https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apt.12141 * Skip to Article Content * Skip to Article Information Working off-campus? Learn about our remote access options Wiley Online Library Wiley Online Library [ ]Search within[This Journal] * Search term[ ] Advanced Search Citation Search * Search term[ ] Advanced Search Citation Search Login / Register [ad] Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics Volume 37, Issue 2 p. 169-173Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics Systematic Review Free Access Systematic review: Coca-Cola can effectively dissolve gastric phytobezoars as a first-line treatment S. D. Ladas, Gastroenterology Division, First Department of Medicine - Propaedeutic, Medical School, Athens University, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece Search for more papers by this author D. Kamberoglou, Corresponding Author Gastroenterology Division, First Department of Medicine - Propaedeutic, Medical School, Athens University, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece Correspondence to: Dr D. Kamberoglou, Gastroenterology Division, First Department of Medicine - Propaedeutic, Medical School, Athens University, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece. E-mail: kamberd@hol.gr Search for more papers by this author G. Karamanolis, Gastroenterology Division, First Department of Medicine - Propaedeutic, Medical School, Athens University, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece Search for more papers by this author J. Vlachogiannakos, Gastroenterology Division, First Department of Medicine - Propaedeutic, Medical School, Athens University, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece Search for more papers by this author I. Zouboulis-Vafiadis, Gastroenterology Division, First Department of Medicine - Propaedeutic, Medical School, Athens University, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece Search for more papers by this author S. D. Ladas, Gastroenterology Division, First Department of Medicine - Propaedeutic, Medical School, Athens University, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece Search for more papers by this author D. Kamberoglou, Corresponding Author Gastroenterology Division, First Department of Medicine - Propaedeutic, Medical School, Athens University, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece Correspondence to: Dr D. Kamberoglou, Gastroenterology Division, First Department of Medicine - Propaedeutic, Medical School, Athens University, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece. E-mail: kamberd@hol.gr Search for more papers by this author G. Karamanolis, Gastroenterology Division, First Department of Medicine - Propaedeutic, Medical School, Athens University, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece Search for more papers by this author J. Vlachogiannakos, Gastroenterology Division, First Department of Medicine - Propaedeutic, Medical School, Athens University, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece Search for more papers by this author I. Zouboulis-Vafiadis, Gastroenterology Division, First Department of Medicine - Propaedeutic, Medical School, Athens University, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece Search for more papers by this author First published: 17 December 2012 https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.12141 Citations: 95 This uncommissioned systematic review was subject to full peer-review. About Sections PDFPDF Tools * Request permission * Export citation * Add to favorites * Track citation ShareShare Give access Share full text access Share full-text access Please review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article. [ ]I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of Use --------------------------------------------------------------------- Shareable Link Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more. [ ] Copy URL Share a link Share on * Email * Facebook * Twitter * Linked In * Reddit * Wechat Summary Background Gastric phytobezoars represent the most common bezoars in patients with poor gastric motility. A variety of dissolution therapies and endoscopic fragmentation techniques have been evaluated as conservative treatment so as to avoid surgery. Aim To investigate the effectiveness of Coca-Cola for gastric phytobezoars dissolution. Methods We performed a systematic search to identify publications on gastric phytobezoars to assess the efficacy of Coca-Cola as a dissolution therapy. Diospyrobezoars, formed after persimmon ingestion, are a distinct type of phytobezoars characterized by their hard consistency. Thus, these two subgroups of bezoars were compared in terms of successful dissolution. Results Over a 10-year period (2002-2012), 24 papers including 46 patients have been published. In 91.3% of the cases, phytobezoar resolution with Coca-Cola administration was successful, either as a single treatment (50%) or combined with further endoscopic techniques, whereas only 4 patients underwent surgery. Phytobezoars were more likely to dissolve after initial attempt with Coca-Cola compared with diospyrobezoars (60.6% vs. 23%, P = 0.022). Conclusions Coca-Cola alone is effective in gastric phytobezoar dissolution in half of the cases and, combined with additional endoscopic methods, is successful in more than 90% of them. Introduction Bezoar is a type of a foreign body in the intestinal tract consisting of animal or vegetable material, most commonly found as hard masses in the stomach.1 Their incidence has been reported to be about 0.4%.2 Predisposing conditions include gastric dysmotility usually because of diabetic gastroparesis and previous gastric surgery. According to their composition, they are classified into five types: phytobezoars, trichobezoars, medication bezoars, lactobezoars and food bolus. Phytobezoars, the most common type of bezoars, are composed of indigestible cellulose, tannin and lignin from ingested vegetables and fruits. In some Asian countries, phytobezoars are formed after ingestion of persimmons and pineapples and are called diospyrobezoars, which are more difficult to treat because of their hard consistency.3, 4 Phytobezoars' conservative management includes administration of proteolytic enzymes, cellulase, carbohydrate beverages, either orally or by gastric lavage, and endoscopic fragmentation. We first published a report about Coca-Cola efficacy in dissolving gastric phytobezoars in 2002.5 Since then, more than 20 reports have followed the same treatment modality. Our aim was to review all studies evaluating Coca-Cola dissolution therapy, concerning patients' characteristics and outcome. Methods A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Embase and Google from 2002 to end of June 2012. We combined the keywords phytobezoars treatment and Coca-Cola lysis. We selected only studies with adult patients, initially treated with Coca-Cola, published in English or in other languages with English abstracts. We examined the efficacy of this therapy in dissolving phytobezoars either completely or partially. The outcome was considered favourable in case of bezoar complete resolution either initially or following further endoscopic fragmentation not necessitating surgical treatment. We compared phytobezoars and diospyrobezoars in terms of dissolution because the latter develop into very hard masses difficult to manage. Chi square test was used to compare differences and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results We identified 24 publications that included case reports with 1 up to 5 patients and one retrospective study with 17 patients.5-28 Patients' characteristics and outcome are shown in detail in Table S1. A total of 46 subjects (mean age: 60, range: 25-87 years, female: 25, male: 21) with phytobezoars were initially offered a Coca-Cola lysis. Main symptoms included abdominal pain, dyspepsia and vomiting. Sixteen (34.8%) patients had a history of diabetes mellitus with diabetic gastroparesis and 8 (17.4%) previous gastric surgery. In 10 cases (21.7%), endoscopy revealed a gastric ulcer, in 9 (19.5%) pyloric stenosis and in one, a gastric adenocarcinoma. Bezoar size is not mentioned in 20 patients, whereas it is grossly estimated in most of the rest cases (huge, large or very large: n = 5, occupying 1/2 of the lumen: n = 1, 4 cm: n = 1, 7 cm: n = 1, 8-10 cm: n = 1). In a series with 17 patients, bezoar occupied >50% of the lumen in 7, and <50% in 10 of them.21 Coca-Cola was administrated either as drinking beverage (n = 22) or as lavage (n = 16), whereas 8 patients had various combinations with drink, injection and irrigation. Coca-Cola volume used, in case of oral administration, varied among studies, concerning daily dose and time of treatment. Daily amount varied from 500 mL up to 3000 mL and time from 24 h up to 6 weeks. Lavage was performed either with a double-lumen nasogastric tube or with 2 separate tubes using 3000 mL of Coca-Cola over a 12-h period. Figure 1 shows the outcome of the total number of patients treated. After initial attempt, phytobezoars were completely dissolved in 23 (50%) of the cases. Nineteen of the remaining 23 patients finally achieved complete dissolution with further endoscopic modalities, whereas 4 (8.7%) patients, 1 without and 3 with partial dissolution, developed small bowel obstruction leading to surgical treatment. Consequently, 91.3% (42/46) of the patients had a favourable outcome. Interestingly, 2 patients with complete dissolution developed small bowel obstruction 1 and 6 weeks later necessitating surgical intervention.24, 26 Types of further endoscopic treatment and outcome are shown in Table 1. Patients with phytobezoars (n = 33) were more likely to achieve complete resolution after initial attempt with Coca-Cola compared with those with diospyrobezoars (n = 13) (60.6% vs. 23%; x^2 = 5.25, P = 0.022). Further treatment produced comparable results between these two types of bezoars. It is of note that among the 4 subjects who finally underwent surgery, 2 had phytobezoars and 2 diospyrobezoars (Table 2). Table 1. Types of endoscopic treatment performed in 23 patients dissolution with Coca-Cola Endoscopic treatment No. of Outcome patients Polypectomy snare 6 5: Favourable, 1: Surgery Biopsy forceps 2 Favourable Mechanical lithotripsy with 8 Favourable basket Cellulase lavage 1 Favourable Polypectomy snare + biopsy 1 Favourable forceps Biopsy forceps + injection 1 Favourable None 4 3: Surgery, 1: Favourable Table 2. Comparison of outcome between patients with phytobezoars and diospyrobezoars Phytobezoar n = Diospyrobezoar n = P-value 33 13 Initial complete 20 (60.6%) 3 (23%) 0.022 dissolution Final complete 31 (94%) 11 (84.6%) 0.312 dissolution Surgery 2 (6%) 2 (15.4) 0.312 image Figure 1 Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Flow diagram showing the outcome of the total number of patients initially treated with cola in 24 studies. Discussion The major finding of this review is that Coca-Cola completely dissolves gastric phytobezoars in about half of the cases. Besides, it facilitates complete dissolution by subsequent therapeutic endoscopic techniques in the majority of the patients left, leading to a final success rate up to 91.3%. Mechanical lithotripsy with basket and fragmentation with polypectomy snare or biopsy forceps seems to be the most popular and effective types of further endoscopic treatment to achieve complete dissolution (Table 1). However, clinicians should be aware that even after a favourable outcome with complete dissolution, suggested by an empty stomach on endoscopy, a small bowel obstruction can occur up to 6 weeks later due to small fragments of the initial phytobezoar.24, 26 Coca-Cola administration is a cheap, easy-to-perform and safe procedure that can be accomplished at any endoscopy unit. Moreover, lavage can be offered at bedside or even patients may drink the beverage at home. Coca-Cola light, containing aspartame as a sweetener, or zero is available for diabetics and those who would not wish more calories intake and has been reported to be equally effective compared with the regular form as the main contents do not change.5 In contrast, endoscopic fragmentation, although efficacious as an initial treatment, is more expensive and time consuming. It can be performed with polypectomy snare,29 electrosurgical knife,30 mechanical or electrohydraulic lithotripsy,31 dormia basket,32 laser destruction,33 biopsy forceps34, 35 and endoscopic removal with large channel endoscopy.36 Apart Coca-Cola, phytobezoar chemical dissolution can also be achieved, either before or after endoscopic fragmentation, with cellulase,23 acetulcysteine,37 papain,38 pancreatic enzymes, saline solution, 0.1 N HCl and sodium bicarbonate.39 Walker-Renard, in a review article, reported a 87% (13/15 cases) efficacy with papain and a 100% (19/19) with cellulase, noting adverse effects only with papain such as gastric ulcer, hyponatremia and oesophageal perforation.40 Also, Bonilla et al. achieved resolution in 7/7 patients with cellulase41 and Gaya et al. in 80% using a combination with polypectomy snare and cellulose.4 However, cases with small bowel obstruction have been described after enzymatic treatment with cellulase.2, 42 It is of note that cellulase is not available in every country and is more expensive compared with Coca-Cola. The mechanism of bezoar dissolution by Coca-Cola has not been thoroughly explained, but having an acidity of pH 2.6, due to carbonic and phosphoric acid, it resembles gastric acid, which is thought to be important for fibre digestion.43 In addition, NaHCO[3] mucolytic effect and CO[2] bubbles enhance the dissolving mechanism.5 Diospyrobezoars or persimmon bezoars are considered more difficult to dissolve compared with other phytobezoars because of their hard consistency. They are formed after ingestion of persimmons, which are very popular in many Asians countries. Tanin and shibuol, especially found in the skin of unripe persimmons, react with HCl acid in the stomach and form a coagulum, which is the basis of the bezoar that accumulates cellulose, hemicellulose and protein.44 After having reviewed all relevant publications, it appears that diospyrobezoars are less likely to be completely dissolved by Coca-Cola, as an initial treatment, compared with other phytobezoars. However, the type of the bezoar does not affect the outcome as complete dissolution is finally achieved even in most diospyrobezoars, by using additional endoscopic fragmentation. It seems that Coca-Cola diminishes the size and softens the consistency of the bezoar, thus facilitating the dissolution by other subsequent modalities. No matter the type of the phytobezoar, a few patients undergo surgery. In a series with 17 patients, by Lee B et al., complete resolution was successful in only 25% of the cases, but further treatment with mechanical lithotripsy or polypectomy snare dissolved nearly all bezoars (16/17) regardless the type.21 Zamir et al. report that in early 1980s, when persimmons became popular in Israel, the incidence of diospyrobezoars was increased. However, when the public was warned formally on TV, cases of persimmon bezoars were dramatically decreased.45 Initial bezoar size does not seem to influence dissolution, although in most cases it is either not stated or grossly estimated. Lee B et al., in their retrospective study, did not find a difference comparing bezoars occupying <50% or >50% of gastric lumen.21 An algorithm how to manage a patient with a gastric phytobezoar is provided in Figure 2. image Figure 2 Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Flow chart showing an algorithm with the management of patients with gastric phytobezoars. A limitation of this review is that because no follow-up is provided by the majority of the papers, no judgement can be made about patients' relapse. In two papers, 5 patients had a follow-up endoscopy, being on regular use of Coca-Cola, without any evidence of recurrence 3-15 months after initial treatment.5, 16 Further prospective studies are needed to assess whether continuous Coca-Cola oral intake after bezoar dissolution could be an effective preventive therapy for these patients. Another limitation of our study is that failures of Coca-Cola phytobezoar dissolution may have been underreported. In addition, case reports of successful Coca-Cola lysis may have been rejected from publication due to the high number of case reports published so far. In conclusion, this study shows that most gastric phytobezoars can be effectively treated with Coca-Cola administration as less than 10% of the cases necessitate surgery. In half of them, complete dissolution is achieved, whereas patients with partial resolution have successful subsequent endoscopic fragmentation. Coca-Cola ingestion should be the treatment of choice considering that less endoscopies and accessories are needed and patients stay less at the hospital. Moreover, availability, low cost, rapid way of action, simplicity in administration and safety renders Coca-Cola a cost-effective therapy for gastric phytobezoars. Authorship Guarantor of the article: Prof. S. Ladas. Author contributions: All authors approved the final version of the manuscript and contributed equally to the preparation. Acknowledgement Declaration of personal and funding interests: None. Supporting Information Filename Description apt12141-sup-0001-TableS1.docWord Table S1. Summary of studies with document, 44 KB patients treated with Coca-Cola because of gastric phytobezoar. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. 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CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science(r)Google Scholar Citing Literature [apt] Volume37, Issue2 January 2013 Pages 169-173 [ad] * Figures * References * Related * Information [spinner] [ad] Close Figure Viewer Return to Figure[ ] Previous FigureNext Figure Caption Download PDF Additional links About Wiley Online Library * Privacy Policy * Terms of Use * Cookies * Accessibility * Publishing Policies Help & Support * Contact Us * Training and Support * DMCA & Reporting Piracy Opportunities * Subscription Agents * Advertisers & Corporate Partners Connect with Wiley * The Wiley Network * Wiley Press Room Copyright (c) 1999-2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Wiley Home Page The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. [logo-heade] Log in to Wiley Online Library Email or Customer ID [ ] Password [ ] Forgot password? 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