https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/palomar-survey-instrument-analyzes-impact-of-starlink-satellites * DRAFT Skip to main content Visit Careers Access Quick Links Click here to open the "Quick Links" submenu Down arrow for Faculty for Students for Staff for Alumni Directory Caltech Today Alumni Give Right arrow Caltech Logo About At a Glance Open At a Glance Submenu University and College Rankings Leadership Open Leadership Submenu President Provost Board of Trustees Legacy Open Legacy Submenu History & Milestones Awards & Honors Caltech Archives Interactive History Map News Publications Open Publications Submenu This is Caltech Caltech Magazine Periodic Table of Caltech Innovation and Impact Exploration and Achievement Visit Open Visit Submenu Directions Campus Maps Parking Tours Administrative Offices & Departments Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Research Academic Divisions Open Academic Divisions Submenu Biology and Biological Engineering Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Engineering & Applied Science Geological & Planetary Sciences Humanities and Social Sciences Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy Jet Propulsion Laboratory Student Research Centers & Institutes Technology Transfer & Corporate Partnerships Sponsored Research Research Facilities Faculty Listing Academics Undergraduate Studies Graduate Studies Online Education Executive Education Teaching, Learning, & Outreach Resources Open Resources Submenu Registrar Catalog Academic Calendar Library International Offices Career Development Admissions & Aid Undergraduate Admissions Open Undergraduate Admissions Submenu Apply Cost & Aid Graduate Admissions Open Graduate Admissions Submenu Apply Funding & Aid Campus Life & Events Institute Calendar Caltech Today Athletics & Recreation Public Programming / CaltechLive! Performing & Visual Arts Housing Dining Caltech Y Wellness Services Diversity Center Security Emergency Information Open search form Search input field[ ]Search Menu Main Menu Close About Click here to open the "About" Submenu Research Click here to open the "Research" Submenu Academics Click here to open the "Academics" Submenu Admissions & Aid Click here to open the "Admissions & Aid" Submenu Campus Life & Events Click here to open the "Campus Life & Events" Submenu Give Visit Careers Access Quick Links for Faculty for Students for Staff for Alumni Directory Caltech Today Alumni About Back At a Glance University and College Rankings Leadership President Provost Board of Trustees Legacy History & Milestones Awards & Honors Caltech Archives Interactive History Map News Publications This is Caltech Caltech Magazine Periodic Table of Caltech Innovation and Impact Exploration and Achievement Visit Directions Campus Maps Parking Tours Administrative Offices & Departments Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Research Back Academic Divisions Biology and Biological Engineering Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Engineering & Applied Science Geological & Planetary Sciences Humanities and Social Sciences Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy Jet Propulsion Laboratory Student Research Centers & Institutes Technology Transfer & Corporate Partnerships Sponsored Research Research Facilities Faculty Listing Academics Back Undergraduate Studies Graduate Studies Online Education Executive Education Teaching, Learning, & Outreach Resources Registrar Catalog Academic Calendar Library International Offices Career Development Admissions & Aid Back Undergraduate Admissions Apply Cost & Aid Graduate Admissions Apply Funding & Aid Campus Life & Events Back Institute Calendar Caltech Today Athletics & Recreation Public Programming / CaltechLive! Performing & Visual Arts Housing Dining Caltech Y Wellness Services Diversity Center Security Emergency Information Open search form Search input field[ ]Search Home / About / News / Palomar Survey Instrument Analyzes Impact of Starlink Satellites ZTF image of Andromeda galaxy with a Starlink streak through it. Palomar Survey Instrument Analyzes Impact of Starlink Satellites January 17, 2022 A study of archival images from Zwicky Transient Facility shows an increase in satellite streaks Since 2019, SpaceX has been launching an increasing number of internet satellites into orbit around Earth. The satellite constellation, called Starlink, now includes nearly 1,800 members orbiting at altitudes of about 550 kilometers. Astronomers have expressed concerns that that these objects, which can appear as streaks in telescope images, could hamper their scientific observations. To quantify these effects, a team of researchers studied archival images captured by the National Science Foundation (NSF)-funded Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), an instrument that operates from Caltech's Palomar Observatory near San Diego. ZTF scans the entire night sky every two days, cataloguing cosmic objects that explode, blink, or otherwise change over time. This includes everything from supernovae to near-Earth asteroids. The Zwicky team members say they decided to specifically study the effects of Starlink satellites because they currently represent the largest low-Earth orbit, or LEO, constellation, and they have well-characterized orbits. The findings, reported in the January 17 issue of The Astrophysical Journal Letters, shows 5,301 satellite streaks appear in archival images taken between November 2019 and September 2021. The streaks are most apparent in so-called twilight observations, those taken at dawn or dusk, which are important for finding near-Earth asteroids that appear close to the sun in the sky. ZTF has discovered several asteroids of this nature, including 2020 AV2, the first asteroid spotted with an orbit that fits entirely within the orbit of Venus. "In 2019, 0.5 percent of twilight images were affected, and now almost 20 percent are affected," says Przemek Mroz, study lead author and a former Caltech postdoctoral scholar who is now at the University of Warsaw in Poland. In the future, the scientists expect that nearly all of the ZTF images taken during twilight will contain at least one streak, especially after the Starlink constellation reaches 10,000 satellites, a goal SpaceX hopes to reach by 2027. "We don't expect Starlink satellites to affect non-twilight images, but if the satellite constellation of other companies goes into higher orbits, this could cause problems for non-twilight observations," Mroz says. Yet despite the increase in image streaks, the new report notes that ZTF science operations have not been strongly affected. Study co-author Tom Prince, the Ira S. Bowen Professor of Physics, Emeritus, at Caltech, says the paper shows a single streak affects less than one-tenth of a percent of the pixels in a ZTF image. "There is a small chance that we would miss an asteroid or another event hidden behind a satellite streak, but compared to the impact of weather, such as a cloudy sky, these are rather small effects for ZTF." Prince says that software can be developed to help mitigate potential problems; for example, software could predict the locations of the Starlink satellites and thus help astronomers avoid scheduling an observation when one might be in the field of view. Software can also assess whether a passing satellite may have affected an astronomical observation, which would allow astronomers to mask or otherwise reduce the negative effects of the streaks. The new study also looked at the effectiveness of visors on the Starlink satellites, which SpaceX added beginning in 2020 to block sunlight from reaching the spacecraft. According to the ZTF observations, the visors reduce the satellite brightness by a factor of about five. That dims the satellites down to an apparent brightness level of 6.8 magnitude (the brightest stars are first magnitude, and the faintest stars we can see with our eyes are about sixth magnitude). This is still not dim enough to meet standards outlined by the Satellite Constellations 1 (SATCON1) workshop in 2020, a gathering sponsored by the NOIRLab (National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory) and the AAS (American Astronomical Society) to bring together astronomers, policymakers, and other experts to discuss the impact of large satellite constellations on astronomy and society. The group called for all LEO satellites to be at seventh magnitude or fainter. The study authors also note their study is specific to ZTF. Like ZTF, the upcoming Vera C. Rubin Observatory, under construction in Chile, will also survey the sky nightly, but due to its more sensitive imager, astronomers predict that it may be more negatively affected by satellite streaks than ZTF. Other authors of the study, titled, "Impact of the SpaceX Starlink Satellites on the Zwicky Transient Facility Survey Observations," include Richard Dekany (BS '89), Matthew Graham, Steven Groom, and Frank Masci of Caltech; Dmitry Duev, a former Caltech postdoc now at Weights & Biases Inc.; Angel Otarola of the European Southern Observatory; and Michael S. Medford of UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ZTF is funded by NSF and an international collaboration of partners. Additional support comes from the Heising-Simons Foundation and Caltech. ZTF data are processed and archived by Caltech's IPAC astronomy center. NASA supports ZTF's search for near-Earth objects through the Near-Earth Object Observations program. Written by Whitney Clavin Contact Whitney Clavin (626) 395-1944 wclavin@caltech.edu Subscribe The Caltech Weekly Go to The Caltech Weekly Share this Tags astronomy & physics instrumentation Related Links > ZTF Website > First Asteroid Found Inside Orbit of Venus > Lonely Planet: Comic about Research from Przemek Mroz See All News > ZTF image of Andromeda galaxy with a Starlink streak through it. The streak from a Starlink satellite appears in this image of the Andromeda galaxy, taken by the Zwicky Transient Facility, or ZTF, during twilight on May 19, 2021. The image shows only one-sixteenth of ZTF's full field of view. Image Lightbox ZTF image of Andromeda galaxy with a Starlink streak through it. The streak from a Starlink satellite appears in this image of the Andromeda galaxy, taken by the Zwicky Transient Facility, or ZTF, during twilight on May 19, 2021. The image shows only one-sixteenth of ZTF's full field of view. Credit: Caltech Optical Observatories/IPAC Download Full Image Caltech Torch Caltech Logo California Institute of Technology map marker 1200 East California Boulevard Pasadena, California 91125 Contact Us Claimed Copyright Infringement Privacy Notice Site Content Copyright (c) 2022