https://phys.org/news/2022-06-big-cats-urban-jungle-la.html Phys.org Topics * Week's top * Latest news * Unread news * Subscribe [ ] Science X Account [ ] [ ] [*] Remember me Sign In Click here to sign in with or Forget Password? Not a member? Sign up Learn more * Nanotechnology * Physics * Earth * Astronomy & Space * Chemistry * Biology * Other Sciences * Medical Xpress Medicine * Tech Xplore Technology * * share this! * 31 * 16 * Share * Email 1. Home 2. Biology 3. Ecology * * * --------------------------------------------------------------------- June 30, 2022 Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards By CHRISTINA LARSON and ANIRUDDHA GHOSAL Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards A leopard is seen walking across a ridge in Aarey colony near Sanjay Gandhi National Park overlooking Mumbai city, India, May, 12, 2018. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. Credit: Nikit Surve, Wildlife Conservation Society - India/ Sanjay Gandhi National Park via AP Los Angeles and Mumbai, India, share many superlatives as pinnacles of cinema, fashion, and traffic congestion. But another similarity lurks in the shadows, most often seen at night walking silently on four paws. These metropolises are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines--mountain lions in one, leopards in the other--thrive by breeding, hunting and maintaining territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them--lessons that may be applicable to more places in coming decades. "In the future, there's going to be more cities like this, as urban areas further encroach on natural habitats," said biologist Audra Huffmeyer, who studies mountain lions at the University of California, Los Angeles. "If we want to keep these large carnivores around on the planet, we have to learn to live with them." FREEWAYS AND FRAGMENTED HABITAT Twenty years ago, scientists in Los Angeles placed a tracking collar on their first cat, a large male mountain lion dubbed P1, that defended a wide swath of the Santa Monica Mountains, a coastal range that lies within and adjacent to the city. "P1 was as big as they get in southern California, about 150 pounds," said Seth Riley, a National Park Service ecologist who was part of the effort. "These dominant males are the ones that breed--they won't tolerate other adult males in their territory." Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards A warning signboard stands in Sanjay Gandhi National Park, which prohibits visitors and daily walkers from walking in the forest after 6 PM, a time considered most active for leopards, in Mumbai, India, Wednesday, April 6, 2022. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. Credit: AP Photo/Rafiq Maqbool With GPS tracking and camera traps, the scientists followed the rise and fall of P1's dynasty for seven years, through multiple mates and litters of kittens. "2009 was the last time we knew anything about P1," said Riley. "There must have been a fight. We found his collar, blood on a rock. And never saw him again. He was reasonably old." Since then, Riley has helped collar around 100 more mountain lions in Los Angeles, building a vast database of lion behavior that's contributed to understanding how much territory the cats need, what they eat (mostly deer), how often they cross paths with people and what may imperil their future. [INS::INS] As with medieval European kings, the biggest threat turned out to be inbreeding. Living in small territories separated by highways has caused some males to mate with daughters and granddaughters, who weren't able to naturally disperse farther away. That's led to genetic problems such as fertility issues and kinked tails. Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards A paw mark of a cub is seen on a brick at Aarey Colony, which borders the south end of Sanjay Gandhi National Park, in Mumbai, India, Saturday, March 12, 2022. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. Credit: AP Photo/Rajanish Kakade "Based on genetic analysis, we know that P1 mated with P6, his daughter--that was the first case we documented of this very close inbreeding," said Riley. LEOPARDS IN URBAN LANDSCAPE In Mumbai, one of the world's most densely populated cities, the leopards are packed in, too: about 50 have adapted to a space ideally suited for 20. And yet the nocturnal cats also keep mostly out of sight. "Because these animals are so secretive, you don't know much about them. You can't just observe them," said Vidya Athreya, director of Wildlife Conservation Society in India and part of a research team that recently fitted five leopards with tracking collars. The leopards' core range is centered around Sanjay Gandhi National Park, a protected area boxed on three sides by an urbanized landscape, including a neighborhood that's home to 100,000 people and nearly a dozen leopards. Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards A leopard cub sits on a tree in Aarey colony, which borders the south end of Sanjay Gandhi National Park, in Mumbai, India, Thursday, April 7, 2022. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. Credit: AP Photo/Rafiq Maqbool Researchers tackled specific questions from park managers, such as how the cats cross busy roads near the park. To get the answer, they collared a big male dubbed Maharaja. They found that it walked mostly at night and traversed over 60 kilometers (37 miles) in about a week, from the park in Mumbai to another nearby. The leopard crossed a busy state highway, using the same spot to pass, on three occasions. It also crossed a railway track. The path chosen by Maharaja is nearby a new highway and a freight corridor under construction. Researchers said that knowing the big cats' highway crossing habits can help policy makers make informed decisions about where to build animal underpasses to reduce accidents. LIVING ALONGSIDE BIG CATS In Los Angeles, long-term mountain lion research showing the harm of fragmented habitat helped fuel a successful campaign to build a wildlife crossing bridge over U.S. Route 101, one of the city's busiest freeways. Construction began on April 22. Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards A mountain lion eats a kill at Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area near Malibu Creek State Park on March 24, 2014. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. Credit: National Park Service via AP When it's finished in three years, the bridge will be covered in native plants and include special sound walls to minimize light and noise disturbances for nocturnal animals. It will connect Santa Monica Mountains and Simi Hills, enlarging the dating pool for resident mountain lions. But learning to live alongside cats is not only a matter of infrastructure decisions, but also human choices and education. When Athreya first started advocating for co-existence with Mumbai's leopards, she was met with skepticism and pushback from other biologists and policy makers. They thought it would be impossible for big cats to live alongside people without significant friction, or worse. "The dominant narrative was about conflict," she said. But she helped push the conversation to be about "negotiations, improving the situation for both wildlife and people." Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards A leopard is seen walking away with its kill a dog from Aarey colony near Sanjay Gandhi National Park over looking Mumbai city, India, May, 26, 2017. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. Credit: Nikit Surve, Wildlife Conservation Society - India/ Sanjay Gandhi National Park via AP That is not to say living alongside a big predator is without perils. In Mumbai, Purvi Lote saw her first leopard when she was 5, on the porch of a relative's home. Terrified, she ran back inside to her mother. But now the 9-year-old says she isn't as afraid of the big cats. Like other children, she doesn't step outdoors alone after dark. Children and even adults travel in groups at night, while blaring music from their telephones to ensure that leopards aren't surprised. But the most fundamental rule, according to the youngster: "When you see a leopard, don't bother it." AVOIDING DEADLY CONFLICTS Leopards in Mumbai adapted to mainly hunt feral dogs that frequent garbage dumps outside the forest and mostly attacked people when cornered or attacked. But in 2010, 20 people in Mumbai died in leopard attacks, said Jagannath Kamble, an official at Mumbai's protected forest. Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards The Mumbai skyline is seen from Aarey Colony, which borders the south end of Sanjay Gandhi National Park, in Mumbai, India, Tuesday, April 5, 2022. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. Credit: AP Photo/Rafiq Maqbool The turning point was the realization that the understaffed forest department couldn't just keep reacting to individual attacks by capturing and transporting leopards to forests since they returned. Instead, it decided to focus on trying to get people to coexist with the predators. Officials roped in volunteers, nongovernmental groups and the media for a public education program in 2011. Since then, fatalities have dropped steadily and no one has been killed in an attack since 2017. The last known victim was Muttu Veli's 4-year-old daughter Darshini. Veli, an office worker who came to Mumbai in 1996, said Darshini was playing outside their home in a slum at the edge of the forest and she just didn't return home. Eventually, her mauled body was recovered. "My daughter is gone. She won't come back," he said. * Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards Adult male mountain lion P-64 walks out of a tunnel at Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area on May 22, 2018. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. Credit: National Park Service via AP * Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards A mountain lion sits in an outhouse at the Chatsworth Reservoir at Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area on Dec. 4, 2013. After clearing the area and making space, the biologist was able to flush the lion into the adjoining open space without incident. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. Credit: National Park Service via AP * Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area National Park Service biologists Joanne Moriarty and Jeff Sikich measure P-22's incisors during his capture on March 27, 2014. He was treated for mange, a parasitic disease of the hair and skin. Blood tests later showed exposure to anti-coagulant rodenticides, commonly known as rat poison. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. Credit: National Park Service via AP * Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards Satish Kumar shows the scars on the neck of his son Darshan Kumar from a leopard attack in Aarey Colony, which borders the south end of Sanjay Gandhi National Park, in Mumbai, India, Monday, April 4, 2022. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. Credit: AP Photo/Rafiq Maqbool * Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards A wall painting of leopords is seen on the wall of a house in Aarey Colony, which borders the south end of Sanjay Gandhi National Park, in Mumbai, India, Monday, April 4, 2022.. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. Credit: AP Photo/Rafiq Maqbool * Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards A screen with footage from a CCTV camera is seen at a local dairy farm in Aarey Colony, which borders the south end of Sanjay Gandhi National Park, in Mumbai, India, Tuesday, April 5, 2022. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. Credit: AP Photo/Rafiq Maqbool * Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards Women return home after relieving themselves in the open in Aarey Colony, which borders the south end of Sanjay Gandhi National Park, in Mumbai, India, Tuesday, April 5, 2022. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. Credit: AP Photo/Rafiq Maqbool * Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards A team of Sanjay Gandhi National Park forest rangers conduct a demonstration of their rescue and conservation methods to visiting forest officials from across the country in Mumbai, India, Tuesday, April 5, 2022. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. Credit: AP Photo/Rafiq Maqbool * Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards Kiran Lote combs the hair of her daughter Purvi Rohid as she prepares to leave for school in Aarey Colony, which borders the south end of Sanjay Gandhi National Park in Mumbai, India, Thursday, April 7, 2022. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. Credit: AP Photo/Rafiq Maqbool * Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards A Waghoba temple is seen at Sanjay Gandhi National Park in Mumbai, India, Wednesday, April 6, 2022. Tribals worship Waghoba, a deity in the form of leopards and tigers, in the belief that they protect them and their livestock from evil. They also consider them to be the guardian of the forest. Credit: AP Photo/Rafiq Maqbool * Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards A dog barks outside a house in Aarey Colony, which borders the south end of Sanjay Gandhi National Park, in Mumbai, India, Tuesday, April 5, 2022. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. Credit: AP Photo/Rafiq Maqbool * Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards Forest guards patrol Aarey colony, which borders the south end of Sanjay Gandhi National Park, in Mumbai, India, Wednesday, April 6, 2022. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. Credit: AP Photo/Rafiq Maqbool * Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards A view of the slum seen in the Aarey Colony which borders the south end of Sanjay Gandhi National Park in Mumbai, India, Wednesday, April 6, 2022. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. Credit: AP Photo/Rafiq Maqbool * Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards People try to sight a leopard cub in Aarey colony which borders the south end of Sanjay Gandhi National Park in Mumbai, India, Thursday, April 8, 2022. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. Credit: AP Photo/Rafiq Maqbool * Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards Traffic moves over Corriganville Tunnel, occasionally used by wildlife such as the mountain lion known as P-3, located under the 118 Freeway, near the Rocky Peak exit, on January 12, 2017. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. Credit: National Park Service via AP * Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards This uncollared adult female mountain lion is seen "cheek-rubbing," leaving her scent on a log in the Verdugo Mountains with Glendale and the skyscrapers of downtown Los Angeles. in the background on March 21, 2016. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. Credit: National Park Service via AP * Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards Mountain lion P-23 crosses a road in the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area on July 10, 2013. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. (National Park Service via AP)109 * Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards Satish Lote, a resident of Aarey colony, checks camera trap which borders the south end of Sanjay Gandhi National Parkin Mumbai, Thursday, April 7, 2022. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. Credit: AP Photo/Rafiq Maqbool * Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards A male mountain lion known as P-21 is captured in Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area on June 4, 2011. Los Angeles and Mumbai, India are the world's only megacities of 10 million-plus where large felines breed, hunt and maintain territory within urban boundaries. Long-term studies in both cities have examined how the big cats prowl through their urban jungles, and how people can best live alongside them. Credit: National Park Service via AP In Los Angeles, there have been no human deaths attributed to mountain lions, but one nonfatal attack on a child occurred in 2021. Both cities have learned that trying to capture, kill or relocate the cats isn't the answer. "Relocation and killing makes conflict worse," said Beth Pratt, California regional director at National Wildlife Federation. "It's better to have a stable population, than one where hierarchies and territories are disrupted." Avoidance is the safest strategy, she said. "These big cats are shy--they tend to avoid human contact as much as they can. They're really extreme introverts of the animal kingdom." --------------------------------------------------------------------- Explore further Mountain lion P-54 is killed by vehicle four years after her mother died on the same road --------------------------------------------------------------------- (c) 2022 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed without permission. Citation: Big cats in urban jungle: LA mountain lions, Mumbai leopards (2022, June 30) retrieved 1 July 2022 from https://phys.org/ news/2022-06-big-cats-urban-jungle-la.html This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. 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