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Lett. 2022, XXXX, XXX, XXX-XXX ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ARTICLES ASAPAnthropogenic Impact...Anthropogenic Impacts on the AtmosphereNEXT Journal Logo Microfibers Released into the Air from a Household Tumble Dryer * Danyang Tao Danyang Tao State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong More by Danyang Tao , * Kai Zhang* Kai Zhang State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China *Tel: + 852 3442-9438. Fax: +852 3442-0524. Email: [email protected], [email protected] (Kai Zhang). More by Kai Zhang Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9341-8315 , * Shaopeng Xu Shaopeng Xu State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong More by Shaopeng Xu , * Huiju Lin Huiju Lin State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong More by Huiju Lin , * Yuan Liu Yuan Liu State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong More by Yuan Liu , * Jingliang Kang Jingliang Kang Swire Institute of Marine Science, Division of Ecology and Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China More by Jingliang Kang , * Tszewai Yim Tszewai Yim State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong More by Tszewai Yim , * John P. Giesy John P. Giesy Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B5, Canada Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States Department of Integrative Biology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States More by John P. Giesy , and * Kenneth M. Y. Leung* Kenneth M. Y. Leung State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China *Tel: + 852 3442-7198. Fax: +852 3442-0522. Email: [email protected] (Kenneth M. Y. Leung). More by Kenneth M. Y. Leung Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2022, XXXX, XXX, XXX-XXX Publication Date (Web):January 12, 2022 Publication History * Received12 November 2021 * Accepted6 December 2021 * Revised4 December 2021 * Published online12 January 2022 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00911 (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS ACS AuthorChoiceACS AuthorChoiceCC: Creative CommonsCC: Creative CommonsBY: Credit must be given to the creatorBY: Credit must be given to the creatorNC: Only noncommercial uses of the work are permittedNC: Only noncommercial uses of the work are permittedND: No derivatives or adaptations of the work are permittedND: No derivatives or adaptations of the work are permitted Article Views - Altmetric - Citations - LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICS Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. 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Share Add toView In * Add Full Text with Reference * Add Description ExportRIS * Citation * Citation and abstract * Citation and references * More Options Share on * Facebook * Twitter * Wechat * Linked In * Reddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alerts Supporting Info (1)>>Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS: * Plants, * Atmospheric chemistry, * Fibers, * Organic polymers, * Materials Go to Environmental Science & Technology Letters Get e-Alerts Abstract [ez1c00911_] High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Microfibers of polyester and cotton might be significant for the transport and fate of chemical pollutants in the air due to the amounts emitted, as well as their capacities to sorb inorganic and organic compounds. It was hypothesized that household tumble driers could be atmospheric sources of these microfibers. This study quantified the number of the two most common textile fibers discharged from a household vented tumble dryer to ambient air. The results suggest that driers of this type are a potential source of air contamination by microfibers, releasing 433,128-561,810 microfibers during 15 min of use. Microfibers can be generated from both polyester and cotton textiles. The abundances of microfibers of polyester produced were directly proportional to the masses of clothing loaded into a dryer, but such a relationship was not apparent for cotton textiles. On the basis of the results presented here and other relevant data, it was estimated that the average Canadian household can annually release from 9 x 10^7 to 12 x 10^7 microfibers from a single dryer. To minimize the release of these microfibers into the air, an appropriate engineered filtration system should be developed and adopted as an effective control measure for individual household driers. * * * Introduction ARTICLE SECTIONS Jump To --------------------------------------------------------------------- Synthetic textile fibers, such as linear polymers, are widely used in the manufacturing of clothing. (1) Materials used in synthetic textile fibers include polyester, nylon, acrylic, and polypropylene. (2) Global consumption of these synthetic fibers has increased. (3) For example, the use of polyester fibers reached 76.66 million tons per year and accounted for 55% of the global clothing market. (4) During laundering, synthetic textiles can release microfibers, which are a common group of microplastics released into aquatic environments. (5-9) Microplastics are a growing threat to aquatic organisms and their ecosystems. (10,11) Apart from marine (12,13) and freshwater environments, (14-17) microfibers have been found in air (18) and terrestrial ecosystems, (19-21) where they are relatively persistent. (22) The occurrence of microfibers in air has attracted increasing attention. (18,23) For human exposure, the intake of microplastics via inhalation by air was much greater than that via other exposure routes. (18) While airborne microplastics can be directly inhaled by humans, deposited microplastics can be ingested by hand-to-mouth contact, especially for children. (24,25) Microplastics have been found in human stools as direct evidence of common exposure. (26) Exposure to airborne microplastics has been linked to adverse effects on the health of humans, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (27) To date, most published research has focused on the generation of microfibers from washing machines. (28,29) For instance, one pair of jeans can release 56,000 +- 4100 microfibers per wash. (5) One hundred percent polyester knitted fabrics could release large microfibers under various operative washing conditions. (30) During washing, T-shirts made of polyester and polyamide can produce more microfibers than other tested textiles. (31) Cotton textiles can also release microfibers. The numbers of microfibers released from polyester or cotton textiles ranged from 2.1 x 10^5 to 1.3 x 10^7 fibers per wash. (7) A report by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2017) estimated that by 2050 the number of microfibers released into the environment by washing textiles might increase to 70,000 tons per year, which is equivalent to dumping 400 million polyester T-shirts into the sea. (32) Fortunately, since most laundry water is treated by sewage treatment plants, such large quantities of microfibers would be unlikely to be discharged into aquatic environments, (33-35) but they might enter other environments associated with biosolids. (36,37) Recent research (2021) confirmed microfiber contamination in the atmosphere, even in the Arctic. (38-40) However, the release of textile-associated microfibers into the atmosphere has been less studied. (41,42) Household tumble dryers can be an important mechanism for releasing textile microfibers to the ambient atmosphere. Because vented air is usually not treated, microfibers are emitted directly through a ventilation pipe connected to the dryer to ambient air, either indoor or outdoor. (41,43,44) When textiles are rotated in a forced-air dryer, microfibers might be shed from the textiles, especially at higher temperatures. (43) The releases of microfibers from large-scale commercial dryers are unknown but could also be significant and not negligible. In addition, if dryers are not connected to a ventilation system, the released microfibers could be inhaled directly from the indoor air by humans. Microplastics have been reported in indoor and outdoor air worldwide. (18) It has been estimated, based on a normal exposure scenario, that more than 900 microplastic particles might be ingested by a child per year through dust (200 mg day^-1). (45) Given that the release of microfibers from driers remains largely unknown, the goals of this study were to (1) test the hypothesis that household driers are significant atmospheric sources of polyester and cotton microfibers, (2) evaluate the potential release of these microfibers from clothing containing the two textiles, (3) evaluate the annual emission of microfibers from a dryer, and (4) evaluate the contribution of household tumble driers to microplastic air pollution in Canada. Materials and Methods ARTICLE SECTIONS Jump To --------------------------------------------------------------------- Materials Two types of textiles (polyester and cotton) were selected for this study (Table S1, Supporting Information (SI)), including 12 polyester items of clothing and 10 cotton items of clothing. The textiles were dried in a household, electric vented tumble dryer, Electrolux Wascator TT200, and the technical specifications of this dryer are shown in Table S2 in the SI. A high-volume, total suspended particle air sampler (Sibata, Japan) was placed at the end of the ducting to collect all airborne particles independent of size. The volume of air sampled was measured by a TSI Mass Flowmeter Calibration Analyzer 4043, which was placed at the outlet of the dryer. The pump was started when the drying process began. The targeted substance in the air was filtered onto Whatman GF/C glass fiber filters (1.2 mm pore size). After sampling, the glass fiber filter was carefully transferred to a Petri dish with stainless steel tweezers and sealed with parafilm. The microfibers collected on the filter were subjected to examination through standard procedures (see Text S1 and Characterization and Enumeration of Microfibers section). Drying Trials The details of the method for collecting microfibers are shown in Text S1 and Figure 1. The effects of the drying duration on the release of microfibers were tested using the same number of polyester textiles for 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 min. There was no significant difference in the number of microfibers released among the different drying durations (One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA): F[4,10] = 1.751, p = 0.215, Figure S2). On the basis of this finding, the drying duration for all subsequent experiments was set to 15 min, which could effectively reduce the experiment time. Trials were replicated six times for each type of textile: (i) No. 1-4, (ii) No. 1-8, (iii) No. 1-12, (iv) No. 13-16, (v) No. 13-19, and (vi) No. 13-22 (see Table S1 for details). Cycles for (i), (ii), and (iii) were performed with 100% polyester clothes, while the other cycles were carried out for pure cotton clothes. To account for variations among runs, the cycles were repeated three times. The air evacuation rate of the dryer was large, and the air vacuum pump could only absorb part of the gas. Equation 1 was employed to obtain the amount of the released microfibers. Given that the practical air evacuation rate was 525 m^3/h, the total number of released microfibers was calculated using the following equation[ez1c00911_](1)where N is the microfiber number per drying cycle, r the air evacuation rate of the dryer, v the flow velocity of the pump sampler, and n the counted microfiber number released from the textiles in our study. Figure 1 [ez1c00911_] Figure 1. Experimental setup. High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Characterization and Enumeration of Microfibers The individual microfibers on the filters were identified based primarily on shape, surface texture, and color and were counted under a stereomicroscope at up to 40x magnification. Further confirmation was achieved by picking out microfibers and examining them by micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (m-FTIR) (Thermo Nicolet iS10 with Continumm/iN5, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The spectral range was set from 4000 to 550 cm^-1, and 16 scans were performed for each measurement. The spectra acquired were compared with standard spectra from open-access databases (Aldrich Polymers, Sprouse Polymer by ATR, and Hummel Polymer Sample Library), and the chemical compositions were identified according to the presence of characteristic peaks and similarities (at least with a match score > 70%) with matched spectra. Nitrile gloves and a laboratory coat were worn to avoid contaminating the samples during sample analysis. Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) Three field blank samples were collected from the ambient environment when the dryer was not in use. Three process blank samples were collected when the dryer was in operation without textiles. The duration of the collection was 15 min. We collected three control samples to evaluate the potential carryover effect from a prior load. According to our evaluation, such carryover contamination was negligible and may be due to the short length of the venting pipe. The dryer was installed in a room approximately 15 m^3 with a vent line, and the room was at the residence building of the Swire Institute of Marine Science located at the Cape D'Aguilar Marine Reserve in Shek O, Hong Kong. As Cape D'Aguilar is in a rural area on the southern edge of Hong Kong Island with a low ambient level of microfibers in the atmosphere, we selected this location to conduct the experiment (Figure S1). Data Analyses Statistical analyses were performed by Microsoft Excel 2016, OriginLab OriginPro 2015, and IBM SPSS Statistics 19. Prior to the use of parametric statistical procedures, the Shapiro-Wilk test was conducted to test for the normality of the data (Text S2). Pearson correlation analysis was conducted when the data met the assumption of normality; otherwise, Spearman correlation analysis was conducted. Finally, a linear regression was conducted to show the relationship between the number of microfibers generated from the polyester and cotton clothing and the mass of the loaded clothing. Results and Discussion ARTICLE SECTIONS Jump To --------------------------------------------------------------------- Microfibers Collected from Vented Air during Drying A household tumble dryer is a potential atmospheric source of microfibers. A mean value (+-SD) of 270 +- 30 microfibers was collected during the 15 min drying of polyester textiles, while a mean of 165 +- 27 microfibers was observed for cotton textiles (Table S3). The 11 +- 2 microfibers collected in the field blank sample represented the background level in ambient air, while the 24 +- 0 microfibers in the process blank sample were collected when the dryer was in operation without textiles. A total of 19 +- 4 microfibers were collected between trials to eliminate the remaining fibers from the previous load from being ignored. As the number of microfibers in the blank samples was less than 10% of that in the real samples, the contamination could be considered negligible. Therefore, the number of fibers in the samples was not corrected by the blank. FTIR spectral results for the microfibers showed polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinyl chloride vinyl acetate (PVC) produced by polyester textiles, respectively (Figure 2). These two kinds of microfibers were also identified as microplastic contaminants. PET is a typical textile used in daily life, especially in fabrics used in sportswear, because it is handy and easy to dry. (46) It has been reported that ingesting PET fibers resulted in the increased mortality of crustaceans. (47) PVC microfibers might be used as a decorative element on clothing. Cotton microfibers (100%) were detected in our experiment after cotton textile drying (Figure 2 ). Cotton fibers, such as denim microfibers, have been identified as a new challenge in the field of microfiber pollution. Recent research has reported that cotton fibers are widespread in aquatic environments from temperate to Arctic regions. (5) Anthropogenically modified celluloses are often chemically processed and are sufficiently persistent to undergo long-range transport and accumulation in environmental compartments, where they could be of concern for biota. (5) Figure 2 [ez1c00911_] Figure 2. Images acquired using a Nikon microscope: (A) blue and yellow microfibers released from polyester textiles and (B) white microfibers released from cotton textiles. (C) Sample spectra and their matched spectra from the library. High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Effects of Mass Range and Drying Duration on Features of Microfibers There were differences in the production of microparticles between polyester and cotton. There was a significant, positive correlation (Pearson's correlation coefficient, r = 0.836, n = 9, P < 0.01) between the number of microfibers released and the mass of polyester textiles put into the dryer (Figure 3, Table S4). In contrast, no significant correlation was observed between the mass of cotton textiles in the dryer and the number of microfibers released (Figure 3; Spearman's correlation coefficient, r = 0.46, n = 9, P > 0.05). Cotton, a natural fiber, also has a polymeric structure comprised mainly of cellulose. Since cotton requires several stages of chemical treatments before use in manufacturing textiles, cotton fibers contain some residues of chemicals, such as fluorescent whitening agents and azo dyes. (7,48) Figure 3 [ez1c00911_] Figure 3. Relationships between the clothing (textile) load in the dryer and number of microfibers released into the air for polyester textiles and cotton textiles. High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Evaluation of Microfibers Released from Driers In this study, the air sampler only collected a partial ventilation air sample from the dryer. On the basis of the practical air evacuation rate of the dryer, the total amount of microfibers released from the dryer can be calculated. In addition, the number of microfibers released from various masses of polyester textiles, which was 214 +- 39 microfibers (Figure 3), can be estimated by a regression model. Cotton textiles produce stable amounts of microfibers (165 +- 27) after drying regardless of the mass of textiles in the dryer. It was estimated that 93,635 +- 17,026 and 72,188 +- 11,813 microfibers could be released from 1 kg of polyester and cotton textiles, respectively, during a 15 min drying process (eq 1). The present results are compared with those reported in the literature for washing and drying machines or washing machines (Table 1). In most cases, regardless of whether the textiles are cotton or polyester, for 1 kg of textiles, a dryer can generate more microfibers (7.2-9.4 x 10^5 microfibers) than that generated by a washing machine (0.23-5 x 10^5 microfibers) (Table 1). (5,6,28,31,44,49-51) When combining reported values for washing and drying machines, the results of recent research have shown that 1 kg of 100% polyester textiles can even generate as many as 31 x 10^5 microfibers per cycle. (31) When a washing machine is used, the detergent might seriously damage the structure of the clothes, which could result in more microfibers being released during drying. (52) Table 1. Comparison of Numbers of Released Microfibers from Cotton and Polyester Textiles after Drying and/or Washing Per Cycle Process mode Type of textile Materials Mean ref composition number of fibers per kg materials (x10^5) Drying Pants and T-shirts mixed 100% cotton 7.2 This study Drying Pants and T-shirts mixed 100% polyester 9.4 This study Washing and drying T-shirts 100% polyester 31 (31) Washing and drying Fabric 100% polyester 1.8 (31) Washing and drying Blanket 100% polyester 1.9 (31) Washing Blue jeans 100% cotton 1.3 (5) Washing T-shirts 100% polyester 5.5 (6) Washing Fabric 100% cotton 10 (49) Washing Fabric 100% polyester 5 (49) Washing Fleece blanket 100% polyester 2.2 (50) Washing Fabric 100% polyester 0.36 (51) Washing Jacket 100% polyester 0.83 (28) Washing Jacket 100% polyester 0.23 (44) The capacity of a common household washing machine is approximately 6-7 kg. (53) The estimated number of microfibers produced per dryer could be between 433,128 +- 70,878 (6 kg cotton textiles) and 561,810 +- 102,156 (7 kg polyester textiles) microfibers per 15 min drying cycle. This estimate of such airborne microfibers is greater than the number of microfibers generated by a washing machine. A washing load of a polyester-cotton blend has been estimated to release 137,951 microfibers into the drain. (28) In Canada and the United States, after washing clothes, people usually dry them in a separate dryer. The average Canadian household washes 219 loads of laundry annually. (54) Here, we estimated that the average Canadian household could release 9 x 10^7 to 12 x 10^7 microfibers from a dryer annually. That is, a significant number of microfibers are discharged into the atmosphere, which could be potentially inhaled and ingested by humans and animals. The microfibers released from tumble dryers are, therefore, likely to represent a substantial contribution to microplastic contamination in the environment globally. Cotton microfibers discharged into the environment can be ingested by organisms, but they are not as persistent as polyester microfibers. (2) For the same drying duration, cotton textiles produce more stable amounts of microfibers (165 +- 27) after drying regardless of the mass of textiles in the dryer. In comparison, polyester textiles can generate more microfibers than cotton textiles according to the current results. Microfibers generated from polyester textiles are of special concern since their bioaccumulation potential increases with decreasing size. (7) The microfibers might be ingested by organisms ranging from zooplankton to fish and birds and transferred into food webs. (10) A study by the Italian National Research Council (2020) found that the number of plastic microfibers released can be reduced by nearly one-third when washing with fabric softeners. (55) This is because the softener reduces friction between the fibers. (45,49) However, the application of softeners might lead to harmful chemicals entering surface waters. (56) This challenge clearly requires a better solution. In China, the Public Environmental Audit Committee has turned its attention toward transforming the clothing industry to make it prosperous and sustainable. (1) However, it is unrealistic for plastic microfibers to be eliminated in the short term without the substitution of more environmentally friendly textiles. At present, many researchers and research organizations have been studying alternative textile materials such as those made of seaweed, banana peel, and even milk. (57,58) It is essential to make better textiles and clothes with more wear resistance, longer wearing time, and enhanced environmental friendliness. Before the realization of better replacements for synthetic fibers such as polyester, it is feasible to minimize the release of microfibers from tumble driers by the installation of a simple, engineered filtration device at the end of the emission pipeline. Supporting Information ARTICLE SECTIONS Jump To --------------------------------------------------------------------- The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https:// pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00911. * Textiles and tumble dryer (Tables S1 and S2), supporting results of the study (Table S3, Figures S1 and S2), and detailed description of the experimental design and statistical analysis (Texts S1 and S2)(PDF) * ez1c00911_si_001.pdf (268.92 kb) Terms & Conditions Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/ permissions.html. Author Information ARTICLE SECTIONS Jump To --------------------------------------------------------------------- * Corresponding Authors + Kai Zhang - State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China; Orcidhttps://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-9341-8315; Email: [email protected] [email protected] + Kenneth M. Y. Leung - State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China; Email: [email protected] * Authors + Danyang Tao - State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong + Shaopeng Xu - State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong + Huiju Lin - State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong + Yuan Liu - State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong + Jingliang Kang - Swire Institute of Marine Science, Division of Ecology and Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China + Tszewai Yim - State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong + John P. Giesy - Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B5, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States; Department of Integrative Biology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States * * * Notes The authors declare no competing financial interest. Acknowledgments ARTICLE SECTIONS Jump To --------------------------------------------------------------------- The authors sincerely thank the Director of the HKU Swire Institute of Marine Science for allowing them to carry out the experiment at the residence building in Cape D'Aguilar. This research is supported by State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution which has received funding support from Innovation and Technology Commission of the Hong Kong SAR Government. The research was supported by a Discovery Grant from the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Project # 326415-07) and a grant from the Western Economic Diversification Canada (Project # 6578, 6807 and 000012711). The authors wish to acknowledge the support of an instrumentation grant from the Canada Foundation for Infrastructure. Prof. Giesy was supported by the Canada Research Chair program of the Natural Science and Engineering Council of Canada and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship in the Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University in Waco, TX, USA. References ARTICLE SECTIONS Jump To --------------------------------------------------------------------- This article references 58 other publications. 1. 1 Zhou, H.; Zhou, L.; Ma, K. Microfiber from Textile Dyeing and Printing Wastewater of a Typical Industrial Park in China: Occurrence, Removal and Release. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 739, 140329, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140329 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 1 Microfiber from textile dyeing and printing wastewater of a typical industrial park in China: Occurrence, removal and release Zhou, Hongjie; Zhou, Lyu; Ma, Keke Science of the Total Environment (2020), 739 (), 140329CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.) Microfibers (MFs) are fibrous micro particles of longitude <5 mm, including natural fibers and fibrous microplastics. Microplastic pollution has become a world issue. As the major section of fiber prodn. and processing, textile industry is an important potential source of microfibers, while receiving limited attention. To better understand the source and fate of textile microfibers, in this study, a typical textile industrial park in China is selected as the studying site. Microfibers in textile wastewater from typical textile mills and centralized wastewater treatments plants (WWTPs) of the park, and microfibers in nearby surface water were identified and characterized. The main results showed that the microfiber concn. in textile printing and dyeing wastewater could reach as high as 54,100 MFs/L. Although the removal efficiencies of microfibers by existing wastewater treatment processes can be over 85%, the av. microfiber concn. in the effluents from the centralized WWTPs of the industrial park still reached 537.5 MFs/L, releasing 430 billion microfiber items per day. Microfiber release from textile wastewater is considerably higher than that from municipal sewage treatment plants, making it a significant contributor to microfibers in natural water bodies. Small-sized and colored microfibers increased in proportion in the treated effluents. Given the complex textile wastewater constituents, the potential neg. environmental impacts of textile microfibers may be intensified by the enhanced adsorption and transfer of textile pollutants through these microfibers. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXht1Kit7%252FN&md5= 32949b68dfe4b358c7c351fadcb3726d 2. 2 Li, L.; Frey, M.; Browning, K. J. Biodegradability Study on Cotton and Polyester Fabrics. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 2010, 5 (4), 155892501000500, DOI: 10.1177/ 155892501000500406 [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 3. 3 Gavigan, J.; Kefela, T.; Macadam-Somer, I.; Suh, S.; Geyer, R. Synthetic Microfiber Emissions to Land Rival those to Waterbodies and are Growing. PLoS One 2020, 15 (9), e0237839 DOI: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0237839 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 3 Synthetic microfiber emissions to land rival those to waterbodies and are growing Gavigan, Jenna; Kefela, Timnit; Macadam-Somer, Ilan; Suh, Sangwon; Geyer, Roland PLoS One (2020), 15 (9), e0237839CODEN: POLNCL; ISSN:1932-6203. ( Public Library of Science) Synthetic microfibers are found virtually everywhere in the environment, but emission pathways and quantities are poorly understood. By connecting regionalized global datasets on apparel prodn., use, and washing with emission and retention rates during washing, wastewater treatment, and sludge management, we est. that 5.6 Mt of synthetic microfibers were emitted from apparel washing between 1950 and 2016. Half of this amt. was emitted during the last decade, with a compd. annual growth rate of 12.9%. Waterbodies received 2.9 Mt, while combined emissions to terrestrial environments (1.9 Mt) and landfill (0.6 Mt) were almost as large and are growing. Annual emissions to terrestrial environments (141.9 kt yr-1) and landfill (34.6 kt yr-1) combined are now exceeding those to waterbodies (167.2 kt yr-1). Improving access to wastewater treatment is expected to further shift synthetic microfiber emissions from waterbodies to terrestrial environments. Preventing emissions at the source would therefore be a more effective mitigation measure. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhvFWhsrfF&md5= 3a4aa94b35c46b796e8269381a40f9b9 4. 4 How sustainable is recycled polyester? COMOVITA, 2020, https:// comovita.co/blogs/sustainable-fashion-blog/ how-sustainable-is-recycled-polyester. Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 5. 5 Athey, S. N.; Adams, J. K.; Erdle, L. M.; Jantunen, L. M.; Helm, P. A.; Finkelstein, S. A.; Diamond, M. L. The Widespread Environmental Footprint of Indigo Denim Microfibers from Blue Jeans. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2020, 7 (11), 840- 847, DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00498 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 5 The Widespread Environmental Footprint of Indigo Denim Microfibers from Blue Jeans Athey, Samantha N.; Adams, Jennifer K.; Erdle, Lisa M.; Jantunen, Liisa M.; Helm, Paul A.; Finkelstein, Sarah A.; Diamond, Miriam L. Environmental Science & Technology Letters (2020), 7 (11), 840-847CODEN: ESTLCU; ISSN:2328-8930. (American Chemical Society) At any moment, approx. half of the world's population is wearing blue jeans and other denim garments. We examine the footprint of our modern blue jean society by investigating the environmental distribution, pathways, and sources of indigo denim microfibers shed by denim clothing. Microfibers comprised 87-90% of the anthropogenic particles found in sediments from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Laurentian Great Lakes, and shallow suburban lakes in southern Ontario. Twenty-one to fifty-one percent of all microfibers in sediments were anthropogenically modified cellulose (AC), of which 40-57% were indigo denim microfibers (12-23% of all microfibers analyzed). AC microfibers were also found in rainbow smelt from the Great Lakes. Wastewater treatment plant effluent collected in southern Ontario contained 22 +- 18 microfibers L-1, 13% of which were dyed with indigo, characteristic of denim fabrics. Finally, as a source for introduction into wastewater, we found that one pair of used jeans can release 56000 +- 4100 microfibers per wash. Microfibers from jean laundering were consistent in chem. compn. and morphol. with those found in the environment. We conclude that blue jeans, the world's single most popular garment, are an indicator of the widespread burden of anthropogenic pollution by adding significantly to the environmental accumulation of microfibers from temperate to Arctic regions. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhslWit73N&md5= 4c1034d9285658b1555b3c1c52383620 6. 6 De Falco, F.; Cocca, M.; Avella, M.; Thompson, R. C. Microfiber Release to Water, via Laundering, and to Air, via Everyday Use: a Comparison between Polyester Clothing with Differing Textile Parameters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54 (6), 3288- 3296, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06892 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 6 Microfiber Release to Water, Via Laundering, and to Air, via Everyday Use: A Comparison between Polyester Clothing with Differing Textile Parameters De Falco, Francesca; Cocca, Mariacristina; Avella, Maurizio; Thompson, Richard C. Environmental Science & Technology (2020), 54 (6), 3288-3296 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society) Textiles are one of the major sources of microplastic pollution to aquatic environments and have also been reported in dry and wet atm. deposition. There is still a lack of information on the direct release of microfibers from garments to the air and on the influence of textile characteristics including structure, type of yarn, and twist. The present study examines microfiber emissions directly to the air and to water as a consequence of laundering. Polyester garments with different textile characteristics were examd. including various material compns., fabric structure, yarn twist, fiber type, and hairiness. Scaling up our data indicates release of microfibers per person per yr to the air is of a similar order of magnitude to that released to wastewater by laundering. The lowest releases to both air and water were recorded for a garment with a very compact woven structure and highly twisted yarns made of continuous filaments, compared with those with a looser structure (knitted, short staple fibers, lower twist). Our results demonstrate for the first time that direct release of microfibers from garments to air as a consequence of wear is of equal importance to releases to water. Currently there is considerable interest in interventions focused on capture from wastewater. However, our results suggest more effective interventions are likely to result from changes in textile design that could reduce emissions to both air and water. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXjvFSrt7c%253D&md5= b3e3df0b2dfab925c5478ebc54011076 7. 7 Sillanpaa, M.; Sainio, P. Release of Polyester and Cotton Fibers from Textiles in Machine Washings. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2017, 24 (23), 19313- 19321, DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9621-1 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 7 Release of polyester and cotton fibers from textiles in machine washings Sillanpaa, Markus; Sainio, Pirjo Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2017), 24 (23), 19313-19321CODEN: ESPLEC; ISSN:0944-1344. (Springer) Microplastics are widely spread in the environment, which along with still increasing prodn. have aroused concern of their impacts on environmental health. The objective of this study is to quantify the no. and mass of two most common textile fibers discharged from sequential machine washings to sewers. The no. and mass of microfibers released from polyester and cotton textiles in the first wash varied in the range 2.1 x 105 to 1.3 x 107 and 0.12 to 0.33% wt./wt., resp. Amts. of released microfibers showed a decreasing trend in sequential washes. The annual emission of polyester and cotton microfibers from household washing machines was estd. to be 154,000 (1.0 x 1014) and 411,000 kg (4.9 x 1014) in Finland (population 5.5 x 106). Due to the high emission values and sorption capacities, the polyester and cotton microfibers may play an important role in the transport and fate of chem. pollutants in the aquatic environment. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhtFaktLnI&md5= a1ecefb22f0951a3085e961789756403 8. 8 Barrows, A.; Cathey, S. E.; Petersen, C. W. Marine Environment Microfiber Contamination: Global Patterns and the Diversity of Microparticle Origins. Environ. Pollut. 2018, 237, 275- 284, DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.062 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 8 Marine environment microfiber contamination: Global patterns and the diversity of microparticle origins Barrows, A. P. W.; Cathey, S. E.; Petersen, C. W. Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2018), 237 (), 275-284CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.) Microplastic and microfiber pollution has been documented in all major ocean basins. Microfibers are one of the most common microparticle pollutants along shorelines. Over 9 million tons of fibers are produced annually; 60% are synthetic and ~25% are non-synthetic. Non-synthetic and semi-synthetic microfibers are infrequently documented and not typically included in marine environment impact analyses, resulting in underestimation of a potentially pervasive and harmful pollutant. We present the most extensive worldwide microparticle distribution dataset using 1-L grab samples (n = 1393). Our citizen scientist driven study shows a global microparticle av. of 11.8 +- 24.0 particles L-1 (mean +- SD), approx. three orders of magnitude higher than global model predictions. Open ocean samples showed consistently higher densities than coastal samples, with the highest concns. found in the polar oceans (n = 51), confirming previous empirical and theor. studies. Particles were predominantly microfibers (91%) and 0.1-1.5 mm in length (77%), a smaller size than those captured in the majority of surface studies. Using mFT-IR we detd. the material types of 113 pieces; 57% were classified as synthetic, 12% as semi-synthetic, and 31% as non-synthetic. Samples were taken globally, including from coastal environments and understudied ocean regions. Some of these sites are emerging as areas of concd. floating plastic and anthropogenic debris, influenced by distant waste mismanagement and/or deposition of airborne particles. Incorporation of smaller-sized microfibers in oceanog. models, which has been lacking, will help us to better understand the movement and transformation of synthetic, semi-synthetic and non-synthetic microparticles in regional seas and ocean basins. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXjsFWmtr0%253D&md5= 3dbd5bd6a5e2a04cd687b6b0a592ee5d 9. 9 Masia, P.; Sol, D.; Ardura, A.; Laca, A.; Borrell, Y. J.; Dopico, E.; Laca, A.; Machado-Schiaffino, G.; Diaz, M.; Garcia-Vazquez, E. Bioremediation as a promising strategy for microplastics removal in wastewater treatment plants. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2020, 156, 111252, DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111252 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 9 Bioremediation as a promising strategy for microplastics removal in wastewater treatment plants Masia, Paula; Sol, Daniel; Ardura, Alba; Laca, Amanda; Borrell, Yaisel J.; Dopico, Eduardo; Laca, Adriana; Machado-Schiaffino, Gonzalo; Diaz, Mario; Garcia-Vazquez, Eva Marine Pollution Bulletin (2020), 156 (), 111252CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.) A review. Microplastics (MPs) attract ever-increasing attention due to environmental concerns. Nowadays, they are ubiquitous across ecosystems, and research demonstrates that the origin is mainly terrestrial. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are a major source of MPs, esp. fibers, in water masses. This review is focused on understanding the evolution and fate of microplastics during wastewater treatment processes with the aim of identifying advanced technologies to eliminate microplastics from the water stream. Among them, bioremediation has been highlighted as a promising tool, but confinement of microorganisms inside the WWTP is still a challenge. The potential for MPs bioremediation in WWTPs of higher aquatic eukaryotes, which offer the advantages of low dispersion rates and being easy to contain, is reviewed. Animals, seagrasses and macrophytes are considered, taking into account ecoethical and biol. issues. Necessary research and its challenges have been identified. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtVSjtLfN&md5= 531342ac5405444e6a5651c0b74bd58a 10. 10 Zhang, K.; Xiong, X.; Hu, H.; Wu, C.; Bi, Y.; Wu, Y.; Zhou, B.; Lam, P. K.; Liu, J. Occurrence and Characteristics of Microplastic Pollution in Xiangxi Bay of Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51 (7), 3794- 3801, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00369 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 10 Occurrence and Characteristics of Microplastic Pollution in Xiangxi Bay of Three Gorges Reservoir, China Zhang, Kai; Xiong, Xiong; Hu, Hongjuan; Wu, Chenxi; Bi, Yonghong; Wu, Yonghong; Zhou, Bingsheng; Lam, Paul K. S.; Liu, Jiantong Environmental Science & Technology (2017), 51 (7), 3794-3801 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society) Microplastic pollution in inland waters is receiving growing attentions. Reservoirs are suspected to be particularly vulnerable to microplastic pollution. However, very limited information is currently available on pollution characteristics of microplastics in reservoir ecosystems. This work studied the distribution and characteristics of microplastics in the backwater area of Xiangxi River, a typical tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Microplastics were detected in both surface water and sediment with concns. ranging from 0.55 x 105 to 342 x 105 items km-2 and 80 to 864 items m-2, resp. Polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene were identified in surface water, whereas polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate, and pigments were obsd. in sediment. In addn., microplastics were also detected in the digestion tracts of 25.7% of fish samples, and polyethylene and nylon were identified. Redundancy anal. indicates a weak correlation between microplastics and water quality variables but a neg. correlation with water level of the reservoir and Secchi depth. Results from this study confirm the presence of high abundance microplastics in reservoir impacted tributaries, and suggest that water level regulated hydrodynamic condition and input of nonpoint sources are important regulators for microplastic accumulation and distribution in the backwater area of reservoir tributaries. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXktlyms78%253D&md5= bf663fbd685d06330d197425e133b008 11. 11 Liu, W.; Zhang, J.; Liu, H.; Guo, X.; Zhang, X.; Yao, X.; Cao, Z. ; Zhang, T. A Review of the Removal of Microplastics in Global Wastewater Treatment Plants: Characteristics and Mechanisms. Environ. Int. 2021, 146, 106277, DOI: 10.1016/ j.envint.2020.106277 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 11 A review of the removal of microplastics in global wastewater treatment plants: Characteristics and mechanisms Liu, Weiyi; Zhang, Jinlan; Liu, Hang; Guo, Xiaonan; Zhang, Xiyue; Yao, Xiaolong; Cao, Zhiguo; Zhang, Tingting Environment International (2021), 146 (), 106277CODEN: ENVIDV; ISSN:0160-4120. (Elsevier Ltd.) A Review. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered to be the main sources of microplastic contaminants in the aquatic environment, and an in-depth understanding of the behavior of microplastics among the crit. treatment technologies in WWTPs is urgently needed. In this paper, the characteristics and removal of microplastics in 38 WWTPs in 11 countries worldwide were reviewed. The abundance of microplastics in the influent, effluent, and sludge was compared. Then, based on existing data, the removal efficiency of microplastics in crit. treatment technologies were compared by quant. anal. Particularly, detailed mechanisms of crit. treatment technologies including primary settling treatment with flocculation, bioreactor system, advanced oxidn. and membrane filtration were discussed. Thereafter, the abundance load and ecol. hazard of the microplastics discharged from WWTPs into the aquatic and soil environments were summarized. The abundance of microplastics in the influent ranged from 0.28 particles L-1 to 3.14 x 104 particles L-1, while that in the effluent ranged from 0.01 particles L-1 to 2.97 x 102 particles L-1. The microplastic abundance in the sludge within the range of 4.40 x 103-2.40 x 105 particles kg-1. In addn., there are still 5.00 x 105-1.39 x 1010 microplastic particles discharged into the aquatic environment each day Moreover, among the crit. treatment technologies, the quant. anal. revealed that filter-based treatment technologies exhibited the best microplastics removal efficiency. Fibers and microplastics with large particle sizes (0.5-5 mm) were easily sepd. by primary settling. Polyethene and small-particle size microplastics (<0.5 mm) were easily trapped by bacteria in the activated sludge of bioreactor system. The neg. impact of microplastics from wastewater treatment plant was worthy of attention. Moreover, unknown transformation products of microplastics and their corresponding toxicity need in-depth research. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXisVOktb%252FL&md5= 3786dff90269d643bc1a2eaa0d4063ca 12. 12 Salvador Cesa, F.; Turra, A.; Baruque-Ramos, J. Synthetic Fibers as Microplastics in the Marine Environment: a Review from Textile Perspective with a Focus on Domestic Washings. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 598, 1116- 1129, DOI: 10.1016/ j.scitotenv.2017.04.172 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 12 Synthetic fibers as microplastics in the marine environment: A review from textile perspective with a focus on domestic washings Salvador Cesa, Flavia; Turra, Alexander; Baruque-Ramos, Julia Science of the Total Environment (2017), 598 (), 1116-1129CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.) A review. The ubiquity of plastic materials in the environment has been, for long, a matter of discussion. Smaller particles, named microplastics (< 5 mm), gained attention more recently and are now the focus of many studies, esp. for their particularities regarding sources, characteristics and effects (e.g., surface-area-to-vol. ratio which can increase their potential to transport toxic substances). Fibers from textile materials are a subgroup of microplastics and can be originated from domestic washings, as machine filters and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are not specifically designed to retain them. Once in the environment, fibers can reach concns. up to thousands of particles per cubic meter, being available to be ingested by a broad range of species. In this scenario, this review adds and details the textile perspective to the microplastics exploring nomenclature, characteristics and factors influencing emission, but also evidencing gaps in knowledge needed to overcome this issue. Preliminarily, general information about marine litter and plastics, followed by specific aspects regarding textile fibers as microplastics, were introduced. Then fiber sources to microplastic pollution were discussed, mainly focusing on domestic washings that pass through WWTPs. Studies that reveal domestic washing as microplastic sources are scarce and there is a considerable lack of standardization in methods as well as incorporation of textile aspects in exptl. design. Knowledge gaps include laundry parameters (e.g., water temp., use of chems.) and textile articles characteristics (e.g., yarn type, fabric structure) orchestrated by consumers' choice. The lack of information on the coverage and efficiency of sewage treatment systems to remove textile fibers also prevent a global understanding of such sources. The search of alternatives and applicable solns. should come from an integrated, synergic and global perspective, of both environmental and textile area, which still need to be fostered. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXntVOkt70%253D&md5= 7681d679b5e127c0877718e30c67204c 13. 13 Naji, A.; Azadkhah, S.; Farahani, H.; Uddin, S.; Khan, F. R. Microplastics in Wastewater Outlets of Bandar Abbas City (Iran): A Potential Point Source of Microplastics into the Persian Gulf. Chemosphere 2021, 262, 128039, DOI: 10.1016/ j.chemosphere.2020.128039 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 13 Microplastics in wastewater outlets of Bandar Abbas city (Iran): A potential point source of microplastics into the Persian Gulf Naji, Abolfazl; Azadkhah, Sharifeh; Farahani, Hadi; Uddin, Saif; Khan, Farhan R. Chemosphere (2021), 262 (), 128039CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.) Wastewater discharge is considered to be a significant point source of microplastic (MPs) release into the marine environment. This study is the first attempt to quantify MPs released from the wastewater outfall from Bandar Abbas City into the Persian Gulf. Two wastewater discharge stations at Gursuzan and Suru were sampled. MPs were isolated by an oxidative procedure and subsequent d. sepn. using ZnCl2 soln. The av. MP concn. in wastewater and sludge were 70.66 (+-14.12, SD) MP.35 L-1 and 6070 (+-807.25) MPs.kg-1, resp. at Confidence Level (CL) (95.0%). The most commonly recovered polymers were polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) in all size classes. Our findings provides a baseline of MP concn. in wastewater streams and slurry that is discharged from the Bandar Abbas wastewater treatment facility into the Persian Gulf. This highlights the need to undertake more studies at water treatment plants in the region for a realistic assessment of MP discharge into the Persian Gulf. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhsleis7bM&md5= ecaa78a71d396b282495fc1f57cb7d98 14. 14 Miller, R. Z.; Watts, A. J.; Winslow, B. O.; Galloway, T. S.; Barrows, A. P. Mountains to the Sea: River Study of Plastic and Non-plastic Microfiber Pollution in the Northeast USA. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2017, 124 (1), 245- 251, DOI: 10.1016/ j.marpolbul.2017.07.028 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 14 Mountains to the sea: River study of plastic and non-plastic microfiber pollution in the northeast USA Miller, Rachael Z.; Watts, Andrew J. R.; Winslow, Brooke O.; Galloway, Tamara S.; Barrows, Abigail P. W. Marine Pollution Bulletin (2017), 124 (1), 245-251CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.) Aquatic environments are sinks for anthropogenic contamination, whether chem. or solid pollutants. Microfibers shed from clothing and other textiles contribute to this problem. These can be plastic or non-plastic origin. Our aim was to investigate the presence and distribution of both types of anthropogenic microfibers along the length of the Hudson River, USA. Surface grab samples were collected and filtered through a 0.45 mm filter paper. Abundance of fibers was detd. after subtraction of potential contamination. 233 microfibers were recorded in 142 samples, averaging 0.98 microfibers L- 1. Subsequent micro-FTIR showed half of the fibers were plastic while the other half were non-plastic, but of anthropogenic origin. There was no relationship between fiber abundance, wastewater treatment plant location or population d. Extrapolating from this data, and using available hydrog. data, 34.4% of the Hudson River's watershed drainage area contributes an av. 300 million anthropogenic microfibers into the Atlantic Ocean per day. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXht1aksb3F&md5= e232172eeabc9c29730d7cb7208e7f62 15. 15 Galafassi, S.; Nizzetto, L.; Volta, P. Plastic Sources: A Survey across Scientific and Grey Literature for their Inventory and Relative Contribution to Microplastics Pollution in Natural Environments, with an Emphasis on Surface Water. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 693, 133499, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.305 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 15 Review: Plastic sources: microplastics pollution in ecosystems, environment and surface water Galafassi, Silvia; Nizzetto, Luca; Volta, Pietro Science of the Total Environment (2019), 693 (), 133499CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.) A review. Plastic debris are at present recognized as an emerging potential threat for natural environments, wildlife and humans. In the past years an increasing attention has been addressed to investigate the presence and concn. of plastic debris in the ecosystems, including surface waters. Scientific literature extensively describes the ingestion by aquatic fauna, the transfer into food webs and the potential action as a vector for toxic compds. or alien microorganisms. Although the scientific community addresses this issue with considerable effort, many questions remain open. In particular, new sources of microplastics have been recently recognized, possibly representing major environmental inputs compared to those previously considered. In addn. to the already renowned sources such as the embrittlement of plastic litter and microbeads released from personal care products, microplastic can be released also by washing of synthetic clothes, abrasion of vehicles tyres and from the weathering of different kind of paints. This review tries to exhaustively enumerate all the possible sources of plastic litter that have been identified so far and to report quant. assessments of their inputs on microplastics pollution to natural environments reported in scientific and gray literature, with an emphasis on surface waters. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhsFWju7fJ&md5= cd6297cbf55c9deda4aa624a30932027 16. 16 Bitter, H.; Lackner, S. First Quantification of Semi-Crystalline Microplastics in Industrial Wastewaters. Chemosphere 2020, 258, 127388, DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127388 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 16 First quantification of semi-crystalline microplastics in industrial wastewaters Bitter, Hajo; Lackner, Susanne Chemosphere (2020), 258 (), 127388CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.) Microplastics enter natural water bodies by a variety of pathways, one of them being wastewater streams. The role of industrial wastewater in overall microplastic emissions has so far only been estd., because access is usually restricted. This is the first report providing quant. data on microplastics in industrial wastewaters. The wastewater discharge of three different industrial sites was sampled in the size ranges of small microplastics (10-1000mm) and large microplastics (1000-5000mm). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to detect and quantify semi-cryst. thermoplastics. Polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) were the most abundant polymers, but polyamide (PA) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were also found. As all three industrial sites had wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), the total concns. were in the mg L-1 range, comparable to org. micropollutants in municipal WWTP effluents. At one industrial site, the removal capacity of the WWTP was evaluated by sampling and analyzing the influent as well as the effluent. The total microplastics concn. in the influent was in the g L-1 range, yielding a removal capacity of the industrial WWTP of >99.99%. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXht1Cqtb7N&md5= 4ecf9440ee8690d6bc1f6d768c80211c 17. 17 Tadsuwan, K.; Babel, S. Microplastic Contamination in a Conventional Wastewater Treatment Plant in Thailand. Waste Manag. Res. 2021, 39, 754- 761, DOI: 10.1177/0734242X20982055 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 17 Microplastic contamination in a conventional wastewater treatment plant in Thailand Tadsuwan, Katekanya; Babel, Sandhya Waste Management & Research (2021), 39 (5), 754-761CODEN: WMARD8; ISSN:1096-3669. (Sage Publications) Plastic waste has become a global environmental concern. One type of plastic waste is microplastics (MPs), which can spread easily in the environment. Wastewater effluent is one of the land-based sources of MPs. This study investigates the amt. of microplastic (MP) pollution in an urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Thailand. Water samples were collected and examd. to find the types, morphol. and sources of MPs. Wastewater was filtered through a set of sieves ranging from 5 mm to 0.05 mm. Sludge samples were also collected to find the potential risk from the application of dried sewage sludge. Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to confirm the types of MPs. The amt. of MPs in the influent was 26.6 +- 11.8 MPs/L. More than one-third of MP particles were removed after a grit trap, followed by 14.24% removal in the secondary treatment. If the peak flow rate of the WWTP is reached, 2.32 x 109 MP particles can be released daily. The amt. of MPs in a sludge sample was 8.12 +- 0.28 x 103 particles/kg dry wt. Dry sludge is one of the potential sources of MP contamination in agricultural soil. Most MPs in the liq. fraction and sludge sample were fibers. Results from FTIR anal. showed that the major types of MPs in the WWTP were polyester fibers, followed by polypropylene, polyethylene, silicone polymer and polystyrene. This finding indicates that a conventional WWTP may act as a path by which MPs enter the environment. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhvFGrsbjF&md5= 0e839cdfb2375e2dcf0c3b5341dae194 18. 18 Zhang, Q.; Xu, E. G.; Li, J.; Chen, Q.; Ma, L.; Zeng, E. Y.; Shi, H. A Review of Microplastics in Table Salt, Drinking Water, and Air: Direct Human Exposure. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54 (7), 3740- 3751, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04535 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 18 A Review of Microplastics in Table Salt, Drinking Water, and Air: Direct Human Exposure Zhang, Qun; Xu, Elvis Genbo; Li, Jiana; Chen, Qiqing; Ma, Liping; Zeng, Eddy Y.; Shi, Huahong Environmental Science & Technology (2020), 54 (7), 3740-3751 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society) A review. The ubiquity of microplastics in aquatic and terrestrial environments and related ecol. impacts have gained global attention. Microplastics have been detected in table salt, drinking water, and air, posing inevitable human exposure risk. However, rigorous anal. methods for detection and characterization of microplastics remain scarce. Knowledge about the potential adverse effects on human health via dietary and respiratory exposures is also limited. To address these issues, we reviewed 46 publications concerning abundances, potential sources, and anal. methods of microplastics in table salt, drinking water, and air. We also summarized probable translocation and accumulation pathways of microplastics within human body. Human body burdens of microplastics through table salt, drinking water, and inhalation were estd. to be (0-7.3) x104, (0-4.7)x103, and (0-3.0)x107 items per person per yr, resp. The intake of microplastics via inhalation, esp. via indoor air, was much higher than those via other exposure routes. Moreover, microplastics in the air impose threats to both respiratory and digestive systems through breathing and ingestion. Given the lifetime inevitable exposure to microplastics, we urgently call for a better understanding of the potential hazards of microplastics to human health. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXktFagtLo%253D&md5= 17daabc0aa4f9c954510021994f68ace 19. 19 Sruthy, S.; Ramasamy, E. Microplastic Pollution in Vembanad Lake, Kerala, India: the First Report of Microplastics in Lake and Estuarine Sediments in India. Environ. Pollut. 2017, 222, 315- 322, DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.038 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 19 Microplastic pollution in Vembanad Lake, Kerala, India: The first report of microplastics in lake and estuarine sediments in India Sruthy, S.; Ramasamy, E. V. Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2017), 222 (), 315-322CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.) We present the first study of microplastics in the sediments of Vembanad Lake, a Ramsar site in India. Microplastics are emerging pollutants of increasing environmental concern with a particle size of <5 mm, which originate from successive degrdn. of larger plastic debris or are manufd. as small granules and used in many applications. The impact of microplastics pollution on the environment and biota is not well known. Vast data exist in the literature on marine microplastics while reports on freshwater ecosystems are scarce. In this context, to examine the occurrence of microplastic particles (MPs) in the Vembanad Lake, samples were collected from ten sites and processed for microplastic extn. through d. sepn. Identification of the polymer components of MPs was done using micro Raman spectroscopy. MPs were recovered from all sediment samples, indicating their extensive distribution in the lake. The abundance of MPs recorded from the sediment samples is in the range of 96-496 particles m-2 with a mean abundance of 252.80 +- 25.76 particles m-2. Low d. polyethylene has been identified as the dominant type of polymer component of the MPs. As clams and fishes are the major source of protein to the local population, the presence of MPs in the lake becomes critically important, posing a severe threat of contaminating the food web of this lake. This study, being the first report from India on MPs in lake sediments, provide impetus for further research on the distribution and impact of this emerging pollutant on the biota of many aquatic systems spread across India. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXit1Oqtg%253D%253D&md5= 5db1783160d3a14e737d74d227c9ea93 20. 20 Lu, S.; Qiu, R.; Hu, J.; Li, X.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, X.; Cao, C.; Shi, H.; Xie, B.; Wu, W.-M.; He, D. Prevalence of Microplastics in Animal-Based Traditional Medicinal Materials: Widespread Pollution in Terrestrial Environments. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 709, 136214, DOI: 10.1016/ j.scitotenv.2019.136214 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 20 Prevalence of microplastics in animal-based traditional medicinal materials: Widespread pollution in terrestrial environments Lu, Shibo; Qiu, Rong; Hu, Jiani; Li, Xinyu; Chen, Yingxin; Zhang, Xiaoting; Cao, Chengjin; Shi, Huahong; Xie, Bing; Wu, Wei-Min; He, Defu Science of the Total Environment (2020), 709 (), 136214CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.) Microplastics (MPs) pollution is an emerging environmental and health concern. MPs have been extensively obsd. in the aquatic environment, yet rarely investigated in the terrestrial ecosystem, esp. in relation to health risks. To evaluate potential MPs pollution in land-dwelling animal medicine materials, we collected 20 types of small animal-based medicinal materials and 10 types of available fresh terrestrial animals from eight different regions in China. MPs were found in all medicinal materials with an av. incidence rate of 94.67%. The abundance of MPs was in the range of 1.80 +- 0.38 to 7.80 +- 0.83 items/individual or 1.59 +- 0.33 to 43.56 +- 9.22 items/g (dry wt.), with polymer distribution by polyethylene terephthalate (40.45%), rayon (30.64%), polyethylene (10.11%), nylon (7.35%), polypropylene (5.93%), and polyvinyl chloride (5.52%). The majority of MPs were microfibers (84.68%), with 15.32% of fragments. Moreover, MPs were directly obsd. in the intestine, detected in all ten types of fresh medicinal animals with the abundance of 0.83 +- 0.35 to 3.42 +- 0.46 items/individual. Furthermore, significant pos. correlations (R: 0.32-0.99, p < 0.05) of MPs characteristics were found between medicinal materials and fresh animals, including shape, size, color, and polymer distribution of MPs. The results support that MPs in the medicinal materials were likely derived from living animals. This study demonstrates the prevalence of MPs in animal-based, traditional medicinal materials, and also suggests widespread MPs pollution in terrestrial environments and latent health risks. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtlShtw%253D%253D&md5= 50a5a1347d65fbafa66bccff9d116f35 21. 21 Mishra, S.; Rath, C. c.; Das, A. P. Marine microfiber pollution: a review on present status and future challenges. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2019, 140, 188- 197, DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.039 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 21 Marine microfiber pollution: A review on present status and future challenges Mishra, Sunanda; Rath, Chandi charan; Das, Alok Prasad Marine Pollution Bulletin (2019), 140 (), 188-197CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.) Microfibers are emerging pollutants with widespread distribution in the environment and have adverse ecol. impacts. Approx. 2 million tonnes of microfibers are released into the ocean every year from various sources, of which 700,000 micro fleeces are released from each garment through domestic laundry. Microfibers are the major marine pollutant throughout the world estg. 13 million tonnes of coastal synthetic fabric waste entering the ocean each year, out of which 2.5 million tonnes enter through adjoining rivers. It is anticipated that, to date, 1.5 million trillion of microfibers are present in the ocean. Microfibers are mistakenly ingested by marine animals and cause hazardous effects to aquatic species. Microfiber treatment techniques are under progress for efficient control of this pollutant. This article focuses on global microfiber generation and its sources, pathway of its entry into the environment and food chain, potential threat to aquatic animals and humans, present treatment technologies, and future challenges. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhvF2gu70%253D&md5= a37402d95f838380497d334234ecb53f 22. 22 Henry, B.; Laitala, K.; Klepp, I. G. Microfibres from Apparel and Home Textiles: Prospects for Including Microplastics in Environmental Sustainability Assessment. Sci. Total Environ. 2019 , 652, 483- 494, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.166 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 22 Microfibres from apparel and home textiles: Prospects for including microplastics in environmental sustainability assessment Henry Beverley; Laitala Kirsi; Klepp Ingun Grimstad The Science of the total environment (2019), 652 (), 483-494 ISSN:. Textiles release fibres to the environment during production, use, and at end-of-life disposal. Approximately two-thirds of all textile items are now synthetic, dominated by petroleum-based organic polymers such as polyester, polyamide and acrylic. Plastic microfibres (<5 mm) and nanofibres (<100 nm) have been identified in ecosystems in all regions of the globe and have been estimated to comprise up to 35% of primary microplastics in marine environments, a major proportion of microplastics on coastal shorelines and to persist for decades in soils treated with sludge from waste water treatment plants. In this paper we present a critical review of factors affecting the release from fabrics of microfibres, and of the risks for impacts on ecological systems and potentially on human health. This review is used as a basis for exploring the potential to include a metric for microplastic pollution in tools that have been developed to quantify the environmental performance of apparel and home textiles. We conclude that the simple metric of mass or number of microfibres released combined with data on their persistence in the environment, could provide a useful interim mid-point indicator in sustainability assessment tools to support monitoring and mitigation strategies for microplastic pollution. Identified priority research areas include: (1) Standardised analytical methods for textile microfibres and nanofibres; (2) Ecotoxicological studies using environmentally realistic concentrations; (3) Studies tracking the fate of microplastics in complex food webs; and (4) Refined indicators for microfibre impacts in apparel and home textile sustainability assessment tools. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3cvktVWktg%253D%253D&md5= 91ac7d085d0c0c0c3e276bff476a86ed 23. 23 Liu, J.; Liang, J.; Ding, J.; Zhang, G.; Zeng, X.; Yang, Q.; Zhu, B.; Gao, W. Microfiber Pollution: An Ongoing Major Environmental Issue Related to the Sustainable Development of Textile and Clothing Industry. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 2021, 23, 11240- 11256, DOI: 10.1007/s10668-020-01173-3 [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 24. 24 Dris, R.; Gasperi, J.; Rocher, V.; Saad, M.; Renault, N.; Tassin, B. Microplastic Contamination in an Urban Area: a Case Study in Greater Paris. Environmental Chemistry 2015, 12 (5), 592- 599, DOI: 10.1071/EN14167 [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar 24 Microplastic contamination in an urban area: a case study in Greater Paris Dris, Rachid; Gasperi, Johnny; Rocher, Vincent; Saad, Mohamed; Renault, Nicolas; Tassin, Bruno Environmental Chemistry (2015), 12 (5), 592-599CODEN: ECNHAA; ISSN:1449-8979. (CSIRO Publishing) Environmental context Plastics prodn. has increased considerably in recent years, leading to pollution by plastics, including microplastics (comprising particles smaller than 5mm). This work addresses the issue of microplastics from urban sources and in receiving waters in Greater Paris. Microplastics were found in all urban compartments investigated, namely atm. fallout, waste- and treated water, and surface water. Abstr. This study investigates the microplastic contamination of both urban compartments (wastewater and total atm. fallout) and surface water in a continental environment. These first investigations on an urban environment confirm the presence of microplastics in sewage, fresh water and total atm. fallout and provide knowledge on the type and size distribution of microplastics in the 100-5000-mm range. For the first time, the presence of microplastics, mostly fibers, is highlighted in total atm. fallout (29-280particlesm-2day-1). High levels of fibers were found in wastewater (260-320x103particlesm-3). In treated effluent, the contamination significantly decreased to 14-50x103particlesm-3. In the River Seine, two sampling devices were used to collect both large and small microplastic particles: (i) a plankton net (80-mm mesh), and (ii) a manta trawl (330-mm mesh). Sampling with the plankton net showed a predominance of fibers, with concns. ranging from 3 to 108particlesm-3. A greater diversity of both microplastic shapes and types was found during manta trawl sampling but at much lower concns. (0.28-0.47particlesm-3). This combined approach could be relevant and implemented in future studies to provide an accurate overview of microplastic distribution in freshwater. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhsFKiu7bO&md5= af2f5f18fe5d513308cc98b5558d9a12 25. 25 Gasperi, J.; Wright, S. L.; Dris, R.; Collard, F.; Mandin, C.; Guerrouache, M.; Langlois, V.; Kelly, F. J.; Tassin, B. Microplastics in Air: are we Breathing it in?. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health 2018, 1, 1- 5, DOI: 10.1016/ j.coesh.2017.10.002 [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 26. 26 Schwabl, P.; Koppel, S.; Konigshofer, P.; Bucsics, T.; Trauner, M.; Reiberger, T.; Liebmann, B. Detection of Various Microplastics in Human Stool: a Prospective Case Series. Ann. Intern. Med. 2019, 171 (7), 453- 457, DOI: 10.7326/M19-0618 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 26 Detection of Various Microplastics in Human Stool: A Prospective Case Series Schwabl Philipp; Konigshofer Philipp; Bucsics Theresa; Trauner Michael; Reiberger Thomas; Koppel Sebastian; Liebmann Bettina Annals of internal medicine (2019), 171 (7), 453-457 ISSN:. Background: Microplastics are ubiquitous in natural environments. Ingestion of microplastics has been described in marine organisms, whereby particles may enter the food chain. Objective: To examine human feces for the presence of microplastics to determine whether humans involuntarily ingest them. Design: Prospective case series in which participants completed a food diary and sampled stool according to step-by-step instructions. Setting: Europe and Asia. Participants: Eight healthy volunteers aged 33 to 65 years. Measurements: After chemical digestion, Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy was used to analyze the presence and shape of 10 common types of microplastic in stool samples. Results: All 8 stool samples tested positive for microplastics. A median of 20 microplastics (50 to 500 mm in size) per 10 g of human stool were identified. Overall, 9 plastic types were detected, with polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate being the most abundant. Limitations: There were few participants, and each provided only 1 sample. The origin and fate of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract were not investigated. Conclusion: Various microplastics were detected in human stool, suggesting inadvertent ingestion from different sources. Further research on the extent of microplastic intake and the potential effect on human health is needed. Primary Funding Source: None. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3MrktlGmuw%253D%253D&md5= d843a796dc1bf24b55e62824ba455d31 27. 27 Goodman, K. E.; Hare, J. T.; Khamis, Z. I.; Hua, T.; Sang, Q.-X. A. Exposure of Human Lung Cells to Polystyrene Microplastics Significantly Retards Cell Proliferation and Triggers Morphological Changes. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2021, 34 (4), 1069- 1081, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00486 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 27 Exposure of Human Lung Cells to Polystyrene Microplastics Significantly Retards Cell Proliferation and Triggers Morphological Changes Goodman, Kerestin E.; Hare, Joan T.; Khamis, Zahraa I.; Hua, Timothy; Sang, Qing-Xiang Amy Chemical Research in Toxicology (2021), 34 (4), 1069-1081CODEN: CRTOEC; ISSN:0893-228X. (American Chemical Society) Microplastics in the environment produced by decompn. of globally increasing waste plastics have become a dominant component of both water and air pollution. To examine the potential toxicol. effects of microplastics on human cells, the cultured human alveolar A549 cells were exposed to polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) of 1 and 10mm diam. as a model of the environmental contaminants. Both sizes caused a significant redn. in cell proliferation but exhibited little cytotoxicity, as measured by the maintenance of cell viabilities detd. by trypan blue staining and by Calcein-AM staining. The cell viabilities did not drop below 93% even at concns. of PS-MPs as high as 100mg/mL. Despite these high viabilities, further assays revealed a population level decrease in metabolic activity parallel in time with a dramatic decrease in proliferation rate in PS-MP exposed cells. Furthermore, phase contrast imaging of live cells at 72 h revealed major changes in the morphol. of cells exposed to microplastics, as well as the uptake of multiple 1mm PS-MPs into the cells. Confocal fluorescent microscopy at 24 h of exposure confirmed the incorporation of 1mm PS-MPs. These disturbances at the proliferative and cytoskeletal levels of human cells lead us to propose that airborne polystyrene microplastics may have toxicol. consequences. This is the first report of exposure of human cells to an environmental contaminant resulting in the dual effects of inhibition of cell proliferation and major changes in cell morphol. Our results make clear that human exposure to microplastic pollution has significant consequence and potential for harm to humans. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXmtlSkurk%253D&md5= dafb7bf2b0de12f9f0bae8ed1c877a0c 28. 28 Napper, I. E.; Thompson, R. C. Release of Synthetic Microplastic Plastic Fibres from Domestic Washing Machines: Effects of Fabric Type and Washing Conditions. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2016, 112 (1-2), 39- 45, DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.025 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 28 Release of synthetic microplastic plastic fibres from domestic washing machines: Effects of fabric type and washing conditions Napper, Imogen E.; Thompson, Richard C. Marine Pollution Bulletin (2016), 112 (1-2), 39-45CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.) Washing clothes made from synthetic materials has been identified as a potentially important source of microscopic fibers to the environment. This study examd. the release of fibers from polyester, polyester-cotton blend and acrylic fabrics. These fabrics were laundered under various conditions of temp., detergent and conditioner. Fibers from waste effluent were examd. and the mass, abundance and fiber size compared between treatments. Av. fiber size ranged between 11.9 and 17.7mm in diam., and 5.0 and 7.8 mm in length. Polyester-cotton fabric consistently shed significantly fewer fibers than either polyester or acrylic. However, fiber release varied according to wash treatment with various complex interactions. We est. over 700,000 fibers could be released from an av. 6 kg wash load of acrylic fabric. As fibers were reported in effluent from sewage treatment plants, our data indicates fibers released by washing of clothing could be an important source of microplastics to aquatic habitats. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhsF2gtrrJ&md5= 8aa906f1043267c7a84601db640de7b0 29. 29 Gaylarde, C.; Baptista-Neto, J. A.; da Fonseca, E. M. Plastic Microfibre Pollution: how Important is Clothes' Laundering?. Heliyon 2021, 7 (5), e07105 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07105 [Crossref], [PubMed], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 30. 30 Dalla Fontana, G.; Mossotti, R.; Montarsolo, A. Assessment of Microplastics Release from Polyester Fabrics: The Impact of Different Washing Conditions. Environ. Pollut. 2020, 264, 113960, DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113960 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 30 Assessment of microplastics release from polyester fabrics: The impact of different washing conditions Dalla Fontana, Giulia; Mossotti, Raffaella; Montarsolo, Alessio Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2020), 264 (), 113960CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.) Synthetic fibers account for approx. 60% of the total global fiber prodn., and polyester (PET) and polyamide (PA) dominate. Synthetic fabrics are now widely used in clothing, upholstery, carpets and other such materials. Textiles based on these materials have the potential to release microplastics (<5 mm in size) into the environment during prodn. and cleaning actions. These particles are released in sewage effluents, as washing machine filters and wastewater treatment plants are not specifically designed to retain them and represent an environmental pollution that continuously increases the scientific and societal concern about their effects on marine biota and ecosystems. This study was focused on the detn. of the amt. of microfibers release from 100% polyester fabrics, in different washing conditions (programs and temps.), comparing the use of detergent alone vs detergent with a stain remover. Microplastics released were characterized and quantified with gravimetric anal., different microscopic, spectroscopic and thermal techniques. Tests were carried out in replicates to assess the data reproducibility and to show statistical differences between washing conditions. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXovVCntLg%253D&md5= 3be37c2cc52e56e97e331fdf9c4c9d88 31. 31 Karkkainen, N.; Sillanpaa, M. Quantification of Different Microplastic fibres Discharged from Textiles in Machine Wash and Tumble Drying. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2021, 28, 16253- 16263, DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11988-2 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 31 Quantification of different microplastic fibres discharged from textiles in machine wash and tumble drying Karkkainen, Niina; Sillanpaa, Markus Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2021), 28 (13), 16253-16263CODEN: ESPLEC; ISSN:0944-1344. (Springer) Microplastic fibers released in synthetic cloth washing have been shown to be a source of microplastics into the environment. The annual emission of polyester fibers from household washing machines has earlier been estd. to be 150,000 kg in a country with a population of 5.5 x 106 (Finland). The objectives of this study were (1) to quantify the emissions of synthetic textile fibers discharged from five sequential machine washes (fiber no. and length) and tumble dryings (fiber mass) and (2) to det. the collection efficiency of two com. fiber traps. The synthetic fabrics were five types of polyester textiles, one polyamide and one polyacryl. The no. of fibers released from the test fabrics in the first wash varied in the range from 1.0 x 105 to 6.3 x 106 kg-1. The fiber lengths showed that the fleece fabrics released, on av., longer fibers than the tech. sports t-shirts. The mass of fibers ranged from 10 to 1700 mg/kg wt./wt. in the first drying. Fiber emissions showed a decreasing trend both in sequential washes and dryings. The ratio of the fiber emissions in machine wash to tumble drying varied between the fabrics: the ratio was larger than one to polyester and polyamide tech. t-shirts whereas it was much lower to the other tested textiles. GuppyFriend washing bag and Cora Ball trapped 39% and 10% of the polyester fibers discharged in washings, resp. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhtVKnt7nN&md5= cb753462919bb53af812d8cb56f50824 32. 32 More Plastic than Fish in the Sea by 2050. In The New Plastics Economy: Rethinking the Future of Plastics; Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017. Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 33. 33 Grbic, J.; Helm, P.; Athey, S.; Rochman, C. M. Microplastics Entering Northwestern Lake Ontario are Diverse and Linked to Urban Sources. Water Res. 2020, 174, 115623, DOI: 10.1016/ j.watres.2020.115623 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 33 Microplastics entering northwestern Lake Ontario are diverse and linked to urban sources Grbic, Jelena; Helm, Paul; Athey, Samantha; Rochman, Chelsea M. Water Research (2020), 174 (), 115623CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN: 0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.) The sources of microplastics and other anthropogenic particles in freshwater are not well understood. The Greater Toronto Area, Canada's most populous urban area, offers a great study area for understanding the sources and pathways for microplastics to enter freshwater ecosystems. Here, we quantified and characterized microplastics and other anthropogenic particles from Lake Ontario surface waters and source waters (including stormwater runoff, agricultural runoff, and treated wastewater effluent) to better understand sources to the Great Lakes. Anthropogenic particle concns. in lake samples were 0.8 particles L-1. In source waters, av. concns. were relatively higher in stormwater and wastewater, with 15.4 particles L-1 and 13.3 particles L-1, resp., compared to 0.9 particles L-1 on av. in agricultural runoff. Source waters revealed distinct signatures related to the morphologies of anthropogenic particles, e.g., fibers in wastewater. In addn., many upstream watershed characteristics were found to be significant predictors of anthropogenic particle concn. Proximity to urban areas were pos. correlated to anthropogenic particle concns. Future studies should focus on local source-apportionment to inform management and prevent further contamination of microplastics to freshwater ecosystems. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXjsVyiu7w%253D&md5= 10c030ddc4d844c6714bfccf8112d2fd 34. 34 Gies, E. A.; LeNoble, J. L.; Noel, M.; Etemadifar, A.; Bishay, F. ; Hall, E. R.; Ross, P. S. Retention of Microplastics in a Major Secondary Wastewater Treatment Plant in Vancouver, Canada. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2018, 133, 553- 561, DOI: 10.1016/ j.marpolbul.2018.06.006 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 34 Retention of microplastics in a major secondary wastewater treatment plant in Vancouver, Canada Gies, Esther A.; LeNoble, Jessica L.; Noel, Marie; Etemadifar, Anahita; Bishay, Farida; Hall, Eric R.; Ross, Peter S. Marine Pollution Bulletin (2018), 133 (), 553-561CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.) Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are conduits through which microplastics (MPs) are released into aquatic environments. However, the tech. challenges in working with wastewater sample matrixes have precluded reliable particle count budget calcns. We applied newly-adapted methods for MP collection and anal. to a study of a major WWTP serving a population of 1.3 million people near Vancouver, Canada. Suspected MP particles, including fibers, were counted and categorized using light microscopy in influent, primary effluent, secondary effluent, primary sludge and secondary sludge. Fourier Transform IR Spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed that just 32.4% of the suspected MPs were plastic polymers. Using FT-IR cor. data, we est. that 1.76 +- 0.31 trillion MPs enter the WWTP annually, with 1.28 +- 0.54 trillion MPs settling into primary sludge, 0.36 +- 0.22 into secondary sludge, and 0.03 +- 0.01 trillion MPs released into the receiving environment. This corresponds to a retention of microplastics of up to 99% in the WWTP. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtFeisLfJ&md5= 78763e9aba07cb011475438883d31e84 35. 35 Talvitie, J.; Mikola, A.; Setala, O.; Heinonen, M.; Koistinen, A. How Well is Microlitter Purified from Wastewater?-A Detailed Study on the Stepwise Removal of Microlitter in a Tertiary Level Wastewater Treatment Plant. Water Res. 2017, 109, 164- 172, DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.046 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 35 How well is microlitter purified from wastewater? - A detailed study on the stepwise removal of microlitter in a tertiary level wastewater treatment plant Talvitie, Julia; Mikola, Anna; Setala, Outi; Heinonen, Mari; Koistinen, Arto Water Research (2017), 109 (), 164-172CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN: 0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.) Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can offer a soln. to reduce the point source input of microlitter and microplastics into the environment. To evaluate the contributing processes for microlitter removal, the removal of microlitter from wastewater during different treatment steps of mech., chem. and biol. treatment (activated sludge) and biol. active filter (BAF) in a large (population equiv. 800 000) advanced WWTP was examd. Most of the microlitter was removed already during the pre-treatment and activated sludge treatment further decreased the microlitter concn. The overall retention capacity of studied WWTP was over 99% and was achieved after secondary treatment. However, despite of the high removal performance, even an advanced WWTP may constitute a considerable source of microlitter and microplastics into the aquatic environment given the large vols. of effluent discharged constantly. The microlitter content of excess sludge, dried sludge and reject water were also examd. According to the balance analyses, approx. 20% of the microlitter removed from the process is recycled back with the reject water, whereas 80% of the microlitter is contained in the dried sludge. The study also looked at easy microlitter sampling protocol with automated composite samplers for possible future monitoring purposes. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhvFShtLzF&md5= b53aa8a42d13dcf16f049e81247f275f 36. 36 Edo, C.; Gonzalez-Pleiter, M.; Leganes, F.; Fernandez-Pinas, F.; Rosal, R. Fate of Microplastics in Wastewater Treatment Plants and their Environmental Dispersion with Effluent and Sludge. Environ. Pollut. 2020, 259, 113837, DOI: 10.1016/ j.envpol.2019.113837 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 36 Fate of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants and their environmental dispersion with effluent and sludge Edo, Carlos; Gonzalez-Pleiter, Miguel; Leganes, Francisco; Fernandez-Pinas, Francisca; Rosal, Roberto Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2020), 259 (), 113837CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.) This work studied the occurrence of microplastics in primary and secondary effluents and mixed sludge of a WWTP as well as in processed heat-dried sludge marketed as soil amendment. Sampled microparticles were divided into fragments and fibers, the latter defined as those with cylindrical shape and length to diam. ratio >3. We showed the presence of 12 different anthropogenic polymers or groups of polymers with a predominance of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester and acrylic fibers together with an important amt. of manufd. natural fibers. The smaller sampled fraction, in the 25-104mm range, was the largest in both primary and secondary effluents. Fibers displayed lower sizes than fragments and represented less than one third of the anthropogenic particles sampled in effluents but up to 84% of heat-dried sludge. The plant showed a high efficiency (>90%) in removing microplastics from wastewater. However, the amt. of anthropogenic plastics debris in the 25mm - 50 mm range still released with the effluent amounted to 12.8 +- 6.3 particles/L, representing 300 million plastic debris per day and an approx. load of microplastics of 350 particles/m3 in the receiving Henares River. WWTP mixed sludge contained 183 +- 84 particles/g while heat-dried sludge bore 165 +- 37 particles/g. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXisFSjsrzM&md5= 0a6762401533c34852bc72756cae8e9e 37. 37 Cristaldi, A.; Fiore, M.; Zuccarello, P.; Oliveri Conti, G.; Grasso, A.; Nicolosi, I.; Copat, C.; Ferrante, M. Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) for Microplastic Removal: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17 ( 21), 8014, DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218014 [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar 37 Effciency of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) for microplastic removal: a systematic review Cristaldi, Antonio; Fiore, Maria; Zuccarello, Pietro; Conti, Gea Oliveri; Grasso, Alfina; Nicolosi, Ilenia; Copat, Chiara; Ferrante, Margherita International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2020), 17 (21), 8014CODEN: IJERGQ; ISSN:1660-4601. (MDPI AG) A review. Plastic is widely used for human activities (food packaging, medical, technol. devices, etc.) and there is a growing concern regarding the risks for environmental and human health because they have still not been fully evaluated. Particularly, microplastics (primary and secondary) are present in all environmental compartments and this poses a potential threat because of their entry into the food chain. Furthermore, microplastics can absorb numerous pollutants that can be accumulated in the human body through bioaccumulation and biomagnification processes. We carried out a systematic review using a PRISMA approach to verify the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for microplastic removal. The international databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus) were used to find published studies on efficiency of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for microplastic removal. The search period was between Jan. 2010 and June 2020. Over 1000 full research papers were initially selected through the use of keywords. After that, the papers were further selected by English language, title, and abstr., and duplicate papers and non-relevant papers were eliminated according to eligibility criteria. Finally, we included 15 full research papers. In each of the 15 full research papers selected, the microplastics identified were categorized by the authors for shape, size, and type of polymers identified. The characterization of the various types of microplastics was performed by Fourier Transform IR Spectroscopy (FTIR) or Raman spectroscopy. We have obsd. how wastewater treatments plants located in different continents (Europe, Asia, North America) mostly use a primary and secondary type of treatment that allows one to reach a high percentage of microplastics removal from wastewater. Most of the wastewater treatments plants investigated reported a microplastics removal efficiency greater than 90%, but despite this, millions of microplastics continue to be released every day into the aquatic environment. Then, in the near future, efficient and common standardized protocols for monitoring MPs should be drawn up, as well as increasing the knowledge of sources and strategies to further reduce microplastics contamination of treated wastewater. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXisF2lsrrK&md5= 5e5ac7029012b7ce58a94b7acd251564 38. 38 Brahney, J.; Mahowald, N.; Prank, M.; Cornwell, G.; Klimont, Z.; Matsui, H.; Prather, K. A. Constraining the atmospheric limb of the plastic cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2021, 118 (16 ), e2020719118, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020719118 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 38 Constraining the atmospheric limb of the plastic cycle Brahney, Janice; Mahowald, Natalie; Prank, Marje; Cornwell, Gavin; Klimont, Zbigniew; Matsui, Hitoshi; Prather, Kimberly Ann Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2021), 118 (16), e2020719118CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences) Plastic pollution is one of the most pressing environmental and social issues of the 21st century. Recent work has highlighted the atm.'s role in transporting microplastics to remote locations [S. Allen et al., Nat. Geosci. 12, 339 (2019) and J. Brahney, M. Hallerud, E. Heim, M. Hahnenberger, S. Sukumaran, Science 368, 1257-1260 (2020)]. Here, we use in situ observations of microplastic deposition combined with an atm. transport model and optimal estn. techniques to test hypotheses of the most likely sources of atm. plastic. Results suggest that atm. microplastics in the western United States are primarily derived from secondary re-emission sources including roads (84%), the ocean (11%), and agricultural soil dust (5%). Using our best est. of plastic sources and modeled transport pathways, most continents were net importers of plastics from the marine environment, underscoring the cumulative role of legacy pollution in the atm. burden of plastic. This effort uses high-resoln. spatial and temporal deposition data along with several hypothesized emission sources to constrain atm. plastic. Akin to global biogeochem. cycles, plastics now spiral around the globe with distinct atm., oceanic, cryospheric, and terrestrial residence times. Though advancements have been made in the manuf. of biodegradable polymers, our data suggest that extant nonbiodegradable polymers will continue to cycle through the earth's systems. Due to limited observations and understanding of the source processes, there remain large uncertainties in the transport, deposition, and source attribution of microplastics. Thus, we prioritize future research directions for understanding the plastic cycle. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXptlShsrs%253D&md5= b194ec60399b1fe1d2ec4c36c700fa0c 39. 39 Ross, P. S.; Chastain, S.; Vassilenko, E.; Etemadifar, A.; Zimmermann, S.; Quesnel, S.-A.; Eert, J.; Solomon, E.; Patankar, S.; Posacka, A. M.; Williams, B. Pervasive distribution of polyester fibres in the Arctic Ocean is driven by Atlantic inputs . Nat. Commun. 2021, 12 (1), 1- 9, DOI: 10.1038/ s41467-020-20347-1 [Crossref], [PubMed], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 40. 40 Bergmann, M.; Mutzel, S.; Primpke, S.; Tekman, M. B.; Trachsel, J.; Gerdts, G. White and wonderful? Microplastics prevail in snow from the Alps to the Arctic. Science Advances 2019, 5 (8), eaax1157 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax1157 [Crossref], [PubMed], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 41. 41 Kapp, K. J.; Miller, R. Z. Electric Clothes Dryers: An Underestimated Source of microfiber pollution. PLoS One 2020, 15 (10), e0239165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239165 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 41 Electric clothes dryers: An underestimated source of microfiber pollution Kapp, Kirsten J.; Miller, Rachael Z. PLoS One (2020), 15 (10), e0239165CODEN: POLNCL; ISSN:1932-6203. (Public Library of Science) Microplastics, particularly microfibers, are ubiquitous, found in aquatic (freshwater and marine) and terrestrial environments and within the food web worldwide. It is well-established that microplastics in the form of textile fibers enter the environment via washing machines and wastewater treatment effluent. Less is known about the release of microfibers from elec. clothes dryers. In this study we measure microfiber emissions from home installed dryers at two different sites. At each site the distribution of fibers landing on the snow's surface outside dryer vents and the wt. of lint in dryer exhaust exiting dryer vents were measured. Fibers from the pink polyester fleece blankets used in this study were found in plots throughout a 30ft (9.14m) radius from the dryer vents, with an av. no. across all plots of 404 +- 192 (SD) (Site 1) and 1,169 +- 606 (SD) (Site 2). The majority of the fibers collected were located within 5 ft (1.52m) of the vents. Avs. of 35+-16(SD)mg (Site 1) and 70+-77 (SD)mg (Site 2) of lint from three consecutive dry cycles were collected from dryer vent exhaust. This study establishes that elec. clothes dryers emit masses of microfiber directly into the environment. Microfiber emissions vary based on dryer type, age, vent installation and lint trap characteristics. Therefore, dryers should be included in discussions when considering strategies, policies and innovations to prevent and mitigate microfiber pollution. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXitVOks7fE&md5= 2db1292e786b9497831444d2674ee0f1 42. 42 Mitrano, D. M.; Wohlleben, W. Microplastic Regulation Should be More Precise to Incentivize both Innovation and Environmental Safety. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11 (1), 1- 12, DOI: 10.1038/ s41467-020-19069-1 [Crossref], [PubMed], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 43. 43 O'Brien, S.; Okoffo, E. D.; O'Brien, J. W.; Ribeiro, F.; Wang, X. ; Wright, S. L.; Samanipour, S.; Rauert, C.; Toapanta, T. Y. A.; Albarracin, R.; Thomas, K. V. Airborne Emissions of Microplastic Fibres from Domestic Laundry Dryers. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 747, 141175, DOI: 10.1016/ j.scitotenv.2020.141175 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 43 Airborne emissions of microplastic fibres from domestic laundry dryers O'Brien, Stacey; Okoffo, Elvis D.; O'Brien, Jake W.; Ribeiro, Francisca; Wang, Xianyu; Wright, Stephanie L.; Samanipour, Saer; Rauert, Cassandra; Toapanta, Tania Yessenia Alajo; Albarracin, Rizsa; Thomas, Kevin V. Science of the Total Environment (2020), 747 (), 141175CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.) An emission source of microplastics into the environment is laundering synthetic textiles and clothing. Mech. drying as a pathway for emitting microplastics, however, is poorly understood. In this study, emissions of microplastic fibers were sampled from a domestic vented dryer to assess whether mech. drying of synthetic textiles releases microplastic fibers into the surrounding air or are captured by the inbuilt filtration system. A blue polyester fleece blanket was repeatedly washed and dried using the 'Normal Dry' program of a common domestic dryer operated at temps. between 56 and 59degC for 20 min. Microfibres in the ambient air and during operation of the dryer were sampled and analyzed using microscopy for particle quantification and characterization followed by Fourier-Transform IR Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Pyrolysis Gas Chromatog.-Mass Spectrometry (Pyr-GC/MS) for chem. characterization. Blue fibers averaged 6.4 +- 9.2 fibers in the room blank (0.17 +- 0.27 fibers/m3), 8.8 +- 8.5 fibers (0.05 +- 0.05 fibers/m3) in the procedural blank and 58 +- 60 (1.6 +- 1.8 fibers/m3) in the sample. This is the first study to measure airborne emissions of microplastic fibers from mech. drying, confirming that it is an emission source of microplastic fibers into air - particularly indoor air. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhsFOhsbfP&md5= b7758d402ff732c372080220969a2b79 44. 44 Pirc, U.; Vidmar, M.; Mozer, A.; Krzan, A. Emissions of Microplastic Fibers from Microfiber Fleece during Domestic Washing. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2016, 23 (21), 22206- 22211, DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7703-0 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 44 Emissions of microplastic fibers from microfiber fleece during domestic washing Pirc, U.; Vidmar, M.; Mozer, A.; Krzan, A. Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2016), 23 (21), 22206-22211CODEN: ESPLEC; ISSN:0944-1344. (Springer) Microplastics are found in marine and freshwater environments; however, their specific sources are not yet well understood. Understanding sources will be of key importance in efforts to reduce emissions into the environment. We examd. the emissions of microfibers from domestic washing of a new microfiber polyester fleece textile. Analyzing released fibers collected with a 200mm filter during 10 mild, successive washing cycles showed that emission initially decreased and then stabilized at approx. 0.0012 wt.%. This value is our estn. for the long-term release of fibers during each washing. Use of detergent and softener did not significantly influence emission. Release of fibers during tumble drying was approx. 3.5 times higher than during washing. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhsFGgtrzM&md5= d552e4f33dee0e93351c39840b1476f1 45. 45 Abbasi, S.; Keshavarzi, B.; Moore, F.; Turner, A.; Kelly, F. J.; Dominguez, A. O.; Jaafarzadeh, N. Distribution and potential health impacts of microplastics and microrubbers in air and street dusts from Asaluyeh County, Iran. Environ. Pollut. 2019, 244, 153- 164, DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.039 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 45 Distribution and potential health impacts of microplastics and microrubbers in air and street dusts from Asaluyeh County, Iran Abbasi, Sajjad; Keshavarzi, Behnam; Moore, Farid; Turner, Andrew; Kelly, Frank J.; Dominguez, Ana Oliete; Jaafarzadeh, Neemat Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2019), 244 (), 153-164CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.) Samples were characterized by various microscopic techniques (fluorescence, polarized light, SEM) in order to quantify and classify MPs and microrubbers (MRs) in the urban and industrial environments. In < 5-mm street dust retrieved from 15 sites, there were an av. of 900 MPs and 250 MRs per 15 g of sample, with MPs exhibiting a range of colors and sizes (<100 to >1000mm). Most street dust samples were dominated by spherical film-like particles and MRs largely made up of different sizes of black fragments and fibrous particulates. Airborne dust collected daily over an eight-day period at two locations revealed the ubiquity of fibrous MPs of sizes ranging from about 2mm to 100mm and an abundance of about 1 per m-3. These samples contained small MR fragments whose precise characteristics were more difficult to define. Based on the median concns. in street dust, ests. of acute exposure through ingestion are about 5 and 15 MP d-1 and 2 and 7 MR d-1 for construction workers and young children, resp. Both types of particle exhibited oxidative potential, with MPs displaying consumptions of different antioxidants that were comparable with corresponding values for a ref. urban particulate dust but lower than those for London ambient particulate matter. MPs and MRs contribute towards the health impacts of urban and industrial dusts but their precise roles remain unclear and warrant further study. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhvFWkurjF&md5= b36bf1783ed99532c780a83e5ab0d0b4 46. 46 Yang, B. Study on Detaching Mechanism and Wearability of PET/PA microfiber. J. Textile Res. 2000, 21, 9- 10 Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 47. 47 Jemec, A.; Horvat, P.; Kunej, U.; Bele, M.; Krzan, A. Uptake and Effects of Microplastic Textile Fibers on Freshwater Crustacean Daphnia Magna. Environ. Pollut. 2016, 219, 201- 209, DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.037 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 47 Uptake and effects of microplastic textile fibers on freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna Jemec, Anita; Horvat, Petra; Kunej, Urban; Bele, Marjan; Krzan, Andrej Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2016), 219 (), 201-209CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.) Microplastic fibers (MP) from textile weathering and washing are increasingly being recognized as environmental pollutants. The majority of studies on the bioavailability and effects of microplastic focused on small polystyrene spherical plastic particles, while less data are available for fibers and for other materials besides polystyrene. We investigated the ingestion and effects of ground polyethylene terephthalate (PET) textile microfibers (length range: 62-1400 mm, width 31-528 mm, thickness 1-21.5 mm) on the freshwater zooplankton crustacean Daphnia magna after a 48 h exposure and subsequent 24 h of recovery in MP free medium and algae. The majority of ingested fibers by D. magna were around 300 mm, but also some very large twisted MP fibers around 1400 mm were found inside the gut. Exposure to these fibers results in increased mortality of daphnids after 48 h only in the case where daphnids were not pre-fed with algae prior to expt., but no effect was found when daphnids were fed before the expts. Regardless of the feeding regime, daphnids were not able to recover from MP exposure after addnl. 24 h incubation period in a MP free medium with algae. The uptake and effects of PET textile MP on D. magna are presented here for the first time. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhslOqsLrK&md5= 93538f94905008cfd5f4d2f72ae12896 48. 48 Zhang, W.; Liu, W.; Zhang, J.; Zhao, H.; Zhang, Y.; Quan, X.; Jin, Y. Characterisation of Acute Toxicity, Genotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Posed by Textile Effluent on Zebrafish. J. Environ. Sci. 2012, 24 (11), 2019- 2027, DOI: 10.1016/S1001-0742 (11)61030-9 [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar 48 Characterisation of acute toxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress posed by textile effluent on zebrafish Zhang, Wenjuan; Liu, Wei; Zhang, Jing; Zhao, Huimin; Zhang, Yaobin; Quan, Xie; Jin, Yihe Journal of Environmental Sciences (Beijing, China) (2012), 24 (11 ), 2019-2027CODEN: JENSEE; ISSN:1001-0742. (Science Press) Textile industries are important sources of toxic discharges and contribute enormously to water deterioration, while little attention has been paid to the toxicity of textile effluents in discharge regulation. Bioassays with zebrafish were employed to evaluate the toxicity of wastewater samples collected from different stages at a textile factory and sewage treatment plants (STPs). Physico-chem. parameters, acute toxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress biomarkers were analyzed. The wastewater samples from bleaching, rinsing and soaping of the textile factory exhibited high acute toxicity and genotoxicity. The coexisting components of dye compds., as assistants and oxidants, seemed to cause some effect on the toxic response. After treatment employing the anoxic-oxic (A/O) process in STPs, the color and the COD (COD) were reduced by 40% and 84%, resp., falling within the criteria of the Chinese Sewage Discharge Std. In contrast, increases in acute toxicity and genotoxicity were obsd. in the anaerobic tank, indicating the formation of toxic intermediates. The genotoxicity of the effluent of the STP was not significantly different from that of the influent, suggesting the wastewater treatment processes were not effective in removing the genotoxicity of the dye wastewater. Results indicated that the effluent contains pro-oxidants since the activities of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total anti-oxidn. capacity (T-AOC) were all elevated. In addn., decreases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S transferase (GST) activities obsd. can be interpreted as a cytotoxicity sign due to an over-prodn. of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results of the present study suggest that the STPs were not capable of reducing the toxicity of wastewater sufficiently. Further treatment is needed to remove the potential risks posed by textile effluent to ecosystems and human health, and employing a toxicity index is necessary for discharge regulation. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXntVSjsL0%253D&md5= 1c4e547979491effe9604d2344a04e60 49. 49 Zambrano, M. C.; Pawlak, J. J.; Daystar, J.; Ankeny, M.; Cheng, J. J.; Venditti, R. A. Microfibers Generated from the Laundering of Cotton, Rayon and Polyester Based Fabrics and their Aquatic Biodegradation. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2019, 142, 394- 407, DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.062 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 49 Microfibers generated from the laundering of cotton, rayon and polyester based fabrics and their aquatic biodegradation Zambrano, Marielis C.; Pawlak, Joel J.; Daystar, Jesse; Ankeny, Mary; Cheng, Jay J.; Venditti, Richard A. Marine Pollution Bulletin (2019), 142 (), 394-407CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.) The effect of fiber type (cotton, polyester, and rayon), temp., and use of detergent on the no. of microfibers released during laundering of knitted fabrics were studied during accelerated lab. washing (Launder-Ometer) and home laundering expts. Polyester and cellulose-based fabrics all shed significant amts. of microfibers and shedding levels were increased with higher water temp. and detergent use. Cellulose-based fabrics released more microfibers (0.2-4 mg/g fabric) during accelerated laundering than polyester (0.1-1 mg/g fabric). Using well-controlled aquatic biodegrdn. expts. it was shown that cotton and rayon microfibers are expected to degrade in natural aquatic aerobic environments whereas polyester microfibers are expected to persist in the environment for long periods of time. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXmslOit7k%253D&md5= edc452e7de4bcc860d4ad2133eeed708 50. 50 McIlwraith, H. K.; Lin, J.; Erdle, L. M.; Mallos, N.; Diamond, M. L.; Rochman, C. M. Capturing Microfibers-Marketed Technologies Reduce Microfiber Emissions from Washing Machines. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2019, 139, 40- 45, DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.12.012 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 50 Capturing microfibers - marketed technologies reduce microfiber emissions from washing machines McIlwraith, Hayley K.; Lin, Jack; Erdle, Lisa M.; Mallos, Nicholas; Diamond, Miriam L.; Rochman, Chelsea M. Marine Pollution Bulletin (2019), 139 (), 40-45CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.) Microfibers are a common type of microplastic. One known source of microfibers to the environment is domestic laundering, which can release thousands of fibers into washing machine effluent with every wash. Here, we adapted existing methods to measure the length, count and wt. of microfibers in laundry effluent. We used this method to test the efficacy of two technologies marketed to reduce microfiber emissions: the Cora Ball and Lint LUV-R filter. Both technologies significantly reduced the nos. of microfibers from fleece blankets in washing effluent. The Lint LUV-R captured an av. of 87% of microfibers in the wash by count, compared to the Cora Ball which captured 26% by count. The Lint LUV-R also significantly reduced the total wt. and av. length of fibers in effluent. While further research is needed to understand other sources of microfiber emissions, these available technologies could be adopted to reduce emissions from laundering textiles. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXisFOkt7zM&md5= 234106501bbf0bf6a388245f279b230d 51. 51 Yang, L.; Qiao, F.; Lei, K.; Li, H.; Kang, Y.; Cui, S.; An, L. Microfiber release from different fabrics during washing. Environ. Pollut. 2019, 249, 136- 143, DOI: 10.1016/ j.envpol.2019.03.011 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 51 Microfiber release from different fabrics during washing Yang, Libiao; Qiao, Fei; Lei, Kun; Li, Huiqin; Kang, Yu; Cui, Song; An, Lihui Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2019), 249 (), 136-143CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.) Microfiber is a subgroup of microplastics and accounts for a large proportion of microplastics in aquatic environment, esp. in municipal effluents. The purpose of the present study was to quantify microfiber shedding from three most populate synthetic textile fabrics: polyester, polyamide, and acetate fabrics. The results showed that more microfibers were released after washing with a pulsator laundry machine than a platen laundry machine. The greatest no. of microfibers was released from acetate fabric, which was up to 74,816 +- 10,656 microfibers/m2 per wash, although microfibers were shed from all materials. Moreover, an increasing trend was found in the no. of microfibers shedding from synthetic fabrics with the washing temp. increasing, and greater microfiber release occurred when washing fabrics with detergent rather than with water alone. The lint filter bag equipped with the pulsator laundry machine retained the longer microfibers (>1000 mm), but not the shorter microfibers (<500 mm) instead of releasing into the drainage system. Our data suggested that microfibers released during washing of synthetic fabrics may be an important source of microfibers in aquatic environment due to the increasing prodn. and use of synthetic fabrics globally. Thus, more efficient filtering bags or other technologies in household washing machines should be developed to prevent and reduce the release of microfibers from domestic washing. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXltFOqsL8%253D&md5= 1841c48faa5a5f554a42e5193e68415d 52. 52 Cesa, F. S.; Turra, A.; Checon, H. H.; Leonardi, B.; Baruque-Ramos, J. Laundering and Textile Parameters Influence Fibers Release in Household Washings. Environ. Pollut. 2020, 257, 113553, DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113553 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 52 Laundering and textile parameters influence fibers release in household washings Cesa, Flavia Salvador; Turra, Alexander; Checon, Helio Herminio; Leonardi, Barbara; Baruque-Ramos, Julia Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2020), 257 (), 113553CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.) Synthetic fibers represent one of the main forms of microplastics in marine environment and recently were related to household washings as a source. Although other types of fiber, like natural, do not rely under this classification, there is a potential for them to act as a vector of toxic substances to biota in the same way as microplastics do. Consequently all types of fiber have the potential to cause variable ecol. and socioeconomic impacts. In this scenario, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of washing parameters in the emission of fibers on textiles with different characteristics and fiber content: cotton, acrylic, polyester and polyamide. For this purpose individual garments were sequentially washed with and without detergent. Results showed that the use of a detergent reduced significantly the mass of particles emitted from synthetic garments but not from cotton, which, in relative terms, was responsible for the highest emissions. Textile characteristics such as mass availability and fiber cohesion influenced results, where shorter irregular fibers and lower tenacities dealt to higher releases. For all types of garments tested, 10 sequential cycles decreased particles' release, with peaks in three firsts washes (from 37% to 76%). Taking into account a regular washing machine filter, a considerable mass of fibers (from 40% to 75%) was not retained by this device, indicating a potential for improvement. Together, simple solns. as the use of detergents, three pre-washes and superimposed filter meshes, could diminish >53% of this type of pollution. Besides this potential redn., globally, in one year, domestic washing machines would still contribute with around 15 thousand tonnes of cotton and synthetic fibers. A structured and sustained soln. for this problem should advance in an interdisciplinary approach, fomenting responsibility from plural actors, taken in all stages of products' life cycle. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXit1KrsL%252FO&md5= e940d49d815d832b435a1ae9e2b074a3 53. 53 Pakula, C.; Stamminger, R. Energy and water savings potential in automatic laundry washing processes. Energy Efficiency 2015, 8 (2 ), 205- 222, DOI: 10.1007/s12053-014-9288-0 [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 54. 54 Households and the Environment: Energy Use; Natural Resources Canada, 2011. Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 55. 55 Cocca, M.; De Falco, F.; Gullo, M.; Gentile, G.; Di Pace, E.; Gelabert, L.; Brouta-Agnesa, M.; Rovira, A.; Escudero, R.; Villalba, R. Microplastics from Synthetic Clothes: Environmental Impact and Mitigation Strategies. In 15th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, Rhodes, Greece, 31 August-2 September 2017. Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 56. 56 van Leeuwen, K.; Roghair, C.; de Nijs, T.; de Greef, J. EcotoxicoloGical Risk Evaluation of the Cationic Fabric Softener DTDMAC. III. Risk Assessment. Chemosphere 1992, 24 (5), 629- 639, DOI: 10.1016/0045-6535(92)90218-G [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar 56 Ecotoxicological risk evaluation of the cationic fabric softener DTDMAC. III. Risk assessment Van Leeuwen, Kees; Roghair, Carla; De Nijs, Ton; De Greef, Jodi Chemosphere (1992), 24 (5), 629-39CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. The use of cationic surfactants in the Netherlands (~2500 tons as active ingredient on an annual basis) poses a serious risk to a wide variety of aquatic ecosystems. On the basis of ecotoxicol. studies with ditallowdimethylammonium chloride (DTDMAC), the most important fabric softener, a max. permissible risk level of 50 mg /L and a negligible risk level of 0.5 mg/L were derived. In 1990, concns. of 6-25 mg/L were measured in the rivers Rhine, Meuse, and Scheldt. Model predictions, confirmed by measurements in Germany and The Netherlands, show that in ~30-40% of the surface waters considerably higher DTDMAC concns. are expected to occur. On the basis of this risk evaluation, the Netherlands Assocn. of Detergent Industries agreed to replace DTDMAC by chems. of lower environmental concern within a 2 yr period. By the end of 1990 almost all DTDMAC had been replaced by readily biodegradable substitutes. However, in June 1991, DTDMAC was detected in the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt at concns. of 12-34 mg/L, which indicates that other than only national measures are required to reduce the large-scale pollution of surface waters with DTDMAC. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK38Xit1Wis7k%253D&md5= 46631c7f9a0df117bf0208df26fbe262 57. 57 Thakker, A. M.; Sun, D. Sustainable Plant-based Bioactive Materials for Functional Printed Textiles. J. Textile Inst. 2021, 112, 1324- 1358, DOI: 10.1080/00405000.2020.1810474 [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 58. 58 Belkhir, K.; Pillon, C.; Cayla, A.; Campagne, C. Antibacterial Textile Based on Hydrolyzed Milk Casein. Materials 2021, 14 (2), 251, DOI: 10.3390/ma14020251 [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar 58 Antibacterial textile based on hydrolyzed milk casein Belkhir, Kedafi; Pillon, Caroline; Cayla, Aurelie; Campagne, Christine Materials (2021), 14 (2), 251CODEN: MATEG9; ISSN:1996-1944. (MDPI AG) Antimicrobial textile structures are developed based on polypropylene (PP) and a natural material, hydrolyzed casein. The casein, from bovine milk, is subjected to acid hydrolysis in aq. media, then blended into the PP matrix in the melt phase by extrusion. The obtained blend, contg. 5 wt.% of hydrolyzed casein, is then processed by a melt spinning process to get multifilaments, leading to the prodn. knitting structures. Thanks to the addn. of the hydrolyzed casein, the obtained textile showed a strong antibacterial activity towards both Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacterial strains. The addn. of 5 wt.% hydrolyzed casein does not significantly impact the mech. properties of PP in the dumbbells form, but a small decrease was obsd. in the tenacity of the filaments. No moisture retention was obsd. after the addn. of hydrolyzed casein, but the rheol. behavior was slightly affected. The obtained results can contribute to addressing concerns regarding nonrenewable antibacterial agents used in textile materials, particularly their effects on the environment and human health, by offering antibacterial agents from a biobased and edible substance with high efficiency. They are also promising to respond to issues of wasting dairy products and recycling them, in addn. to the advantages of using melt processes. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXnsl2ht7o%253D&md5= 37ccf3707f7065ec63f2f57c76764033 Cited By --------------------------------------------------------------------- This article has not yet been cited by other publications. * Figures * References * Support Info * Abstract [ez1c00911_] High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Figure 1 [ez1c00911_] Figure 1. Experimental setup. High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Figure 2 [ez1c00911_] Figure 2. Images acquired using a Nikon microscope: (A) blue and yellow microfibers released from polyester textiles and (B) white microfibers released from cotton textiles. (C) Sample spectra and their matched spectra from the library. High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Figure 3 [ez1c00911_] Figure 3. Relationships between the clothing (textile) load in the dryer and number of microfibers released into the air for polyester textiles and cotton textiles. High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide * References ARTICLE SECTIONS Jump To ----------------------------------------------------------------- This article references 58 other publications. 1. 1 Zhou, H.; Zhou, L.; Ma, K. Microfiber from Textile Dyeing and Printing Wastewater of a Typical Industrial Park in China: Occurrence, Removal and Release. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 739, 140329, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140329 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 1 Microfiber from textile dyeing and printing wastewater of a typical industrial park in China: Occurrence, removal and release Zhou, Hongjie; Zhou, Lyu; Ma, Keke Science of the Total Environment (2020), 739 (), 140329CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.) Microfibers (MFs) are fibrous micro particles of longitude <5 mm, including natural fibers and fibrous microplastics. Microplastic pollution has become a world issue. As the major section of fiber prodn. and processing, textile industry is an important potential source of microfibers, while receiving limited attention. To better understand the source and fate of textile microfibers, in this study, a typical textile industrial park in China is selected as the studying site. Microfibers in textile wastewater from typical textile mills and centralized wastewater treatments plants (WWTPs) of the park, and microfibers in nearby surface water were identified and characterized. The main results showed that the microfiber concn. in textile printing and dyeing wastewater could reach as high as 54,100 MFs/L. Although the removal efficiencies of microfibers by existing wastewater treatment processes can be over 85%, the av. microfiber concn. in the effluents from the centralized WWTPs of the industrial park still reached 537.5 MFs/L, releasing 430 billion microfiber items per day. Microfiber release from textile wastewater is considerably higher than that from municipal sewage treatment plants, making it a significant contributor to microfibers in natural water bodies. Small-sized and colored microfibers increased in proportion in the treated effluents. Given the complex textile wastewater constituents, the potential neg. environmental impacts of textile microfibers may be intensified by the enhanced adsorption and transfer of textile pollutants through these microfibers. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXht1Kit7%252FN&md5= 32949b68dfe4b358c7c351fadcb3726d 2. 2 Li, L.; Frey, M.; Browning, K. J. Biodegradability Study on Cotton and Polyester Fabrics. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 2010, 5 (4), 155892501000500, DOI: 10.1177/ 155892501000500406 [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 3. 3 Gavigan, J.; Kefela, T.; Macadam-Somer, I.; Suh, S.; Geyer, R. Synthetic Microfiber Emissions to Land Rival those to Waterbodies and are Growing. PLoS One 2020, 15 (9), e0237839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237839 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 3 Synthetic microfiber emissions to land rival those to waterbodies and are growing Gavigan, Jenna; Kefela, Timnit; Macadam-Somer, Ilan; Suh, Sangwon; Geyer, Roland PLoS One (2020), 15 (9), e0237839CODEN: POLNCL; ISSN: 1932-6203. (Public Library of Science) Synthetic microfibers are found virtually everywhere in the environment, but emission pathways and quantities are poorly understood. By connecting regionalized global datasets on apparel prodn., use, and washing with emission and retention rates during washing, wastewater treatment, and sludge management, we est. that 5.6 Mt of synthetic microfibers were emitted from apparel washing between 1950 and 2016. Half of this amt. was emitted during the last decade, with a compd. annual growth rate of 12.9%. Waterbodies received 2.9 Mt, while combined emissions to terrestrial environments (1.9 Mt) and landfill (0.6 Mt) were almost as large and are growing. Annual emissions to terrestrial environments (141.9 kt yr-1) and landfill (34.6 kt yr-1) combined are now exceeding those to waterbodies (167.2 kt yr-1). Improving access to wastewater treatment is expected to further shift synthetic microfiber emissions from waterbodies to terrestrial environments. Preventing emissions at the source would therefore be a more effective mitigation measure. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhvFWhsrfF& md5=3a4aa94b35c46b796e8269381a40f9b9 4. 4 How sustainable is recycled polyester? COMOVITA, 2020, https: //comovita.co/blogs/sustainable-fashion-blog/ how-sustainable-is-recycled-polyester. Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 5. 5 Athey, S. N.; Adams, J. K.; Erdle, L. M.; Jantunen, L. M.; Helm, P. A.; Finkelstein, S. A.; Diamond, M. L. The Widespread Environmental Footprint of Indigo Denim Microfibers from Blue Jeans. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2020, 7 (11), 840- 847, DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00498 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 5 The Widespread Environmental Footprint of Indigo Denim Microfibers from Blue Jeans Athey, Samantha N.; Adams, Jennifer K.; Erdle, Lisa M.; Jantunen, Liisa M.; Helm, Paul A.; Finkelstein, Sarah A.; Diamond, Miriam L. Environmental Science & Technology Letters (2020), 7 (11), 840-847CODEN: ESTLCU; ISSN:2328-8930. (American Chemical Society) At any moment, approx. half of the world's population is wearing blue jeans and other denim garments. We examine the footprint of our modern blue jean society by investigating the environmental distribution, pathways, and sources of indigo denim microfibers shed by denim clothing. Microfibers comprised 87-90% of the anthropogenic particles found in sediments from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Laurentian Great Lakes, and shallow suburban lakes in southern Ontario. Twenty-one to fifty-one percent of all microfibers in sediments were anthropogenically modified cellulose (AC), of which 40-57% were indigo denim microfibers (12-23% of all microfibers analyzed). AC microfibers were also found in rainbow smelt from the Great Lakes. Wastewater treatment plant effluent collected in southern Ontario contained 22 +- 18 microfibers L-1, 13% of which were dyed with indigo, characteristic of denim fabrics. Finally, as a source for introduction into wastewater, we found that one pair of used jeans can release 56000 +- 4100 microfibers per wash. Microfibers from jean laundering were consistent in chem. compn. and morphol. with those found in the environment. We conclude that blue jeans, the world's single most popular garment, are an indicator of the widespread burden of anthropogenic pollution by adding significantly to the environmental accumulation of microfibers from temperate to Arctic regions. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhslWit73N& md5=4c1034d9285658b1555b3c1c52383620 6. 6 De Falco, F.; Cocca, M.; Avella, M.; Thompson, R. C. Microfiber Release to Water, via Laundering, and to Air, via Everyday Use: a Comparison between Polyester Clothing with Differing Textile Parameters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54 (6), 3288- 3296, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06892 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 6 Microfiber Release to Water, Via Laundering, and to Air, via Everyday Use: A Comparison between Polyester Clothing with Differing Textile Parameters De Falco, Francesca; Cocca, Mariacristina; Avella, Maurizio; Thompson, Richard C. Environmental Science & Technology (2020), 54 (6), 3288-3296 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society) Textiles are one of the major sources of microplastic pollution to aquatic environments and have also been reported in dry and wet atm. deposition. There is still a lack of information on the direct release of microfibers from garments to the air and on the influence of textile characteristics including structure, type of yarn, and twist. The present study examines microfiber emissions directly to the air and to water as a consequence of laundering. Polyester garments with different textile characteristics were examd. including various material compns., fabric structure, yarn twist, fiber type, and hairiness. Scaling up our data indicates release of microfibers per person per yr to the air is of a similar order of magnitude to that released to wastewater by laundering. The lowest releases to both air and water were recorded for a garment with a very compact woven structure and highly twisted yarns made of continuous filaments, compared with those with a looser structure (knitted, short staple fibers, lower twist). Our results demonstrate for the first time that direct release of microfibers from garments to air as a consequence of wear is of equal importance to releases to water. Currently there is considerable interest in interventions focused on capture from wastewater. However, our results suggest more effective interventions are likely to result from changes in textile design that could reduce emissions to both air and water. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXjvFSrt7c%253D&md5= b3e3df0b2dfab925c5478ebc54011076 7. 7 Sillanpaa, M.; Sainio, P. Release of Polyester and Cotton Fibers from Textiles in Machine Washings. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2017, 24 (23), 19313- 19321, DOI: 10.1007/ s11356-017-9621-1 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 7 Release of polyester and cotton fibers from textiles in machine washings Sillanpaa, Markus; Sainio, Pirjo Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2017), 24 (23), 19313-19321CODEN: ESPLEC; ISSN:0944-1344. (Springer) Microplastics are widely spread in the environment, which along with still increasing prodn. have aroused concern of their impacts on environmental health. The objective of this study is to quantify the no. and mass of two most common textile fibers discharged from sequential machine washings to sewers. The no. and mass of microfibers released from polyester and cotton textiles in the first wash varied in the range 2.1 x 105 to 1.3 x 107 and 0.12 to 0.33% wt./wt., resp. Amts. of released microfibers showed a decreasing trend in sequential washes. The annual emission of polyester and cotton microfibers from household washing machines was estd. to be 154,000 (1.0 x 1014) and 411,000 kg (4.9 x 1014) in Finland (population 5.5 x 106). Due to the high emission values and sorption capacities, the polyester and cotton microfibers may play an important role in the transport and fate of chem. pollutants in the aquatic environment. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhtFaktLnI& md5=a1ecefb22f0951a3085e961789756403 8. 8 Barrows, A.; Cathey, S. E.; Petersen, C. W. Marine Environment Microfiber Contamination: Global Patterns and the Diversity of Microparticle Origins. Environ. Pollut. 2018, 237, 275- 284, DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.062 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 8 Marine environment microfiber contamination: Global patterns and the diversity of microparticle origins Barrows, A. P. W.; Cathey, S. E.; Petersen, C. W. Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2018), 237 (), 275-284CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.) Microplastic and microfiber pollution has been documented in all major ocean basins. Microfibers are one of the most common microparticle pollutants along shorelines. Over 9 million tons of fibers are produced annually; 60% are synthetic and ~25% are non-synthetic. Non-synthetic and semi-synthetic microfibers are infrequently documented and not typically included in marine environment impact analyses, resulting in underestimation of a potentially pervasive and harmful pollutant. We present the most extensive worldwide microparticle distribution dataset using 1-L grab samples (n = 1393). Our citizen scientist driven study shows a global microparticle av. of 11.8 +- 24.0 particles L-1 (mean +- SD), approx. three orders of magnitude higher than global model predictions. Open ocean samples showed consistently higher densities than coastal samples, with the highest concns. found in the polar oceans (n = 51), confirming previous empirical and theor. studies. Particles were predominantly microfibers (91%) and 0.1-1.5 mm in length (77%), a smaller size than those captured in the majority of surface studies. Using mFT-IR we detd. the material types of 113 pieces; 57% were classified as synthetic, 12% as semi-synthetic, and 31% as non-synthetic. Samples were taken globally, including from coastal environments and understudied ocean regions. Some of these sites are emerging as areas of concd. floating plastic and anthropogenic debris, influenced by distant waste mismanagement and/or deposition of airborne particles. Incorporation of smaller-sized microfibers in oceanog. models, which has been lacking, will help us to better understand the movement and transformation of synthetic, semi-synthetic and non-synthetic microparticles in regional seas and ocean basins. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXjsFWmtr0%253D&md5= 3dbd5bd6a5e2a04cd687b6b0a592ee5d 9. 9 Masia, P.; Sol, D.; Ardura, A.; Laca, A.; Borrell, Y. J.; Dopico, E.; Laca, A.; Machado-Schiaffino, G.; Diaz, M.; Garcia-Vazquez, E. Bioremediation as a promising strategy for microplastics removal in wastewater treatment plants. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2020, 156, 111252, DOI: 10.1016/ j.marpolbul.2020.111252 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 9 Bioremediation as a promising strategy for microplastics removal in wastewater treatment plants Masia, Paula; Sol, Daniel; Ardura, Alba; Laca, Amanda; Borrell, Yaisel J.; Dopico, Eduardo; Laca, Adriana; Machado-Schiaffino, Gonzalo; Diaz, Mario; Garcia-Vazquez, Eva Marine Pollution Bulletin (2020), 156 (), 111252CODEN: MPNBAZ ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.) A review. Microplastics (MPs) attract ever-increasing attention due to environmental concerns. Nowadays, they are ubiquitous across ecosystems, and research demonstrates that the origin is mainly terrestrial. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are a major source of MPs, esp. fibers, in water masses. This review is focused on understanding the evolution and fate of microplastics during wastewater treatment processes with the aim of identifying advanced technologies to eliminate microplastics from the water stream. Among them, bioremediation has been highlighted as a promising tool, but confinement of microorganisms inside the WWTP is still a challenge. The potential for MPs bioremediation in WWTPs of higher aquatic eukaryotes, which offer the advantages of low dispersion rates and being easy to contain, is reviewed. Animals, seagrasses and macrophytes are considered, taking into account ecoethical and biol. issues. Necessary research and its challenges have been identified. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtVSjtLfN& md5=531342ac5405444e6a5651c0b74bd58a 10. 10 Zhang, K.; Xiong, X.; Hu, H.; Wu, C.; Bi, Y.; Wu, Y.; Zhou, B.; Lam, P. K.; Liu, J. Occurrence and Characteristics of Microplastic Pollution in Xiangxi Bay of Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51 (7), 3794- 3801, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00369 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 10 Occurrence and Characteristics of Microplastic Pollution in Xiangxi Bay of Three Gorges Reservoir, China Zhang, Kai; Xiong, Xiong; Hu, Hongjuan; Wu, Chenxi; Bi, Yonghong; Wu, Yonghong; Zhou, Bingsheng; Lam, Paul K. S.; Liu, Jiantong Environmental Science & Technology (2017), 51 (7), 3794-3801 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society) Microplastic pollution in inland waters is receiving growing attentions. Reservoirs are suspected to be particularly vulnerable to microplastic pollution. However, very limited information is currently available on pollution characteristics of microplastics in reservoir ecosystems. This work studied the distribution and characteristics of microplastics in the backwater area of Xiangxi River, a typical tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Microplastics were detected in both surface water and sediment with concns. ranging from 0.55 x 105 to 342 x 105 items km-2 and 80 to 864 items m-2, resp. Polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene were identified in surface water, whereas polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate, and pigments were obsd. in sediment. In addn., microplastics were also detected in the digestion tracts of 25.7% of fish samples, and polyethylene and nylon were identified. Redundancy anal. indicates a weak correlation between microplastics and water quality variables but a neg. correlation with water level of the reservoir and Secchi depth. Results from this study confirm the presence of high abundance microplastics in reservoir impacted tributaries, and suggest that water level regulated hydrodynamic condition and input of nonpoint sources are important regulators for microplastic accumulation and distribution in the backwater area of reservoir tributaries. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXktlyms78%253D&md5= bf663fbd685d06330d197425e133b008 11. 11 Liu, W.; Zhang, J.; Liu, H.; Guo, X.; Zhang, X.; Yao, X.; Cao, Z.; Zhang, T. A Review of the Removal of Microplastics in Global Wastewater Treatment Plants: Characteristics and Mechanisms. Environ. Int. 2021, 146, 106277, DOI: 10.1016/ j.envint.2020.106277 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 11 A review of the removal of microplastics in global wastewater treatment plants: Characteristics and mechanisms Liu, Weiyi; Zhang, Jinlan; Liu, Hang; Guo, Xiaonan; Zhang, Xiyue; Yao, Xiaolong; Cao, Zhiguo; Zhang, Tingting Environment International (2021), 146 (), 106277CODEN: ENVIDV ; ISSN:0160-4120. (Elsevier Ltd.) A Review. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered to be the main sources of microplastic contaminants in the aquatic environment, and an in-depth understanding of the behavior of microplastics among the crit. treatment technologies in WWTPs is urgently needed. In this paper, the characteristics and removal of microplastics in 38 WWTPs in 11 countries worldwide were reviewed. The abundance of microplastics in the influent, effluent, and sludge was compared. Then, based on existing data, the removal efficiency of microplastics in crit. treatment technologies were compared by quant. anal. Particularly, detailed mechanisms of crit. treatment technologies including primary settling treatment with flocculation, bioreactor system, advanced oxidn. and membrane filtration were discussed. Thereafter, the abundance load and ecol. hazard of the microplastics discharged from WWTPs into the aquatic and soil environments were summarized. The abundance of microplastics in the influent ranged from 0.28 particles L-1 to 3.14 x 104 particles L-1, while that in the effluent ranged from 0.01 particles L-1 to 2.97 x 102 particles L-1. The microplastic abundance in the sludge within the range of 4.40 x 103-2.40 x 105 particles kg-1. In addn., there are still 5.00 x 105-1.39 x 1010 microplastic particles discharged into the aquatic environment each day Moreover, among the crit. treatment technologies, the quant. anal. revealed that filter-based treatment technologies exhibited the best microplastics removal efficiency. Fibers and microplastics with large particle sizes (0.5-5 mm) were easily sepd. by primary settling. Polyethene and small-particle size microplastics (<0.5 mm) were easily trapped by bacteria in the activated sludge of bioreactor system. The neg. impact of microplastics from wastewater treatment plant was worthy of attention. Moreover, unknown transformation products of microplastics and their corresponding toxicity need in-depth research. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXisVOktb%252FL&md5= 3786dff90269d643bc1a2eaa0d4063ca 12. 12 Salvador Cesa, F.; Turra, A.; Baruque-Ramos, J. Synthetic Fibers as Microplastics in the Marine Environment: a Review from Textile Perspective with a Focus on Domestic Washings. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 598, 1116- 1129, DOI: 10.1016/ j.scitotenv.2017.04.172 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 12 Synthetic fibers as microplastics in the marine environment: A review from textile perspective with a focus on domestic washings Salvador Cesa, Flavia; Turra, Alexander; Baruque-Ramos, Julia Science of the Total Environment (2017), 598 (), 1116-1129 CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.) A review. The ubiquity of plastic materials in the environment has been, for long, a matter of discussion. Smaller particles, named microplastics (< 5 mm), gained attention more recently and are now the focus of many studies, esp. for their particularities regarding sources, characteristics and effects (e.g., surface-area-to-vol. ratio which can increase their potential to transport toxic substances). Fibers from textile materials are a subgroup of microplastics and can be originated from domestic washings, as machine filters and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are not specifically designed to retain them. Once in the environment, fibers can reach concns. up to thousands of particles per cubic meter, being available to be ingested by a broad range of species. In this scenario, this review adds and details the textile perspective to the microplastics exploring nomenclature, characteristics and factors influencing emission, but also evidencing gaps in knowledge needed to overcome this issue. Preliminarily, general information about marine litter and plastics, followed by specific aspects regarding textile fibers as microplastics, were introduced. Then fiber sources to microplastic pollution were discussed, mainly focusing on domestic washings that pass through WWTPs. Studies that reveal domestic washing as microplastic sources are scarce and there is a considerable lack of standardization in methods as well as incorporation of textile aspects in exptl. design. Knowledge gaps include laundry parameters (e.g., water temp., use of chems.) and textile articles characteristics (e.g., yarn type, fabric structure) orchestrated by consumers' choice. The lack of information on the coverage and efficiency of sewage treatment systems to remove textile fibers also prevent a global understanding of such sources. The search of alternatives and applicable solns. should come from an integrated, synergic and global perspective, of both environmental and textile area, which still need to be fostered. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXntVOkt70%253D&md5= 7681d679b5e127c0877718e30c67204c 13. 13 Naji, A.; Azadkhah, S.; Farahani, H.; Uddin, S.; Khan, F. R. Microplastics in Wastewater Outlets of Bandar Abbas City (Iran): A Potential Point Source of Microplastics into the Persian Gulf. Chemosphere 2021, 262, 128039, DOI: 10.1016/ j.chemosphere.2020.128039 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 13 Microplastics in wastewater outlets of Bandar Abbas city (Iran): A potential point source of microplastics into the Persian Gulf Naji, Abolfazl; Azadkhah, Sharifeh; Farahani, Hadi; Uddin, Saif; Khan, Farhan R. Chemosphere (2021), 262 (), 128039CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN: 0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.) Wastewater discharge is considered to be a significant point source of microplastic (MPs) release into the marine environment. This study is the first attempt to quantify MPs released from the wastewater outfall from Bandar Abbas City into the Persian Gulf. Two wastewater discharge stations at Gursuzan and Suru were sampled. MPs were isolated by an oxidative procedure and subsequent d. sepn. using ZnCl2 soln. The av. MP concn. in wastewater and sludge were 70.66 (+-14.12, SD) MP.35 L-1 and 6070 (+-807.25) MPs.kg-1, resp. at Confidence Level (CL) (95.0%). The most commonly recovered polymers were polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) in all size classes. Our findings provides a baseline of MP concn. in wastewater streams and slurry that is discharged from the Bandar Abbas wastewater treatment facility into the Persian Gulf. This highlights the need to undertake more studies at water treatment plants in the region for a realistic assessment of MP discharge into the Persian Gulf. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhsleis7bM& md5=ecaa78a71d396b282495fc1f57cb7d98 14. 14 Miller, R. Z.; Watts, A. J.; Winslow, B. O.; Galloway, T. S.; Barrows, A. P. Mountains to the Sea: River Study of Plastic and Non-plastic Microfiber Pollution in the Northeast USA. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2017, 124 (1), 245- 251, DOI: 10.1016/ j.marpolbul.2017.07.028 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 14 Mountains to the sea: River study of plastic and non-plastic microfiber pollution in the northeast USA Miller, Rachael Z.; Watts, Andrew J. R.; Winslow, Brooke O.; Galloway, Tamara S.; Barrows, Abigail P. W. Marine Pollution Bulletin (2017), 124 (1), 245-251CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.) Aquatic environments are sinks for anthropogenic contamination, whether chem. or solid pollutants. Microfibers shed from clothing and other textiles contribute to this problem. These can be plastic or non-plastic origin. Our aim was to investigate the presence and distribution of both types of anthropogenic microfibers along the length of the Hudson River, USA. Surface grab samples were collected and filtered through a 0.45 mm filter paper. Abundance of fibers was detd. after subtraction of potential contamination. 233 microfibers were recorded in 142 samples, averaging 0.98 microfibers L- 1. Subsequent micro-FTIR showed half of the fibers were plastic while the other half were non-plastic, but of anthropogenic origin. There was no relationship between fiber abundance, wastewater treatment plant location or population d. Extrapolating from this data, and using available hydrog. data, 34.4% of the Hudson River's watershed drainage area contributes an av. 300 million anthropogenic microfibers into the Atlantic Ocean per day. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXht1aksb3F& md5=e232172eeabc9c29730d7cb7208e7f62 15. 15 Galafassi, S.; Nizzetto, L.; Volta, P. Plastic Sources: A Survey across Scientific and Grey Literature for their Inventory and Relative Contribution to Microplastics Pollution in Natural Environments, with an Emphasis on Surface Water. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 693, 133499, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.305 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 15 Review: Plastic sources: microplastics pollution in ecosystems, environment and surface water Galafassi, Silvia; Nizzetto, Luca; Volta, Pietro Science of the Total Environment (2019), 693 (), 133499CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.) A review. Plastic debris are at present recognized as an emerging potential threat for natural environments, wildlife and humans. In the past years an increasing attention has been addressed to investigate the presence and concn. of plastic debris in the ecosystems, including surface waters. Scientific literature extensively describes the ingestion by aquatic fauna, the transfer into food webs and the potential action as a vector for toxic compds. or alien microorganisms. Although the scientific community addresses this issue with considerable effort, many questions remain open. In particular, new sources of microplastics have been recently recognized, possibly representing major environmental inputs compared to those previously considered. In addn. to the already renowned sources such as the embrittlement of plastic litter and microbeads released from personal care products, microplastic can be released also by washing of synthetic clothes, abrasion of vehicles tyres and from the weathering of different kind of paints. This review tries to exhaustively enumerate all the possible sources of plastic litter that have been identified so far and to report quant. assessments of their inputs on microplastics pollution to natural environments reported in scientific and gray literature, with an emphasis on surface waters. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhsFWju7fJ& md5=cd6297cbf55c9deda4aa624a30932027 16. 16 Bitter, H.; Lackner, S. First Quantification of Semi-Crystalline Microplastics in Industrial Wastewaters. Chemosphere 2020, 258, 127388, DOI: 10.1016/ j.chemosphere.2020.127388 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 16 First quantification of semi-crystalline microplastics in industrial wastewaters Bitter, Hajo; Lackner, Susanne Chemosphere (2020), 258 (), 127388CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN: 0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.) Microplastics enter natural water bodies by a variety of pathways, one of them being wastewater streams. The role of industrial wastewater in overall microplastic emissions has so far only been estd., because access is usually restricted. This is the first report providing quant. data on microplastics in industrial wastewaters. The wastewater discharge of three different industrial sites was sampled in the size ranges of small microplastics (10-1000mm) and large microplastics (1000-5000mm). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to detect and quantify semi-cryst. thermoplastics. Polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) were the most abundant polymers, but polyamide (PA) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were also found. As all three industrial sites had wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), the total concns. were in the mg L-1 range, comparable to org. micropollutants in municipal WWTP effluents. At one industrial site, the removal capacity of the WWTP was evaluated by sampling and analyzing the influent as well as the effluent. The total microplastics concn. in the influent was in the g L-1 range, yielding a removal capacity of the industrial WWTP of >99.99%. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXht1Cqtb7N& md5=4ecf9440ee8690d6bc1f6d768c80211c 17. 17 Tadsuwan, K.; Babel, S. Microplastic Contamination in a Conventional Wastewater Treatment Plant in Thailand. Waste Manag. Res. 2021, 39, 754- 761, DOI: 10.1177/ 0734242X20982055 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 17 Microplastic contamination in a conventional wastewater treatment plant in Thailand Tadsuwan, Katekanya; Babel, Sandhya Waste Management & Research (2021), 39 (5), 754-761CODEN: WMARD8; ISSN:1096-3669. (Sage Publications) Plastic waste has become a global environmental concern. One type of plastic waste is microplastics (MPs), which can spread easily in the environment. Wastewater effluent is one of the land-based sources of MPs. This study investigates the amt. of microplastic (MP) pollution in an urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Thailand. Water samples were collected and examd. to find the types, morphol. and sources of MPs. Wastewater was filtered through a set of sieves ranging from 5 mm to 0.05 mm. Sludge samples were also collected to find the potential risk from the application of dried sewage sludge. Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to confirm the types of MPs. The amt. of MPs in the influent was 26.6 +- 11.8 MPs/L. More than one-third of MP particles were removed after a grit trap, followed by 14.24% removal in the secondary treatment. If the peak flow rate of the WWTP is reached, 2.32 x 109 MP particles can be released daily. The amt. of MPs in a sludge sample was 8.12 +- 0.28 x 103 particles/kg dry wt. Dry sludge is one of the potential sources of MP contamination in agricultural soil. Most MPs in the liq. fraction and sludge sample were fibers. Results from FTIR anal. showed that the major types of MPs in the WWTP were polyester fibers, followed by polypropylene, polyethylene, silicone polymer and polystyrene. This finding indicates that a conventional WWTP may act as a path by which MPs enter the environment. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhvFGrsbjF& md5=0e839cdfb2375e2dcf0c3b5341dae194 18. 18 Zhang, Q.; Xu, E. G.; Li, J.; Chen, Q.; Ma, L.; Zeng, E. Y.; Shi, H. A Review of Microplastics in Table Salt, Drinking Water, and Air: Direct Human Exposure. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54 (7), 3740- 3751, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04535 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 18 A Review of Microplastics in Table Salt, Drinking Water, and Air: Direct Human Exposure Zhang, Qun; Xu, Elvis Genbo; Li, Jiana; Chen, Qiqing; Ma, Liping; Zeng, Eddy Y.; Shi, Huahong Environmental Science & Technology (2020), 54 (7), 3740-3751 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society) A review. The ubiquity of microplastics in aquatic and terrestrial environments and related ecol. impacts have gained global attention. Microplastics have been detected in table salt, drinking water, and air, posing inevitable human exposure risk. However, rigorous anal. methods for detection and characterization of microplastics remain scarce. Knowledge about the potential adverse effects on human health via dietary and respiratory exposures is also limited. To address these issues, we reviewed 46 publications concerning abundances, potential sources, and anal. methods of microplastics in table salt, drinking water, and air. We also summarized probable translocation and accumulation pathways of microplastics within human body. Human body burdens of microplastics through table salt, drinking water, and inhalation were estd. to be (0-7.3)x104, (0-4.7)x103, and (0-3.0)x107 items per person per yr, resp. The intake of microplastics via inhalation, esp. via indoor air, was much higher than those via other exposure routes. Moreover, microplastics in the air impose threats to both respiratory and digestive systems through breathing and ingestion. Given the lifetime inevitable exposure to microplastics, we urgently call for a better understanding of the potential hazards of microplastics to human health. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXktFagtLo%253D&md5= 17daabc0aa4f9c954510021994f68ace 19. 19 Sruthy, S.; Ramasamy, E. Microplastic Pollution in Vembanad Lake, Kerala, India: the First Report of Microplastics in Lake and Estuarine Sediments in India. Environ. Pollut. 2017, 222, 315- 322, DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.038 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 19 Microplastic pollution in Vembanad Lake, Kerala, India: The first report of microplastics in lake and estuarine sediments in India Sruthy, S.; Ramasamy, E. V. Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2017), 222 (), 315-322CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.) We present the first study of microplastics in the sediments of Vembanad Lake, a Ramsar site in India. Microplastics are emerging pollutants of increasing environmental concern with a particle size of <5 mm, which originate from successive degrdn. of larger plastic debris or are manufd. as small granules and used in many applications. The impact of microplastics pollution on the environment and biota is not well known. Vast data exist in the literature on marine microplastics while reports on freshwater ecosystems are scarce. In this context, to examine the occurrence of microplastic particles (MPs) in the Vembanad Lake, samples were collected from ten sites and processed for microplastic extn. through d. sepn. Identification of the polymer components of MPs was done using micro Raman spectroscopy. MPs were recovered from all sediment samples, indicating their extensive distribution in the lake. The abundance of MPs recorded from the sediment samples is in the range of 96-496 particles m-2 with a mean abundance of 252.80 +- 25.76 particles m-2. Low d. polyethylene has been identified as the dominant type of polymer component of the MPs. As clams and fishes are the major source of protein to the local population, the presence of MPs in the lake becomes critically important, posing a severe threat of contaminating the food web of this lake. This study, being the first report from India on MPs in lake sediments, provide impetus for further research on the distribution and impact of this emerging pollutant on the biota of many aquatic systems spread across India. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXit1Oqtg%253D%253D&md5= 5db1783160d3a14e737d74d227c9ea93 20. 20 Lu, S.; Qiu, R.; Hu, J.; Li, X.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, X.; Cao, C. ; Shi, H.; Xie, B.; Wu, W.-M.; He, D. Prevalence of Microplastics in Animal-Based Traditional Medicinal Materials: Widespread Pollution in Terrestrial Environments. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 709, 136214, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136214 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 20 Prevalence of microplastics in animal-based traditional medicinal materials: Widespread pollution in terrestrial environments Lu, Shibo; Qiu, Rong; Hu, Jiani; Li, Xinyu; Chen, Yingxin; Zhang, Xiaoting; Cao, Chengjin; Shi, Huahong; Xie, Bing; Wu, Wei-Min; He, Defu Science of the Total Environment (2020), 709 (), 136214CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.) Microplastics (MPs) pollution is an emerging environmental and health concern. MPs have been extensively obsd. in the aquatic environment, yet rarely investigated in the terrestrial ecosystem, esp. in relation to health risks. To evaluate potential MPs pollution in land-dwelling animal medicine materials, we collected 20 types of small animal-based medicinal materials and 10 types of available fresh terrestrial animals from eight different regions in China. MPs were found in all medicinal materials with an av. incidence rate of 94.67%. The abundance of MPs was in the range of 1.80 +- 0.38 to 7.80 +- 0.83 items/individual or 1.59 +- 0.33 to 43.56 +- 9.22 items/g (dry wt.), with polymer distribution by polyethylene terephthalate (40.45%), rayon (30.64%), polyethylene (10.11%), nylon (7.35%), polypropylene (5.93%), and polyvinyl chloride (5.52%). The majority of MPs were microfibers (84.68%), with 15.32% of fragments. Moreover, MPs were directly obsd. in the intestine, detected in all ten types of fresh medicinal animals with the abundance of 0.83 +- 0.35 to 3.42 +- 0.46 items/individual. Furthermore, significant pos. correlations (R: 0.32-0.99, p < 0.05) of MPs characteristics were found between medicinal materials and fresh animals, including shape, size, color, and polymer distribution of MPs. The results support that MPs in the medicinal materials were likely derived from living animals. This study demonstrates the prevalence of MPs in animal-based, traditional medicinal materials, and also suggests widespread MPs pollution in terrestrial environments and latent health risks. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtlShtw%253D%253D&md5= 50a5a1347d65fbafa66bccff9d116f35 21. 21 Mishra, S.; Rath, C. c.; Das, A. P. Marine microfiber pollution: a review on present status and future challenges. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2019, 140, 188- 197, DOI: 10.1016/ j.marpolbul.2019.01.039 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 21 Marine microfiber pollution: A review on present status and future challenges Mishra, Sunanda; Rath, Chandi charan; Das, Alok Prasad Marine Pollution Bulletin (2019), 140 (), 188-197CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.) Microfibers are emerging pollutants with widespread distribution in the environment and have adverse ecol. impacts. Approx. 2 million tonnes of microfibers are released into the ocean every year from various sources, of which 700,000 micro fleeces are released from each garment through domestic laundry. Microfibers are the major marine pollutant throughout the world estg. 13 million tonnes of coastal synthetic fabric waste entering the ocean each year, out of which 2.5 million tonnes enter through adjoining rivers. It is anticipated that, to date, 1.5 million trillion of microfibers are present in the ocean. Microfibers are mistakenly ingested by marine animals and cause hazardous effects to aquatic species. Microfiber treatment techniques are under progress for efficient control of this pollutant. This article focuses on global microfiber generation and its sources, pathway of its entry into the environment and food chain, potential threat to aquatic animals and humans, present treatment technologies, and future challenges. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhvF2gu70%253D&md5= a37402d95f838380497d334234ecb53f 22. 22 Henry, B.; Laitala, K.; Klepp, I. G. Microfibres from Apparel and Home Textiles: Prospects for Including Microplastics in Environmental Sustainability Assessment. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 652, 483- 494, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.166 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 22 Microfibres from apparel and home textiles: Prospects for including microplastics in environmental sustainability assessment Henry Beverley; Laitala Kirsi; Klepp Ingun Grimstad The Science of the total environment (2019), 652 (), 483-494 ISSN:. Textiles release fibres to the environment during production, use, and at end-of-life disposal. Approximately two-thirds of all textile items are now synthetic, dominated by petroleum-based organic polymers such as polyester, polyamide and acrylic. Plastic microfibres (<5 mm) and nanofibres (<100 nm) have been identified in ecosystems in all regions of the globe and have been estimated to comprise up to 35% of primary microplastics in marine environments, a major proportion of microplastics on coastal shorelines and to persist for decades in soils treated with sludge from waste water treatment plants. In this paper we present a critical review of factors affecting the release from fabrics of microfibres, and of the risks for impacts on ecological systems and potentially on human health. This review is used as a basis for exploring the potential to include a metric for microplastic pollution in tools that have been developed to quantify the environmental performance of apparel and home textiles. We conclude that the simple metric of mass or number of microfibres released combined with data on their persistence in the environment, could provide a useful interim mid-point indicator in sustainability assessment tools to support monitoring and mitigation strategies for microplastic pollution. Identified priority research areas include: (1) Standardised analytical methods for textile microfibres and nanofibres; (2) Ecotoxicological studies using environmentally realistic concentrations; (3) Studies tracking the fate of microplastics in complex food webs; and (4) Refined indicators for microfibre impacts in apparel and home textile sustainability assessment tools. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3cvktVWktg%253D%253D&md5= 91ac7d085d0c0c0c3e276bff476a86ed 23. 23 Liu, J.; Liang, J.; Ding, J.; Zhang, G.; Zeng, X.; Yang, Q.; Zhu, B.; Gao, W. Microfiber Pollution: An Ongoing Major Environmental Issue Related to the Sustainable Development of Textile and Clothing Industry. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 2021, 23, 11240- 11256, DOI: 10.1007/s10668-020-01173-3 [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 24. 24 Dris, R.; Gasperi, J.; Rocher, V.; Saad, M.; Renault, N.; Tassin, B. Microplastic Contamination in an Urban Area: a Case Study in Greater Paris. Environmental Chemistry 2015, 12 (5), 592- 599, DOI: 10.1071/EN14167 [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar 24 Microplastic contamination in an urban area: a case study in Greater Paris Dris, Rachid; Gasperi, Johnny; Rocher, Vincent; Saad, Mohamed; Renault, Nicolas; Tassin, Bruno Environmental Chemistry (2015), 12 (5), 592-599CODEN: ECNHAA; ISSN:1449-8979. (CSIRO Publishing) Environmental context Plastics prodn. has increased considerably in recent years, leading to pollution by plastics, including microplastics (comprising particles smaller than 5mm). This work addresses the issue of microplastics from urban sources and in receiving waters in Greater Paris. Microplastics were found in all urban compartments investigated, namely atm. fallout, waste- and treated water, and surface water. Abstr. This study investigates the microplastic contamination of both urban compartments (wastewater and total atm. fallout) and surface water in a continental environment. These first investigations on an urban environment confirm the presence of microplastics in sewage, fresh water and total atm. fallout and provide knowledge on the type and size distribution of microplastics in the 100-5000-mm range. For the first time, the presence of microplastics, mostly fibers, is highlighted in total atm. fallout (29-280particlesm-2day-1). High levels of fibers were found in wastewater (260-320x103particlesm-3). In treated effluent, the contamination significantly decreased to 14-50x103particlesm-3. In the River Seine, two sampling devices were used to collect both large and small microplastic particles: (i) a plankton net (80-mm mesh), and (ii) a manta trawl (330-mm mesh). Sampling with the plankton net showed a predominance of fibers, with concns. ranging from 3 to 108particlesm-3. A greater diversity of both microplastic shapes and types was found during manta trawl sampling but at much lower concns. (0.28-0.47particlesm-3). This combined approach could be relevant and implemented in future studies to provide an accurate overview of microplastic distribution in freshwater. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhsFKiu7bO& md5=af2f5f18fe5d513308cc98b5558d9a12 25. 25 Gasperi, J.; Wright, S. L.; Dris, R.; Collard, F.; Mandin, C. ; Guerrouache, M.; Langlois, V.; Kelly, F. J.; Tassin, B. Microplastics in Air: are we Breathing it in?. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health 2018, 1, 1- 5, DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2017.10.002 [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 26. 26 Schwabl, P.; Koppel, S.; Konigshofer, P.; Bucsics, T.; Trauner, M.; Reiberger, T.; Liebmann, B. Detection of Various Microplastics in Human Stool: a Prospective Case Series. Ann. Intern. Med. 2019, 171 (7), 453- 457, DOI: 10.7326/M19-0618 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 26 Detection of Various Microplastics in Human Stool: A Prospective Case Series Schwabl Philipp; Konigshofer Philipp; Bucsics Theresa; Trauner Michael; Reiberger Thomas; Koppel Sebastian; Liebmann Bettina Annals of internal medicine (2019), 171 (7), 453-457 ISSN:. Background: Microplastics are ubiquitous in natural environments. Ingestion of microplastics has been described in marine organisms, whereby particles may enter the food chain. Objective: To examine human feces for the presence of microplastics to determine whether humans involuntarily ingest them. Design: Prospective case series in which participants completed a food diary and sampled stool according to step-by-step instructions. Setting: Europe and Asia. Participants: Eight healthy volunteers aged 33 to 65 years. Measurements: After chemical digestion, Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy was used to analyze the presence and shape of 10 common types of microplastic in stool samples. Results: All 8 stool samples tested positive for microplastics. A median of 20 microplastics (50 to 500 mm in size) per 10 g of human stool were identified. Overall, 9 plastic types were detected, with polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate being the most abundant. Limitations: There were few participants, and each provided only 1 sample. The origin and fate of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract were not investigated. Conclusion: Various microplastics were detected in human stool, suggesting inadvertent ingestion from different sources. Further research on the extent of microplastic intake and the potential effect on human health is needed. Primary Funding Source: None. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3MrktlGmuw%253D%253D&md5= d843a796dc1bf24b55e62824ba455d31 27. 27 Goodman, K. E.; Hare, J. T.; Khamis, Z. I.; Hua, T.; Sang, Q.-X. A. Exposure of Human Lung Cells to Polystyrene Microplastics Significantly Retards Cell Proliferation and Triggers Morphological Changes. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2021, 34 (4), 1069- 1081, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00486 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 27 Exposure of Human Lung Cells to Polystyrene Microplastics Significantly Retards Cell Proliferation and Triggers Morphological Changes Goodman, Kerestin E.; Hare, Joan T.; Khamis, Zahraa I.; Hua, Timothy; Sang, Qing-Xiang Amy Chemical Research in Toxicology (2021), 34 (4), 1069-1081 CODEN: CRTOEC; ISSN:0893-228X. (American Chemical Society) Microplastics in the environment produced by decompn. of globally increasing waste plastics have become a dominant component of both water and air pollution. To examine the potential toxicol. effects of microplastics on human cells, the cultured human alveolar A549 cells were exposed to polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) of 1 and 10mm diam. as a model of the environmental contaminants. Both sizes caused a significant redn. in cell proliferation but exhibited little cytotoxicity, as measured by the maintenance of cell viabilities detd. by trypan blue staining and by Calcein-AM staining. The cell viabilities did not drop below 93% even at concns. of PS-MPs as high as 100mg/mL. Despite these high viabilities, further assays revealed a population level decrease in metabolic activity parallel in time with a dramatic decrease in proliferation rate in PS-MP exposed cells. Furthermore, phase contrast imaging of live cells at 72 h revealed major changes in the morphol. of cells exposed to microplastics, as well as the uptake of multiple 1mm PS-MPs into the cells. Confocal fluorescent microscopy at 24 h of exposure confirmed the incorporation of 1mm PS-MPs. These disturbances at the proliferative and cytoskeletal levels of human cells lead us to propose that airborne polystyrene microplastics may have toxicol. consequences. This is the first report of exposure of human cells to an environmental contaminant resulting in the dual effects of inhibition of cell proliferation and major changes in cell morphol. Our results make clear that human exposure to microplastic pollution has significant consequence and potential for harm to humans. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXmtlSkurk%253D&md5= dafb7bf2b0de12f9f0bae8ed1c877a0c 28. 28 Napper, I. E.; Thompson, R. C. Release of Synthetic Microplastic Plastic Fibres from Domestic Washing Machines: Effects of Fabric Type and Washing Conditions. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2016, 112 (1-2), 39- 45, DOI: 10.1016/ j.marpolbul.2016.09.025 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 28 Release of synthetic microplastic plastic fibres from domestic washing machines: Effects of fabric type and washing conditions Napper, Imogen E.; Thompson, Richard C. Marine Pollution Bulletin (2016), 112 (1-2), 39-45CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.) Washing clothes made from synthetic materials has been identified as a potentially important source of microscopic fibers to the environment. This study examd. the release of fibers from polyester, polyester-cotton blend and acrylic fabrics. These fabrics were laundered under various conditions of temp., detergent and conditioner. Fibers from waste effluent were examd. and the mass, abundance and fiber size compared between treatments. Av. fiber size ranged between 11.9 and 17.7mm in diam., and 5.0 and 7.8 mm in length. Polyester-cotton fabric consistently shed significantly fewer fibers than either polyester or acrylic. However, fiber release varied according to wash treatment with various complex interactions. We est. over 700,000 fibers could be released from an av. 6 kg wash load of acrylic fabric. As fibers were reported in effluent from sewage treatment plants, our data indicates fibers released by washing of clothing could be an important source of microplastics to aquatic habitats. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhsF2gtrrJ& md5=8aa906f1043267c7a84601db640de7b0 29. 29 Gaylarde, C.; Baptista-Neto, J. A.; da Fonseca, E. M. Plastic Microfibre Pollution: how Important is Clothes' Laundering?. Heliyon 2021, 7 (5), e07105 DOI: 10.1016/ j.heliyon.2021.e07105 [Crossref], [PubMed], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 30. 30 Dalla Fontana, G.; Mossotti, R.; Montarsolo, A. Assessment of Microplastics Release from Polyester Fabrics: The Impact of Different Washing Conditions. Environ. Pollut. 2020, 264, 113960, DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113960 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 30 Assessment of microplastics release from polyester fabrics: The impact of different washing conditions Dalla Fontana, Giulia; Mossotti, Raffaella; Montarsolo, Alessio Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2020), 264 (), 113960CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.) Synthetic fibers account for approx. 60% of the total global fiber prodn., and polyester (PET) and polyamide (PA) dominate. Synthetic fabrics are now widely used in clothing, upholstery, carpets and other such materials. Textiles based on these materials have the potential to release microplastics (<5 mm in size) into the environment during prodn. and cleaning actions. These particles are released in sewage effluents, as washing machine filters and wastewater treatment plants are not specifically designed to retain them and represent an environmental pollution that continuously increases the scientific and societal concern about their effects on marine biota and ecosystems. This study was focused on the detn. of the amt. of microfibers release from 100% polyester fabrics, in different washing conditions (programs and temps.), comparing the use of detergent alone vs detergent with a stain remover. Microplastics released were characterized and quantified with gravimetric anal., different microscopic, spectroscopic and thermal techniques. Tests were carried out in replicates to assess the data reproducibility and to show statistical differences between washing conditions. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXovVCntLg%253D&md5= 3be37c2cc52e56e97e331fdf9c4c9d88 31. 31 Karkkainen, N.; Sillanpaa, M. Quantification of Different Microplastic fibres Discharged from Textiles in Machine Wash and Tumble Drying. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2021, 28, 16253 - 16263, DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11988-2 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 31 Quantification of different microplastic fibres discharged from textiles in machine wash and tumble drying Karkkainen, Niina; Sillanpaa, Markus Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2021), 28 (13), 16253-16263CODEN: ESPLEC; ISSN:0944-1344. (Springer) Microplastic fibers released in synthetic cloth washing have been shown to be a source of microplastics into the environment. The annual emission of polyester fibers from household washing machines has earlier been estd. to be 150,000 kg in a country with a population of 5.5 x 106 (Finland). The objectives of this study were (1) to quantify the emissions of synthetic textile fibers discharged from five sequential machine washes (fiber no. and length) and tumble dryings (fiber mass) and (2) to det. the collection efficiency of two com. fiber traps. The synthetic fabrics were five types of polyester textiles, one polyamide and one polyacryl. The no. of fibers released from the test fabrics in the first wash varied in the range from 1.0 x 105 to 6.3 x 106 kg-1. The fiber lengths showed that the fleece fabrics released, on av., longer fibers than the tech. sports t-shirts. The mass of fibers ranged from 10 to 1700 mg/kg wt. /wt. in the first drying. Fiber emissions showed a decreasing trend both in sequential washes and dryings. The ratio of the fiber emissions in machine wash to tumble drying varied between the fabrics: the ratio was larger than one to polyester and polyamide tech. t-shirts whereas it was much lower to the other tested textiles. GuppyFriend washing bag and Cora Ball trapped 39% and 10% of the polyester fibers discharged in washings, resp. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhtVKnt7nN& md5=cb753462919bb53af812d8cb56f50824 32. 32 More Plastic than Fish in the Sea by 2050. In The New Plastics Economy: Rethinking the Future of Plastics; Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017. Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 33. 33 Grbic, J.; Helm, P.; Athey, S.; Rochman, C. M. Microplastics Entering Northwestern Lake Ontario are Diverse and Linked to Urban Sources. Water Res. 2020, 174, 115623, DOI: 10.1016/ j.watres.2020.115623 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 33 Microplastics entering northwestern Lake Ontario are diverse and linked to urban sources Grbic, Jelena; Helm, Paul; Athey, Samantha; Rochman, Chelsea M. Water Research (2020), 174 (), 115623CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN: 0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.) The sources of microplastics and other anthropogenic particles in freshwater are not well understood. The Greater Toronto Area, Canada's most populous urban area, offers a great study area for understanding the sources and pathways for microplastics to enter freshwater ecosystems. Here, we quantified and characterized microplastics and other anthropogenic particles from Lake Ontario surface waters and source waters (including stormwater runoff, agricultural runoff, and treated wastewater effluent) to better understand sources to the Great Lakes. Anthropogenic particle concns. in lake samples were 0.8 particles L-1. In source waters, av. concns. were relatively higher in stormwater and wastewater, with 15.4 particles L-1 and 13.3 particles L-1, resp., compared to 0.9 particles L-1 on av. in agricultural runoff. Source waters revealed distinct signatures related to the morphologies of anthropogenic particles, e.g., fibers in wastewater. In addn., many upstream watershed characteristics were found to be significant predictors of anthropogenic particle concn. Proximity to urban areas were pos. correlated to anthropogenic particle concns. Future studies should focus on local source-apportionment to inform management and prevent further contamination of microplastics to freshwater ecosystems. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXjsVyiu7w%253D&md5= 10c030ddc4d844c6714bfccf8112d2fd 34. 34 Gies, E. A.; LeNoble, J. L.; Noel, M.; Etemadifar, A.; Bishay, F.; Hall, E. R.; Ross, P. S. Retention of Microplastics in a Major Secondary Wastewater Treatment Plant in Vancouver, Canada. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2018, 133, 553- 561, DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.06.006 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 34 Retention of microplastics in a major secondary wastewater treatment plant in Vancouver, Canada Gies, Esther A.; LeNoble, Jessica L.; Noel, Marie; Etemadifar, Anahita; Bishay, Farida; Hall, Eric R.; Ross, Peter S. Marine Pollution Bulletin (2018), 133 (), 553-561CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.) Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are conduits through which microplastics (MPs) are released into aquatic environments. However, the tech. challenges in working with wastewater sample matrixes have precluded reliable particle count budget calcns. We applied newly-adapted methods for MP collection and anal. to a study of a major WWTP serving a population of 1.3 million people near Vancouver, Canada. Suspected MP particles, including fibers, were counted and categorized using light microscopy in influent, primary effluent, secondary effluent, primary sludge and secondary sludge. Fourier Transform IR Spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed that just 32.4% of the suspected MPs were plastic polymers. Using FT-IR cor. data, we est. that 1.76 +- 0.31 trillion MPs enter the WWTP annually, with 1.28 +- 0.54 trillion MPs settling into primary sludge, 0.36 +- 0.22 into secondary sludge, and 0.03 +- 0.01 trillion MPs released into the receiving environment. This corresponds to a retention of microplastics of up to 99% in the WWTP. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtFeisLfJ& md5=78763e9aba07cb011475438883d31e84 35. 35 Talvitie, J.; Mikola, A.; Setala, O.; Heinonen, M.; Koistinen, A. How Well is Microlitter Purified from Wastewater?-A Detailed Study on the Stepwise Removal of Microlitter in a Tertiary Level Wastewater Treatment Plant. Water Res. 2017, 109, 164- 172, DOI: 10.1016/ j.watres.2016.11.046 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 35 How well is microlitter purified from wastewater? - A detailed study on the stepwise removal of microlitter in a tertiary level wastewater treatment plant Talvitie, Julia; Mikola, Anna; Setala, Outi; Heinonen, Mari; Koistinen, Arto Water Research (2017), 109 (), 164-172CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN: 0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.) Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can offer a soln. to reduce the point source input of microlitter and microplastics into the environment. To evaluate the contributing processes for microlitter removal, the removal of microlitter from wastewater during different treatment steps of mech., chem. and biol. treatment (activated sludge) and biol. active filter (BAF) in a large (population equiv. 800 000) advanced WWTP was examd. Most of the microlitter was removed already during the pre-treatment and activated sludge treatment further decreased the microlitter concn. The overall retention capacity of studied WWTP was over 99% and was achieved after secondary treatment. However, despite of the high removal performance, even an advanced WWTP may constitute a considerable source of microlitter and microplastics into the aquatic environment given the large vols. of effluent discharged constantly. The microlitter content of excess sludge, dried sludge and reject water were also examd. According to the balance analyses, approx. 20% of the microlitter removed from the process is recycled back with the reject water, whereas 80% of the microlitter is contained in the dried sludge. The study also looked at easy microlitter sampling protocol with automated composite samplers for possible future monitoring purposes. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhvFShtLzF& md5=b53aa8a42d13dcf16f049e81247f275f 36. 36 Edo, C.; Gonzalez-Pleiter, M.; Leganes, F.; Fernandez-Pinas, F.; Rosal, R. Fate of Microplastics in Wastewater Treatment Plants and their Environmental Dispersion with Effluent and Sludge. Environ. Pollut. 2020, 259, 113837, DOI: 10.1016/ j.envpol.2019.113837 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 36 Fate of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants and their environmental dispersion with effluent and sludge Edo, Carlos; Gonzalez-Pleiter, Miguel; Leganes, Francisco; Fernandez-Pinas, Francisca; Rosal, Roberto Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2020), 259 (), 113837CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.) This work studied the occurrence of microplastics in primary and secondary effluents and mixed sludge of a WWTP as well as in processed heat-dried sludge marketed as soil amendment. Sampled microparticles were divided into fragments and fibers, the latter defined as those with cylindrical shape and length to diam. ratio >3. We showed the presence of 12 different anthropogenic polymers or groups of polymers with a predominance of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester and acrylic fibers together with an important amt. of manufd. natural fibers. The smaller sampled fraction, in the 25-104mm range, was the largest in both primary and secondary effluents. Fibers displayed lower sizes than fragments and represented less than one third of the anthropogenic particles sampled in effluents but up to 84% of heat-dried sludge. The plant showed a high efficiency (>90%) in removing microplastics from wastewater. However, the amt. of anthropogenic plastics debris in the 25mm - 50 mm range still released with the effluent amounted to 12.8 +- 6.3 particles/ L, representing 300 million plastic debris per day and an approx. load of microplastics of 350 particles/m3 in the receiving Henares River. WWTP mixed sludge contained 183 +- 84 particles/g while heat-dried sludge bore 165 +- 37 particles/ g. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXisFSjsrzM& md5=0a6762401533c34852bc72756cae8e9e 37. 37 Cristaldi, A.; Fiore, M.; Zuccarello, P.; Oliveri Conti, G.; Grasso, A.; Nicolosi, I.; Copat, C.; Ferrante, M. Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) for Microplastic Removal: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17 (21), 8014, DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218014 [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar 37 Effciency of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) for microplastic removal: a systematic review Cristaldi, Antonio; Fiore, Maria; Zuccarello, Pietro; Conti, Gea Oliveri; Grasso, Alfina; Nicolosi, Ilenia; Copat, Chiara; Ferrante, Margherita International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2020), 17 (21), 8014CODEN: IJERGQ; ISSN:1660-4601. ( MDPI AG) A review. Plastic is widely used for human activities (food packaging, medical, technol. devices, etc.) and there is a growing concern regarding the risks for environmental and human health because they have still not been fully evaluated. Particularly, microplastics (primary and secondary) are present in all environmental compartments and this poses a potential threat because of their entry into the food chain. Furthermore, microplastics can absorb numerous pollutants that can be accumulated in the human body through bioaccumulation and biomagnification processes. We carried out a systematic review using a PRISMA approach to verify the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for microplastic removal. The international databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus) were used to find published studies on efficiency of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for microplastic removal. The search period was between Jan. 2010 and June 2020. Over 1000 full research papers were initially selected through the use of keywords. After that, the papers were further selected by English language, title, and abstr., and duplicate papers and non-relevant papers were eliminated according to eligibility criteria. Finally, we included 15 full research papers. In each of the 15 full research papers selected, the microplastics identified were categorized by the authors for shape, size, and type of polymers identified. The characterization of the various types of microplastics was performed by Fourier Transform IR Spectroscopy (FTIR) or Raman spectroscopy. We have obsd. how wastewater treatments plants located in different continents (Europe, Asia, North America) mostly use a primary and secondary type of treatment that allows one to reach a high percentage of microplastics removal from wastewater. Most of the wastewater treatments plants investigated reported a microplastics removal efficiency greater than 90%, but despite this, millions of microplastics continue to be released every day into the aquatic environment. Then, in the near future, efficient and common standardized protocols for monitoring MPs should be drawn up, as well as increasing the knowledge of sources and strategies to further reduce microplastics contamination of treated wastewater. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXisF2lsrrK& md5=5e5ac7029012b7ce58a94b7acd251564 38. 38 Brahney, J.; Mahowald, N.; Prank, M.; Cornwell, G.; Klimont, Z.; Matsui, H.; Prather, K. A. Constraining the atmospheric limb of the plastic cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2021, 118 (16), e2020719118, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020719118 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 38 Constraining the atmospheric limb of the plastic cycle Brahney, Janice; Mahowald, Natalie; Prank, Marje; Cornwell, Gavin; Klimont, Zbigniew; Matsui, Hitoshi; Prather, Kimberly Ann Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2021), 118 (16), e2020719118CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences) Plastic pollution is one of the most pressing environmental and social issues of the 21st century. Recent work has highlighted the atm.'s role in transporting microplastics to remote locations [S. Allen et al., Nat. Geosci. 12, 339 (2019) and J. Brahney, M. Hallerud, E. Heim, M. Hahnenberger, S. Sukumaran, Science 368, 1257-1260 (2020)]. Here, we use in situ observations of microplastic deposition combined with an atm. transport model and optimal estn. techniques to test hypotheses of the most likely sources of atm. plastic. Results suggest that atm. microplastics in the western United States are primarily derived from secondary re-emission sources including roads (84%), the ocean (11%), and agricultural soil dust (5%). Using our best est. of plastic sources and modeled transport pathways, most continents were net importers of plastics from the marine environment, underscoring the cumulative role of legacy pollution in the atm. burden of plastic. This effort uses high-resoln. spatial and temporal deposition data along with several hypothesized emission sources to constrain atm. plastic. Akin to global biogeochem. cycles, plastics now spiral around the globe with distinct atm., oceanic, cryospheric, and terrestrial residence times. Though advancements have been made in the manuf. of biodegradable polymers, our data suggest that extant nonbiodegradable polymers will continue to cycle through the earth's systems. Due to limited observations and understanding of the source processes, there remain large uncertainties in the transport, deposition, and source attribution of microplastics. Thus, we prioritize future research directions for understanding the plastic cycle. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXptlShsrs%253D&md5= b194ec60399b1fe1d2ec4c36c700fa0c 39. 39 Ross, P. S.; Chastain, S.; Vassilenko, E.; Etemadifar, A.; Zimmermann, S.; Quesnel, S.-A.; Eert, J.; Solomon, E.; Patankar, S.; Posacka, A. M.; Williams, B. Pervasive distribution of polyester fibres in the Arctic Ocean is driven by Atlantic inputs. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12 (1), 1- 9, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20347-1 [Crossref], [PubMed], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 40. 40 Bergmann, M.; Mutzel, S.; Primpke, S.; Tekman, M. B.; Trachsel, J.; Gerdts, G. White and wonderful? Microplastics prevail in snow from the Alps to the Arctic. Science Advances 2019, 5 (8), eaax1157 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax1157 [Crossref], [PubMed], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 41. 41 Kapp, K. J.; Miller, R. Z. Electric Clothes Dryers: An Underestimated Source of microfiber pollution. PLoS One 2020, 15 (10), e0239165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239165 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 41 Electric clothes dryers: An underestimated source of microfiber pollution Kapp, Kirsten J.; Miller, Rachael Z. PLoS One (2020), 15 (10), e0239165CODEN: POLNCL; ISSN: 1932-6203. (Public Library of Science) Microplastics, particularly microfibers, are ubiquitous, found in aquatic (freshwater and marine) and terrestrial environments and within the food web worldwide. It is well-established that microplastics in the form of textile fibers enter the environment via washing machines and wastewater treatment effluent. Less is known about the release of microfibers from elec. clothes dryers. In this study we measure microfiber emissions from home installed dryers at two different sites. At each site the distribution of fibers landing on the snow's surface outside dryer vents and the wt. of lint in dryer exhaust exiting dryer vents were measured. Fibers from the pink polyester fleece blankets used in this study were found in plots throughout a 30ft (9.14m) radius from the dryer vents, with an av. no. across all plots of 404 +- 192 (SD) (Site 1) and 1,169 +- 606 (SD) (Site 2). The majority of the fibers collected were located within 5 ft (1.52m) of the vents. Avs. of 35+-16(SD)mg (Site 1) and 70+-77 (SD)mg (Site 2) of lint from three consecutive dry cycles were collected from dryer vent exhaust. This study establishes that elec. clothes dryers emit masses of microfiber directly into the environment. Microfiber emissions vary based on dryer type, age, vent installation and lint trap characteristics. Therefore, dryers should be included in discussions when considering strategies, policies and innovations to prevent and mitigate microfiber pollution. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXitVOks7fE& md5=2db1292e786b9497831444d2674ee0f1 42. 42 Mitrano, D. M.; Wohlleben, W. Microplastic Regulation Should be More Precise to Incentivize both Innovation and Environmental Safety. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11 (1), 1- 12, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19069-1 [Crossref], [PubMed], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 43. 43 O'Brien, S.; Okoffo, E. D.; O'Brien, J. W.; Ribeiro, F.; Wang, X.; Wright, S. L.; Samanipour, S.; Rauert, C.; Toapanta, T. Y. A.; Albarracin, R.; Thomas, K. V. Airborne Emissions of Microplastic Fibres from Domestic Laundry Dryers . Science of The Total Environment 2020, 747, 141175, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141175 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 43 Airborne emissions of microplastic fibres from domestic laundry dryers O'Brien, Stacey; Okoffo, Elvis D.; O'Brien, Jake W.; Ribeiro, Francisca; Wang, Xianyu; Wright, Stephanie L.; Samanipour, Saer; Rauert, Cassandra; Toapanta, Tania Yessenia Alajo; Albarracin, Rizsa; Thomas, Kevin V. Science of the Total Environment (2020), 747 (), 141175CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.) An emission source of microplastics into the environment is laundering synthetic textiles and clothing. Mech. drying as a pathway for emitting microplastics, however, is poorly understood. In this study, emissions of microplastic fibers were sampled from a domestic vented dryer to assess whether mech. drying of synthetic textiles releases microplastic fibers into the surrounding air or are captured by the inbuilt filtration system. A blue polyester fleece blanket was repeatedly washed and dried using the 'Normal Dry' program of a common domestic dryer operated at temps. between 56 and 59degC for 20 min. Microfibres in the ambient air and during operation of the dryer were sampled and analyzed using microscopy for particle quantification and characterization followed by Fourier-Transform IR Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Pyrolysis Gas Chromatog.-Mass Spectrometry (Pyr-GC/MS) for chem. characterization. Blue fibers averaged 6.4 +- 9.2 fibers in the room blank (0.17 +- 0.27 fibers/m3), 8.8 +- 8.5 fibers (0.05 +- 0.05 fibers/m3) in the procedural blank and 58 +- 60 (1.6 +- 1.8 fibers/m3) in the sample. This is the first study to measure airborne emissions of microplastic fibers from mech. drying, confirming that it is an emission source of microplastic fibers into air - particularly indoor air. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhsFOhsbfP& md5=b7758d402ff732c372080220969a2b79 44. 44 Pirc, U.; Vidmar, M.; Mozer, A.; Krzan, A. Emissions of Microplastic Fibers from Microfiber Fleece during Domestic Washing. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2016, 23 (21), 22206- 22211, DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7703-0 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 44 Emissions of microplastic fibers from microfiber fleece during domestic washing Pirc, U.; Vidmar, M.; Mozer, A.; Krzan, A. Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2016), 23 (21), 22206-22211CODEN: ESPLEC; ISSN:0944-1344. (Springer) Microplastics are found in marine and freshwater environments; however, their specific sources are not yet well understood. Understanding sources will be of key importance in efforts to reduce emissions into the environment. We examd. the emissions of microfibers from domestic washing of a new microfiber polyester fleece textile. Analyzing released fibers collected with a 200mm filter during 10 mild, successive washing cycles showed that emission initially decreased and then stabilized at approx. 0.0012 wt.%. This value is our estn. for the long-term release of fibers during each washing. Use of detergent and softener did not significantly influence emission. Release of fibers during tumble drying was approx. 3.5 times higher than during washing. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhsFGgtrzM& md5=d552e4f33dee0e93351c39840b1476f1 45. 45 Abbasi, S.; Keshavarzi, B.; Moore, F.; Turner, A.; Kelly, F. J.; Dominguez, A. O.; Jaafarzadeh, N. Distribution and potential health impacts of microplastics and microrubbers in air and street dusts from Asaluyeh County, Iran. Environ. Pollut. 2019, 244, 153- 164, DOI: 10.1016/ j.envpol.2018.10.039 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 45 Distribution and potential health impacts of microplastics and microrubbers in air and street dusts from Asaluyeh County, Iran Abbasi, Sajjad; Keshavarzi, Behnam; Moore, Farid; Turner, Andrew; Kelly, Frank J.; Dominguez, Ana Oliete; Jaafarzadeh, Neemat Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2019), 244 (), 153-164CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.) Samples were characterized by various microscopic techniques (fluorescence, polarized light, SEM) in order to quantify and classify MPs and microrubbers (MRs) in the urban and industrial environments. In < 5-mm street dust retrieved from 15 sites, there were an av. of 900 MPs and 250 MRs per 15 g of sample, with MPs exhibiting a range of colors and sizes (<100 to >1000mm). Most street dust samples were dominated by spherical film-like particles and MRs largely made up of different sizes of black fragments and fibrous particulates. Airborne dust collected daily over an eight-day period at two locations revealed the ubiquity of fibrous MPs of sizes ranging from about 2mm to 100mm and an abundance of about 1 per m-3. These samples contained small MR fragments whose precise characteristics were more difficult to define. Based on the median concns. in street dust, ests. of acute exposure through ingestion are about 5 and 15 MP d-1 and 2 and 7 MR d-1 for construction workers and young children, resp. Both types of particle exhibited oxidative potential, with MPs displaying consumptions of different antioxidants that were comparable with corresponding values for a ref. urban particulate dust but lower than those for London ambient particulate matter. MPs and MRs contribute towards the health impacts of urban and industrial dusts but their precise roles remain unclear and warrant further study. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhvFWkurjF& md5=b36bf1783ed99532c780a83e5ab0d0b4 46. 46 Yang, B. Study on Detaching Mechanism and Wearability of PET/ PA microfiber. J. Textile Res. 2000, 21, 9- 10 Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 47. 47 Jemec, A.; Horvat, P.; Kunej, U.; Bele, M.; Krzan, A. Uptake and Effects of Microplastic Textile Fibers on Freshwater Crustacean Daphnia Magna. Environ. Pollut. 2016, 219, 201- 209, DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.037 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 47 Uptake and effects of microplastic textile fibers on freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna Jemec, Anita; Horvat, Petra; Kunej, Urban; Bele, Marjan; Krzan, Andrej Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2016), 219 (), 201-209CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.) Microplastic fibers (MP) from textile weathering and washing are increasingly being recognized as environmental pollutants. The majority of studies on the bioavailability and effects of microplastic focused on small polystyrene spherical plastic particles, while less data are available for fibers and for other materials besides polystyrene. We investigated the ingestion and effects of ground polyethylene terephthalate (PET) textile microfibers (length range: 62-1400 mm, width 31-528 mm, thickness 1-21.5 mm) on the freshwater zooplankton crustacean Daphnia magna after a 48 h exposure and subsequent 24 h of recovery in MP free medium and algae. The majority of ingested fibers by D. magna were around 300 mm, but also some very large twisted MP fibers around 1400 mm were found inside the gut. Exposure to these fibers results in increased mortality of daphnids after 48 h only in the case where daphnids were not pre-fed with algae prior to expt., but no effect was found when daphnids were fed before the expts. Regardless of the feeding regime, daphnids were not able to recover from MP exposure after addnl. 24 h incubation period in a MP free medium with algae. The uptake and effects of PET textile MP on D. magna are presented here for the first time. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhslOqsLrK& md5=93538f94905008cfd5f4d2f72ae12896 48. 48 Zhang, W.; Liu, W.; Zhang, J.; Zhao, H.; Zhang, Y.; Quan, X.; Jin, Y. Characterisation of Acute Toxicity, Genotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Posed by Textile Effluent on Zebrafish. J. Environ. Sci. 2012, 24 (11), 2019- 2027, DOI: 10.1016/ S1001-0742(11)61030-9 [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar 48 Characterisation of acute toxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress posed by textile effluent on zebrafish Zhang, Wenjuan; Liu, Wei; Zhang, Jing; Zhao, Huimin; Zhang, Yaobin; Quan, Xie; Jin, Yihe Journal of Environmental Sciences (Beijing, China) (2012), 24 (11), 2019-2027CODEN: JENSEE; ISSN:1001-0742. (Science Press) Textile industries are important sources of toxic discharges and contribute enormously to water deterioration, while little attention has been paid to the toxicity of textile effluents in discharge regulation. Bioassays with zebrafish were employed to evaluate the toxicity of wastewater samples collected from different stages at a textile factory and sewage treatment plants (STPs). Physico-chem. parameters, acute toxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress biomarkers were analyzed. The wastewater samples from bleaching, rinsing and soaping of the textile factory exhibited high acute toxicity and genotoxicity. The coexisting components of dye compds., as assistants and oxidants, seemed to cause some effect on the toxic response. After treatment employing the anoxic-oxic (A/O) process in STPs, the color and the COD (COD) were reduced by 40% and 84%, resp., falling within the criteria of the Chinese Sewage Discharge Std. In contrast, increases in acute toxicity and genotoxicity were obsd. in the anaerobic tank, indicating the formation of toxic intermediates. The genotoxicity of the effluent of the STP was not significantly different from that of the influent, suggesting the wastewater treatment processes were not effective in removing the genotoxicity of the dye wastewater. Results indicated that the effluent contains pro-oxidants since the activities of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total anti-oxidn. capacity (T-AOC) were all elevated. In addn., decreases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S transferase (GST) activities obsd. can be interpreted as a cytotoxicity sign due to an over-prodn. of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results of the present study suggest that the STPs were not capable of reducing the toxicity of wastewater sufficiently. Further treatment is needed to remove the potential risks posed by textile effluent to ecosystems and human health, and employing a toxicity index is necessary for discharge regulation. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXntVSjsL0%253D&md5= 1c4e547979491effe9604d2344a04e60 49. 49 Zambrano, M. C.; Pawlak, J. J.; Daystar, J.; Ankeny, M.; Cheng, J. J.; Venditti, R. A. Microfibers Generated from the Laundering of Cotton, Rayon and Polyester Based Fabrics and their Aquatic Biodegradation. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2019, 142, 394- 407, DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.062 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 49 Microfibers generated from the laundering of cotton, rayon and polyester based fabrics and their aquatic biodegradation Zambrano, Marielis C.; Pawlak, Joel J.; Daystar, Jesse; Ankeny, Mary; Cheng, Jay J.; Venditti, Richard A. Marine Pollution Bulletin (2019), 142 (), 394-407CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.) The effect of fiber type (cotton, polyester, and rayon), temp., and use of detergent on the no. of microfibers released during laundering of knitted fabrics were studied during accelerated lab. washing (Launder-Ometer) and home laundering expts. Polyester and cellulose-based fabrics all shed significant amts. of microfibers and shedding levels were increased with higher water temp. and detergent use. Cellulose-based fabrics released more microfibers (0.2-4 mg/g fabric) during accelerated laundering than polyester (0.1-1 mg/g fabric). Using well-controlled aquatic biodegrdn. expts. it was shown that cotton and rayon microfibers are expected to degrade in natural aquatic aerobic environments whereas polyester microfibers are expected to persist in the environment for long periods of time. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXmslOit7k%253D&md5= edc452e7de4bcc860d4ad2133eeed708 50. 50 McIlwraith, H. K.; Lin, J.; Erdle, L. M.; Mallos, N.; Diamond, M. L.; Rochman, C. M. Capturing Microfibers-Marketed Technologies Reduce Microfiber Emissions from Washing Machines. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2019, 139, 40- 45, DOI: 10.1016 /j.marpolbul.2018.12.012 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 50 Capturing microfibers - marketed technologies reduce microfiber emissions from washing machines McIlwraith, Hayley K.; Lin, Jack; Erdle, Lisa M.; Mallos, Nicholas; Diamond, Miriam L.; Rochman, Chelsea M. Marine Pollution Bulletin (2019), 139 (), 40-45CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd.) Microfibers are a common type of microplastic. One known source of microfibers to the environment is domestic laundering, which can release thousands of fibers into washing machine effluent with every wash. Here, we adapted existing methods to measure the length, count and wt. of microfibers in laundry effluent. We used this method to test the efficacy of two technologies marketed to reduce microfiber emissions: the Cora Ball and Lint LUV-R filter. Both technologies significantly reduced the nos. of microfibers from fleece blankets in washing effluent. The Lint LUV-R captured an av. of 87% of microfibers in the wash by count, compared to the Cora Ball which captured 26% by count. The Lint LUV-R also significantly reduced the total wt. and av. length of fibers in effluent. While further research is needed to understand other sources of microfiber emissions, these available technologies could be adopted to reduce emissions from laundering textiles. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXisFOkt7zM& md5=234106501bbf0bf6a388245f279b230d 51. 51 Yang, L.; Qiao, F.; Lei, K.; Li, H.; Kang, Y.; Cui, S.; An, L. Microfiber release from different fabrics during washing. Environ. Pollut. 2019, 249, 136- 143, DOI: 10.1016/ j.envpol.2019.03.011 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 51 Microfiber release from different fabrics during washing Yang, Libiao; Qiao, Fei; Lei, Kun; Li, Huiqin; Kang, Yu; Cui, Song; An, Lihui Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2019), 249 (), 136-143CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.) Microfiber is a subgroup of microplastics and accounts for a large proportion of microplastics in aquatic environment, esp. in municipal effluents. The purpose of the present study was to quantify microfiber shedding from three most populate synthetic textile fabrics: polyester, polyamide, and acetate fabrics. The results showed that more microfibers were released after washing with a pulsator laundry machine than a platen laundry machine. The greatest no. of microfibers was released from acetate fabric, which was up to 74,816 +- 10,656 microfibers/m2 per wash, although microfibers were shed from all materials. Moreover, an increasing trend was found in the no. of microfibers shedding from synthetic fabrics with the washing temp. increasing, and greater microfiber release occurred when washing fabrics with detergent rather than with water alone. The lint filter bag equipped with the pulsator laundry machine retained the longer microfibers (>1000 mm), but not the shorter microfibers (<500 mm) instead of releasing into the drainage system. Our data suggested that microfibers released during washing of synthetic fabrics may be an important source of microfibers in aquatic environment due to the increasing prodn. and use of synthetic fabrics globally. Thus, more efficient filtering bags or other technologies in household washing machines should be developed to prevent and reduce the release of microfibers from domestic washing. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXltFOqsL8%253D&md5= 1841c48faa5a5f554a42e5193e68415d 52. 52 Cesa, F. S.; Turra, A.; Checon, H. H.; Leonardi, B.; Baruque-Ramos, J. Laundering and Textile Parameters Influence Fibers Release in Household Washings. Environ. Pollut. 2020, 257, 113553, DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113553 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 52 Laundering and textile parameters influence fibers release in household washings Cesa, Flavia Salvador; Turra, Alexander; Checon, Helio Herminio; Leonardi, Barbara; Baruque-Ramos, Julia Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2020), 257 (), 113553CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.) Synthetic fibers represent one of the main forms of microplastics in marine environment and recently were related to household washings as a source. Although other types of fiber, like natural, do not rely under this classification, there is a potential for them to act as a vector of toxic substances to biota in the same way as microplastics do. Consequently all types of fiber have the potential to cause variable ecol. and socioeconomic impacts. In this scenario, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of washing parameters in the emission of fibers on textiles with different characteristics and fiber content: cotton, acrylic, polyester and polyamide. For this purpose individual garments were sequentially washed with and without detergent. Results showed that the use of a detergent reduced significantly the mass of particles emitted from synthetic garments but not from cotton, which, in relative terms, was responsible for the highest emissions. Textile characteristics such as mass availability and fiber cohesion influenced results, where shorter irregular fibers and lower tenacities dealt to higher releases. For all types of garments tested, 10 sequential cycles decreased particles' release, with peaks in three firsts washes (from 37% to 76%). Taking into account a regular washing machine filter, a considerable mass of fibers (from 40% to 75%) was not retained by this device, indicating a potential for improvement. Together, simple solns. as the use of detergents, three pre-washes and superimposed filter meshes, could diminish >53% of this type of pollution. Besides this potential redn., globally, in one year, domestic washing machines would still contribute with around 15 thousand tonnes of cotton and synthetic fibers. A structured and sustained soln. for this problem should advance in an interdisciplinary approach, fomenting responsibility from plural actors, taken in all stages of products' life cycle. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXit1KrsL%252FO&md5= e940d49d815d832b435a1ae9e2b074a3 53. 53 Pakula, C.; Stamminger, R. Energy and water savings potential in automatic laundry washing processes. Energy Efficiency 2015, 8 (2), 205- 222, DOI: 10.1007/s12053-014-9288-0 [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 54. 54 Households and the Environment: Energy Use; Natural Resources Canada, 2011. Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 55. 55 Cocca, M.; De Falco, F.; Gullo, M.; Gentile, G.; Di Pace, E.; Gelabert, L.; Brouta-Agnesa, M.; Rovira, A.; Escudero, R.; Villalba, R. Microplastics from Synthetic Clothes: Environmental Impact and Mitigation Strategies. In 15th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, Rhodes, Greece, 31 August-2 September 2017. Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 56. 56 van Leeuwen, K.; Roghair, C.; de Nijs, T.; de Greef, J. EcotoxicoloGical Risk Evaluation of the Cationic Fabric Softener DTDMAC. III. Risk Assessment. Chemosphere 1992, 24 ( 5), 629- 639, DOI: 10.1016/0045-6535(92)90218-G [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar 56 Ecotoxicological risk evaluation of the cationic fabric softener DTDMAC. III. Risk assessment Van Leeuwen, Kees; Roghair, Carla; De Nijs, Ton; De Greef, Jodi Chemosphere (1992), 24 (5), 629-39CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN: 0045-6535. The use of cationic surfactants in the Netherlands (~2500 tons as active ingredient on an annual basis) poses a serious risk to a wide variety of aquatic ecosystems. On the basis of ecotoxicol. studies with ditallowdimethylammonium chloride (DTDMAC), the most important fabric softener, a max. permissible risk level of 50 mg/L and a negligible risk level of 0.5 mg/L were derived. In 1990, concns. of 6-25 mg/L were measured in the rivers Rhine, Meuse, and Scheldt. Model predictions, confirmed by measurements in Germany and The Netherlands, show that in ~30-40% of the surface waters considerably higher DTDMAC concns. are expected to occur. On the basis of this risk evaluation, the Netherlands Assocn. of Detergent Industries agreed to replace DTDMAC by chems. of lower environmental concern within a 2 yr period. By the end of 1990 almost all DTDMAC had been replaced by readily biodegradable substitutes. However, in June 1991, DTDMAC was detected in the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt at concns. of 12-34 mg/L, which indicates that other than only national measures are required to reduce the large-scale pollution of surface waters with DTDMAC. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK38Xit1Wis7k%253D& md5=46631c7f9a0df117bf0208df26fbe262 57. 57 Thakker, A. M.; Sun, D. Sustainable Plant-based Bioactive Materials for Functional Printed Textiles. J. Textile Inst. 2021, 112, 1324- 1358, DOI: 10.1080/00405000.2020.1810474 [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 58. 58 Belkhir, K.; Pillon, C.; Cayla, A.; Campagne, C. Antibacterial Textile Based on Hydrolyzed Milk Casein. Materials 2021, 14 (2), 251, DOI: 10.3390/ma14020251 [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar 58 Antibacterial textile based on hydrolyzed milk casein Belkhir, Kedafi; Pillon, Caroline; Cayla, Aurelie; Campagne, Christine Materials (2021), 14 (2), 251CODEN: MATEG9; ISSN:1996-1944. ( MDPI AG) Antimicrobial textile structures are developed based on polypropylene (PP) and a natural material, hydrolyzed casein. The casein, from bovine milk, is subjected to acid hydrolysis in aq. media, then blended into the PP matrix in the melt phase by extrusion. The obtained blend, contg. 5 wt.% of hydrolyzed casein, is then processed by a melt spinning process to get multifilaments, leading to the prodn. knitting structures. Thanks to the addn. of the hydrolyzed casein, the obtained textile showed a strong antibacterial activity towards both Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacterial strains. The addn. of 5 wt.% hydrolyzed casein does not significantly impact the mech. properties of PP in the dumbbells form, but a small decrease was obsd. in the tenacity of the filaments. No moisture retention was obsd. after the addn. of hydrolyzed casein, but the rheol. behavior was slightly affected. The obtained results can contribute to addressing concerns regarding nonrenewable antibacterial agents used in textile materials, particularly their effects on the environment and human health, by offering antibacterial agents from a biobased and edible substance with high efficiency. They are also promising to respond to issues of wasting dairy products and recycling them, in addn. to the advantages of using melt processes. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXnsl2ht7o%253D&md5= 37ccf3707f7065ec63f2f57c76764033 * Supporting Information Supporting Information ARTICLE SECTIONS Jump To ----------------------------------------------------------------- The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https:/ /pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00911. + Textiles and tumble dryer (Tables S1 and S2), supporting results of the study (Table S3, Figures S1 and S2), and detailed description of the experimental design and statistical analysis (Texts S1 and S2)(PDF) + ez1c00911_si_001.pdf (268.92 kb) Terms & Conditions Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. 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