https://www.taiuru.maori.nz/maori-data-sovereignty-licences/ Skip to content Karaitiana Taiuru Ngai Tahu, Ngati Kahungunu, Ngati Rarua, Tuwharetoa Menu * Blog * About * Published & Data Sets + Blog + Citations + Digital Tools and localisation projects + Media Contributions + Public submissions + Presentations and Lectures * Contact + Section 27 Cultural Reports Karaitiana Taiuru AILicence Kaitiakitanga Maori Data Sovereignty Licences August 22, 2021 Karaitiana Data Sovereignty This article introduces six new licence to protect Maori Data and recognise Maori Data Sovereignty rights today and for the next 1000 years. Maori Data Sovereignty principles are also updated to reflect Maori society and the Social Licence is reviewed as not appropriate for Maori and Indigenous Data. Contents hide 1 Citations 2 Introduction 3 Suitability of the terms "Maori Data/ Sovereignty"? 4 Definition of Maori Data 5 Maori Data Sovereignty Principles 6 Social Licences are incompatible with te ao Maori 7 Kaitiakitanga; Maori Data Sovereignty Licence 1.1 7.1 Preamble 7.2 Whakapapa 7.3 Explanation 7.4 Kaitiakitanga of Content 8 Kaitiakitanga; Iwi Data Sovereignty License 1.1 8.1 Preamble 8.2 Whakapapa 8.3 Explanation 8.4 Kaitiakitanga of Content 9 Kaitiakitanga; Hapu Data Sovereignty Licence 1.1 9.1 Preamble 9.2 Whakapapa 9.3 Explanation 9.4 Kaitiakitanga of Content 10 Kaitiakitanga; Marae/Runanga Data Sovereignty Licence 1.1 10.1 Preamble 10.2 Whakapapa 10.3 Explanation 10.4 Kaitiakitanga of Content 11 Kaitiakitanga; Ropu Maori Data Sovereignty Licence 1.1 11.1 Preamble 11.2 Whakapapa 11.3 Explanation 11.4 Kaitiakitanga of Content 12 Kaitiakitanga of Whanau Maori Data Sovereignty License 1.1 12.1 Preamble 12.2 Whakapapa 12.3 Explanation 12.4 Kaitiakitanga of Content 13 References 13.1 Related posts: --------------------------------------------------------------------- Citations This article can be cited as "Taiuru, Karaitiana. (2021). Maori Data Sovereignty Licences. Retrieved form https://www.taiuru.maori.nz/ maori-data-sovereignty-licences/ --------------------------------------------------------------------- Introduction Maori Data Sovereignty discussions have typically ignored traditional Maori ownership of property models in favour of using Eurocentric views of Maori society and licenses that are contrary to Maori Sovereignty itself. It is reminiscent of Justice Sir Joe Williams presentation "Kupe's law vs Cooks law". Ta Williams describes Kupe the Maori explorer and the traditional law of the land at that time which was tikanga, as it worked well. Then when Captain Cook arrived to New Zealand, he brought a foreign new law 'common law', that despite contradicting tikanga, was forced upon Maori, the impacts of which are still occurring today. This article proposes five new Maori Data Sovereignty licenses that are based on Te Hiku Media's original Kaitiakitanga licence. These new licences recognise He Whakaputanga - The Declaration of Independence, Te Tiriti o Waitangi, The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), Maori Data Sovereignty Principles and encompasses traditional Maori law of ownership/ guardianship and societal hierarchy (tikanga). A modified set of Maori Data Sovereignty principles are also introduced in this article that reflect the new licences. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Suitability of the terms "Maori Data/ Sovereignty"? Pre-colonial settlement of New Zealand, Maori Peoples identified themselves primarily as descendants of Ranginui and Papatuanuku and or of Tiki as seen in the following three pepeha: 1. Te aitanga a Tiki. The offspring of Tiki. This is applied to human beings. Tiki from the world of Chaos (Po) married Ea of the world of light. They had Kurawkaka who married Tane-nui-a-rangi, the beginning of the human race (Best, 1903, p. 17) 2. Nga uri o Tiki. The descendants of Tiki. These are the human race as Tiki was its progenitor (Colenso, 1879, p. 91). 3. Na Rangi taua, na Tuanuku e takoto nei; ko ahau tenei, ko mea a mea. We are descended from Rangi and Tuanuku; as for me, I am so-and-so, child of so-and-so. This was the prescribed formula for responding to a chief who welcomed one to his village. The stranger established their common ancestry and then related essential elements of their own lineage (Brougham, 1975, p. 70). Secondly, Maori identified themselves from the strata of their tribal structures, these being whanau, hapu, iwi and waka (Barlow, 1991); (Buck, 1949); (Firth, 1972); (Gibbons, Temara, & White, 1994); (Papakura, 1986); (Willmott, 1989, pp. 1-20). Tribal structures provided a format in which Maori could undertake their political relations enriched by their traditions and strengthened by their sense of tribal identity (Ministerial Advisory Committee, 1988). For example, iwi members of Ngai Tahu did, and still to this day refer to themselves as descendants of Tahu Potiki/ He uri au/ia o Tahu Potiki. The important aspect to the modern day term Maori, is that you must have whakapapa to be Maori, regardless of the amount of whakapapa. The potential dangers using only the term Maori Data Sovereignty is that within New Zealand legislation anyone can claim to be Maori without proving it. This is a dichotomy for Maori who enjoy the autonomy of self identification/tino rangatiratanga with out the need for legislation to decide if a Maori person is indeed a Maori person by introducing racist blood quantum measurements. The Ropu Maori Licence proposed later in this article has an example of further defining what Maori is so as to avoid non Maori claiming they are a Maori organisation. Increasingly the general term "Maori Data Sovereignty" will be phased out and Maori will once again revert back to identifying their data and data sovereignty from the strata of their tribal structures: "Whanau, hapu, Iwi, Marae, Waka, and the myriad of different Maori Organisations/Ropu Maori" to properly have Data Sovereignty and to prevent Data Colonisation. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Definition of Maori Data Datum, data, information or knowledge in any format or medium, which is about, from, is produced by Maori Peoples, whanau, hapu, iwi or Maori organisations either collectively or individually, describes Maori Peoples, whanau, hapu, iwi and Maori organisations and their environments, has relationships with, or is made by Maori Peoples, whanau, hapu, iwi and Maori organisations or contains any Maori Peoples, whanau, hapu, iwi and Maori organisations content or association or may affect Maori, whanau, hapu, iwi and Maori organisations. Maori Data are a living taonga and are of strategic value to Maori Peoples, whanau, hapu, iwi and Maori organisations (Taiuru, K. 2020). --------------------------------------------------------------------- Maori Data Sovereignty Principles These widely recognised principles are from Te Mana Rauranga and have been slightly modified to recognise all of Maori societies, modern and traditional and to ensure that the principles are future proofed for Maori society. 01 Rangatiratanga | Authority 1.1 Control. Maori, whanau, hapu, iwi, marae, ropu Maori have an inherent rights to exercise control over Maori data and Maori data ecosystems. This right includes, but is not limited to, the creation, collection, access, analysis, interpretation, management, security, dissemination, use and reuse of Maori data. 1.2 Jurisdiction. Decisions about the physical and virtual storage of Maori data shall enhance control for current and future generations. Whenever possible, Maori data shall be stored in New Zealand. 1.3 Self-determination. Maori, whanau, hapu, iwi, marae, ropu Maori have the right to data that is relevant and empowers sustainable self-determination and effective self-governance and the right to request removal of data that is contrary to tikanga or is disempowers or is bias against Maori, whanau, hapu, iwi, marae, ropu Maori. 02 Whakapapa | Identity 2.1 Context. All data has a whakapapa (genealogy) and a mauri. Accurate metadata should, at minimum, provide information about the provenance of the data, the purpose(s) for its collection, the context of its collection, and the parties involved. 2.2 Data disaggregation. The ability to disaggregate Maori data increases its relevance for Maori, whanau, hapu, iwi, marae, ropu Maori. Maori data shall be collected and coded using categories that prioritise Maori, whanau, hapu, iwi, marae, ropu Maori needs and aspirations. 2.3 Future use. Current decision-making over data can have long-term consequences, good and bad, for future generations of all Maori, whanau, hapu, iwi, marae, ropu Maori. A key goal of Maori data governance should be to protect against future harm. 03 Whanaungatanga | Obligations 3.1 Balancing rights. Individuals' rights (including privacy rights), risks and benefits in relation to data need to be balanced with those of whanau, hapu, iwi, marae, ropu Maori of which they are a part. In some contexts, collective Maori rights will prevail over those of individuals. 3.2 Accountabilities. Maori, whanau, hapu, iwi, marae, ropu Maori are responsible for the creation, collection, analysis, management, access, security or dissemination of Maori data have intergenerational accountability to Maori, whanau, hapu, iwi, marae, ropu Maori from whom the data derive. 04 Kotahitanga | Collective benefit 4.1 Benefit. Data ecosystems shall be designed and function in ways that enable Maori, whanau, hapu, iwi, marae, ropu Maori to derive individual and collective benefits now and for future generations. 4.2 Build capacity. Maori Data Sovereignty requires the development of a Maori workforce to enable the creation, collection, management, security, governance and application of data. 4.3 Connect. Connections between Maori, whanau, hapu, iwi, marae, ropu Maori and other Indigenous peoples shall be supported to enable the sharing of strategies, resources and ideas in relation to data, and the attainment of common goals. 05 Manaakitanga | Reciprocity 5.1 Respect. The collection, use and interpretation of data shall uphold the dignity of Maori, whanau, hapu, iwi, marae, ropu Maori. Data analysis that stigmatises or blames Maori, whanau, hapu, iwi, marae, ropu Maori can result in collective and individual harm and should be actively avoided. 5.2 Consent. Free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) is one of declarations of the United Nations Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) and shall underpin the collection and use of all data from or about Maori, whanau, hapu, iwi, marae, ropu Maori. 06 Kaitiakitanga | Guardianship 6.1 Maori Data is ever only loan. Maori data shall be stored and transferred in such a way that it enables and reinforces the capacity of Maori, whanau, hapu, iwi, marae, ropu Maori to exercise kaitiakitanga over Maori data. Non Maori can not own Maori data. 6.2 Ethics. Tikanga (traditional Maori law), kawa (protocols), matauranga (knowledge), Te Tiriti, He Whakaputanga and The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples shall underpin the protection, access and use of Maori data. 6.3 Restrictions. Maori, whanau, hapu, iwi, marae, ropu Maori shall decide which Maori data shall be accessed. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Social Licences are incompatible with te ao Maori Some government agencies incorrectly use a 'Social Licence' for Maori Data and their commitment to Maori Data Sovereignty. A Social Licence is a direct contradiction of the Maori Data Sovereignty Principles including of Tikanga, Kawa and Matauranga Maori and the obligations of generations to act as Kaitiaki, as opposed to western ownership models. "The Social License has been defined as existing when a project has the ongoing approval within the local community and other stakeholders, ongoing approval or broad social acceptance and, most frequently, as ongoing acceptance" (Social Licence, 2020). In the MPI Primary Growth Partnership newsletter, Jamieson (2015, p. 1) noted that: "In a nutshell, if a company or organization has social licence to operate it means they have the support and trust of their customers and the public. It's about gaining community and public acceptance for the work that you do". The key issue is that no Crown Agency or department can claim to have the support and trust of Iwi, hapu, whanau, Marae and Maori individuals or groups. If they did, there would be no such thing as the Waitangi Tribunal, reforms of government agencies, no accusations of discrimination by Crown organisations and Te Tiriti would be so firmly established in New Zealand society, we would all be comfortable in a bicultural/bilingual society with a mixture of Maori and Western values. We don't, and we are generations away from being at this stage. Using a social license with Maori Data also implies that there has been significant consultation with iwi, hapu, whanau, marae and Maori organisations and individuals highlighting the misunderstandings about modern day Maori societal structure. There is no one representative group to represent Maori, hapu, iwi, whanau, marae and ropu Maori. Each iwi are autonomous from each other as are their marae and hapu with most Iwi not having elections to elect representatives. A social licence also ignores the independent sovereign nation status that the Crown guaranteed to the Maori iwi who signed the Declaration of Independence. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Kaitiakitanga; Maori Data Sovereignty Licence 1.1 Preamble Maori Data Sovereignty refers to the inherent rights and interests of Maori, whanau, hapu, marae, iwi and Maori organisations have in relation to the creation, collection, access, analysis, interpretation, management, dissemination, re-use and control of data relating to Maori, whanau, hapu, marae, iwi and Maori organisations as guaranteed in He Whakaputanga and or Te Tiriti and the provided recognition of rights with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (Taiuru, K. 2020). Whakapapa The following licence was originally written by Te Hiku Media and modified slightly to allow for and recognise Maori Data Sovereignty rights using traditional Maori law in respect of Maori data. The intention is that this can be modified or applied directly to any whanau/hapu/Marae/Iwi/Maori Organisation/Group data. Explanation Kaitiaki is a Maori word without specific English translation, but its meanings are similar to the words guardian, protector, and custodian. In this context we protect the Maori data in this repository and will provide access to the data as we (Maori) deem fit through our own tikanga and kawa (customs and protocols). While we recognise the importance of open source technologies, Creative Commons and Open Data, we're mindful that the majority of tangata whenua and other Indigenous Peoples may not have access to the resources that enable them to benefit from open source technologies, Creative Commons and Open Data. As tangata whenua, our ability to grow, develop, and innovate has been stymied through colonisation. We must protect our ability to grow as tangata whenua. By simply open sourcing, open Data or applying Creative Commons to our data and knowledge, we further allow ourselves to be colonised digitally in the modern world. The Kaitiakitanga Licence is a work in progress. It's a living licence. It will evolve as we see fit. This is a licence that is an international example for Indigenous People's retention of mana over data and their other intellectual property rights in a Western construct. Kaitiakitanga of Content The kaitiakitanga of all data remains with the respective whanau/hapu /marae/iwi/Maori organisation/group. Data may be freely used and distributed with the licence attached but may not be sold or used for commercial purposes. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Kaitiakitanga; Iwi Data Sovereignty License 1.1 Preamble Iwi Data Sovereignty refers to the inherent rights and interests of Maori, whanau, hapu, iwi, marae and Maori organisations have in relation to the creation, collection, access, analysis, interpretation, management, dissemination, re-use and control of data relating to Maori, whanau, hapu, iwi and Maori organisations as guaranteed in He Whakaputanga and or Te Tiriti and the provided recognition of rights with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (Taiuru, K. 2020). Whakapapa The following licence was originally written by Te Hiku Media and modified slightly to allow for and recognise Iwi Data Sovereignty rights using traditional Maori law in respect of Iwi data. The intention is that this can be modified or applied directly to any whanau/hapu/marae/iwi/Maori organisation/group data. Explanation Kaitiaki is a Maori word without specific English translation, but its meanings are similar to the words guardian, protector, and custodian. In this context we protect the iwi data in this repository and will provide access to the data as we (iwi) deem fit through our own tikanga and kawa (customs and protocols). While we recognise the importance of open source technologies, Creative Commons and Open Data, we're mindful that the majority of tangata whenua and other Indigenous Peoples may not have access to the resources that enable them to benefit from open source technologies, Creative Commons and Open Data. As an iwi, our ability to grow, develop, and innovate has been stymied through colonisation. We must protect our ability to grow as an iwi. By simply open sourcing, open Data or applying Creative Commons to our data and knowledge, we further allow ourselves to be colonised digitally in the modern world. The Kaitiakitanga Licence is a work in progress. It's a living licence. It will evolve as we see fit. This is a licence that is an international example for Indigenous People's retention of mana over data and their other intellectual property rights in a Western construct. Kaitiakitanga of Content The kaitiakitanga of all data remains with the respective Iwi. Data may be freely used and distributed with the licence attached but may not be sold or used for commercial purposes. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Kaitiakitanga; Hapu Data Sovereignty Licence 1.1 Preamble Hapu Data Sovereignty refers to the inherent rights and interests of Maori, whanau, hapu, iwi, marae, and Maori organisations have in relation to the creation, collection, access, analysis, interpretation, management, dissemination, re-use and control of data relating to Maori, whanau, hapu, iwi and Maori organisations as guaranteed in He Whakaputanga and or Te Tiriti and the provided recognition of rights with United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (Taiuru, K. 2020). Whakapapa The following licence was originally written by Te Hiku Media and modified slightly to allow for and recognise Hapu Data Sovereignty rights using traditional Maori law in respect of Hapu data. The intention is that this can be modified or applied directly to any whanau/hapu/marae/iwi/Maori organisation/group data. Explanation Kaitiaki is a Maori word without specific English translation, but its meanings are similar to the words guardian, protector, and custodian. In this context we protect the hapu data in this repository and will provide access to the data as we (hapu) deem fit through our own tikanga and kawa (customs and protocols). While we recognise the importance of open source technologies, Creative Commons and Open Data, we're mindful that the majority of tangata whenua and other Indigenous Peoples may not have access to the resources that enable them to benefit from open source technologies, Creative Commons and Open Data. As a hapu, our ability to grow, develop, and innovate has been stymied through colonisation. We must protect our ability to grow as a hapu. By simply open sourcing, open Data or applying Creative Commons to our data and knowledge, we further allow ourselves to be colonised digitally in the modern world. The Kaitiakitanga Licence is a work in progress. It's a living licence. It will evolve as we see fit. This is a licence that is an international example for Indigenous People's retention of mana over data and their other intellectual property rights in a Western construct. Kaitiakitanga of Content The kaitiakitanga of all data remains with the respective hapu. Data may be freely used and distributed with the licence attached but may not be sold or used for commercial purposes. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Kaitiakitanga; Marae/Runanga Data Sovereignty Licence 1.1 Preamble Marae/Runanga Data Sovereignty refers to the inherent rights and interests of Maori, whanau, hapu, iwi, marae and Maori organisations have in relation to the creation, collection, access, analysis, interpretation, management, dissemination, re-use and control of data relating to Maori, whanau, hapu, iwi and Maori organisations as guaranteed in He Whakaputanga and or Te Tiriti and the provided recognition of rights with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (Taiuru, K. 2020). Whakapapa The following licence was originally written by Te Hiku Media and modified slightly to allow for and recognise Marae Data Sovereignty rights using traditional Maori law in respect of Iwi data. The intention is that this can be modified or applied directly to any whanau/hapu/marae/iwi/Maori organisation/group data. Explanation Kaitiaki is a Maori word without specific English translation, but its meanings are similar to the words guardian, protector, and custodian. In this context we protect the marae data in this repository and will provide access to the data as we (the marae) deem fit through our own tikanga and kawa (customs and protocols). While we recognise the importance of open source technologies, Creative Commons and Open Data, we're mindful that the majority of tangata whenua and other Indigenous Peoples may not have access to the resources that enable them to benefit from open source technologies, Creative Commons and Open Data. As a marae, our ability to grow, develop, and innovate has been stymied through colonisation. We must protect our ability to grow as a marae. By simply open sourcing, open Data or applying Creative Commons to our data and knowledge, we further allow ourselves to be colonised digitally in the modern world. The Kaitiakitanga Licence is a work in progress. It's a living licence. It will evolve as we see fit. This is a licence that is an international example for Indigenous People's retention of mana over data and their other intellectual property rights in a Western construct. Kaitiakitanga of Content The kaitiakitanga of all data remains with the respective marae. Data may be freely used and distributed with the licence attached but may not be sold or used for commercial purposes. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Kaitiakitanga; Ropu Maori Data Sovereignty Licence 1.1 Preamble Ropu Maori Data Sovereignty refers to the inherent rights and interests of Maori organisations (commercial, not for profit, collectives, representatives, consortiums) have in relation to the creation, collection, access, analysis, interpretation, management, dissemination, re-use and control of data relating to Maori organisations, Maori Peoples as inherited by whakapapa with mana atua, mana tangata and or guaranteed to Maori Peoples members in He Whakaputanga, Te Tiriti and the provided recognition of rights with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Whakapapa The following licence was originally written by Te Hiku Media and modified slightly to allow for and recognise Ropu Maori Data Sovereignty rights using traditional Maori law in respect of ropu Maori data. The intention is that this can be modified or applied directly to any whanau/hapu/marae/iwi/Maori organisation/group data. Explanation Kaitiaki is a Maori word without specific English translation, but its meanings are similar to the words guardian, protector, and custodian. In this context we protect the ropu Maori data in this repository and will provide access to the data as we (the ropu Maori) deem fit through our own tikanga and kawa (customs and protocols). While we recognise the importance of open source technologies, Creative Commons and Open Data, we're mindful that the majority of tangata whenua and other Indigenous Peoples may not have access to the resources that enable them to benefit from open source technologies, Creative Commons and Open Data. As a ropu Maori, our ability to grow, develop, and innovate has been stymied through colonisation. We must protect our ability to grow as a Ropu Maori. By simply open sourcing, open Data or applying Creative Commons to our data and knowledge, we further allow ourselves to be colonised digitally in the modern world. The Kaitiakitanga Licence is a work in progress. It's a living licence. It will evolve as we see fit. This is a licence that is an international example for Indigenous People's retention of mana over data and their other intellectual property rights in a Western construct. Kaitiakitanga of Content The kaitiakitanga of all data remains with the respective ropu Maori. Data may be freely used and distributed with the licence attached but may not be sold or used for commercial purposes. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Kaitiakitanga of Whanau Maori Data Sovereignty License 1.1 Preamble Whanau Maori Data Sovereignty refers to the inherent rights and interests whanau Maori have in relation to the creation, collection, access, analysis, interpretation, management, dissemination, re-use and control of data relating to whanau Maori as inherited by whakapapa with mana atua, mana tangata and as guaranteed in He Whakaputanga and or Te Tiriti and the provided recognition of rights with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples . Whakapapa The following licence was originally written by Te Hiku Media and modified slightly to allow for and recognise Whanau Maori Data Sovereignty rights using traditional Maori law in respect of whanau Maori data. The intention is that this can be modified or applied directly to any whanau/hapu/marae/iwi/Maori organisation/group data. Explanation Kaitiaki is a Maori word without specific English translation, but its meanings are similar to the words guardian, protector, and custodian. In this context we protect the whanau Maori data in this repository and will provide access to the data as we (the whanau Maori) deem fit through our own tikanga and kawa (customs and protocols). While we recognise the importance of open source technologies, Creative Commons and Open Data, we're mindful that the majority of tangata whenua and other Indigenous Peoples may not have access to the resources that enable them to benefit from open source technologies, Creative Commons and Open Data. As whanau Maori, our ability to grow, develop, and innovate has been stymied through colonisation. We must protect our ability to grow as a whanau Maori. By simply open sourcing, open Data or applying Creative Commons to our data and knowledge, we further allow ourselves to be colonised digitally in the modern world. The Kaitiakitanga Licence is a work in progress. It's a living licence. It will evolve as we see fit. This is a licence that is an international example for Indigenous People's retention of mana over data and their other intellectual property rights in a Western construct. Kaitiakitanga of Content The kaitiakitanga of all data remains with the respective whanau Maori. Data may be freely used and distributed with the licence attached but may not be sold or used for commercial purposes. --------------------------------------------------------------------- References Barlow, C. (1991). Tikanga whakaaro: Key concepts in Maori culture. Auckland, N.Z: Oxford University Press. Brougham, A. (1975). Maori proverbs. Auckland [N.Z.]: Reed. Buck, P. (1949). The coming of the Maori. Wellington: Maori Purposes Fund Board. Colenso, W. (1879). On the moa: contributions towards a better knowledge of the Maori race : part 2. A few remarks on a cavern near `Cook's well,' at Tolaga Bay, and on a tree (Sapota costata), found there. Firth, R. (1972). Economics of the New Zealand Maori. Wellington: Government Printer. Gibbons, S., Temara, A., & White, T. (1994). The Maori Organisation - A Case Study. Retrieved from Hamilton. Jamieson M. 2015. Michael's desk. Agri-Gate. 18:1-4. [Google Scholar] Ministerial Advisory Committee. (1988). Te Atatu:The Report of the Ministerial Advisory Committee on a Maori Perspective for the Department of Social Welfare. Retrieved from Wellington. Papakura, M. (1986). Makereti - The Old Time Maori. Auckland: New Womens Press. Social Licence. 2020. Retrieved from https://socialicense.com/ definition.html August 20 2021. Taiuru, Karaitiana (2020). Maori Genetic Data - Inalienable Rights and Tikanga Sovereignty. PhD Thesis. Te Whare Wananga o Awanuiarangi. Willmott, B. (1989). Culture and National Identity. Culture and Identity in New Zealand. Please follow and like us: [icon_Follo] fb-share-icon Tweet Pin Share Related posts: 1. Maori Data Sovereignty: Utopia or feasible? 2. Maori Data Sovereignty: A definition 3. Maori Data Sovereignty and Associated Legal Instruments 4. Hapu Data Sovereignty Dataset Post navigation Previous Post:Hapu Data Sovereignty Dataset Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] Comment [ ] Name * [ ] Email * [ ] Website [ ] [Post Comment] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] Related Posts 1. Maori Data Sovereignty: Utopia or feasible? 2. Maori Data Sovereignty: A definition 3. Maori Data Sovereignty and Associated Legal Instruments 4. 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