categories * SCIENCE + Energy + Medical + Space + Materials + Biology + Environment + Physics + View all SCIENCE categories + Energy + Medical + Space + Materials + Biology + Environment + Physics + View all SCIENCE categories * TECHNOLOGY + Photography + Military + Mobile Technology + Games + Drones + Home Entertainment + Deals + View all TECHNOLOGY categories + Photography + Military + Mobile Technology + Games + Drones + Home Entertainment + Deals + View all TECHNOLOGY categories * TRANSPORT + Automotive + Aircraft + Bicycles + Motorcycles + Marine + Urban Transport + View all TRANSPORT categories + Automotive + Aircraft + Bicycles + Motorcycles + Marine + Urban Transport + View all TRANSPORT categories (c) 2022 New Atlas New Atlas logo Menu * HOME * LIFESTYLE + Health & Wellbeing + Outdoors + Tiny Houses + Architecture + Around the Home + Good Thinking + Holiday Destinations + View all LIFESTYLE categories * SCIENCE + Energy + Medical + Space + Materials + Biology + Environment + Physics + View all SCIENCE categories * TECHNOLOGY + Photography + Military + Mobile Technology + Games + Drones + Home Entertainment + Deals + View all TECHNOLOGY categories * TRANSPORT + Automotive + Aircraft + Bicycles + Motorcycles + Marine + Urban Transport + View all TRANSPORT categories * SUBSCRIBE AD-FREE * LOG IN Show Search [ ]Search Query Submit Search Energy Fusion tech is set to unlock near-limitless ultra-deep geothermal energy By Loz Blain February 25, 2022 * Facebook * Twitter * Flipboard * LinkedIn Inline image / # Fusion tech is set to unlock near-limitless ultra-deep geothermal energy Quaise says it has a plan, and the technology, to drill deeper than ever before and unlock the vast geothermal power of the Earth to re-power fossil-fired electricity plants with green energy Quaise says it has a plan, and the technology, to drill deeper than ever before and unlock the vast geothermal power of the Earth to re-power fossil-fired electricity plants with green energy Quaise View 8 Images 1/8 Quaise says it has a plan, and the technology, to drill deeper than ever before and unlock the vast geothermal power of the Earth to re-power fossil-fired electricity plants with green energy Quaise 2/8 Near-limitless supercritical geothermal power will be available anywhere on Earth if Quaise's mm-wave technology works at scale Quaise 3/8 Millimeter-wave energy beam bore test shows how this technology seals the bore hole with glass TTI/Vanguard 4/8 MIT's Paul Woskov is one of many who believe mm-wave directed energy drilling is about to reach a tipping point TTI/Vanguard 5/8 A gyrotron on the surface can efficiently send mm-wave energy beams more than 10 km (6.2 miles) underground Quaise 6/8 A 1-MW, 150-GHz gyrotron used to heat plasma in the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator fusion experiment in Germany I2ho7p (CC BY-SA 4.0) 7/8 The welded-shut Kola Superdeep Borehole, completely abandoned, photographed in 2012. An inauspicious end for the world's deepest drilling project Rakot13 (CC BY-SA 3.0) 8/8 Quaise's hybrid ultra-deep drilling rig will combine conventional rotary drilling with gyrotron-powered mm-wave directed energy drilling, pressure-purged with electromagnetically-transparent argon gas Quaise [icon-mouse-sc] View gallery - 8 images MIT spin-off Quaise says it's going to use hijacked fusion technology to drill the deepest holes in history, unlocking clean, virtually limitless, supercritical geothermal energy that can re-power fossil-fueled power plants all over the world. The heat beneath our feet Everyone knows the Earth's core is hot, but maybe the scale of it still has the power to surprise. Temperatures in the iron center of the core are estimated to be around 5,200 degC (9,392 degF), generated by heat from radioactive elements decaying combining with heat that still remains from the very formation of the planet - an event of cataclysmic violence when a swirling cloud of gas and dust was crushed into a ball by its own gravity. Where there's access to heat, there's harvestable geothermal energy. And there's so much heat below the Earth's surface, according to Paul Woskov, a senior fusion research engineer at MIT, that tapping just 0.1 percent of it could supply the entire world's energy needs for more than 20 million years. The problem is access. Where subterranean heat sources naturally occur close to the surface, easily accessible and close enough to a relevant power grid for economically viable transmission, geothermal becomes a rare example of totally reliable, round-the-clock green power generation. The Sun stops shining, the wind stops blowing, but the rock's always hot. Of course, these conditions are fairly rare, and as a result, geothermal currently supplies only around 0.3 percent of global energy consumption. The deepest holes in human history are not deep enough If we could drill deep enough, we could put geothermal power stations just about anywhere we wanted them. But that's harder than it sounds. The Earth's crust varies in thickness between about 5-75 km (3-47 miles), with the thinnest parts tending to be way out in the deep ocean. The deepest hole humanity has ever managed to drill is the Kola Superdeep Borehole. This Russian project near the Norwegian border struck out in 1970, aiming to puncture the crust right down to the mantle, and one of its bore holes reached a vertical depth of 12,289 m (40,318 ft) in 1989, before the team decided it was unfeasible to go any deeper, and ran out of money. At that depth, the Kola team members expected the temperature to be somewhere around 100 degC (212 degF), but in reality they found it was closer to 180 degC (356 degF). The rock was less dense and more porous than expected, and these factors combined with the elevated heat to create nightmare drilling conditions. The Kola site has fallen into complete disrepair, and this "entrance to hell," a pinnacle (or perhaps nadir) of human achievement, is now an anonymous, welded-shut hole. The welded-shut Kola Superdeep Borehole, completely abandoned, photographed in 2012. An inauspicious end for the world's deepest drilling project Rakot13 (CC BY-SA 3.0) Germany spent the equivalent of more than a quarter of a billion euro on its own version in the late 80s, but the German Continental Deep Drilling Program, or KTB borehole, only got to 9,101 meters (29,859 ft) before terminating. Again, the temperature rose far earlier than expected, and the KTB team was also surprised to find that the rock at this depth was not solid, and large amounts of fluid and gas were pouring into the bore hole to complicate the effort further. These temperatures were hot enough to thwart the drilling process, but not hot enough to make a good geothermal energy business out of. So while these projects and others have been invaluable scientific resources, new technologies are needed to unlock the geothermal potential under our feet. Direct Energy drilling: A path forward Where conditions become too difficult for physical drill bits to operate, researchers have been testing the capabilities of directed energy beams to heat, melt, fracture and even vaporize basement rock in a process called spallation, before the drill head even touches it. You can see the effect of spallation on tough rock in the GIF below from Petra's "Swifty" boring robot, although Petra's not revealing what exactly is used to create that heat. Petra's "Swifty" robot heats and pulverizes the hardest rock on Earth, without touching it Petra Military experiments in the late 90s showed promising results indicating that laser-assisted drilling could get through rock 10-100 times faster than conventional drilling, and you can bet this was of great interest to oil and gas companies. A direct-energy drilling process, wrote Impact Technologies president Kenneth Oglesby in a 2014 MIT report for the US DOE's Geothermal Technologies Program, would offer some huge advantages: "1) no mechanical systems in the wellbore that could wear out or break, 2) no temperature limit, 3) equal ease penetrating any rock hardness, and 4) potential for replacing the need for casing/cementing by a durable vitrified liner." That last point is interesting - a direct-energy drill would effectively cauterize the rock it cut through, melting the bore shaft as it goes and vitrifying it into a glassy layer that would seal out fluids, gases and other contaminants that have caused problems in previous ultra-deep drilling projects. But lasers, wrote Oglesby, don't cut the mustard. "The deepest rock penetration achieved to date with lasers has been only 30 cm (11.8 in). There are fundamental physics and technological reasons for that lack of laser drilling progress. First, the rock extraction particle flow is incompatible with short wavelength energy which is scattered and absorbed [by dust and particulate clouds] before contacting the desired rock surface. Second, laser technology is deficient in energy, efficiency, and is too expensive." Enter the gyrotron, and millimeter-wave energy beams The solution, it seems, might come from the world of nuclear fusion. In order to replicate the conditions that smash atoms together at the heart of the Sun, and thus release the safest and cleanest form of nuclear energy, fusion researchers need to generate staggering amounts of heat. We're talking in the range of a sustained 150 million degrees, in the case of the ITER project. Fusion research has been the beneficiary of billions of dollars in international government funding, and thus it's accelerated progress and commercialization in other areas that might not otherwise have had a budget. One example is the gyrotron, a piece of equipment originally developed in Soviet Russia in the mid-1960s. Gyrotrons generate electromagnetic waves in the millimeter-wave part of the spectrum, with wavelengths shorter than microwaves, but longer than visible or infra-red light. In the early 1970s, researchers working on tokamak designs for fusion reactors discovered these millimeter waves were an excellent way to substantially heat up plasma, and over the last 50 years, gyrotron development has made impressive progress on the back of fusion research and DOE funding. A 1-MW, 150-GHz gyrotron used to heat plasma in the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator fusion experiment in Germany I2ho7p (CC BY-SA 4.0) Indeed, gyrotrons capable of generating continuous energy beams over a megawatt in power are now becoming available, and that's amazing news for deep drillers. "The scientific basis, technical feasibility, and economic potential of directed energy millimeter wave rock drilling at frequencies of 30 to 300 GHz are strong," wrote Ogilvy. "It avoids Rayleigh scattering and can couple/transfer energy to a rock surface 10^12X more efficiently than laser sources in the presence of a small particle extraction plume. Continuous megawatt power millimeter-waves can also be efficiently (>90 percent) guided to great distances (>10 km) using a variety of modes and waveguide (pipes) systems, including the potential of using smooth bore coiled and jointed/ joined tubing." "Thermodynamic calculations," he continued, "suggest a penetration rate of 70 meters/hour (230 ft/hour) is possible in 5 cm (1.97 in) bores with a 1-MW gyrotron that couples to the rock with 100 percent efficiency. Use of lower- or higher-powered sources (e.g. 100 kW to 2 MW) would allow changes in bore size and/or penetration rate." That would be a huge boost to traditional oil and gas drilling projects - but, barring too many further surprises, it should also significantly change the equation for ultra-deep drilling, making it possible and profitable to get deep enough into the crust to unlock some of the Earth's immense geothermal energy potential. Quaise: Commercializing ultra-deep, supercritical geothermal power In 2018, MIT's Plasma Science and Fusion Center spun out a business called Quaise, specifically focused on ultra-deep geothermal using hybrid systems that combine traditional rotary drilling with gyrotron-powered millimeter-wave technology, while pumping in argon as a purge gas to clean and cool the bore while firing rock particles back up to the surface and out of the way. The company has raised some US$63 million to date, comprising $18 million in seed funding, $5 million in grants, and $40 million in a Series A financing round closed earlier this month. Quaise plans to drill holes up to 20 km (12.4 miles) deep, significantly deeper than the Kola Superdeep Borehole - but where the Kola team took nearly 20 years to reach their limit, Quaise expects its gyrotron-enhanced process to take just 100 days. And that's assuming a 1-MW gyrotron. Quaise's hybrid ultra-deep drilling rig will combine conventional rotary drilling with gyrotron-powered mm-wave directed energy drilling, pressure-purged with electromagnetically-transparent argon gas Quaise At these depths, Quaise expects to find temperatures around 500 degC (932 degF), which is well past the point where geothermal energy takes a massive leap in efficiency. "Water is a supercritical fluid at pressures above 22 MPa and temperatures higher than 374 degC (705 degF)," said Quaise. "A power plant that uses supercritical water as the working fluid can extract up to 10 times more useful energy from each drop when compared to non-supercritical plants. Aiming for supercritical conditions is key to attaining power densities consistent with fossil fuels." Quaise is working on full-scale, field-deployable demonstration machines, which it says will begin operating in 2024. It plans to have its first "super-hot enhanced geothermal system" rated to 100 megawatts in operation by 2026. The next step is commercial genius: Quaise plans to take advantage of existing infrastructure like coal-fired power plants, which will eventually be mothballed as emissions restrictions become ever tighter. These facilities already have enormous capacities to convert steam into electricity, as well as established commercial operators and experienced workforces, and they come conveniently pre-connected to the power grid. Quaise will simply replace their current fossil fuel heat sources with enough supercritical geothermal energy to keep the turbines spinning indefinitely without ever needing another lump of coal or puff of methane. Quaise expects to re-power its first fossil-fired plant in 2028, and then go on to refine and replicate the process all over the world, since the heat should be available absolutely anywhere on Earth with this drilling technology. There are somewhere upwards of 8,500 coal-fired power plants around the world, totaling over 2,000 gigawatts of capacity, and they'll all have to find something else to do by 2050, so the opportunity is clearly mammoth. "We need a massive amount of carbon-free energy in the coming decades," said Mark Cupta, Managing Director at Prelude Ventures, one of the key Series A investors in the company. "Quaise Energy offers one of the most resource-efficient and nearly infinitely scalable solutions to power our planet. It is the perfect complement to our current renewable solutions, allowing us to reach baseload sustainable power in a not so distant future." We don't need to tell New Atlas readers how massive a shift this could be for baseline clean energy and the process of decarbonization. Indeed, if this technology works as expected (and the crust doesn't find new ways to fight back against our intrusions), and the economics stack up, this new use for gyrotrons could ironically end up putting fusion reactors out of a job. Importantly, it'll take up almost no space on the surface, in contrast to industrial-scale solar and wind. It'll also precipitate a global geopolitical shift, since every country will have equal access to its own virtually inexhaustible energy source, and it sure will be nice when big countries don't have to "liberate" the populations of smaller ones to gain access to energy resources. Check out a short video below. Quaise | The Future of Clean Energy Source: Quaise Energy View gallery - 8 images Tags EnergyGeothermalRenewable EnergyClean EnergyNew Atlas Audio * Facebook * Twitter * Flipboard * LinkedIn 38 comments Loz Blain Loz Blain Loz has been one of our most versatile contributors since 2007, and has since proven himself as a photographer, videographer, presenter, producer and podcast engineer, as well as a senior features writer. Joining the team as a motorcycle specialist, he's covered just about everything for New Atlas, concentrating lately on eVTOLs, hydrogen, energy, aviation, audiovisual, weird stuff and things that go fast. Most Viewed * New research speculates immune antibodies targeting a gut bacteria protein could play a role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis Health & Wellbeing New evidence linking gut bacteria with rheumatoid arthritis development * An artist's impression of a black hole Space "Monster" black hole may be the closest to Earth found so far * Lab-grown cordyceps, such as that in most cheap supplements sold today, has very low levels of cordycepin, say Korean researchers who have found a way to supercharge production of this key compound Science Researchers grow high-potency medicinal "zombie fungus" in the lab Load More 38 comments Sign in to post a comment. Please keep comments to less than 150 words. No abusive material or spam will be published. Robt February 25, 2022 02:11 AM The phrase, 'game changer' is overused, but if this works as proposed, then it fits the bill. Also, why would it 'complement' current renewables? Even if it's necessary to build a power station around this technology, it would still be far more efficient than anything we have now in that sphere David F February 25, 2022 02:12 AM Uh-oh! We're on the path to global devastation like in the 1965 disaster movie Crack In The World! Run for the hills! The Doubter February 25, 2022 04:05 AM Yes, this is really a gamechanger if it is taken further. A stroke of genius, utilizing a confluence of different technological advances. UncleToad February 25, 2022 06:01 AM I'm worried that if they drill too deep, they'll find a primeval world of dinosaurs and primitive humans. Oh and weird bird-like creatures that can control the minds of the primitive humans through telepathy. I'm pretty sure I saw a documentary about it on TV last Christmas. michael_dowling February 25, 2022 06:04 AM ..Indeed, if this technology works as expected (and the crust doesn't find new ways to fight back against our intrusions), and the economics stack up, this new use for gyrotrons could ironically end up putting fusion reactors out of a job . Fusion research is always 20 years from success. I won't be sorry to see it sidelined by something practical like this. paul314 February 25, 2022 06:29 AM I thought one of the big issues was keeping the borehole open, because rock flows at those depths and pressures (not like water, but fast enough to close things off unless you keep things pressurized from above. Which means some kind of fluid that has density similar to rock, whereas supercritical water/steam typically has densities less than regular water. Funkgroover February 25, 2022 07:11 AM So to run a power station you need to drill down until you find 500 degrees, but, what if I just want to run a pipe from my radiators, say 30 degrees to allow for some heat loss. How far do I have to drill down for that? Brian M February 25, 2022 08:05 AM Well if successful that will be embarrassing for some governments that have rushed ahead with green agendas and closed and dismantled their expensive fossil fuel powered power stations. Should have just moth balled - You just don't know when you might have need them - this technology or by being fueled by green energy methods ! vince February 25, 2022 08:35 AM It always sounds so easy but more likely is that new unseen parameters willconflict the borehole and mess up plans notarichman February 25, 2022 08:44 AM i would think that when the beam hits water and steam is formed the steam would shoot the surface equipment out like a bullet. they better have large gas escapes. also, that steam may prevent the energy from getting to the rock? Load More Saving comment... [ ] Post New Atlas logo GET OUR NEWSLETTER Over 220,000 people receive our email newsletter. Get your daily dose of extraordinary ideas! 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