https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2021/11/900-mile-mantle-pipeline-connects-galapagos-panama Skip to main content [ ] [Submit Search] Toggle navigation Search Cornell University * Cornell.edu * Media Relations * Search Cornell University Cornell Chronicle * Topics + o Architecture & Design o Arts & Humanities o Business, Economics & Entrepreneurship o Computing & Information Sciences o Energy, Environment & Sustainability o Food & Agriculture o Global Reach o Health, Nutrition & Medicine o Law, Government & Public Policy o Life Sciences & Veterinary Medicine o Physical Sciences & Engineering o Social & Behavioral Sciences o Coronavirus + Campus & Community o # News & Events # Public Engagement # New York City # Chronicle blog: Essentials # Staff News # Photos of the Day # Big Red Sports # Diversity # In Memory # NYS Impact # Around Cornell o All Stories o In the News o Expert Quotes o Cornellians Lavas in Costa Rica Credit: Esteban Gazel/Provided Microphotograph of lavas collected in Costa Rica with Galapagos mantle signatures. The sample is among others that led to the discovery of a 900-mile mantle flow connecting Central America to the Galapagos. 900-mile mantle pipeline connects Galapagos to Panama By Jana Wiegand | November 19, 2021 A cold spring in Panama shouldn't show strong signs of deep volcanic sources. But after researchers found one anomaly, they discovered several other sites with similarly unique signatures, stretching through the western half of the country and up into Costa Rica. The original source? The Galapagos Hotspot, approximately 900 miles away. This discovery transforms scientists' current understanding of geologic processes occurring beneath the Earth's surface by suggesting that hotspots, like the ones that formed the Galapagos and Hawaiian islands, aren't fixed in place. Rather than just going directly to the surface, rising magma - formed by hot plumes in the mantle - can actually flow laterally through upper portions of the Earth's mantle and transport material much further away. "You can imagine the mantle being like an ocean with different currents," said Esteban Gazel, associate professor of earth and atmospheric sciences in the College of Engineering and a faculty fellow at the Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability and at the Carl Sagan Institute. Gazel is a co-lead author of "High 3He/4He in Central Panama Reveals a Distal Connection to the Galapagos Plume," which published Nov. 19 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. "There are these incredibly deep currents that come all the way up from the Earth's core-mantle boundary," Gazel said, "and they form volcanoes and ocean islands like Hawaii and the Galapagos. We showed that once this material reaches the upper mantle, it can spread and impact a much larger area than previously thought." While researchers had suspected that this was possible, this paper presents solid evidence that connects the geochemical fingerprint of the Galapagos plume with mantle materials underneath Panama and Costa Rica - documenting the course of a mantle plume that flows sideways through upper portions of the Earth. It's a mystery that Gazel has been working to solve for nearly 20 years. When he was an undergraduate at the University of Costa Rica, he started collecting data on volcanic rocks that do not fit the standard composition of the Central American Volcanic Arc. This active chain of volcanoes is fueled by the subduction of the Pacific Ocean's Coco Plate underneath the Caribbean Plate. "I was making some plots looking at the trace elements, and right away I realized that the data have a very unique oceanic island signature, a chemical record connected to deep Earth anomalies. And this was the signature of the Galapagos plume," he said. "When I realized this, I was 19 years old, and while there was literature that pointed in this direction, the evidence was circumstantial at best." But the subduction process has its own unique signature associated with the recycling of rocks at high pressures and low temperatures - and that was missing. Somehow, the magma not only traveled from hundreds of miles away, but it had passed through a gap in the subduction zone, preserving its original, deep Earth chemical composition. Five years later, Gazel's colleague Peter Barry, an assistant scientist at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), was collecting data at a cold spring in Panama when he noticed abnormally high helium isotope ratios. "The three-to-four helium ratio is a primordial signature - what the Earth inherited from the solar system during its formation," Gazel said. While these ratios remain very low at the planet's surface, there are reservoirs deep inside the planet that retain the high helium isotopes from the earliest era of Earth's history. Rising mantle plumes are the only known way for these elements to reach the surface. The team's observations at the spring and at other similar sites indicated they were directly measuring the chemical out-gassing of the mantle material below. There, they recorded the highest helium isotope ratios ever measured in a geothermal spring far from active volcanoes. "The idea that these plumes come up from the mantle, and they're fixed in place, is potentially missing the true impact of these global processes," he said. "These plumes also have the potential to flow and move horizontally to all other parts of the upper mantle. We had suspicions that this happened, but the helium data, together with the rock geochemistry, confirmed our thinking." The finding is partially due to the sheer luck of its correlation with a natural gap in the subduction zone that formed around 8 million years ago. This gap, also called a slab window, allowed a tributary of the Galapagos mantle plume to branch off and flow northeast, traveling under Central America. First author of the study is David Bekaert, a postdoctoral associate at WHOI. The researchers hope to collect more data to show exactly how far this current of the Galapagos plume extends, ultimately helping shed more light on the complex geologic processes happening in the Earth's mantle. "Material that originates from the deepest parts of Earth's mantle, near the core boundary, can carry primordial signatures all the way up to Earth's surface," Gazel said, "where you can find evidence of that material in a spring, from water that you could be drinking." This project was supported by funding from the Sloan Foundation, the Deep Carbon Observatory and the National Science Foundation. Jana Wiegand is a freelance writer for the Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability. Physical Sciences & Engineering Media Inquiries Media Contact Becka Bowyer rpb224@cornell.edu 6072204185 ------------------------------------------------------------- Get Cornell news delivered right to your inbox. Subscribe ------------------------------------------------------------- You might also like monazite crystal Bacteria could extract elements for modern tech sustainably La Palma volcano Cornell scientists to join team for live volcanic eruption Gallery Heading x Previous Next Links o About the Chronicle o Media Relations Office o Copyright o Web Accessibility Assistance Contact Cornell Chronicle 312 College Ave Ithaca, NY 14850 607-255-4206 cunews@cornell.edu SUBSCRIBE o Daily and weekly newsletters o Feeds - RSS & JSON