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Technol. 2021, XXXX, XXX, XXX-XXX ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ARTICLES ASAPPREVSustainable SystemsNEXT Journal Logo Deep Dive into Plastic Monomers, Additives, and Processing Aids * Helene Wiesinger* Helene Wiesinger Chair of Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland *Email: [email protected] More by Helene Wiesinger Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4154-5907 , * Zhanyun Wang* Zhanyun Wang Chair of Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland *Email: [email protected] More by Zhanyun Wang Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9914-7659 , and * Stefanie Hellweg Stefanie Hellweg Chair of Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland More by Stefanie Hellweg Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, XXXX, XXX, XXX-XXX Publication Date (Web):June 21, 2021 Publication History * Received9 February 2021 * Accepted31 May 2021 * Revised31 May 2021 * Published online21 June 2021 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c00976 (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS ACS AuthorChoiceACS AuthorChoiceCC: Creative CommonsCC: Creative CommonsBY: Credit must be given to the creatorBY: Credit must be given to the creatorNC: Only noncommercial uses of the work are permittedNC: Only noncommercial uses of the work are permittedND: No derivatives or adaptations of the work are permittedND: No derivatives or adaptations of the work are permitted Article Views 1265 Altmetric - Citations - LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICS Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days. 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Share Add toView In * Add Full Text with Reference * Add Description ExportRIS * Citation * Citation and abstract * Citation and references * More Options Share on * Facebook * Twitter * Wechat * Linked In * Reddit PDF (3 MB) Get e-Alerts Supporting Info (2)>>Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS: * Additives, * Plastics, * Monomers, * Toxicity, * Polymers Go to Volume 0, Issue 0 Get e-Alerts Abstract [es1c00976_] High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide A variety of chemical substances used in plastic production may be released throughout the entire life cycle of the plastic, posing risks to human health, the environment, and recycling systems. Only a limited number of these substances have been widely studied. We systematically investigate plastic monomers, additives, and processing aids on the global market based on a review of 63 industrial, scientific, and regulatory data sources. In total, we identify more than 10'000 relevant substances and categorize them based on substance types, use patterns, and hazard classifications wherever possible. Over 2'400 substances are identified as substances of potential concern as they meet one or more of the persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity criteria in the European Union. Many of these substances are hardly studied according to SciFinder (266 substances), are not adequately regulated in many parts of the world (1'327 substances), or are even approved for use in food-contact plastics in some jurisdictions (901 substances). Substantial information gaps exist in the public domain, particularly on substance properties and use patterns. To transition to a sustainable circular plastic economy that avoids the use of hazardous chemicals, concerted efforts by all stakeholders are needed, starting by increasing information accessibility. KEYWORDS: * plastic products * plasticizers * plastic pollution * chemical inventory * production volume * substances of concern * circular economy * regulatory status * * * Synopsis The multitude and diversity of intentionally added chemicals in plastics and their hazards identified by this study warrant concerted action in order to enable transition to a sustainable circular plastic economy. 1. Introduction ARTICLE SECTIONS Jump To --------------------------------------------------------------------- Plastics are widely used in various industrial sectors including packaging, construction, automotive, electronics, textiles, household items, and toys, with the current global production reaching over 350 million tonnes per year (t/yr).(1) These synthetic materials can be molded or shaped and are made of an organic polymer matrix and chemical additives. In their production and processing, a variety of chemical substances are used.(2-5) The basis of plastics, organic polymers, is made from repeating monomer units.(4) Additives help to maintain, enhance, and impart specific properties (e.g., antioxidants for maintaining the polymer matrix against oxidative conditions, plasticizers for enhancing flexibility, and flame retardants for imparting fire resistance).(6,7) Processing aids enable or ease the production or processing of plastics (e.g., polymerization catalysts, solvents, or lubricants).(8,9) In addition to these intentionally used chemicals, many nonintentionally added substances (NIASs) can also be present in plastics, including byproducts, breakdown products, and contaminants.(10,11) Thus, plastics contain many substances that are not chemically bound to the polymer matrix, including unreacted monomers, residual processing aids and additives. These substances may be released during the plastic life cycle, resulting in human and environmental exposure.(12-20) Adverse health effects have been observed for consumers, workers in the plastic production and recycling industries, and communities and ecosystems that are near production and recycling facilities.(21-25) In addition, substances present in plastics may also hamper the transition to a circular economy, by impairing recycling processes and the safety and quality of recycled materials.(26-30) Despite growing scientific evidence and public concern, current research and regulatory actions have focused on a limited selection of substances, mostly well-known hazardous ones(31-33) or those commonly known for their presence in plastics.(34,35) This phenomenon is partially because information on plastic monomers, additives, and processing aids is limited and scattered in the public domain. A recent review looked into substances used in plastic packaging and identified more than 4'000 potentially relevant substances, more than half lacked hazard classifications and a majority lacked detailed use descriptions.(13) Currently, such an extensive assessment is lacking for plastics used in other industrial sectors. While recent development of nontarget analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry provides new possibilities to look into a larger set of substances in plastics, the wide application of such techniques is still limited, in part because of challenges in interpreting the overwhelming amount of data generated.(14,36-41) Some researchers have suggested the use of so-called suspect lists to enhance substance identification.(36,42) Hence, to inform future studies and action on substances present in plastics, this study systematically collects and analyzes publicly available information on intentionally added substances (i.e., monomers, additives, and processing aids) in plastics of all industrial sectors. In particular, this study investigates chemical identities, uses patterns (functions, compatible polymer types, industrial sectors of use, geographical distribution, and production volumes), and reported hazard classifications. Furthermore, based on reported hazard classifications, production volumes, and regulatory status, substances of potential concern are identified. Major lessons learned, including critical data and knowledge gaps, are then highlighted, followed by an outlook on possible ways forward. 2. Methods ARTICLE SECTIONS Jump To --------------------------------------------------------------------- This study was conducted in four steps: (1) identification of relevant data sources, (2) inclusion of relevant substances and information, (3) categorization of substance types and use patterns, and (4) identification of substances of potential concern (Figure 1). Individual steps are summarized in the following subsections, and additional details are provided in the Supporting Information files, Supporting Information S1 and Supporting Information S2. Figure 1 [es1c00976_] Figure 1. Schematic overview of the workflow in this study. CASRNs = Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers; SMILES = simplified molecular-input line-entry system; REACH = Regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals; PBT = persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic; EU = European Union. High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide 2.1. Identification of Relevant Data Sources Relevant data sources were identified from (1) target scientific literature,(13,43,44) (2) a bibliographic search of the keywords "plastic additives", "plastic", and "polymer" in the Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, and (3) a search of manufacturers', distributors', and regulators' websites and databases. In the bibliographic search, books and review articles were manually selected, and individual research articles were excluded due to time and resource constraints. Sources were excluded that deal solely with polymers but are irrelevant for plastics; similarly, sources that deal exclusively with NIASs were excluded, as this study deals with substances intentionally added to plastics. The internet search focused on sources that include explicit use information. In total, 190 relevant sources were identified and categorized based on information content, data accessibility, and source type (i.e., regulatory, scientific, and industrial), see Sheet S1 in Supporting Information S1. Among them, 63 sources provided readily accessible information and were further processed; the rest were not used, as they referred only to general groups of substances (e.g., phenolic antioxidants and fatty acid esters) or were not machine-processable (e.g., information embedded in unstructured texts; only in print versions). Data treatment and retrieval processes varied for the 63 sources; for details, see Sheet S1 in Supporting Information S1. 2.2. Inclusion of Relevant Substances and Information Plastic monomers, additives, or processing aids were identified by searching for plastic-related keywords in the respective use descriptions of individual substances (for details, see Sheet S1 in Supporting Information S1). Some NIASs may also be included where the keywords appeared in their use descriptions, but no specific efforts were made to distinguish them. Only substances for which the assigned Chemical Abstract Service Registry Numbers (CASRNs) were provided in the sources were included for further analysis, and the rest were excluded, due to the high workload and uncertainties associated with finding their corresponding CASRNs. Identified CASRNs were verified using the check-digit method (Section S1.2 in Supporting Information S2).(45,46) Furthermore, the status of identified CASRNs and their connected CASRNs assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service (i.e., "active", "deleted", or "alternate") were retrieved from SciFinder.(46) Confidence in identifying target substances was assessed using a weighted scoring approach. First, individual sources were scored based on their information origin and outlet control, as well as the identification method used and data processing needs in this study ( Table S2 in Supporting Information S2). Then, substance confidence scores were assigned by taking the highest score of their individual sources; for those substances that were identified through multiple first-hand information sources, a combined confidence score was calculated (Section S1.2.3 in Supporting Information S2). Use descriptions (including information on functions, compatible polymer types, and relevant industrial sectors) were retrieved from the original sources. Additional information was retrieved for the identified substances using all CASRNs (including deleted and alternate ones), namely, structural identifiers [that is, CAS names, molecular formula, and simplified molecular-input line-entry system (SMILES) entries], reported hazard classifications, production volumes, regional use status, and regulatory status in specific regions. Details on the retrieval of information can be found in Sheet S2 in Supporting Information S1. CAS names and molecular formulas were retrieved from SciFinder.(46) SMILES entries representing molecular structures were retrieved from the CompTox Chemicals Dashboard.(47) Two types of reported hazard classifications were retrieved (details in Sheet S2 in Supporting Information S1): (1) those that were harmonized by regulatory agencies, hereafter referred to as "regulator-harmonized", and (2) those that were reported by individual companies to regulators, or "company-reported". Regulator-harmonized hazard classifications were retrieved from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Classified Agents List,(48) the Australian Hazardous Chemicals Information System (HCIS),(49) the Japanese GHS classification results,(50) the European Union Classification and Labelling Inventory (EU C&L Inventory--Harmonized C&L),(51) and the concluded assessments under the EU Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation. Assessments under REACH include the authorization list,(52) the candidate list of substances of very high concern (SVHC) list,(53) the persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances (PBT) assessment list,(54) and the endocrine disruptor (EDC) assessment list.(55) Company-reported hazard classifications were retrieved from the EU REACH (REACH Registration C&L Data) and C& L (CLP Notification C&L Data) registration dossiers,(56) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) eChemPortal.(57) No additional hazard classification was conducted in this study. Hazard data from different sources were checked for consistency. Production volumes were retrieved from the OECD high production volume chemical (HPVC) list,(58) the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) program,(59) the EU REACH registration dossiers,(60) and the Substances in Preparations in the Nordic countries (SPIN) database(61) (Sheet S2 in Supporting Information S1). Substances were labeled HPVCs when their total reported production volumes in the EU (or in the Nordic countries if the EU production volumes were not available) and the US surpassed 1000 t/yr or when they were listed on the OECD HPVC list. The retrieved production volumes comprise the total annual amounts produced in a region for all uses, not just the use in plastics. The regional use status was assessed by checking the registration status of identified substances in individual national and regional chemical inventories around the world (Sheet S2 in Supporting Information S1 and Figure S5 in Supporting Information S2).(62) Regulatory status in specific regions was assessed by checking the presence of identified substances on various regulatory lists (Sheet S2 in Supporting Information S1). These include lists of chemicals regulated under the Stockholm Convention, the Montreal Protocol, and the Rotterdam Convention, as well as the regulatory lists in the EU, Japan, Republic of Korea, and the US (Figure S7 in Supporting Information S2). Also, the regulatory positive lists of substances allowed in food-contact plastics in the EU, US, and Japan were included. In some cases, groups of chemicals [for example, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), its salts, and related compounds; cadmium compounds] are regulated without explicit referencing all relevant substances; such cases required manual searches for relevant substance names, SMILES, or molecular formulas. 2.3. Categorization of Substance Types and Use Patterns Using keyword searches, identified substances were categorized according to their substance types (e.g., organometallic or organohalogen compounds) and use patterns. These included functions (e.g., colorants and fillers), compatible polymer types (e.g., polyethylene or PE, polyvinyl chloride or PVC), and industrial sectors of use (e.g., automotive, packaging, and food-contact plastics). For substance types, categorization was made by searching for specific chemical elements in substance names, SMILES, or molecular formulas (Sheet S6 in Supporting Information S1). Furthermore, specific keywords were used to identify UVCBs (substances of unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products, or biological materials), mixtures, and polymers.(62) For use patterns, an iterative approach was employed, consisting of three steps: (a) defining initial categories and associated keywords, (b) categorizing, and (c) checking errors and updating keywords, where steps (b) and (c) were repeated until the observed error frequencies dropped to below 10%. The final set of categories and the corresponding keywords can be found in Sheets S3-S6 in Supporting Information S1. (a) Initial categories and associated keywords were defined for functions (using definitions in industrial handbooks), (6,8,9,63) compatible polymer types, and industrial sectors of use (based on recent plastic material flow analyses). (1,64,65) Keywords included synonyms (e.g., "HDPE" for high-density polyethylene), hyponyms (e.g., "fridge" for electronics and "milk bottle" for food packaging), and hypernyms [for example, "polyolefin" for (high- and low-density) polyethylene]. These were refined by manually including relevant frequently used terms in the use descriptions of identified substances (Section S1.3 in Supporting Information S2). (b) The categorization was conducted by carrying out regular expression searches for keywords in the use descriptions of identified substances. (c) A random selection of the categorization results was manually checked for errors (Sheet S7 in Supporting Information S1). Error-prone keywords were deleted or improved (e.g., using more advanced regular expressions such as "lookbehind" and "lookahead" expressions--the initial keyword "PE" was changed to "PE(?!T)" to exclusively match "PE" without matching "PET" as well). Some errors may remain, mainly due to ambiguities in the original use descriptions provided in individual sources (e.g., "used in paint" without details for which functions). Confidence scores were assigned to individual categorizations based on the information origin and outlet control of individual sources, nature of the keywords (i.e., synonym, hyponym, and hypernym), and observed error frequency (Table S4 in Supporting Information S2). 2.4. Identification of Substances of Potential Concern Substances of potential concern were identified and assigned a level of potential concern using a simplified two-step approach, based on hazard classifications and production volumes as surrogate reflecting potentials for causing adverse effects and exposure, respectively. In the first step, substances that fulfill one or more of the following hazard criteria under EU REACH were identified as substances of potential concern: PBT/very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB), carcinogenicity (C), mutagenicity (M), reproductive toxicity (R), endocrine disruption (ED), specific target organ toxicity upon repeated exposure (STOT-RE), and chronic aquatic toxicity (AqTox). Detailed criteria for the different hazard classifications can be found in Table S5 in Supporting Information S2. Substances with insufficient hazard information or without any information at all in the considered regulatory databases were categorized as "unknown", whereas those with full hazard information but that did not meet any of the considered hazard criteria were categorized as the "low level of concern". In the second step, depending on production volumes, identified substances of potential concern were either considered the "medium level of concern" (<1'000 t/yr) or "high level of concern" (>1'000 t/yr). Identified substances of potential concern were further assessed concerning their regulatory status (Section 2.2) and the number of scientific references reported in SciFinder.(46) 2.5. Quality Assurance and Quality Control As stated above, data quality was assured using several procedures. For substance identification, quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) included assigning confidence scores to the sources and substances (Sheet S1 in Supporting Information S1), verifying the check digit of CASRNs,(45) and checking the CASRN status in SciFinder (Section 2.2). For substance type and use pattern categorization, QA/ QC included iterative keyword optimization (Section 2.3) and assigning confidence scores to each categorization. For the identification of substances of potential concern, QA/QC included a hazard data consistency check (Figure S6 in Supporting Information S2) and manually double-checking the regulatory status. The remaining uncertainties are mostly due to misreported or missing information and are qualitatively discussed in Section 4. 3. Results ARTICLE SECTIONS Jump To --------------------------------------------------------------------- 3.1. Overview of Plastic Monomers, Additives, and Processing Aids In total, substances with 10'547 unique active CASRNs are identified, mostly with high confidence in their use as plastic monomers, additives, and processing aids (Figure 2A, Sheet S8 in Supporting Information S1). These active CASRNs are associated with another 24'901 deleted CASRNs (i.e., replaced by the active CASRNs) and 22 alternate CASRNs (i.e., CASRNs in parallel use to the active ones). A number of these deleted or alternate CASRNs are still being used in different information sources. Figure 2 [es1c00976_] Figure 2. Overview of the substances that are (potentially) used as plastic monomers, additives, and/or processing aids. Part (A) illustrates the distribution of the substances identified in terms of information sources, assigned confidence scores of their use in plastics, and substance types. Part (B) shows examples of data availability in different areas. Part (C) depicts numbers of the substances falling under the broader function categories "monomers", "additives", "processing aids", and "uncategorizable". Part (D) exhibits numbers of the substances registered for production and/or use in different regions and countries; for those national or regional inventories with publicly accessible information on uses, the reported uses are analyzed whether they are linked to plastics (as defined in Sheet S1 in Supporting Information S1). High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide All source types (scientific, regulatory, and industrial) are important for substance identification (Figure 2A). A total of 4'280 CASRNs have been reported in more than one type of source, whereas over 6'267 CASRNs have only been reported in one type of source (note that they can occur in several sources, but all of these belong to the same source type). More than 25% of the substances (2'703 CASRNs) are UVCBs, mixtures, and polymers, whereas almost all the rest (7'561) are individual compounds (Figure 2A). The majority of individual compounds are organic ones (6'513), including 232 organosilicons, 228 organophosphorus, 418 organosulfurs, 1'189 organohalogens, and 1'268 organic metal(loid) salts, metalorganics, or organometallics. For 2.5% of the identified substances (283), their substance types are currently uncategorizable (Figures 2A, 3--data availability) because they are registered by their trade or trivial names [for example, Ixol M 125 (CASRN 86675-46-9), C.I. Pigment Yellow 157 (CASRN 68610-24-2)] and lack other identifiers such as SMILES or molecular formulas that can reflect their chemical structures. Figure 3 [es1c00976_] Figure 3. Overview of the substance types, compatible polymer types, industrial sector of use, production volumes, and reported hazard classifications of the identified substances according to their function. The production volume is in tonnes per year (t/yr) and represents all uses not just the fraction used in plastics. Data availability is the percentage of substances for which this type of data is available. Intermediates are grouped with monomers, as they are commonly mentioned together. "Others" is an umbrella for many small, ambiguous, or only remotely plastic-related functions. UVCBs = substances of unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products, or biological materials, and simple mixtures, or polymers, B&C = building and construction, EEE = electrical and electronic equipment, PBT = persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity, CMR = carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, or reproductive toxicity, EDC = endocrine-disrupting chemicals, AqTox = chronic aquatic toxicity, and STOT_RE = specific target organ toxicity upon repeated exposure. High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Information availability varies considerably among the 10'547 substances, with most substances having information on their use or registration status in specific regions (>90%), followed by production volumes (70%), functions (69%), and any reported hazard classifications (61%). For the rest, substantial information gaps persist: industrial sectors of use (40%), regulator-harmonized hazard classifications (22%), and compatible polymer types (16%). Around 3% of the substances lack any information other than their chemical names and CASRNs (Figure 2B). Overall, 55% of the substances identified are categorized as plastics additives, 39% as processing aids, and 24% as monomers, with significant overlaps between these three categories. In addition, due to a lack of information, 30% of the substances remain uncategorizable regarding their functions (Figure 2C). Overall, more than 90% of the substances are registered for production and use in one or more of the regions or countries considered; about 55% are registered in more than 9 countries and regions, compared to 7% that are region/country-specific. In individual countries or regions, 20-80% of the substances are registered (Figure 2D). Inventories from the US, EU, and Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden) contain publicly accessible use information; our analysis shows that many of the identified substances are seemingly registered for uses without direct linkages to plastics in these inventories (US: 50%, EU: 50%, and Nordic countries: 20%; Figure 2D). Reasons for this reporting difference may be actual uses for other purposes, ambiguity in the reporting, or under- or misreporting. For example, tetrabromobisphenol A bis(dibromopropyl ether) (TBBPA-BDBPE; CASRN 21850-44-2; a flame retardant) and Tinuvin 765 (CASRN 41556-26-7; a light stabilizer) are registered in both the SPIN and REACH databases, but their use in plastics is reported in only one (Tinuvin 765 in the SPIN database and TBBPA-BDBPE in the REACH database). 3.2. Overview of the Use Patterns Functions are identified for a majority of the substances (7'265 CASRNs, 69%), in comparison to the much lower identification of information on compatible polymer types (3'002 CASRNs, 28%) and industrial sectors of use (4'383 CASRNs, 42%). Typically, substances can fulfill several functions (on average, two to three functions), be used in multiple polymer types (particularly in similar polymer types such as polyolefins), and be used in multiple industrial sectors (Figure 3). A total of 2'263 CASRNs are reported for use in the following applications with high exposure potential: 2'109 in food-contact applications, 522 in toys, and 247 in medical items including masks (Sheet S8 in Supporting Information S1 under the "industrial_sector"). Based on the production volumes reported in the EU, the US, and the Nordic countries and the OECD HPVC list, about 4'000 substances are HPVCs (i.e., >1'000 t/yr; Figure 3); however, these represent their total production volumes for all uses and not just the fractions used in plastics. If production volumes in other regions were available, more substances might be identified as HPVCs. Furthermore, the production volumes of many substances have been reported as "confidential"; their share was the largest for antioxidants (10%), flame retardants (11%), and uncategorizable substances (12%). 3.3. Substances of Potential Concern and Their Regulatory Status In total, reported hazard classifications are available for about 6'400 substances (61%), whereas about 4'100 substances (39%) lack any reported hazard classifications in the considered regulatory databases (unknown level of concern). Most substances with unknown levels of concern lack information about their functions (Figure 2B), are not HPVCs in the EU or the US or in the OECD countries, and belong to UVCBs, mixtures, and polymers (Figure S19 in Supporting Information S2). In total, 3'950 substances (37%) do not meet any of the considered hazard criteria, while their hazard classifications are available; these are designated as substances of a low level of concern. Another 2'486 substances (24%) meet one or more of the hazard criteria considered and are identified as substances of potential concern; among them, 1'254 substances (12%) are also HPVCs and thus of a high level of concern. The remaining 1'232 substances (12%) are of a medium level of concern. An overview of all substances of potential concern is provided in Table 1, and the entire substance list is provided in Sheet S9 in Supporting Information S1. In short, 22 substances are PBT and another 35 are vPvB substances. A total of 2'368 substances show toxicity of concern, including 951 CMR toxicants, 30 EDCs, 1'646 substances that can cause chronic aquatic toxicity, and 891 substances that may cause specific target organ toxicity upon repeated exposure. Table 1. Overview of Substances of Potential Concern Used as Plastic Monomers, Additives, or Processing Aids [es1c00976_] ^^a vPvB = very persistent and very bioaccumulative, PBT = persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity, CMR = carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, or reproductive toxicity, EDC = endocrine-disrupting chemicals, AqTox = chronic aquatic toxicity, and STOT_RE = specific target organ toxicity upon repeated exposure. ^^b HPVC = high production volume chemical, that is, production volume larger than 1'000 t/yr. Only their total production volumes for all uses (including ones other than in plastics) are available. ^^c Under any of the regulations considered in this study (Sheet S2 in Supporting Information S1). ^^d The percentage of the total number of chemicals within that hazard group. ^^e The percentage of the number of chemicals from regulator-harmonized hazard data within that hazard group. Around 53% of the substances of potential concern are not subject to any sort of management measures under one or more of the regulations considered in this study (Table 1). Five percent (136 CASRNs) of the substances of potential concern are regulated under the Stockholm Convention, the Rotterdam Convention, or the Montreal protocol. Additionally, 960 of the substances of potential concern are subject to national/regional restrictions (EU: 135; Republic of Korea: 46; and Japan: 16), authorizations (EU: 53; Republic of Korea: 362; and Japan: 15), or prohibitions in specific areas (EU, toys: 440 and EU, electronic waste: 102). Surprisingly, despite having highly problematic hazardous properties, 901 substances of concern also appear on the regulatory positive lists for use in food-contact plastics (EU: 225; Japan: 568; and US: 667; see columns under "Regulation--Food-contact positive lists" in Sheet S9 in Supporting Information S1). The number of scientific references that are linked in SciFinder varies greatly per substance (range = 0-1'086'797 and median = 1'410; see Figures S16 and S24 in Supporting Information S2). Around 10% of the identified substances of potential concern lack any scientific references in SciFinder, indicating that they may have been poorly studied (Table 1), of these 10% most are UVCBs, mixtures, and polymers. 4. Discussion ARTICLE SECTIONS Jump To --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.1. Numbers of Plastic Monomers, Additives, and Processing Aids on the Market This study has identified over 10'000 CASRNs that are or may potentially be used as plastic monomers, additives, and processing aids. This number is much higher than previous studies because of the broader scope, whereas earlier studies have focused on plastic packaging (4'000 substances)(13) and plastic additives with registered tonnages above 100 t/yr in the EU (400 substances).(12) Even so, these 10'000 identified substances might still be an underestimate of the total number of substances present in plastics, mainly due to the following three clusters of reasons: I There is a general lack of transparency regarding substances present in plastics.(66,67) Existing practices of national/regional chemical inventories provide limited help on this matter, due to (1) limited public accessibility of production and use information (e.g., only three of the 21 investigated inventories made use information public; much of the information reported in these three inventories is claimed to be "confidential business information") and (2) incompleteness (e.g., reduced reporting requirements for low production volume or "non-hazardous" chemicals(62)). Currently, several initiatives targeting better communication of information on chemicals in products along supply chains have been initiated, for example, the EU Sustainable Product Policy Initiative,(67,68) the Substances of Concern In articles or Products database (SCIP database) hosted by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA),(69) and the HolyGrail Project led by P&G (under the New Plastics Economy program of the Ellen MacArthur Foundation).(70) However, their effective implementation is currently hindered by factors such as (claims of) complex supply chains, diverging interests and technical capacities of actors within supply chains, and data storage and transfer issues.(71,72) II Not all data in the public domain are readily machine-accessible and processable; in this study, substances for which the assigned CASRNs are not provided are excluded from the analysis, including ions for ionizable substances or structural isomers (see Section 2.2 ). This is largely due to a combination of the following reasons: (1) the wide use of nonmachine-readable data formats; (2) current limitations in reporting all relevant substances, including the common use of ambiguous trivial names and group names such as phenolic antioxidants without specifying relevant substances, the wide use of different names for the same substances, the underuse of unique identifiers such as assigned CASRNs, SMILES, and InChI (Key),(62) and common mixed reporting of neutral, ionized substances, isotopologues, and other isomers using the same identifiers such as CASRNs and chemical names; and (3) a lack of standardized terminology for use patterns across jurisdictions. Concerted efforts to address these problems are necessary to improve, harmonize, and foster nonambiguous reporting of substance identities and use patterns by all stakeholders across the world, building on existing initiatives.(3,73-76) In addition, advances in information technologies (such as optical character recognition, natural language processing, and cheminformatics tools) to unambiguously recognize different types of chemical identifiers in the text and convert between them may help collect information that currently requires manual processing.(77-81) III Besides the intentionally added substances considered in this study, also NIASs are highly relevant for plastics because (1) they have been frequently reported in measurements, (2) plastics in many applications are prone to contamination from production, processing, and use, and (3) substance transformation is an integral part of fulfilling specific functions (e.g., formation of quinones from oxidization of phenolic antioxidants).(10,41,82-84) However, NIASs are not yet comprehensively understood, their identification remains challenging, not least because of a dearth of clarity on plastic compositions and conditions during production and use, and analytical difficulties of unequivocally identifying substances at low concentrations remain.(10,11,41) To improve NIAS identification and quantification, measures such as increasing product transparency through company reporting, obligatory provision of analytical standards, and standardization of sample treatment, separation, and data treatment procedures may be taken.(41) Meanwhile, for the 10'000 substances identified here, some uncertainties may remain regarding their use in plastics and their commercial relevance despite several measures for QA. For example, the keyword search in substance identification (Section 2.2) might have yielded substances that are relevant for polymers in uses other than plastics (e.g., polymeric adhesives) or substances used for plastic-related functions but appearing in other materials (e.g., flame retardants in fabrics and plasticizers in concrete formulations). In addition, in the analysis of regional registrations and production volumes (Section 2.2), the current commercial status is not fully covered, as some substances may no longer be in use or might only be used in materials other than plastics (see the next subsection). 4.2. Interpretation of Use Patterns and Their Uncertainties In line with earlier research, many of the substances identified in this study can be used for different functions in multiple polymer types and industrial sectors.(12,13) Regarding substances in food-contact applications, a comparison with the recently compiled database of intentionally added food-contact chemicals (FCCdb) showed that despite identifying fewer substances, this study has a good overlap with the FCCdb (this study: 2'109 CASRNs; FCCdb: 11'609 CASRNs; overlapping substances identified by both: 2'026 CASRNs).(85) The results regarding use patterns (Section 3.2, especially Figure 3) need to be interpreted with caution, as only the number of substances potentially used for different functions (dominated by 3'663 colorants and 1'833 fillers) and the total production volume for all uses (including uses for other functions and in other materials) is presented. A recent market study based on global production volumes shows a different picture that plasticizers, flame retardants, and heat stabilizers dominate the plastic additive market.(86,87) In addition, solid use data remain lacking for many of the identified substances, especially concerning relevant industrial sectors (missing for 58% of the substances) and compatible polymer types (missing for 72%). Furthermore, uncertainties may be expected for some of the identified uses for the following reasons: I Reported uses may be incomplete, outdated, or inaccurate. For example, diethyl phthalate (DEP, CASRN 84-66-2) is still frequently reported as a plasticizer in the scientific literature,(33,88-90) while the industry has reported phase-out of its use as a plasticizer (it is now primarily used as a solvent in cosmetics and other personal care products).(91) Thus, DEP may be relevant for legacy plastic products and recycled plastics, but not for new virgin plastics. Minimizing such uncertainties requires not just gathering more information from different sources but rather more stringent monitoring of industrial activities and comprehensive QC of existing data (including verifying and updating information sources on a regular basis). II Some of the keywords used in the identification process in this study may still be incomprehensive or inaccurate, despite efforts to eliminate errors using an iterative learning approach (Section 2.5). This is because a simple keyword search cannot take the whole context into account, cannot distinguish ambiguous terms, and requires large manual efforts to include infrequent keywords. An example of the lack of context sensitivity is benzo[a]pyrene (CASRN 50-32-8). It was first incorrectly identified as a cross-linking agent, a filler, and a lubricant; a closer look revealed that it was reported as a contaminant or byproduct in substances fulfilling these functions. To more accurately categorize use patterns, future efforts need to be made both on developing advanced search algorithms (e.g., using semantic searches and natural language processing) and on standardizing use descriptors. (3,74-76,79,80,92) III Some important factors concerning use reporting (such as registrants' knowledge on the topic, information processing before reporting, and potential ulterior motives influencing reporting) could not be taken into account. For example, ulterior motives may play a role in the comprehensiveness and accuracy of reporting (such as missed or wrong reporting of risk-related information and exaggeration of the number of applicable uses).(93,94) 4.3. Substances of Potential Concern and Associated Uncertainties More than 2'400 substances of potential concern used in plastics are identified in this study; it may well still be an underestimate of the number of substances of concern, as it is only based on reported hazard classification. For example, many more substances than considered in this study may be persistent and/or bioaccumulative, as only the substances with the PBT assessment outcome of fulfilling (or not fulfilling) all PBT or both vPvB criteria were separately listed in the REACH PBT assessment list and considered in this study.(95) Thus, substances that are registered under REACH fulfilling the P and /or B criteria are not identified in this study, due to time and resource constraints to individually check their REACH registration dossiers. Surprisingly, about 350 substances of potential concern appear on both negative (e.g., authorization requested for specific uses and bans in certain applications) and positive (i.e., approval for use in food-contact plastics) regulatory lists. For example, while authorization is required for use of dibutyl phthalate (CASRN 84-74-2) in the EU and Republic of Korea, it is approved for use in food-contact plastics in the EU, US, and Japan. This regulatory inconsistency needs to be properly addressed, for example, through closer collaboration among regulatory domains and agencies.(96) In this study, the production volume is used as a rough surrogate to reflect exposure potential of a chemical. More realistic exposure estimates for a large set of chemicals are currently not possible to make due to a lack of substance- and use-specific information in the public domain.(37,97) Substance-specific information is particularly lacking for metal-containing organic substances (30% of the identified substances) and surfactants, as measurements or estimations of substance properties such as partition and diffusion coefficients remain difficult to do or make for these substances. (98,99) Future work may focus on, for example, developing new approaches for measuring or estimating partition and diffusion coefficients of all substances and generating and releasing detailed use information such as used volumes, product contents, and release potential concerning individual uses.(100) The screening of regulations in this study reveals some gaps and inconsistencies; this effort is not comprehensive. This is partially due to (1) a lack of easy information access to regulations in many parts of the world, (2) a common listing of groups of substances using generic descriptions without specifying individual substances, and (3) general challenges in identifying all relevant substances by manual list curation or manual search. An example of (2) is that the listing of PFOA-related compounds under the Stockholm Convention refers to "any substances that degrade to PFOA, including any substances (including salts and polymers) having a linear or branched perfluoroheptyl group with the moiety (C7F15)C as one of the structural elements"; the recognition of individual substances such as "alkyl iodides, C[10-12], g,o-perfluoro" (CASRN 68390-33-0) as PFOA-related compounds currently requires expert knowledge. Therefore, facilitating information access to regulations around the world, for example, through a global virtual knowledge base and further developing cheminformatics tools that help identify whether a substance is listed based on its molecular structure can be highly useful. Specifically, data engines that are capable of identifying all related CASRNs, chemical names, and structures and of indexing them based on InChI(Keys) could prove to be beneficial in this work. 5. Possible Ways Forward ARTICLE SECTIONS Jump To --------------------------------------------------------------------- This study identifies over 10'000 plastic-related substances and details several critical knowledge and data gaps, particularly in terms of substance- and use-specific information. This scale of chemicals to be addressed may be much greater than previously expected according to previously published assessments. Here, we highlight the following overarching areas that warrant concerted international efforts, in order to address these chemicals efficiently and effectively. This study can also serve as a starting point of immediate action, for example, by prioritizing substances of potential concern and the critical knowledge and data gaps identified above. Furthermore, while this study focuses on plastic monomers, additives, and processing aids, many of the lessons learned may also be used to enhance the general sound management of chemicals. 5.1. Establishing a Centralized Knowledge Base Information on chemicals is scattered throughout the public domain, resulting in numerous difficulties in understanding the presence of chemicals in plastics and other products and their properties and risks, as illustrated above. It may be worthwhile to consider establishing an open and transparent centralized knowledge base of chemicals in products with inputs and support from all relevant stakeholders along the supply chains (e.g., chemical and material producers, product designers, retailers, and waste managers). It can contribute to a better overview of relevant chemicals and related information and thus provide a basis for prioritization of future work, for example, based on production volumes and/or hazardous properties. Such a knowledge base could build on this work and other existing public databases (e.g., PubChem, SciFinder, OECD eChemPortal, CAS Common Chemistry, and USEPA CompTox Chemicals Dashboard) and industrial transparency initiatives [for example, Global Automotive Declarable Substance List (GADSL), the HolyGrail project led by P&G]. (70) The costs of establishing and maintaining such a large database can be perceived an impediment, as well as questions around data ownership (e.g., CASRNs are intellectual properties of the Chemical Abstracts Service and may require licensing for publication).(101) Options to navigate these barriers to access may include cofunding such an initiative through public-private partnerships, as a part of companies' corporate social responsibility and commitments to the human right to science, and harmonizing information exchange standards across the existing major databases to allow easy retrieval and compilation of information at one central place.(102-104) Regardless, transparency, independence, and open accessibility are crucial for such a knowledge base, and strong leadership through national and/or international governmental organizations (e.g., United Nations Environment Programme, OECD, ECHA) is needed for setting it up. 5.2. Ensuring Transition to a Safe and Sustainable Circular Plastic Economy A vast number of diverse substances are potentially used in the manufacture of plastics, with over 20% being substances of potential concern. Meanwhile, current regulations, scientific and regulatory monitoring efforts, and industry initiatives lag far behind the introduction of these substances to the market, to ensure clean, safe, and high-quality virgin and recycled plastics. For example, the current European chemicals regulations mostly focus on single substances and/or certain industrial sectors (e.g., plastics for food-contact purposes, in toys, in electrical and electronic equipment, and in automotive applications).(105-107) Similarly, current industrial circular economy initiatives focus primarily on the material level (e.g., using the same polymer for multilayer plastics to increase recyclability), with limited attention paid to the chemicals therein.(108-113) To ensure the transition toward a safe and sustainable circular plastic economy, concerted efforts by all stakeholders are needed in at least the following areas:(114) developing standardized approaches to assessing the sustainable circularity of plastics and chemicals therein; avoiding hazardous substances and embedding sustainable circularity in the design phase of plastic polymers, additives, processing aids, and value chains; fostering greater transparency throughout value chains including waste management and broadening monitoring efforts; developing and sharing knowledge on creating sustainable circularity of plastics and chemicals therein; and fostering innovative and chemical management enabling business models and practices. The information compiled in this study may help initial screenings of safer alternatives in specific applications, followed by more detailed alternative assessments.(115) Note that the indispensability or "essential" use of a substance for a specific function/performance (in a specific application) may also be evaluated first to phase out those uses that are nonessential and thus reduce the numbers of existing chemicals on the market and their uses to be assessed and transitioned.(114-118) 5.3. Expanding and Harmonizing Regulatory Efforts Current chemical regulation does not ensure global sustainable management of chemicals for several reasons: (a) not all substances of potential concern are listed under relevant international or regional regulations (Section 3.3); (b) substance-by-substance regulations may not protect against regrettable substitutions; (119,120) (c) regional regulations might lead to shifting chemical pollution elsewhere;(121) and (d) negative externalities (e.g., monitoring costs, potential cleanup costs, public health damages, and impaired ecosystem services) of chemicals throughout their life cyles are not fully addressed by current regulations.(122,123) Potential ways forward include (a) increasing the number of substances under regulatory scrutiny to cover all substances of potential concern; (124) (b) focusing on group- or class-based regulatory approaches to avoid substituting one hazardous substance with another hazardous one in the same group or class;(125,126) (c) fostering cooperation among regulators from different fields(96,127) and regions(128,129) to ensure consistent measures and avoid shifting pollution to countries with less stringent regulations; and (d) complementing current regulation with market-based policy instruments to internalize externalities and incentivize true innovation and pioneers.(114) Examples of market-based policy instruments include tradable use permits or a Pigouvian tax, where the raised governmental revenue is used to finance cleanup or chemical-related public health costs and helps to create financial incentives for avoiding the use of hazardous or unnecessary chemicals.(122,123) Overall, concerted efforts from industry, civil society organizations, the scientific community, regulatory agencies, and other policymakers are urgently needed to ensure sustainable chemicals management in the future. Supporting Information ARTICLE SECTIONS Jump To --------------------------------------------------------------------- The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https:// pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c00976. * Excel file with large tables presenting data sources and retrieval, keywords for the categorization, and overviews of all substances and substances of potential concern (ZIP) * PDF file presenting details on methods, additional results, and additional discussion on chemicals on the global market (PDF) * es1c00976_si_001.zip (6.76 MB) * es1c00976_si_002.pdf (3.31 MB) Terms & Conditions Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/ permissions.html. Author Information ARTICLE SECTIONS Jump To --------------------------------------------------------------------- * Corresponding Authors + Helene Wiesinger - Chair of Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Orcidhttps://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-4154-5907; Email: [email protected] + Zhanyun Wang - Chair of Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9914-7659; Email: [email protected] * Author + Stefanie Hellweg - Chair of Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland * * * Notes The authors declare no competing financial interest. Acknowledgments ARTICLE SECTIONS Jump To --------------------------------------------------------------------- We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (8T20/17.0103.PJ), the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (18.000809), and the Canton of Zurich's Office for Waste, Water, Energy and Air (85P-1454). We thank Magdalena Klotz and Melanie Haupt (ETH Zurich) for their valuable feedback and discussion, Joanna Houska (EAWAG/EPFL, former ETH Zurich) for the initial compilation of various relevant data sources and feedback on the final manuscript, and Christopher Oberschelp (ETH Zurich) for his valuable input regarding confidence assessment of sources. We further thank the members of the Clean Cycle Advisory Board for their feedback and support, the anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions to improve the manuscript, and Naomi Lubick for her technical editorial support. References ARTICLE SECTIONS Jump To --------------------------------------------------------------------- This article references 129 other publications. 1. 1 PlasticsEurope. Plastics--the Facts 2018. https:// www.plasticseurope.org/de/resources/publications/ 670-plastics-facts-2018 (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 2. 2 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Expert Group on Polymer Definition. OECD Definition of Polymer. https://www.oecd.org/env/ehs/oecddefinitionofpolymer.htm (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 3. 3 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Emission Scenario Document on Plastics Additives; Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): Paris, 2009. http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocument/?cote=env/ jm/mono(2004)8/rev1&doclanguage=en (accessed May 8, 2021). 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Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 13. 13 Groh, K. J.; Backhaus, T.; Carney-Almroth, B.; Geueke, B.; Inostroza, P. A.; Lennquist, A.; Leslie, H. A.; Maffini, M.; Slunge, D.; Trasande, L.; Warhurst, A. M.; Muncke, J. Overview of Known Plastic Packaging-Associated Chemicals and Their Hazards. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 651, 3253- 3268, DOI: 10.1016/ j.scitotenv.2018.10.015 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 13 Overview of known plastic packaging-associated chemicals and their hazards Groh, Ksenia J.; Backhaus, Thomas; Carney-Almroth, Bethanie; Geueke, Birgit; Inostroza, Pedro A.; Lennquist, Anna; Leslie, Heather A.; Maffini, Maricel; Slunge, Daniel; Trasande, Leonardo; Warhurst, A. Michael; Muncke, Jane Science of the Total Environment (2019), 651 (Part_2), 3253-3268 CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.) A review concerning known plastic packaging assocd. chems. and their hazards is given. Topics discussed include: introduction; materials and methods (compilation of the Chems. Assocd. with Plastic Packaging [CPPdb] database, examn. of CPPdb chem. hazards); results (CPPdb and its information content, examn. of CPPdb chem. hazards, identifying the most hazardous substances [identifying most hazardous substances based on harmonized Classification, Labeling, and Packaging [CLP] and European Union classifications, identifying substances most hazardous for human health based on advisory CLP classifications, distribution of CLP hazard categories among the most hazardous substances, distribution of functions among the most hazardous substances]); discussion (challenges and information requirements, overview of the most hazardous chem. likely assocd. with plastic packaging); and conclusions. A CPPdb database, which includes chems. used during manufg. and/or present in final packaging articles, is discussed. The CPPdb lists 906 chems. likely assocd. with plastic packaging and 3377 substances possibly assocd. substances. Of 906 chems. likely assocd. with plastic packaging, 63 rank highest for human health hazards and 68 for environmental hazards according to the harmonized hazard classifications assigned by the European Chems. Agency within the CLP regulation implementing the United Nations Globally Harmonized System. Also, 7 of 906 substances are classified in the European Union as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic, or very persistent, very bioaccumulative, and 15 as endocrine disrupting chems (EDC). In total, 34 of 906 chems. are also recognized as EDC or potential EDC in a recent United Nations Environment Program EDC report. Identified hazardous chems. are used in plastics as monomers, intermediates, solvents, surfactants, plasticizers, stabilizers, biocides, flame retardants, accelerators, and colorants. This work was challenged by a lack of transparency and incompleteness of publicly available information on the use and toxicity of numerous substances. The most hazardous chems. identified should be assessed as potential candidates for substitution. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXitVClu7nJ&md5= 2263c4dd4a418e750d1b66a9fdde9af6 14. 14 Zimmermann, L.; Dierkes, G.; Ternes, T. A.; Volker, C.; Wagner, M. Benchmarking the in Vitro Toxicity and Chemical Composition of Plastic Consumer Products. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 11467 - 11477, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02293 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 14 Benchmarking the in Vitro Toxicity and Chemical Composition of Plastic Consumer Products Zimmermann, Lisa; Dierkes, Georg; Ternes, Thomas A.; Voelker, Carolin; Wagner, Martin Environmental Science & Technology (2019), 53 (19), 11467-11477 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society) Plastics are known sources of chem. exposure and few, prominent plastic-assocd. chems., such as bisphenol A and phthalates, have been thoroughly studied. However, a comprehensive characterization of the complex chem. mixts. present in plastics is missing. In this study, we benchmark plastic consumer products, covering eight major polymer types, according to their toxicol. and chem. signatures using in vitro bioassays and non-target high resoln. mass spectrometry. Most (74 %) of the 34 plastic exts. contained chems. triggering at least one endpoint, including baseline toxicity (62 %), oxidative stress (41 %), cytotoxicity (32 %), estrogenicity (12 %) and antiandrogenicity (27 %). In total, we detected 1411 features, tentatively identified 213, including monomers, additives and non-intentionally added substances, and prioritized 25 chems. Exts. of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyurethane (PUR) induced the highest toxicity whereas polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and high-d. polyethylene (HDPE) caused no or low toxicity. High baseline toxicity was detected in all "bioplastics" made of polylactic acid (PLA). The toxicities of low-d. polyethylene (LDPE), polystyrene (PS) and polypropylene (PP) varied. Our study demonstrates that consumer plastics contain compds. that are toxic in vitro but remain largely unidentified. Since the risk of unknown compds. cannot be assessed, this poses a challenge to manufacturers, public health authorities and researchers alike. However, we also demonstrate that products not inducing toxicity are already on the market. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhsFWjt7rM&md5= d270af8e7a0cf584a1aed2edb9b600b7 15. 15 Rudel, R. A.; Camann, D. E.; Spengler, J. D.; Korn, L. R.; Brody, J. G. Phthalates, Alkylphenols, Pesticides, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, and Other Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds in Indoor Air and Dust. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 4543- 4553, DOI: 10.1021/es0264596 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 15 Phthalates, Alkylphenols, Pesticides, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, and Other Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds in Indoor Air and Dust Rudel, Ruthann A.; Camann, David E.; Spengler, John D.; Korn, Leo R.; Brody, Julia G. Environmental Science and Technology (2003), 37 (20), 4543-4553 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society) Endocrine-disrupting compds. (EDC) have widespread consumer uses, yet little is known about indoor exposure. Indoor air and dust was sampled in 120 homes and analyzed for 89 org. EDC: 52 compds. were detected in air and 66 were detected in dust. These are the first reported measurements in residential environments for >30 of these compds., including several detected at highest concns. The no. of compds. detected/home was 13-28 in air and 6-42 in dust. The most abundant compds. in air included phthalates (plasticizers, emulsifiers), o-phenylphenol (disinfectant), 4-nonylphenol (detergent metabolite), and 4-tert-butylphenol (adhesive), with typical concns. of 50-1500 ng/m3. Penta- and tetrabrominated di-Ph ethers (flame retardants) were frequently detected in dust, and 2,3-dibromo-1-propanol, the carcinogenic intermediate of a flame retardant banned in 1977, was detected in air and dust. A total of 23 pesticides were detected in air and 27 were detected in dust; the most abundant were permethrins and the synergist, piperonyl butoxide; banned pesticides (heptachlor, chlordane, methoxychlor, DDT) were also frequently detected, suggesting limited indoor degrdn. Detected concns. exceeded government health-based guidelines for 15 compds.; however, no guidelines are available for 28 compds. and existing guidelines do not consider endocrine effects. Results provided a basis to prioritize toxicol. and exposure research for individual EDC and mixts. and provided new tools for exposure assessment in health studies. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD3sXnt1OksL4%253D&md5= 96492458259894ee2e82374dede3135d 16. 16 Lunderberg, D. M.; Kristensen, K.; Liu, Y.; Misztal, P. K.; Tian, Y.; Arata, C.; Wernis, R.; Kreisberg, N.; Nazaroff, W. W.; Goldstein, A. H. Characterizing Airborne Phthalate Concentrations and Dynamics in a Normally Occupied Residence. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 7337- 7346, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02123 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 16 Characterizing Airborne Phthalate Concentrations and Dynamics in a Normally Occupied Residence Lunderberg, David M.; Kristensen, Kasper; Liu, Yingjun; Misztal, Pawel K.; Tian, Yilin; Arata, Caleb; Wernis, Rebecca; Kreisberg, Nathan; Nazaroff, William W.; Goldstein, Allen H. Environmental Science & Technology (2019), 53 (13), 7337-7346 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society) Phthalate esters, commonly used as plasticizers, occur indoors in the gas phase, in airborne particulate matter, in dust, and on surfaces. Phthalate dynamic indoor behavior is not fully understood. This work made time-resolved measurements of airborne phthalate concns. and assocd. gas/particle partitioning data were acquired in a normally occupied residence. Vapor pressure and assocd. gas-particle partitioning of measured phthalates are affected by their airborne dynamic behavior. Higher vapor pressure phthalate concns. correlated well with indoor temp., with little discernible effect from direct occupant activity. Occupant-related behavior substantially affected concns. and dynamic behavior of lower vapor pressure compds., e.g., diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), mainly by particulate matter prodn. during cooking. The proportion of airborne DEHP in the particle phase was exptl. obsd. to increase under higher particle mass concns. and lower indoor temps. in correspondence with theory. Exptl. observations indicated indoor surfaces of the residence are large reservoirs of phthalates. Results also indicated two key factors affected by human behavior (temp., particle mass concn.) cause short-term changes in airborne phthalate concns. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhtFaqsL%252FM&md5= 7e64ed74b764b2f28124ce465f4f322f 17. 17 Lucattini, L.; Poma, G.; Covaci, A.; de Boer, J.; Lamoree, M. H.; Leonards, P. E. G. A Review of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) in the Indoor Environment: Occurrence in Consumer Products, Indoor Air and Dust. Chemosphere 2018, 201, 466- 482, DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.161 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 17 A review of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the indoor environment: occurrence in consumer products, indoor air and dust Lucattini, Luisa; Poma, Giulia; Covaci, Adrian; de Boer, Jacob; Lamoree, Marja H.; Leonards, Pim E. G. Chemosphere (2018), 201 (), 466-482CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.) A review. As many people spend a large part of their life indoors, the quality of the indoor environment is important. Data on contaminants such as flame retardants, pesticides and plasticizers are available for indoor air and dust but are scarce for consumer products such as computers, televisions, furniture, carpets, etc. This review presents information on semi-volatile org. compds. (SVOCs) in consumer products in an attempt to link the information available for chems. in indoor air and dust with their indoor sources. A no. of 256 papers were selected and divided among SVOCs found in consumer products (n = 57), indoor dust (n = 104) and air (n = 95). Concns. of SVOCs in consumer products, indoor dust and air are reported (e.g. PFASs max: 13.9 mg/g in textiles, 5.8 mg/kg in building materials, 121 ng/g in house dust and 6.4 ng/m3 in indoor air). Most of the studies show common aims, such as human exposure and risk assessment. The main micro-environments investigated (houses, offices and schools) reflect the relevance of indoor air quality. Most of the studies show a lack of data on concns. of chems. in consumer goods and often only the presence of chems. is reported. At the moment this is the largest obstacle linking chems. in products to chems. detected in indoor air and dust. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXkslShsbw%253D&md5= 6c7fb9e99ca99f1effec7f833632799a 18. 18 Kwan, C. S.; Takada, H. Release of Additives and Monomers from Plastic Wastes. In Hazardous Chemicals Associated with Plastics in the Marine Environment. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry; Takada, H., Karapanagioti, H. K., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, 2016; pp 51- 70. [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 19. 19 Koelmans, A. A.; Besseling, E.; Foekema, E. M. Leaching of Plastic Additives to Marine Organisms. Environ. Pollut. 2014, 187 , 49- 54, DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.12.013 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 19 Leaching of plastic additives to marine organisms Koelmans, Albert A.; Besseling, Ellen; Foekema, Edwin M. Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2014), 187 (), 49-54CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.) It is often assumed that ingestion of microplastics by aquatic species leads to increased exposure to plastic additives. However, exptl. data or model based evidence is lacking. Here we assess the potential of leaching of nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) in the intestinal tracts of Arenicola marina (lugworm) and Gadus morhua (North Sea cod). We use a biodynamic model that allows calcns. of the relative contribution of plastic ingestion to total exposure of aquatic species to chems. residing in the ingested plastic. Uncertainty in the most crucial parameters is accounted for by probabilistic modeling. Our conservative anal. shows that plastic ingestion by the lugworm yields NP and BPA concns. that stay below the lower ends of global NP and BPA concn. ranges, and therefore are not likely to constitute a relevant exposure pathway. For cod, plastic ingestion appears to be a negligible pathway for exposure to NP and BPA. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXivFClt70%253D&md5= 773731d779a7970470d4497791fe2314 20. 20 Karapanagioti, H. K.; Takada, H. Hazardous Chemicals Associated with Plastics in the Marine Environment. In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry; Takada, H., Karapanagioti, H. K., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, 2019; Vol. 78. Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 21. 21 Tang, Z.; Zhang, L.; Huang, Q.; Yang, Y.; Nie, Z.; Cheng, J.; Yang, J.; Wang, Y.; Chai, M. Contamination and Risk of Heavy Metals in Soils and Sediments from a Typical Plastic Waste Recycling Area in North China. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2015, 122, 343- 351, DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.08.006 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 21 Contamination and risk of heavy metals in soils and sediments from a typical plastic waste recycling area in North China Tang, Zhenwu; Zhang, Lianzhen; Huang, Qifei; Yang, Yufei; Nie, Zhiqiang; Cheng, Jiali; Yang, Jun; Wang, Yuwen; Chai, Miao Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (2015), 122 (), 343-351 CODEN: EESADV; ISSN:0147-6513. (Elsevier B.V.) Plastic wastes are increasingly being recycled in many countries. However, available information on the metals released into the environment during recycling processes is rare. In this study, the contamination features and risks of eight heavy metals in soils and sediments were investigated in Wen'an, a typical plastic recycling area in North China. The surface soils and sediments have suffered from moderate to high metal pollution and in particular, high Cd and Hg pollution. The mean concns. of Cd and Hg were 0.355 and 0.408 mg kg-1, resp., in the soils and 1.53 and 2.10 mg kg-1, resp., in the sediments. The findings suggested that there is considerable to high potential ecol. risks in more than half of the soils and high potential ecol. risk in almost all sediments. Although the health risk levels from exposure to soil metals were acceptable for adults, the non-carcinogenic risks to local children exceeded the acceptable level. Source assessment indicated that heavy metals in soils and sediments were mainly derived from inputs from poorly controlled plastic waste recycling operations in this area. The results suggested that the risks assocd. with heavy metal pollution from plastic waste recycling should be of great concern. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhsFSktrfM&md5= 5fbb0e9a978cbb440b2f169a21873d0a 22. 22 Tang, Z.; Huang, Q.; Yang, Y.; Nie, Z.; Cheng, J.; Yang, J.; Wang, Y.; Chai, M. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and Heavy Metals in Road Dusts from a Plastic Waste Recycling Area in North China: Implications for Human Health. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2016, 23, 625- 637, DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5296-7 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 22 Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and heavy metals in road dusts from a plastic waste recycling area in north China: implications for human health Tang, Zhenwu; Huang, Qifei; Yang, Yufei; Nie, Zhiqiang; Cheng, Jiali; Yang, Jun; Wang, Yuwen; Chai, Miao Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2016), 23 (1), 625-637CODEN: ESPLEC; ISSN:0944-1344. (Springer) Road dusts were collected from an area where intense mech. recycling of plastic wastes occurs in Wen'an, north China. These dusts were investigated for polybrominated di-Ph ethers (PBDEs) and heavy metals contamination to assess the health risk related to these components. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and S21PBDE concns. in these dusts ranged from 2.67 to 10,424 ng g-1 and from 3.23 to 10,640 ng g-1, resp. These PBDE concns. were comparable to those obsd. in road dust from e-waste recycling areas but were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than concns. in outdoor or road dusts from other areas. This indicates that road dusts in the study area have high levels of PBDE pollution. BDE-209 was the predominant congener, accounting for 86.3 % of the total PBDE content in dusts. Thus, com. deca-BDE products were the dominant source. The av. concns. of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb, and Zn in these same dust samples were 10.1, 0.495, 112, 54.7, 0.150, 71.8, 10.6, and 186 mg kg-1, resp. The geoaccumulation index suggests that road dusts in this area are moderately to heavily polluted with Cd, Hg, and Sb. This study shows that plastic waste processing is a major source of toxic pollutants in road dusts in this area. Although the health risk from exposure to dust PBDEs was low, levels of some heavy metals in this dust exceeded acceptable risk levels for children and are of great concern. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhsVOntLvM&md5= aab8652626c29d8322984569fe8f03e5 23. 23 He, Z.; Li, G.; Chen, J.; Huang, Y.; An, T.; Zhang, C. Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Different Plastic Solid Waste Recycling Workshops. Environ. Int. 2015, 77, 85- 94, DOI: 10.1016/ j.envint.2015.01.004 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 23 Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds emitted from different plastic solid waste recycling workshops He, Zhigui; Li, Guiying; Chen, Jiangyao; Huang, Yong; An, Taicheng; Zhang, Chaosheng Environment International (2015), 77 (), 85-94CODEN: ENVIDV; ISSN:0160-4120. (Elsevier Ltd.) The pollution profiles of volatile org. compds. (VOCs) emitted from different recycling workshops processing different types of plastic solid waste (PSW) and their health risks were investigated. A total of 64 VOCs including alkanes, alkenes, monoaroms., oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), chlorinated VOCs (ClVOCs) and acrylonitrile during the melting extrusion procedure were identified and quantified. The highest concn. of total VOCs (TVOC) occurred in the poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene) (ABS) recycling workshop, followed by the polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), polyamide (PA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE) and polycarbonate (PC) workshops. Monoaroms. were found as the major component emitted from the ABS and PS recycling workshops, while alkanes were mainly emitted from the PE and PP recycling processes, and OVOCs from the PVC and PA recycling workshops. According to the occupational exposure limits' (OEL) assessment, the workers suffered acute and chronic health risks in the ABS and PS recycling workshops. Meanwhile, it was found that most VOCs in the indoor microenvironments were originated from the melting extrusion process, while the highest TVOC concn. was obsd. in the PS rather than in the ABS recycling workshop. Non-cancer hazard indexes (HIs) of all individual VOCs were < 1.0, whereas the total HI in the PS recycling workshop was 1.9, posing an adverse chronic health threat. Lifetime cancer risk assessment suggested that the residents also suffered from definite cancer risk in the PS, PA, ABS and PVC recycling workshops. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXislGkur4%253D&md5= 894bb72530b657c6cae8721ab6cf8f5d 24. 24 Koch, H. M.; Calafat, A. M. Human Body Burdens of Chemicals Used in Plastic Manufacture. Philos. Trans. R. Soc., B 2009, 364, 2063 - 2078, DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0208 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 24 Human body burdens of chemicals used in plastic manufacture Koch, Holger M.; Calafat, Antonia M. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B: Biological Sciences (2009), 364 (1526), 2063-2078CODEN: PTRBAE; ISSN: 0962-8436. (Royal Society) A review. In the last decades, the availability of sophisticated anal. chem. techniques has facilitated measuring trace levels of multiple environmental chems. in human biol. matrixes (i.e. biomonitoring) with a high degree of accuracy and precision. As biomonitoring data have become readily available, interest in their interpretation has increased. We present an overview on the use of biomonitoring in exposure and risk assessment using phthalates and bisphenol A as examples of chems. used in the manuf. of plastic goods. We present and review the most relevant research on biomarkers of exposure for phthalates and bisphenol A, including novel and most comprehensive biomonitoring data from Germany and the United States. We discuss several factors relevant for interpreting and understanding biomonitoring data, including selection of both biomarkers of exposure and human matrixes, and toxicokinetic information. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXpt1Skt7g%253D&md5= d3344c6cbb907a946d873820f9d957cf 25. 25 Meeker, J. D.; Sathyanarayana, S.; Swan, S. H. Phthalates and Other Additives in Plastics: Human Exposure and Associated Health Outcomes. Philos. Trans. R. Soc., B 2009, 364, 2097- 2113, DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0268 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 25 Phthalates and other additives in plastics: human exposure and associated health outcomes Meeker, John D.; Sathyanarayana, Sheela; Swan, Shanna H. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B: Biological Sciences (2009), 364 (1526), 2097-2113CODEN: PTRBAE; ISSN: 0962-8436. (Royal Society) A review. Concern exists over whether additives in plastics to which most people are exposed, such as phthalates, bisphenol A or polybrominated di-Ph ethers, may cause harm to human health by altering endocrine function or through other biol. mechanisms. Human data are limited compared with the large body of exptl. evidence documenting reproductive or developmental toxicity in relation to these compds. Here, we discuss the current state of human evidence, as well as future research trends and needs. Because exposure assessment is often a major weakness in epidemiol. studies, and in utero exposures to reproductive or developmental toxicants are important, we also provide original data on maternal exposure to phthalates during and after pregnancy (n = 242). Phthalate metabolite concns. in urine showed weak correlations between pre- and post-natal samples, though the strength of the relationship increased when duration between the two samples decreased. Phthalate metabolite levels also tended to be higher in post-natal samples. In conclusion, there is a great need for more human studies of adverse health effects assocd. with plastic additives. Recent advances in the measurement of exposure biomarkers hold much promise in improving the epidemiol. data, but their utility must be understood to facilitate appropriate study design. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXpt1Skt7Y%253D&md5= 218e195cb18f037242d34befa7ffc995 26. 26 Turner, A. Black Plastics: Linear and Circular Economies, Hazardous Additives and Marine Pollution. Environ. Int. 2018, 117 , 308- 318, DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.036 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 26 Black plastics: Linear and circular economies, hazardous additives and marine pollution Turner, Andrew Environment International (2018), 117 (), 308-318CODEN: ENVIDV; ISSN:0160-4120. (Elsevier Ltd.) A review. Black products constitute about 15% of the domestic plastic waste stream, of which the majority is single-use packaging and trays for food. This material is not, however, readily recycled owing to the low sensitivity of black pigments to near IR radiation used in conventional plastic sorting facilities. Accordingly, there is mounting evidence that the demand for black plastics in consumer products is partly met by sourcing material from the plastic housings of end-of-life waste electronic and elec. equipment (WEEE). Inefficiently sorted WEEE plastic has the potential to introduce restricted and hazardous substances into the recyclate, including brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Sb, a flame retardant synergist, and the heavy metals, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb. The current paper examines the life cycles of single-use black food packaging and black plastic WEEE in the context of current international regulations and directives and best practices for sorting, disposal and recycling. The discussion is supported by published and unpublished measurements of restricted substances (including Br as a proxy for BFRs) in food packaging, EEE plastic goods and non-EEE plastic products. Specifically, measurements confirm the linear economy of plastic food packaging and demonstrate a complex quasi-circular economy for WEEE plastic that results in significant and widespread contamination of black consumer goods ranging from thermos cups and cutlery to tool handles and grips, and from toys and games to spectacle frames and jewellery. The environmental impacts and human exposure routes arising from WEEE plastic recycling and contamination of consumer goods are described, including those assocd. with marine pollution. Regarding the latter, a compilation of elemental data on black plastic litter collected from beaches of southwest England reveals a similar chem. signature to that of contaminated consumer goods and blended plastic WEEE recyclate, exemplifying the pervasiveness of the problem. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXpvFGntL0%253D&md5= f33c5abc5d719a86a814d67f4e674ff7 27. 27 Day, M.; Cooney, J. D.; MacKinnon, M. Degradation of Contaminated Plastics: A Kinetic Study. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 1995, 48, 341- 349, DOI: 10.1016/0141-3910(95)00088-4 [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar 27 Degradation of contaminated plastics: a kinetic study Day, M.; Cooney, J. D.; MacKinnon, M. Polymer Degradation and Stability (1995), 48 (3), 341-9CODEN: PDSTDW; ISSN:0141-3910. (Elsevier) The thermal degrdn. of polypropylene (PP), ABS, polyurethane (PU), and PVC were studied in the presence of Cu, Fe2O3, and dirt. The rate consts. and kinetic parameters for the degrdn. processes were measured using the variable heating rate isoconversion method. The results suggest that the presence of metal contamination in these polymer systems can influence the degrdn. behavior of the pure polymers. Generally it was found that certain metal contaminants could have a catalytic effect on the degrdn. processes of the polymers studied. This effect resulted in an increase in the measured rate consts. and a lower onset temp. of their degrdn. The largest effects were noted with PP, where substantial increases in the rate const. were noted as well as significant differences in the apparent activation energies. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK2MXotlWkurg%253D&md5= 58f35709c79280dff5b19cfffb210aae 28. 28 Hunt, A.; Dale, N.; George, F. World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe. Circular Economy and Health: Opportunities and Risk: Copenhagen, 2018. https:// www.euro.who.int/en/publications/abstracts/ circular-economy-and-health-opportunities-and-risks-2018 (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 29. 29 Leslie, H. A.; Leonards, P. E. G.; Brandsma, S. H.; de Boer, J.; Jonkers, N. Propelling Plastics into the Circular Economy -- Weeding out the Toxics First. Environ. Int. 2016, 94, 230- 234, DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.012 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 29 Propelling plastics into the circular economy - weeding out the toxics first Leslie, H. A.; Leonards, P. E. G.; Brandsma, S. H.; de Boer, J.; Jonkers, N. Environment International (2016), 94 (), 230-234CODEN: ENVIDV; ISSN:0160-4120. (Elsevier Ltd.) The Stockholm Convention bans toxic chems. on its persistent org. pollutants (POPs) list in order to promote cleaner prodn. and prevent POPs accumulation in the global environment. The original 'dirty dozen' set of POPs has been expanded to include some of the brominated di-Ph ether flame retardants (POP-BDEs). In addn. to cleaner prodn., there is an urgent need for increased resource efficiency to address the finite amt. of raw materials on Earth. Recycling plastic enhances resource efficiency and is part of the circular economy approach, but how clean are the materials we are recycling. With the help of a new screening method and detailed analyses, we set out to investigate where these largely obsolete BDEs were showing up in Dutch automotive and electronics waste streams, calc. mass flows and det. to what extent they are entering the new product chains. Our study revealed that banned BDEs and other toxic flame retardants are found at high concns. in certain plastic materials destined for recycling markets. They were also found in a variety of new consumer products, including children's toys. A mass flow anal. showed that 22% of all the POP-BDE in waste elec. and electronic equipment (WEEE) is expected to end up in recycled plastics because these toxic, bioaccumulative and persistent substances are currently not effectively sepd. out of plastic waste streams. In the automotive sector, this is 14%, while an addnl. 19% is expected to end up in second-hand parts (reuse). These results raise the issue of delicate trade-offs between consumer safety/cleaner prodn. and resource efficiency. As petroleum intensive materials, plastic products ought to be repaired, reused, remanufd. and recycled, making good use of the 'inner circles' of the circular economy. Keeping hazardous substances - whether they are well known POPs or emerging contaminants - out of products and plastic waste streams could make these cycles work better for businesses, people and nature. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhtVWgtbfI&md5= d88ebf1681e8f7a74fbb2e16eba9ed88 30. 30 Eriksen, M. K.; Pivnenko, K.; Olsson, M. E.; Astrup, T. F. Contamination in Plastic Recycling: Influence of Metals on the Quality of Reprocessed Plastic. Waste Manag. 2018, 79, 595- 606, DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.08.007 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 30 Contamination in plastic recycling: Influence of metals on the quality of reprocessed plastic Eriksen, M. K.; Pivnenko, K.; Olsson, M. E.; Astrup, T. F. Waste Management (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2018), 79 (), 595-606 CODEN: WAMAE2; ISSN:0956-053X. (Elsevier Ltd.) The global consumption of plastic continues to increase, and plastic recycling is highlighted as crucial for saving fossil resources and closing material loops. Plastic can be made from different polymers and contains a variety of substances, added intentionally to enhance the plastic's properties (metals added as fillers, colorants, etc.). Moreover, plastic can be contaminated during use and subsequent waste management. Consequently, if substances and contaminants are not removed during recycling, potentially problematic substances might be recycled with the targeted polymers, hence the need for quant. data about the nature and presence of these substances in plastic. Samples of selected polymers (PET, PE, PP, PS) were collected from different origins; plastic household waste, flakes /pellets of reprocessed plastic from households and industry, and virgin plastic. Fifteen selected metals (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Ti, Zn) were quantified and the statistical anal. showed that both the polymer and origin influenced the metal concn. Sb and Zn were potentially related to the prodn. stage of PET and PS, resp. Household plastic samples (waste and reprocessed) were found to contain significantly higher Al, Pb, Ti and Zn concns. when compared to virgin samples. Only the concn. of Mn was reduced during washing, suggesting that parts of it was present as phys. contamination. While most of the metals were below legal limit values, elevated concns. in reprocessed plastic from households, aligned with increasing recycling rates, may lead to higher metal concns. in the future. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhsFOhsLvE&md5= 783d0654b50da66a40f5443533d68844 31. 31 Hansen, E.; Nilsson, N. H.; Lithner, D.; Lassen, C. Hazardous Substances in Plastic Materials; COWI, Danish Technological Institute: Vejle, Denmark, 2013. https://www.byggemiljo.no/ wp-content/uploads/2014/10/72_ta3017.pdf (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 32. 32 Rossi, M.; Blake, A.; Clean Production Action. Plastics Scorecard ; Clean Production Action: Somerville, 2014. https:// www.cleanproduction.org/resources/entry/ plastics-scorecard-resource (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 33. 33 Stenmarck, A.; Belleza, E. L.; Frane, A.; Busch, N.; Larsen, A.; Wahlstrom, M. Hazardous Substances in Plastics--Ways to Increase Recycling; Swedish Environmental Research Institute IVL, Nordic Council of Ministers: Stockholm, Sweden, 2017. [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 34. 34 Hahladakis, J. N.; Velis, C. A.; Weber, R.; Iacovidou, E.; Purnell, P. An Overview of Chemical Additives Present in Plastics: Migration, Release, Fate and Environmental Impact during Their Use, Disposal and Recycling. J. Hazard. Mater. 2018, 344, 179- 199, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 34 An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling Hahladakis, John N.; Velis, Costas A.; Weber, Roland; Iacovidou, Eleni; Purnell, Phil Journal of Hazardous Materials (2018), 344 (), 179-199CODEN: JHMAD9; ISSN:0304-3894. (Elsevier B.V.) A review is given. Over the last 60 yr plastics prodn. has increased manifold, owing to their inexpensive, multipurpose, durable and lightwt. nature. These characteristics have raised the demand for plastic materials that will continue to grow over the coming years. However, with increased plastic materials prodn., comes increased plastic material wastage creating a no. of challenges, as well as opportunities to the waste management industry. The present overview highlights the waste management and pollution challenges, emphasizing on the various chem. substances (known as additives) contained in all plastic products for enhancing polymer properties and prolonging their life. Despite how useful these additives are in the functionality of polymer products, their potential to contaminate soil, air, water and food is widely documented in literature and described herein. These additives can potentially migrate and undesirably lead to human exposure via e.g. food contact materials, such as packaging. They can, also, be released from plastics during the various recycling and recovery processes and from the products produced from recyclates. Thus, sound recycling has to be performed in such a way as to ensure that emission of substances of high concern and contamination of recycled products is avoided, ensuring environmental and human health protection, at all times. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhs1GktrjI&md5= 63944bf5a0dc86fd1672f445f9156cee 35. 35 Lithner, D.; Larsson, A.; Dave, G. Environmental and Health Hazard Ranking and Assessment of Plastic Polymers Based on Chemical Composition. Sci. Total Environ. 2011, 409, 3309- 3324, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.038 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 35 Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition Lithner, Delilah; Larsson, Aake; Dave, Goeran Science of the Total Environment (2011), 409 (18), 3309-3324 CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.) Plastics constitute a large material group with a global annual prodn. that has doubled in 15 years (245 million tons in 2008). Plastics are present everywhere in society and the environment, esp. the marine environment, where large amts. of plastic waste accumulate. The knowledge of human and environmental hazards and risks from chems. assocd. with the diversity of plastic products is very limited. Most chems. used for producing plastic polymers are derived from non-renewable crude oil, and several are hazardous. These may be released during the prodn., use and disposal of the plastic product. In this study the environmental and health hazards of chems. used in 55 thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers were identified and compiled. A hazard ranking model was developed for the hazard classes and categories in the EU classification and labeling (CLP) regulation which is based on the UN Globally Harmonized System. The polymers were ranked based on monomer hazard classifications, and initial assessments were made. The polymers that ranked as most hazardous are made of monomers classified as mutagenic and/or carcinogenic (category 1A or 1B). These belong to the polymer families of polyurethanes, polyacrylonitriles, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resins, and styrenic copolymers. All have a large global annual prodn. (1-37 million tons). A considerable no. of polymers (31 out of 55) are made of monomers that belong to the two worst of the ranking model's five hazard levels, i.e. levels IV-V. The polymers that are made of level IV monomers and have a large global annual prodn. (1-5 million tons) are phenol formaldehyde resins, unsatd. polyesters, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, and urea-formaldehyde resins. This study has identified hazardous substances used in polymer prodn. for which the risks should be evaluated for decisions on the need for risk redn. measures, substitution, or even phase out. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXotlGiur4%253D&md5= cffe4e19919dcd84dfa9539e70a85c1c 36. 36 Hollender, J.; Schymanski, E. L.; Singer, H. P.; Ferguson, P. L. Nontarget Screening with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry in the Environment: Ready to Go?. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 11505 - 11512, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02184 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 36 Nontarget Screening with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry in the Environment: Ready to Go? Hollender, Juliane; Schymanski, Emma L.; Singer, Heinz P.; Ferguson, P. Lee Environmental Science & Technology (2017), 51 (20), 11505-11512 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society) The vast, diverse universe of org. pollutants is a formidable challenge for environmental sciences, engineering, and regulation. Nontarget screening (NTS) based on high resoln. mass spectrometry (HRMS) has enormous potential to help characterize this universe. Here, we argue that development of mass spectrometers with increasingly high resoln. and novel couplings to both liq. and gas chromatog., combined with the integration of high performance computing, have significantly widened our anal. window and have enabled increasingly sophisticated data processing strategies, indicating a bright future for NTS. NTS has great potential for treatment assessment and pollutant prioritization within regulatory applications, as highlighted here by the case of real-time pollutant monitoring on the River Rhine. We discuss challenges for the future, including the transition from research toward soln.-centered and robust, harmonized applications. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhsVGjsLnL&md5= 635c3bbbda9808f9762d21b65825878e 37. 37 Schymanski, E. L.; Singer, H. P.; Slobodnik, J.; Ipolyi, I. M.; Oswald, P.; Krauss, M.; Schulze, T.; Haglund, P.; Letzel, T.; Grosse, S.; Thomaidis, N. S.; Bletsou, A.; Zwiener, C.; Ibanez, M.; Portoles, T.; de Boer, R.; Reid, M. J.; Onghena, M.; Kunkel, U.; Schulz, W.; Guillon, A.; Noyon, N.; Leroy, G.; Bados, P.; Bogialli, S.; Stipanicev, D.; Rostkowski, P.; Hollender, J. Non-Target Screening with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: Critical Review Using a Collaborative Trial on Water Analysis. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2015, 407, 6237- 6255, DOI: 10.1007/ s00216-015-8681-7 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 37 Non-target screening with high-resolution mass spectrometry: critical review using a collaborative trial on water analysis Schymanski, Emma L.; Singer, Heinz P.; Slobodnik, Jaroslav; Ipolyi, Ildiko M.; Oswald, Peter; Krauss, Martin; Schulze, Tobias; Haglund, Peter; Letzel, Thomas; Grosse, Sylvia; Thomaidis, Nikolaos S.; Bletsou, Anna; Zwiener, Christian; Ibanez, Maria; Portoles, Tania; de Boer, Ronald; Reid, Malcolm J.; Onghena, Matthias; Kunkel, Uwe; Schulz, Wolfgang; Guillon, Amelie; Noyon, Naike; Leroy, Gaela; Bados, Philippe; Bogialli, Sara; Stipanicev, Drazenka; Rostkowski, Pawel; Hollender, Juliane Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (2015), 407 (21), 6237-6255CODEN: ABCNBP; ISSN:1618-2642. (Springer) A review is given. A dataset from a collaborative non-target screening trial organized by the NORMAN Assocn. is used to review the state-of-the-art and discuss future perspectives of non-target screening using high-resoln. mass spectrometry in water anal. A total of 18 institutes from 12 European countries analyzed an ext. of the same water sample collected from the River Danube with either one or both of liq. and gas chromatog. coupled with mass spectrometry detection. This article focuses mainly on the use of high resoln. screening techniques with target, suspect, and non-target workflows to identify substances in environmental samples. Specific examples are given to emphasize major challenges including isobaric and co-eluting substances, dependence on target and suspect lists, formula assignment, the use of retention information, and the confidence of identification. Approaches and methods applicable to unit resoln. data are also discussed. Although most substances were identified using high resoln. data with target and suspect-screening approaches, some participants proposed tentative non-target identifications. This comprehensive dataset revealed that non-target anal. techniques are already substantially harmonized between the participants, but the data processing remains time-consuming. Although the objective of a fully-automated identification workflow remains elusive in the short term, important steps in this direction have been taken, exemplified by the growing popularity of suspect screening approaches. Major recommendations to improve non-target screening include better integration and connection of desired features into software packages, the exchange of target and suspect lists, and the contribution of more spectra from std. substances into (openly accessible) databases. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXosFKjsr8%253D&md5= df4d6c3c01f2b1004041b5473af134cd 38. 38 Martinez-Bueno, M. J.; Gomez Ramos, M. J.; Bauer, A.; Fernandez-Alba, A. R. An Overview of Non-Targeted Screening Strategies Based on High Resolution Accurate Mass Spectrometry for the Identification of Migrants Coming from Plastic Food Packaging Materials. TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem. 2019, 110, 191- 203 , DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.035 [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar 38 An overview of non-targeted screening strategies based on high resolution accurate mass spectrometry for the identification of migrants coming from plastic food packaging materials Martinez-Bueno, M. J.; Gomez Ramos, M. J.; Bauer, A.; Fernandez-Alba, A. R. TrAC, Trends in Analytical Chemistry (2019), 110 (), 191-203 CODEN: TTAEDJ; ISSN:0165-9936. (Elsevier B.V.) Identification and quant. detn. of analytes released from food contact materials (FCMs) is still an anal. challenge for scientists since neither chem. nor spectral databases nor anal. stds. are available. Gas and liq. chromatog. hyphenated to a variety of accurate mass analyzers based on the use of high-resoln. have been used for this purpose. In this review, we present an overview of current approaches based on high resoln. accurate mass spectrometry (HRAMS) anal., particularly based on software tools for data acquisition and data processing used for the identification of unknown migrants coming from plastic FCMs. The main advantages and disadvantages of identification strategies have been put into evidence. A summary of the different intentionally and non-intentionally added substances identified or tentatively identified in plastic FCMs using HRAMS anal. has also been presented. Finally, we discuss the main current risk assessment strategies for food packaging migration studies found in the literature. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXit1Chs77F&md5= e7fae11900116129b7ec169e5603b839 39. 39 Onghena, M.; van Hoeck, E.; Vervliet, P.; Scippo, M. L.; Simon, C.; van Loco, J.; Covaci, A. Development and Application of a Non-Targeted Extraction Method for the Analysis of Migrating Compounds from Plastic Baby Bottles by GC-MS. Food Addit. Contam., Part A 2014, 31, 2090- 2102, DOI: 10.1080/ 19440049.2014.979372 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 39 Development and application of a non-targeted extraction method for the analysis of migrating compounds from plastic baby bottles by GC-MS Onghena, Matthias; van Hoeck, Els; Vervliet, Philippe; Scippo, Marie Louise; Simon, Coraline; van Loco, Joris; Covaci, Adrian Food Additives & Contaminants, Part A: Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment (2014), 31 (12), 2090-2102 CODEN: FACPAA; ISSN:1944-0057. (Taylor & Francis Ltd.) In 2011, the European Union prohibited the prodn. of polycarbonate (PC) baby bottles due to the toxic effects of the PC monomer bisphenol-A. Therefore, baby bottles made of alternative materials, e.g. polypropylene (PP) or polyethersulfone (PES), are currently marketed. The principal aim of the study was the identification of major compds. migrating from baby bottles using a liq.-liq. extn. followed by GC/MS anal. A 50% EtOH in water soln. was selected as a simulant for milk. After sterilization of the bottle, three migration expts. were performed during 2 h at 70degC. A non-targeted liq.-liq. extn. with Et acetate-n-hexane (1:1) was performed on the simulant samples. Identification of migrants from 24 baby bottles was done using com. available WILEY and NIST mass spectra libraries. Differences in the migrating compds. and their intensities were obsd. between the different types of plastics, but also between the same polymer from a different producer. Differences in the migration patterns were perceived as well between the sterilization and the migrations and within the different migrations. Silicone, Tritan and PP exhibited a wide variety of migrating compds., whereas PES and polyamide (PA) showed a lower amt. of migrants, though sometimes in relatively large concns. (azacyclotridecan-2-one up to 250 mg kg-1). Alkanes (esp. in PP bottles), phthalates (dibutylphthalate in one PP bottle (+-40 mg kg-1) and one silicone bottle (+-25 mg kg-1); diisobutylphthalate in one PP (+-10 mg kg-1), silicone (up to +-80 mg kg-1); and Tritan bottle (+-30 mg kg-1)), antioxidants (Irgafos 168, degrdn. products of Irganox 1010 and Irganox 1076), etc. were detected for PP, silicone and Tritan bottles. Although the concns. were relatively low, some compds. not authorised by European Union Regulation No. 10/2011, such as 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (10-100 mg kg-1) or 2-butoxyethyl acetate (about 300 mg kg-1) were detected. Migrating chems. were identified as confirmed (using a std.) or as tentative (further confirmation required). >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhvF2ht7fJ&md5= 09de89a31cd933b3cca8868c6c25b42a 40. 40 Vera, P.; Canellas, E.; Nerin, C. Identification of Non Volatile Migrant Compounds and NIAS in Polypropylene Films Used as Food Packaging Characterized by UPLC-MS/QTOF. Talanta 2018, 188, 750- 762, DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.022 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 40 Identification of non volatile migrant compounds and NIAS in polypropylene films used as food packaging characterized by UPLC-MS/QTOF Vera, Paula; Canellas, Elena; Nerin, Cristina Talanta (2018), 188 (), 750-762CODEN: TLNTA2; ISSN:0039-9140. ( Elsevier B.V.) Migration of non volatile compds. from twenty six PP films used as food contact materials has been studied in four simulants (ethanol 95% and 10%, acetic acid 3% and Tenax ) and analyzed by UPLC-MS/QTOF. Seventy six compds. have been identified, where 76% of them were non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) coming from degrdn. of additives used, such as Me or Et or hexyl-3- (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) from irganox 1076 and irganox 1010 degrdn.; or impurities such as N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) amines, or compds. of unknown origin, like hydro-ceramides. The most common compds. found were glyceryl monostearate or monopalmitate, erucamide, irganox 1010, irgafos 168, irgafos 168 OXO, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) tridecylamine and N,N-bis (2-hydroxyethyl) pentadecylamine. Six films didn't comply with the European Regulation Ndeg 10/2011/EU, where irganox 1010 and the group of N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) amines exceeded their SMLs. Other films surpassed the max. concn. recommended by Cramer for the compds. of class II (degrdn. products) or III (amide compds.) when ethanol 95% was used as simulant. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtF2qu7%252FP&md5= ef91896f35bf1b74a73a597f10c60c99 41. 41 Nerin, C.; Alfaro, P.; Aznar, M.; Domeno, C. The Challenge of Identifying Non-Intentionally Added Substances from Food Packaging Materials: A Review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2013, 775, 14- 24 , DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.02.028 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 41 The challenge of identifying non-intentionally added substances from food packaging materials: A review Nerin, C.; Alfaro, P.; Aznar, M.; Domeno, C. Analytica Chimica Acta (2013), 775 (), 14-24CODEN: ACACAM; ISSN: 0003-2670. (Elsevier B.V.) A review. Packaged food can contain non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) as a result of reaction and degrdn. processes or the presence of impurities in the raw materials used for the packaging prodn. This manuscript reviews the evidence of NIAS and their possible origin. One of the most challenging and difficult tasks when a sample of packaging materials arrives at the lab. is knowing the procedure to apply for identifying the unknown compds. This work proposes an anal. procedure for sample treatment, applicable to polymers as well as to migration samples, and for NIAS identification. The identification protocol comprises the detn. of both volatile and non-volatile compds. A review is presented of the most novel anal. techniques used for identification purposes, particularly high resoln. mass spectrometry (HRMS). >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXktFagtb8%253D&md5= 368cb4bcb52846c4db64bd8c5caa95b9 42. 42 Schymanski, E. L.; Williams, A. J. Open Science for Identifying "Known Unknown" Chemicals. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 5357- 5359, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01908 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 42 Open Science for Identifying "Known Unknown" Chemicals Schymanski, Emma L.; Williams, Antony J. Environmental Science & Technology (2017), 51 (10), 5357-5359 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society) High resoln. mass spectrometry (HR-MS) has expanded assessment of chem. exposure in the environment well beyond screening for a limited subset of target ("known") chems. Deposition of high quality, curated open data on chems. and environmental observations will be vital for improving chem. identification with HR-MS, empowering international efforts to protect human and ecol. health. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXntVyqsr8%253D&md5= daed4daa2290bce1bac702fcb21e7b26 43. 43 Lithner, D. Environmental and Health Hazards of Chemicals in Plastic Polymers and Products. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/24978 (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 44. 44 Wagner, S.; Schlummer, M. Legacy Additives in a Circular Economy of Plastics: Current Dilemma, Policy Analysis, and Emerging Countermeasures. Resour., Conserv. 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Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 49. 49 Safe Work Australia (SWA). Hazardous Chemical Information System (HCIS). http://hcis.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/HazardousChemical (accessed April 2, 2020). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 50. 50 Japanese National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (nite). GHS Classification Results. https://www.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ ghs/ghs_download.html (accessed January 10, 2020). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 51. 51 European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). Classification and Labelling (C &L) Inventory. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/ cl-inventory-database (accessed February 4, 2020). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 52. 52 European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). Authorisation List. https:// echa.europa.eu/authorisation-list (accessed April 2, 2020). 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Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 57. 57 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Classification Search on eChemPortal. https://www.echemportal.org /echemportal/ghs-search (accessed August 12, 2020). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 58. 58 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). OECD Existing Chemicals Database--High Production Volume (HPV) chemicals. https://hpvchemicals.oecd.org/UI/Search.aspx (accessed January 10, 2020). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 59. 59 United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Chemical Data Reporting (CDR)--2016 CDR Data. https://www.epa.gov/ chemical-data-reporting/access-cdr-data#2016 (accessed February 1, 2019). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 60. 60 European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). Registered Substances. https:// echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/registered-substances (accessed January 29, 2020). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 61. 61 norden. SPIN--Substances in Preparations in Nordic Countries. http://spin2000.net/ (accessed December 16, 2019). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 62. 62 Wang, Z.; Walker, G. W.; Muir, D. C. G.; Nagatani-Yoshida, K. Toward a Global Understanding of Chemical Pollution: A First Comprehensive Analysis of National and Regional Chemical Inventories. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 2575- 2584, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06379 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 62 Toward a Global Understanding of Chemical Pollution: A First Comprehensive Analysis of National and Regional Chemical Inventories Wang, Zhanyun; Walker, Glen W.; Muir, Derek C. G.; Nagatani-Yoshida, Kakuko Environmental Science & Technology (2020), 54 (5), 2575-2584 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society) Chems., while benefitting society, may be released during their life cycle and possibly harm humans and ecosystems. Chem. pollution is mentioned as a planetary boundaries within which humanity can safely operate, but is not comprehensively understood. This work analyzed 22 chem. inventories from 19 countries and regions to achieve a first comprehensive overview of chems. on the market as an essential first step toward a global understanding of chem. pollution. More than 350,000 chems. and chem. mixts. have been registered for prodn. and use, up to three times as many as previously estd. and with substantial differences across countries/regions. A noteworthy finding was that identities of many chems. remain publicly unknown because they are claimed as confidential (>50,000) or ambiguously described (up to 70,000). Coordinated efforts by all stake-holders including scientists from different disciplines are urgently needed; new areas of interest and opportunities are highlighted. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhsFaitL0%253D&md5= 5f731031fadaccfe5bd723138725c8a7 63. 63 Pelzl, B.; Wolf, R.; Kaul, B. L. Plastics, Additives. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA: Weinheim, Germany, 2018; pp 1- 57. [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 64. 64 Kawecki, D.; Scheeder, P. R. W.; Nowack, B. Probabilistic Material Flow Analysis of Seven Commodity Plastics in Europe. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52, 9874- 9888, DOI: 10.1021/ acs.est.8b01513 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 64 Probabilistic Material Flow Analysis of Seven Commodity Plastics in Europe Kawecki, Delphine; Scheeder, Paul R. W.; Nowack, Bernd Environmental Science & Technology (2018), 52 (17), 9874-9888 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society) The omnipresence of plastics in our lives and their ever-increasing application range continuously raise requirements to monitor environmental and health impacts related to plastics and their additives. A static probabilistic material flow anal. of seven polymers through European and Swiss anthropospheres to provide a strong basis for exposure assessments of polymer-related impacts, which necessitates plastic flows from prodn. to use and waste management are well-understood, is presented. Seven different polymers, chosen for their popularity and application variety were selected: low-d. polyethylene (LDPE), high-d. polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), expanded polystyrene (EPS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Synthetic textile products were considered as were trade flows at various life cycle stages to achieve a complete overview of consumption for these polymers. In Europe, the order of consumption was: PP > LDPE > PET > HDPE > PVC > PS > EPS. Textile products accounted for 42 +- 3% of PET consumption and 22 +- 4% PP consumption. Incineration is the major waste management method for HDPE, PS, and EPS. No significant difference between landfilling and incineration for the remaining polymers was detd. Highest recycling share was for PVC. Results serve as a basis for a detailed assessment of plastics or their additives exposure pathways in the environment or exposure of additives on human health. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtlWgtbvO&md5= 3291d2a6750021b934dc35ac2f21bf40 65. 65 Klotz, M.; Haupt, M.; Hellweg, S. A High-Resolution Dataset on the Plastic Material Flows in Switzerland in 2017, 2021. (Unpublished Research). https://esd.ifu.ethz.ch/research/ research-and-theses/clean-cycle.html (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 66. 66 Bolinius, D. J.; Sobek, A.; Lof, M. F.; Undeman, E. Evaluating the Consumption of Chemical Products and Articles as Proxies for Diffuse Emissions to the Environment. Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts 2018, 20, 1427- 1440, DOI: 10.1039/C8EM00270C [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 66 Evaluating the consumption of chemical products and articles as proxies for diffuse emissions to the environment Bolinius, Damien J.; Sobek, Anna; Loef, Marie F.; Undeman, Emma Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts (2018), 20 (10), 1427-1440CODEN: ESPICZ; ISSN:2050-7895. (Royal Society of Chemistry) In this study we have evaluated the use of consumption of manufd. products (chem. products and articles) in the EU as proxies for diffuse emissions of chems. to the environment. The content of chem. products is relatively well known. However, the content of articles (products defined by their shape rather than their compn.) is less known and currently has to be estd. from chems. that are known to occur in a small set of materials, such as plastics, that are part of the articles. Using trade and prodn. data from Eurostat in combination with product compn. data from a database on chem. content in materials (the Commodity Guide), we were able to calc. trends in the apparent consumption and in-use stocks for 768 chems. in the EU for the period 2003-2016. The results showed that changes in the apparent consumption of these chems. over time are smaller than in the consumption of corresponding products in which the chems. are present. In general, our results suggest that little change in chem. consumption has occurred over the timespan studied, partly due to the financial crisis in 2008 which led to a sudden drop in the consumption, and partly due to the fact that each of the chems. studied is present in a wide variety of products. Estd. in-use stocks of chems. show an increasing trend over time, indicating that the mass of chems. in articles in the EU, that could potentially be released to the environment, is increasing. The quant. results from this study are assocd. with large uncertainties due to limitations of the available data. These limitations are highlighted in this study and further underline the current lack of transparency on chems. in articles. Recommendations on how to address these limitations are also discussed. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhslSntL3N&md5= dc1ec662fc98e0741f8cc0aab550cae8 67. 67 Directorate-General for Environment (DG Environment); European Commission; Risk & Policy Analysts (RPA); Milieu Ltd; RIVM; Oekopol; Reihlen, A. Study for the Strategy for a Non-Toxic Environment of the 7th EAP--Sub-Study b: Chemicals in Products and Non-Toxic Material Cycles: Brussels, Belgium, 2017. https:// ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/non-toxic/pdf/ Sub-studybarticlesnon-toxicmaterialcyclesNTEfinal.pdf (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 68. 68 European Commission. Sustainable products initiative. https:// ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives /12567-Sustainable-Products-Initiative (accessed May 8, 2021). 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This paper documents the design, layout and algorithms of the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier, InChI. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2MbpslOrtQ%253D%253D&md5= 4acc4f470f8cdb9b4f84558fd3302470 74. 74 Eurostat. Statistics explained. NACE background. https:// ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title= NACE_background (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 75. 75 United States Census Bureau. North American Industry Classification System. https://www.census.gov/naics/ (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 76. 76 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). https://unstats.un.org/unsd/ classifications/Econ/ISIC.cshtml (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 77. 77 Varnek, A.; Baskin, I. Machine Learning Methods for Property Prediction in Chemoinformatics: Quo Vadis?. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2012, 52, 1413- 1437, DOI: 10.1021/ci200409x [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 77 Machine Learning Methods for Property Prediction in Chemoinformatics: Quo Vadis? Varnek, Alexandre; Baskin, Igor Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (2012), 52 (6), 1413-1437CODEN: JCISD8; ISSN:1549-9596. (American Chemical Society) This paper is focused on modern approaches to machine learning, most of which are as yet used infrequently or not at all in chemoinformatics. Machine learning methods are characterized in terms of the modes of statistical inference and modeling levels nomenclature and by considering different facets of the modeling with respect to input/ouput matching, data types, models duality, and models inference. Particular attention is paid to new approaches and concepts that may provide efficient solns. of common problems in chemoinformatics: improvement of predictive performance of structure-property (activity) models, generation of structures possessing desirable properties, model applicability domain, modeling of properties with functional endpoints (e.g., phase diagrams and dose-response curves), and accounting for multiple mol. species (e.g., conformers or tautomers). >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XmvV2ntL4%253D&md5= ffcc0a146f20c0bbf146313c6ef87372 78. 78 Mitchell, J. B. O. Machine Learning Methods in Chemoinformatics. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Comput. Mol. Sci. 2014, 4, 468- 481, DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1183 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 78 Machine learning methods in chemoinformatics Mitchell, John B. O. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Molecular Science (2014), 4 (5), 468-481CODEN: WIRCAH; ISSN:1759-0884. ( Wiley-Blackwell) Machine learning algorithms are generally developed in computer science or adjacent disciplines and find their way into chem. modeling by a process of diffusion. Though particular machine learning methods are popular in chemoinformatics and quant. structure-activity relationships (QSAR), many others exist in the tech. literature. This discussion is methods-based and focused on some algorithms that chemoinformatics researchers frequently use. It makes no claim to be exhaustive. We conc. on methods for supervised learning, predicting the unknown property values of a test set of instances, usually mols., based on the known values for a training set. Particularly relevant approaches include Artificial Neural Networks, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, k-Nearest Neighbors and naive Bayes classifiers. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2014, 4:468-481. Conflict of interest: The author has declared no conflicts of interest for this article. For further resources related to this article, please visit the . >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXht1ans77J&md5= 11535e2daa9cace139eb364b4aba3210 79. 79 Linguamatics--An iQVIA company. Chemical Search and natural language processing. https://www.linguamatics.com/products/ chemistry (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 80. 80 Rugard, M.; Coumoul, X.; Carvaillo, J.-C.; Barouki, R.; Audouze, K. Deciphering Adverse Outcome Pathway Network Linked to Bisphenol F Using Text Mining and Systems Toxicology Approaches. Toxicol. Sci. 2020, 173, 32- 40, DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz214 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 80 Deciphering Adverse Outcome Pathway Network Linked to Bisphenol F Using Text Mining and Systems Toxicology Approaches Rugard Marylene; Coumoul Xavier; Carvaillo Jean-Charles; Barouki Robert; Audouze Karine Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology (2020), 173 (1), 32-40 ISSN:. Bisphenol F (BPF) is one of several Bisphenol A (BPA) substituents that is increasingly used in manufacturing industry leading to detectable human exposure. Whereas a large number of studies have been devoted to decipher BPA effects, much less is known about its substituents. To support decision making on BPF's safety, we have developed a new computational approach to rapidly explore the available data on its toxicological effects, combining text mining and integrative systems biology, and aiming at connecting BPF to adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). We first extracted from different databases BPF-protein associations that were expanded to protein complexes using protein-protein interaction datasets. Over-representation analysis of the protein complexes allowed to identify the most relevant biological pathways putatively targeted by BPF. Then, automatic screening of scientific abstracts from literature using the text mining tool, AOP-helpFinder, combined with data integration from various sources (AOP-wiki, CompTox, etc.) and manual curation allowed us to link BPF to AOP events. Finally, we combined all the information gathered through those analyses and built a comprehensive complex framework linking BPF to an AOP network including, as adverse outcomes, various types of cancers such as breast and thyroid malignancies. These results which integrate different types of data can support regulatory assessment of the BPA substituent, BPF, and trigger new epidemiological and experimental studies. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3Mnmt1OmsA%253D%253D&md5= d69329f1428078443211e66286cf360e 81. 81 ChemAxon. ChemLocator. https://chemaxon.com/products/chemlocator (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 82. 82 Horodytska, O.; Cabanes, A.; Fullana, A. Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) in Recycled Plastics. Chemosphere 2020, 251, 126373, DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126373 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 82 Non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in recycled plastics Horodytska, O.; Cabanes, A.; Fullana, A. Chemosphere (2020), 251 (), 126373CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.) The demand for high quality recycled polymers in the European plastic industry is on the increase, likely due to the EU's Plastic Strategy intended to implement the circular economy model in this sector. The problem is that there is not enough recycled plastic in the market. In terms of vol., post-consumer plastic waste could be key to meet the current and future demand. Nevertheless, a high level of contamination originated during the product's life cycle restricts its use. The first step to change this must be identifying the undesired substances in post-consumer plastics and performing an effective risk assessment. The acquired knowledge will be fundamental for the development of innovative decontamination technologies. In this study, 134 substances including volatile and semi-volatile compds. have been identified in recycled LDPE and HDPE from domestic waste. Headspace and solvent extn. followed by GC/MS were used. The possible origin of each substance was studied. The main groups were additives, polymer and additives breakdown products, and contamination from external sources. The results suggest that recycled LDPE contains a broader no. of additives and their degrdn. products. Some of them may cause safety concerns if reused in higher added value applications. Regarding recycled HDPE, the contaminants from the use phase are predominant creating problems such as intense odors. To reduce the no. of undesired substances, it is proposed to narrow the variety of additives used in plastic manufg. and to opt for sep. waste collection systems to prevent cross-contamination with org. waste. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXkvVejt78%253D&md5= 64c757ebcfb0c5106633c74147192073 83. 83 Krohnke, C.; Schacker, O.; Zah, M. Antioxidants. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA: Weinheim, Germany, 2015. [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 84. 84 Dexter, M.; Thomas, R. W.; King, R. E. Antioxidants. Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2002. [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 85. 85 Groh, K. J.; Geueke, B.; Martin, O.; Maffini, M.; Muncke, J. Overview of Intentionally Used Food Contact Chemicals and Their Hazards. Environ. Int. 2021, 150, 106225, DOI: 10.1016/ j.envint.2020.106225 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 85 Overview of intentionally used food contact chemicals and their hazards Groh, Ksenia J.; Geueke, Birgit; Martin, Olwenn; Maffini, Maricel; Muncke, Jane Environment International (2021), 150 (), 106225CODEN: ENVIDV; ISSN:0160-4120. (Elsevier Ltd.) Food contact materials (FCMs) are used to make food contact articles (FCAs) that come into contact with food and beverages during, e.g., processing, storing, packaging, or consumption. FCMs/FCAs can cause chem. contamination of food when migration of their chem. constituents (known as food contact chems., FCCs) occurs. Some FCCs are known to be hazardous. However, the total extent of exposure to FCCs, as well as their health and environmental effects, remain unknown, because information on chem. structures, use patterns, migration potential, and health effects of FCCs is often absent or scattered across multiple sources. Therefore, we initiated a research project to systematically collect, analyze, and publicly share information on FCCs. As a first step, we compiled a database of intentionally added food contact chems. (FCCdb), presented here. The FCCdb lists 12'285 substances that could possibly be used worldwide to make FCMs/FCAs, identified based on 67 FCC lists from publicly available sources, such as regulatory lists and industry inventories. We further explored FCCdb chems.' hazards using several authoritative sources of hazard information, including (i) classifications for health and environmental hazards under the globally harmonized system for classification and labeling of chems. (GHS), (ii) the identification of chems. of concern due to endocrine disruption or persistence related hazards, and (iii) the inclusion on selected EU- or US-relevant regulatory lists of hazardous chems. This anal. prioritized 608 hazardous FCCs for further assessment and substitution in FCMs/FCAs. Evaluation based on non-authoritative, predictive hazard data (e.g., by in silico modeling or literature anal.) highlighted an addnl. 1411 FCCdb substances that could thus present similar levels of concern, but have not been officially classified so far. Lastly, for over a quarter of all FCCdb chems. no hazard information could be found in the sources consulted, revealing a significant data gap and research need. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXisVOrsrfP&md5= 6bc7846f8667a5f0c0b0935d29cc31de 86. 86 IHS Markit. Plastic Additives, 2017. https://ihsmarkit.com/ products/chemical-plastics-additives-scup.html (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 87. 87 IHS Markit. Plasticizers--Chemical Economics Handbook, 2018. https://ihsmarkit.com/products/ plasticizers-chemical-economics-handbook.html (accessed May 8, 2021). 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Toxicology Reports (2015), 2 (), 228-237CODEN: TROEF9; ISSN: 2214-7500. (Elsevier B.V.) Humans are exposed to thousands of chems. in the workplace, home, and via air, water, food, and soil. A major challenge in estg. chem. exposures is to understand which chems. are present in these media and microenvironments. Here we describe the Chem./ Product Categories Database (CPCat), a new, publically available (http://actor.epa.gov/cpcat) database of information on chems. mapped to "use categories" describing the usage or function of the chem. CPCat was created by combining multiple and diverse sources of data on consumer- and industrial-process based chem. uses from regulatory agencies, manufacturers, and retailers in various countries. The database uses a controlled vocabulary of 833 terms and a novel nomenclature to capture and streamline descriptors of chem. use for 43,596 chems. from the various sources. Examples of potential applications of CPCat are provided, including identifying chems. to which children may be exposed and to support prioritization of chems. for toxicity screening. CPCat is expected to be a valuable resource for regulators, risk assessors, and exposure scientists to identify potential sources of human exposures and exposure pathways, particularly for use in high-throughput chem. exposure assessment. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXmtlejsLw%253D&md5= a14847c9982611989a2cdba40b23a549 90. 90 Sheftel, V. O. Indirect Food Additives and Polymers, 1st ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, 2000. [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 91. 91 Godwin, A.; ExxonMobil Chemical Company. Uses of Phthalates and Other Plasticizers, 2010; pp 1- 17. https://www.cpsc.gov/ s3fs-public/godwin.pdf (accessed May 8, 2021). 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According to this view, risk analysis methods provide information on the likelihood and severity of various possible outcomes; this information should then be assessed using a decision-theoretic approach (such as cost/benefit analysis) to determine whether the risks are acceptable, and whether additional regulation is warranted. However, this view ignores the fact that in many industries (particularly industries that are technologically sophisticated and employ specialized risk and safety experts), risk analyses may be done by regulated firms, not by the regulator. Moreover, those firms may have more knowledge about the levels of safety at their own facilities than the regulator does. This creates a situation in which the regulated firm has both the opportunity-and often also the motive-to provide inaccurate (in particular, favorably biased) risk information to the regulator, and hence the regulator has reason to doubt the accuracy of the risk information provided by regulated parties. Researchers have argued that decision theory is capable of dealing with many such strategic interactions as well as game theory can. This is especially true in two-player, two-stage games in which the follower has a unique best strategy in response to the leader's strategy, as appears to be the case in the situation analyzed in this article. However, even in such cases, we agree with Cox that game-theoretic methods and concepts can still be useful. In particular, the tools of mechanism design, and especially the revelation principle, can simplify the analysis of such games because the revelation principle provides rigorous assurance that it is sufficient to analyze only games in which licensees truthfully report their risk levels, making the problem more manageable. Without that, it would generally be necessary to consider much more complicated forms of strategic behavior (including deception), to identify optimal regulatory strategies. Therefore, we believe that the types of regulatory interactions analyzed in this article are better modeled using game theory rather than decision theory. In particular, the goals of this article are to review the relevant literature in game theory and regulatory economics (to stimulate interest in this area among risk analysts), and to present illustrative results showing how the application of game theory can provide useful insights into the theory and practice of risk-informed regulation. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC38fpvFynuw%253D%253D&md5= 6214516fcdb8400a7422f1190a2e2878 94. 94 Stafford, S. L. Self-Policing in a Targeted Enforcement Regime. South. Econ. J. 2008, 74, 934- 951, DOI: 10.2307/20112008 [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 95. 95 European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). PBT assessment. https:// echa.europa.eu/understanding-pbt-assessment (accessed May 8, 2021). 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Besides these beneficial properties, food packaging causes rising concern for the environment due to its high prodn. vol., often short usage time, and problems related to waste management and littering. Redn., reuse, and recycling, but also redesign support the aims of the circular economy. These tools also have the potential to decrease the environmental impact of food packaging. In this article, we focus on chem. safety aspects of recycled food packaging, as recycling is currently seen as an important measure to manage packaging waste. However, recycling may increase the levels of potentially hazardous chems. in the packaging and -after migration- in the food. Since exposure to certain chems. migrating from food packaging has been assocd. with chronic diseases, it is of high importance to assess the safety of recycled packaging. Therefore, we describe recycling processes of commonly used food packaging materials, including plastics, paper and board, aluminum, steel, and multimaterial multilayers (e.g., beverage cartons). Further, we give an overview of typical migrants from all types of recycled food packaging materials, and summarize approaches to reduce chem. contamination. We discuss the role of food packaging in the circular economy, where recycling is only one of many complementary tools for providing environmentally-friendly and safe food packaging. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXpvVKnsbw%253D&md5= 2d3f14bb3322b992411f4368a76ca639 113. 113 European Environment Agency (EEA). Designing Safe and Sustainable Products Requires a New Approach for Chemicals Key Messages; European Environment Agency (EEA): Copenhagen, 2020. https:// www.eea.europa.eu/themes/human/chemicals/ delivering-products-that-are-safe (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 114. 114 Wang, Z.; Hellweg, S. First Steps toward Sustainable Circular Uses of Chemicals: Advancing the Assessment and Management Paradigm. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2021, 9, 6939, DOI: 10.1021 /acssuschemeng.1c00243 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 114 First Steps Toward Sustainable Circular Uses of Chemicals: Advancing the Assessment and Management Paradigm Wang, Zhanyun; Hellweg, Stefanie ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering (2021), 9 (20), 6939-6951 CODEN: ASCECG; ISSN:2168-0485. (American Chemical Society) Environmental and human health impacts assocd. with chem. prodn. and losses from value chains make the current linear produce-use-dispose model no longer an option for chems. Based on our anal. herein, we propose next steps on how to embed the concept of "circularity" into practice (including the design phase) to foster systemic transition toward sustainable circular uses of chems. We first analyze major causes of chem. losses throughout their life cycles. Then, we propose to advance the current chems. assessment and management paradigm by (1) introducing the consideration of multiple use cycles in the hazard and risk assessment stage and (2) introducing an addnl. "sustainable circularity" assessment stage, as a crit. first step to guide systematic decision-making at all levels toward sustainable circular use of chems. We further look into how to enable the proposed changes and a larger systemic transition, both on the tech. and socioeconomic sides. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhtVCiurrF&md5= 13d6847f2e835714e1104b14297351fd 115. 115 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Guidance on Key Considerations for the Identification and Selection of Safer Chemical Alternatives. Series on Risk Management No.60; Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): Paris, 2021. https://www.oecd.org/ chemicalsafety/risk-management/ guidance-on-key-considerations-for-the-identification-and-selection-of-safer-chemical-alternatives.pdf (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 116. 116 European PET Bottle Platform (EPBP). Design for Recycling Guidelines for PET bottles. https://www.epbp.org/ design-guidelines (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 117. 117 Cousins, I. T.; Goldenman, G.; Herzke, D.; Lohmann, R.; Miller, M.; Ng, C. A.; Patton, S.; Scheringer, M.; Trier, X.; Vierke, L.; Wang, Z.; Dewitt, J. C. The Concept of Essential Use for Determining When Uses of PFASs Can Be Phased Out. Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts 2019, 21, 1803- 1815, DOI: 10.1039/c9em00163h [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 117 The concept of essential use for determining when uses of PFASs can be phased out Cousins, Ian T.; Goldenman, Gretta; Herzke, Dorte; Lohmann, Rainer; Miller, Mark; Ng, Carla A.; Patton, Sharyle; Scheringer, Martin; Trier, Xenia; Vierke, Lena; Wang, Zhanyun; DeWitt, Jamie C. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts (2019), 21 (11), 1803-1815CODEN: ESPICZ; ISSN:2050-7895. (Royal Society of Chemistry) Because of the extreme persistence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and their assocd. risks, the Madrid Statement argues for stopping their use where they are deemed not essential or when safer alternatives exist. To det. when uses of PFASs have an essential function in modern society, and when they do not, is not an easy task. Here, we: (1) develop the concept of "essential use" based on an existing approach described in the Montreal Protocol, (2) apply the concept to various uses of PFASs to det. the feasibility of elimination or substitution of PFASs in each use category, and (3) outline the challenges for phasing out uses of PFASs in society. In brief, we developed three distinct categories to describe the different levels of essentiality of individual uses. A phase-out of many uses of PFASs can be implemented because they are not necessary for the betterment of society in terms of health and safety, or because functional alternatives are currently available that can be substituted into these products or applications. Some specific uses of PFASs would be considered essential because they provide for vital functions and are currently without established alternatives. However, this essentiality should not be considered as permanent; rather, const. efforts are needed to search for alternatives. We provide a description of several ongoing uses of PFASs and discuss whether these uses are essential or non-essential according to the three essentiality categories. It is not possible to describe each use case of PFASs in detail in this single article. For follow-up work, we suggest further refining the assessment of the use cases of PFASs covered here, where necessary, and expanding the application of this concept to all other uses of PFASs. The concept of essential use can also be applied in the management of other chems., or groups of chems., of concern. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhtVGgs7jK&md5= c5ab87c71bbe9cd2843731d85f9ac75b 118. 118 Schut, J. H. More Filler, Less Resin: Bag Films Load up to Cut Costs. Plastics Technology, January 12, 2006. https:// www.ptonline.com/articles/ more-filler-less-resin-bag-films-load-up-to-cut-costs (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 119. 119 Zimmerman, J. B.; Anastas, P. T. Toward Substitution with No Regrets. Science 2015, 347, 1198- 1199, DOI: 10.1126/ science.aaa0812 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 119 Toward substitution with no regrets Zimmerman, Julie B.; Anastas, Paul T. Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2015), 347 (6227), 1198-1199CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science) There is no expanded citation for this reference. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXls1Squ7Y%253D&md5= 4539fc1fe159ead2954d6dadcdab4078 120. 120 Trasande, L. Exploring Regrettable Substitution: Replacements for Bisphenol A. Lancet Planet. Heal. 2017, 1, e88- e89, DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30046-3 [Crossref], [PubMed], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 121. 121 Tang, J. P. Pollution Havens and the Trade in Toxic Chemicals: Evidence from U.S. Trade Flows. Ecol. Econ. 2015, 112, 150- 160, DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.02.022 [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 122. 122 Slunge, D.; Alpizar, F. Market-Based Instruments for Managing Hazardous Chemicals: A Review of the Literature and Future Research Agenda. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4344, DOI: 10.3390/ su11164344 [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar 122 Market-based instruments for managing hazardous chemicals: a review of the literature and future research agenda Slunge, Daniel; Alpizar, Francisco Sustainability (2019), 11 (16), 4344CODEN: SUSTDE; ISSN:2071-1050 . (MDPI AG) We take stock of the lessons learned from using market-based instruments in chems. management and discuss the potential for increased use of risk-based taxation in the management of pesticides and other hazardous chems. Many chem. substances cause significant diffuse emissions when emitted over wide areas at individually low concns. These emissions are typically very difficult and costly to control. The targeted chem. may exist in many products as well as in a wide variety of end uses. However, the current regulatory instruments used are primarily bans or quant. restrictions, which are applied to individual chems. and for very specific uses. Policy makers in the area of chems. management have focused almost solely on chems. with a very steep marginal damage cost curve, leading to low use of price regulations. The growing concerns about cumulative effects and combination effects from low dose exposure from multiple chems. can motivate a broader use of market-based instruments in chems. management. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXlt1Ogtbk%253D&md5= 578f7ccb6917247977fff4cf58f41629 123. 123 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Global Chemicals Outlook II-from Legacies to Innovative Solutions; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): Geneva, 2019. https://www.unep.org/ resources/report/ global-chemicals-outlook-ii-legacies-innovative-solutions (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 124. 124 European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). REACH-Authorisation process. https://echa.europa.eu/authorisation-process (accessed May 8, 2021).web Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 125. 125 Directorate-General for Environment (DG Environment); European Commission; Risk & Policy Analysts (RPA); Milieu Ltd.; RIVM; Oekopol; Camboni, M. Study for the Strategy for a Non-toxic Environment of the 7th EAP: Sub-study a: Substitution, Including Grouping of Chemicals & Measures to Support Substitution: Brussels, Belgium, 2017. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/ chemicals/non-toxic/pdf/ Sub-studyasubstitutiongroupingNTEfinal.pdf (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 126. 126 Jacobs, M. M.; Malloy, T. F.; Tickner, J. A.; Edwards, S. Alternatives Assessment Frameworks: Research Needs for the Informed Substitution of Hazardous Chemicals. Environ. Health Perspect. 2016, 124, 265- 280, DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409581 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 126 Alternatives Assessment Frameworks: Research Needs for the Informed Substitution of Hazardous Chemicals Jacobs Molly M; Malloy Timothy F; Tickner Joel A; Edwards Sally Environmental health perspectives (2016), 124 (3), 265-80 ISSN:. BACKGROUND: Given increasing pressures for hazardous chemical replacement, there is growing interest in alternatives assessment to avoid substituting a toxic chemical with another of equal or greater concern. Alternatives assessment is a process for identifying, comparing, and selecting safer alternatives to chemicals of concern (including those used in materials, processes, or technologies) on the basis of their hazards, performance, and economic viability. OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this substantive review of alternatives assessment frameworks are to identify consistencies and differences in methods and to outline needs for research and collaboration to advance science policy practice. METHODS: This review compares methods used in six core components of these frameworks: hazard assessment, exposure characterization, life-cycle impacts, technical feasibility evaluation, economic feasibility assessment, and decision making. Alternatives assessment frameworks published from 1990 to 2014 were included. RESULTS: Twenty frameworks were reviewed. The frameworks were consistent in terms of general process steps, but some differences were identified in the end points addressed. Methodological gaps were identified in the exposure characterization, life-cycle assessment, and decision-analysis components. Methods for addressing data gaps remain an issue. DISCUSSION: Greater consistency in methods and evaluation metrics is needed but with sufficient flexibility to allow the process to be adapted to different decision contexts. CONCLUSION: Although alternatives assessment is becoming an important science policy field, there is a need for increased cross-disciplinary collaboration to refine methodologies in support of the informed substitution and design of safer chemicals, materials, and products. Case studies can provide concrete lessons to improve alternatives assessment. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC287ptFOmsw%253D%253D&md5= 7968028e1435b705c2f6a6853b050075 127. 127 van Dijk, J.; Gustavsson, M.; Dekker, S. C.; van Wezel, A. P. Towards "One Substance - One Assessment": An Analysis of EU Chemical Registration and Aquatic Risk Assessment Frameworks. J. Environ. Manage. 2021, 280, 111692, DOI: 10.1016/ j.jenvman.2020.111692 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 127 Review on towards one substance-one assessment and an analysis of European union chemical registration and aquatic risk assessment frameworks van Dijk, Joanke; Gustavsson, Mikael; Dekker, Stefan C.; van Wezel, Annemarie P. Journal of Environmental Management (2021), 280 (), 111692CODEN: JEVMAW; ISSN:0301-4797. (Elsevier Ltd.) A review. With the Green Deal the EU aims to achieve a circular economy, restore biodiversity and reduce environmental pollution. As a part of the Green Deal a one-substance one-assessment (OS-OA) approach for chems. has been proposed. The registration and risk assessment of chems. on the European market is currently fragmented across different legal frameworks, dependent on the chem. use. In this review, we analyzed the five main European chem. registration frameworks and their risk assessment procedures for the freshwater environment, covering (1) medicines for human use, (2) veterinary medicines, (3) pesticides, (4) biocides and (5) industrial chems. Overall, the function of the current frameworks is similar, but important differences exist between the frameworks environmental protection goals and risk assessment strategies. These differences result in inconsistent assessment outcomes for similar chems. Chems. are also registered under multiple frameworks due to their multiple uses, and chems. which are not approved under one framework are in some instances allowed on the market under other frameworks. In contrast, an OS-OA will require a uniform hazard assessment between all different frameworks. In addn., we show that across frameworks the industrial chems. are the least hazardous for the freshwater environment (median PNEC of 2.60E-2 mg/L), while biocides are the most toxic following current regulatory assessment schemes (median PNEC of 1.82E-4 mg/L). Finally, in order to facilitate a successful move towards a OS-OA approach we recommend (a) harmonisation of environmental protection goals and risk assessment strategies, (b) that emission, use and prodn. data should be made publicly available and that data sharing becomes a priority, and (c) an alignment of the criteria used to classify problematic substances. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution= options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXisFOnsLzJ&md5= 8208663ce674eaf2b93d83abece8be64 128. 128 European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). Factsheet--International Cooperation; European Chemicals Agency (ECHA): Helsinki, 2013. https://echa.europa.eu/about-us/partners-and-networks/ international-cooperation (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 129. 129 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM); United Nations Environmental Programme: Geneva, 2006. https://www.unep.org/ resources/report/ strategic-approach-international-chemicals-management (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. Cited By --------------------------------------------------------------------- This article has not yet been cited by other publications. * Figures * References * Support Info * Abstract [es1c00976_] High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Figure 1 [es1c00976_] Figure 1. Schematic overview of the workflow in this study. CASRNs = Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers; SMILES = simplified molecular-input line-entry system; REACH = Regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals; PBT = persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic; EU = European Union. High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Figure 2 [es1c00976_] Figure 2. Overview of the substances that are (potentially) used as plastic monomers, additives, and/or processing aids. Part (A) illustrates the distribution of the substances identified in terms of information sources, assigned confidence scores of their use in plastics, and substance types. Part (B) shows examples of data availability in different areas. Part (C) depicts numbers of the substances falling under the broader function categories "monomers", "additives", "processing aids", and "uncategorizable". Part (D) exhibits numbers of the substances registered for production and/or use in different regions and countries; for those national or regional inventories with publicly accessible information on uses, the reported uses are analyzed whether they are linked to plastics (as defined in Sheet S1 in Supporting Information S1). High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Figure 3 [es1c00976_] Figure 3. Overview of the substance types, compatible polymer types, industrial sector of use, production volumes, and reported hazard classifications of the identified substances according to their function. The production volume is in tonnes per year (t/ yr) and represents all uses not just the fraction used in plastics. Data availability is the percentage of substances for which this type of data is available. Intermediates are grouped with monomers, as they are commonly mentioned together. "Others" is an umbrella for many small, ambiguous, or only remotely plastic-related functions. UVCBs = substances of unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products, or biological materials, and simple mixtures, or polymers, B&C = building and construction, EEE = electrical and electronic equipment, PBT = persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity, CMR = carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, or reproductive toxicity, EDC = endocrine-disrupting chemicals, AqTox = chronic aquatic toxicity, and STOT_RE = specific target organ toxicity upon repeated exposure. High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide * References ARTICLE SECTIONS Jump To ----------------------------------------------------------------- This article references 129 other publications. 1. 1 PlasticsEurope. Plastics--the Facts 2018. https:// www.plasticseurope.org/de/resources/publications/ 670-plastics-facts-2018 (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 2. 2 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Expert Group on Polymer Definition. OECD Definition of Polymer. https://www.oecd.org/env/ehs/ oecddefinitionofpolymer.htm (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 3. 3 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Emission Scenario Document on Plastics Additives; Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): Paris, 2009. http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/ displaydocument/?cote=env/jm/mono(2004)8/rev1&doclanguage=en (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 4. 4 Baur, E.; Osswald, T. A.; Rudolph, N. Plastics Handbook; Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG: Munchen, 2019. [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 5. 5 Rodriguez, F. Plastic. Encyclopaedia Britannica; Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 2020. https://www.britannica.com/science/ plastic (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 6. 6 Andrews, S. M. Additives. Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology; Wiley, 2010. [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 7. 7 Zweifel, H.; Amos, S. E. Plastics Additives Handbook, 6th ed.; Hanser: Munchen, 2009. Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 8. 8 Fink, J. K. A Concise Introduction to Additives for Thermoplastic Polymers; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2009. [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 9. 9 Kaiser, W. Kunststoffchemie Fur Ingenieure, 3rd ed.; Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG: Munchen, 2011. [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 10. 10 Geueke, B. Dossier-Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS): Zurich, 2013. https://www.foodpackagingforum.org/fpf-2016/ wp-content/uploads/2015/11/FPF_Dossier03_NIAS.pdf (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 11. 11 Geueke, B. Dossier-Non-intenionally Added Substances (NIAS), 2nd ed.: Zurich, 2018. https://www.foodpackagingforum.org/ food-packaging-health/non-intentionally-added-substances-nias (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 12. 12 European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). Plastic Additives Initiative. https://echa.europa.eu/et/ plastic-additives-initiative (accessed August 27, 2019). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 13. 13 Groh, K. J.; Backhaus, T.; Carney-Almroth, B.; Geueke, B.; Inostroza, P. A.; Lennquist, A.; Leslie, H. A.; Maffini, M.; Slunge, D.; Trasande, L.; Warhurst, A. M.; Muncke, J. Overview of Known Plastic Packaging-Associated Chemicals and Their Hazards. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 651, 3253- 3268, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.015 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 13 Overview of known plastic packaging-associated chemicals and their hazards Groh, Ksenia J.; Backhaus, Thomas; Carney-Almroth, Bethanie; Geueke, Birgit; Inostroza, Pedro A.; Lennquist, Anna; Leslie, Heather A.; Maffini, Maricel; Slunge, Daniel; Trasande, Leonardo; Warhurst, A. Michael; Muncke, Jane Science of the Total Environment (2019), 651 (Part_2), 3253-3268CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.) A review concerning known plastic packaging assocd. chems. and their hazards is given. Topics discussed include: introduction; materials and methods (compilation of the Chems. Assocd. with Plastic Packaging [CPPdb] database, examn. of CPPdb chem. hazards); results (CPPdb and its information content, examn. of CPPdb chem. hazards, identifying the most hazardous substances [identifying most hazardous substances based on harmonized Classification, Labeling, and Packaging [CLP] and European Union classifications, identifying substances most hazardous for human health based on advisory CLP classifications, distribution of CLP hazard categories among the most hazardous substances, distribution of functions among the most hazardous substances]); discussion (challenges and information requirements, overview of the most hazardous chem. likely assocd. with plastic packaging); and conclusions. A CPPdb database, which includes chems. used during manufg. and/or present in final packaging articles, is discussed. The CPPdb lists 906 chems. likely assocd. with plastic packaging and 3377 substances possibly assocd. substances. Of 906 chems. likely assocd. with plastic packaging, 63 rank highest for human health hazards and 68 for environmental hazards according to the harmonized hazard classifications assigned by the European Chems. Agency within the CLP regulation implementing the United Nations Globally Harmonized System. Also, 7 of 906 substances are classified in the European Union as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic, or very persistent, very bioaccumulative, and 15 as endocrine disrupting chems (EDC). In total, 34 of 906 chems. are also recognized as EDC or potential EDC in a recent United Nations Environment Program EDC report. Identified hazardous chems. are used in plastics as monomers, intermediates, solvents, surfactants, plasticizers, stabilizers, biocides, flame retardants, accelerators, and colorants. This work was challenged by a lack of transparency and incompleteness of publicly available information on the use and toxicity of numerous substances. The most hazardous chems. identified should be assessed as potential candidates for substitution. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXitVClu7nJ& md5=2263c4dd4a418e750d1b66a9fdde9af6 14. 14 Zimmermann, L.; Dierkes, G.; Ternes, T. A.; Volker, C.; Wagner, M. Benchmarking the in Vitro Toxicity and Chemical Composition of Plastic Consumer Products. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 11467- 11477, DOI: 10.1021/ acs.est.9b02293 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 14 Benchmarking the in Vitro Toxicity and Chemical Composition of Plastic Consumer Products Zimmermann, Lisa; Dierkes, Georg; Ternes, Thomas A.; Voelker, Carolin; Wagner, Martin Environmental Science & Technology (2019), 53 (19), 11467-11477CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society) Plastics are known sources of chem. exposure and few, prominent plastic-assocd. chems., such as bisphenol A and phthalates, have been thoroughly studied. However, a comprehensive characterization of the complex chem. mixts. present in plastics is missing. In this study, we benchmark plastic consumer products, covering eight major polymer types, according to their toxicol. and chem. signatures using in vitro bioassays and non-target high resoln. mass spectrometry. Most (74 %) of the 34 plastic exts. contained chems. triggering at least one endpoint, including baseline toxicity (62 %), oxidative stress (41 %), cytotoxicity (32 %), estrogenicity (12 %) and antiandrogenicity (27 %). In total, we detected 1411 features, tentatively identified 213, including monomers, additives and non-intentionally added substances, and prioritized 25 chems. Exts. of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyurethane (PUR) induced the highest toxicity whereas polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and high-d. polyethylene (HDPE) caused no or low toxicity. High baseline toxicity was detected in all "bioplastics" made of polylactic acid (PLA). The toxicities of low-d. polyethylene (LDPE), polystyrene (PS) and polypropylene (PP) varied. Our study demonstrates that consumer plastics contain compds. that are toxic in vitro but remain largely unidentified. Since the risk of unknown compds. cannot be assessed, this poses a challenge to manufacturers, public health authorities and researchers alike. However, we also demonstrate that products not inducing toxicity are already on the market. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhsFWjt7rM& md5=d270af8e7a0cf584a1aed2edb9b600b7 15. 15 Rudel, R. A.; Camann, D. E.; Spengler, J. D.; Korn, L. R.; Brody, J. G. Phthalates, Alkylphenols, Pesticides, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, and Other Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds in Indoor Air and Dust. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 4543- 4553, DOI: 10.1021/ es0264596 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 15 Phthalates, Alkylphenols, Pesticides, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, and Other Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds in Indoor Air and Dust Rudel, Ruthann A.; Camann, David E.; Spengler, John D.; Korn, Leo R.; Brody, Julia G. Environmental Science and Technology (2003), 37 (20), 4543-4553CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society) Endocrine-disrupting compds. (EDC) have widespread consumer uses, yet little is known about indoor exposure. Indoor air and dust was sampled in 120 homes and analyzed for 89 org. EDC: 52 compds. were detected in air and 66 were detected in dust. These are the first reported measurements in residential environments for >30 of these compds., including several detected at highest concns. The no. of compds. detected/home was 13-28 in air and 6-42 in dust. The most abundant compds. in air included phthalates (plasticizers, emulsifiers), o-phenylphenol (disinfectant), 4-nonylphenol (detergent metabolite), and 4-tert-butylphenol (adhesive), with typical concns. of 50-1500 ng/m3. Penta- and tetrabrominated di-Ph ethers (flame retardants) were frequently detected in dust, and 2,3-dibromo-1-propanol, the carcinogenic intermediate of a flame retardant banned in 1977, was detected in air and dust. A total of 23 pesticides were detected in air and 27 were detected in dust; the most abundant were permethrins and the synergist, piperonyl butoxide; banned pesticides (heptachlor, chlordane, methoxychlor, DDT) were also frequently detected, suggesting limited indoor degrdn. Detected concns. exceeded government health-based guidelines for 15 compds.; however, no guidelines are available for 28 compds. and existing guidelines do not consider endocrine effects. Results provided a basis to prioritize toxicol. and exposure research for individual EDC and mixts. and provided new tools for exposure assessment in health studies. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD3sXnt1OksL4%253D&md5= 96492458259894ee2e82374dede3135d 16. 16 Lunderberg, D. M.; Kristensen, K.; Liu, Y.; Misztal, P. K.; Tian, Y.; Arata, C.; Wernis, R.; Kreisberg, N.; Nazaroff, W. W.; Goldstein, A. H. Characterizing Airborne Phthalate Concentrations and Dynamics in a Normally Occupied Residence. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 7337- 7346, DOI: 10.1021/ acs.est.9b02123 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 16 Characterizing Airborne Phthalate Concentrations and Dynamics in a Normally Occupied Residence Lunderberg, David M.; Kristensen, Kasper; Liu, Yingjun; Misztal, Pawel K.; Tian, Yilin; Arata, Caleb; Wernis, Rebecca; Kreisberg, Nathan; Nazaroff, William W.; Goldstein, Allen H. Environmental Science & Technology (2019), 53 (13), 7337-7346 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society) Phthalate esters, commonly used as plasticizers, occur indoors in the gas phase, in airborne particulate matter, in dust, and on surfaces. Phthalate dynamic indoor behavior is not fully understood. This work made time-resolved measurements of airborne phthalate concns. and assocd. gas/ particle partitioning data were acquired in a normally occupied residence. Vapor pressure and assocd. gas-particle partitioning of measured phthalates are affected by their airborne dynamic behavior. Higher vapor pressure phthalate concns. correlated well with indoor temp., with little discernible effect from direct occupant activity. Occupant-related behavior substantially affected concns. and dynamic behavior of lower vapor pressure compds., e.g., diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), mainly by particulate matter prodn. during cooking. The proportion of airborne DEHP in the particle phase was exptl. obsd. to increase under higher particle mass concns. and lower indoor temps. in correspondence with theory. Exptl. observations indicated indoor surfaces of the residence are large reservoirs of phthalates. Results also indicated two key factors affected by human behavior (temp., particle mass concn.) cause short-term changes in airborne phthalate concns. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhtFaqsL%252FM&md5= 7e64ed74b764b2f28124ce465f4f322f 17. 17 Lucattini, L.; Poma, G.; Covaci, A.; de Boer, J.; Lamoree, M. H.; Leonards, P. E. G. A Review of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) in the Indoor Environment: Occurrence in Consumer Products, Indoor Air and Dust. Chemosphere 2018, 201 , 466- 482, DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.161 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 17 A review of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the indoor environment: occurrence in consumer products, indoor air and dust Lucattini, Luisa; Poma, Giulia; Covaci, Adrian; de Boer, Jacob; Lamoree, Marja H.; Leonards, Pim E. G. Chemosphere (2018), 201 (), 466-482CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN: 0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.) A review. As many people spend a large part of their life indoors, the quality of the indoor environment is important. Data on contaminants such as flame retardants, pesticides and plasticizers are available for indoor air and dust but are scarce for consumer products such as computers, televisions, furniture, carpets, etc. This review presents information on semi-volatile org. compds. (SVOCs) in consumer products in an attempt to link the information available for chems. in indoor air and dust with their indoor sources. A no. of 256 papers were selected and divided among SVOCs found in consumer products (n = 57), indoor dust (n = 104) and air (n = 95). Concns. of SVOCs in consumer products, indoor dust and air are reported (e.g. PFASs max: 13.9 mg/g in textiles, 5.8 mg/kg in building materials, 121 ng/g in house dust and 6.4 ng/m3 in indoor air). Most of the studies show common aims, such as human exposure and risk assessment. The main micro-environments investigated (houses, offices and schools) reflect the relevance of indoor air quality. Most of the studies show a lack of data on concns. of chems. in consumer goods and often only the presence of chems. is reported. At the moment this is the largest obstacle linking chems. in products to chems. detected in indoor air and dust. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXkslShsbw%253D&md5= 6c7fb9e99ca99f1effec7f833632799a 18. 18 Kwan, C. S.; Takada, H. Release of Additives and Monomers from Plastic Wastes. In Hazardous Chemicals Associated with Plastics in the Marine Environment. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry; Takada, H., Karapanagioti, H. K., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, 2016; pp 51- 70. [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 19. 19 Koelmans, A. A.; Besseling, E.; Foekema, E. M. Leaching of Plastic Additives to Marine Organisms. Environ. Pollut. 2014, 187, 49- 54, DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.12.013 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 19 Leaching of plastic additives to marine organisms Koelmans, Albert A.; Besseling, Ellen; Foekema, Edwin M. Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2014), 187 (), 49-54CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.) It is often assumed that ingestion of microplastics by aquatic species leads to increased exposure to plastic additives. However, exptl. data or model based evidence is lacking. Here we assess the potential of leaching of nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) in the intestinal tracts of Arenicola marina (lugworm) and Gadus morhua (North Sea cod). We use a biodynamic model that allows calcns. of the relative contribution of plastic ingestion to total exposure of aquatic species to chems. residing in the ingested plastic. Uncertainty in the most crucial parameters is accounted for by probabilistic modeling. Our conservative anal. shows that plastic ingestion by the lugworm yields NP and BPA concns. that stay below the lower ends of global NP and BPA concn. ranges, and therefore are not likely to constitute a relevant exposure pathway. For cod, plastic ingestion appears to be a negligible pathway for exposure to NP and BPA. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXivFClt70%253D&md5= 773731d779a7970470d4497791fe2314 20. 20 Karapanagioti, H. K.; Takada, H. Hazardous Chemicals Associated with Plastics in the Marine Environment. In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry; Takada, H., Karapanagioti, H. K., Eds.; Springer International Publishing : Cham, 2019; Vol. 78. Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 21. 21 Tang, Z.; Zhang, L.; Huang, Q.; Yang, Y.; Nie, Z.; Cheng, J.; Yang, J.; Wang, Y.; Chai, M. Contamination and Risk of Heavy Metals in Soils and Sediments from a Typical Plastic Waste Recycling Area in North China. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2015 , 122, 343- 351, DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.08.006 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 21 Contamination and risk of heavy metals in soils and sediments from a typical plastic waste recycling area in North China Tang, Zhenwu; Zhang, Lianzhen; Huang, Qifei; Yang, Yufei; Nie, Zhiqiang; Cheng, Jiali; Yang, Jun; Wang, Yuwen; Chai, Miao Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (2015), 122 (), 343-351CODEN: EESADV; ISSN:0147-6513. (Elsevier B.V.) Plastic wastes are increasingly being recycled in many countries. However, available information on the metals released into the environment during recycling processes is rare. In this study, the contamination features and risks of eight heavy metals in soils and sediments were investigated in Wen'an, a typical plastic recycling area in North China. The surface soils and sediments have suffered from moderate to high metal pollution and in particular, high Cd and Hg pollution. The mean concns. of Cd and Hg were 0.355 and 0.408 mg kg-1, resp., in the soils and 1.53 and 2.10 mg kg-1, resp., in the sediments. The findings suggested that there is considerable to high potential ecol. risks in more than half of the soils and high potential ecol. risk in almost all sediments. Although the health risk levels from exposure to soil metals were acceptable for adults, the non-carcinogenic risks to local children exceeded the acceptable level. Source assessment indicated that heavy metals in soils and sediments were mainly derived from inputs from poorly controlled plastic waste recycling operations in this area. The results suggested that the risks assocd. with heavy metal pollution from plastic waste recycling should be of great concern. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhsFSktrfM& md5=5fbb0e9a978cbb440b2f169a21873d0a 22. 22 Tang, Z.; Huang, Q.; Yang, Y.; Nie, Z.; Cheng, J.; Yang, J.; Wang, Y.; Chai, M. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and Heavy Metals in Road Dusts from a Plastic Waste Recycling Area in North China: Implications for Human Health. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2016, 23, 625- 637, DOI: 10.1007/ s11356-015-5296-7 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 22 Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and heavy metals in road dusts from a plastic waste recycling area in north China: implications for human health Tang, Zhenwu; Huang, Qifei; Yang, Yufei; Nie, Zhiqiang; Cheng, Jiali; Yang, Jun; Wang, Yuwen; Chai, Miao Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2016), 23 (1), 625-637CODEN: ESPLEC; ISSN:0944-1344. (Springer) Road dusts were collected from an area where intense mech. recycling of plastic wastes occurs in Wen'an, north China. These dusts were investigated for polybrominated di-Ph ethers (PBDEs) and heavy metals contamination to assess the health risk related to these components. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and S21PBDE concns. in these dusts ranged from 2.67 to 10,424 ng g-1 and from 3.23 to 10,640 ng g-1, resp. These PBDE concns. were comparable to those obsd. in road dust from e-waste recycling areas but were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than concns. in outdoor or road dusts from other areas. This indicates that road dusts in the study area have high levels of PBDE pollution. BDE-209 was the predominant congener, accounting for 86.3 % of the total PBDE content in dusts. Thus, com. deca-BDE products were the dominant source. The av. concns. of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb, and Zn in these same dust samples were 10.1, 0.495, 112, 54.7, 0.150, 71.8, 10.6, and 186 mg kg-1, resp. The geoaccumulation index suggests that road dusts in this area are moderately to heavily polluted with Cd, Hg, and Sb. This study shows that plastic waste processing is a major source of toxic pollutants in road dusts in this area. Although the health risk from exposure to dust PBDEs was low, levels of some heavy metals in this dust exceeded acceptable risk levels for children and are of great concern. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhsVOntLvM& md5=aab8652626c29d8322984569fe8f03e5 23. 23 He, Z.; Li, G.; Chen, J.; Huang, Y.; An, T.; Zhang, C. Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Different Plastic Solid Waste Recycling Workshops. Environ. Int. 2015, 77, 85- 94, DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.01.004 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 23 Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds emitted from different plastic solid waste recycling workshops He, Zhigui; Li, Guiying; Chen, Jiangyao; Huang, Yong; An, Taicheng; Zhang, Chaosheng Environment International (2015), 77 (), 85-94CODEN: ENVIDV; ISSN:0160-4120. (Elsevier Ltd.) The pollution profiles of volatile org. compds. (VOCs) emitted from different recycling workshops processing different types of plastic solid waste (PSW) and their health risks were investigated. A total of 64 VOCs including alkanes, alkenes, monoaroms., oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), chlorinated VOCs (ClVOCs) and acrylonitrile during the melting extrusion procedure were identified and quantified. The highest concn. of total VOCs (TVOC) occurred in the poly (acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene) (ABS) recycling workshop, followed by the polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), polyamide (PA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE) and polycarbonate (PC) workshops. Monoaroms. were found as the major component emitted from the ABS and PS recycling workshops, while alkanes were mainly emitted from the PE and PP recycling processes, and OVOCs from the PVC and PA recycling workshops. According to the occupational exposure limits' (OEL) assessment, the workers suffered acute and chronic health risks in the ABS and PS recycling workshops. Meanwhile, it was found that most VOCs in the indoor microenvironments were originated from the melting extrusion process, while the highest TVOC concn. was obsd. in the PS rather than in the ABS recycling workshop. Non-cancer hazard indexes (HIs) of all individual VOCs were < 1.0, whereas the total HI in the PS recycling workshop was 1.9, posing an adverse chronic health threat. Lifetime cancer risk assessment suggested that the residents also suffered from definite cancer risk in the PS, PA, ABS and PVC recycling workshops. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXislGkur4%253D&md5= 894bb72530b657c6cae8721ab6cf8f5d 24. 24 Koch, H. M.; Calafat, A. M. Human Body Burdens of Chemicals Used in Plastic Manufacture. Philos. Trans. R. Soc., B 2009, 364, 2063- 2078, DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0208 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 24 Human body burdens of chemicals used in plastic manufacture Koch, Holger M.; Calafat, Antonia M. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B: Biological Sciences (2009), 364 (1526), 2063-2078CODEN: PTRBAE; ISSN:0962-8436. (Royal Society) A review. In the last decades, the availability of sophisticated anal. chem. techniques has facilitated measuring trace levels of multiple environmental chems. in human biol. matrixes (i.e. biomonitoring) with a high degree of accuracy and precision. As biomonitoring data have become readily available, interest in their interpretation has increased. We present an overview on the use of biomonitoring in exposure and risk assessment using phthalates and bisphenol A as examples of chems. used in the manuf. of plastic goods. We present and review the most relevant research on biomarkers of exposure for phthalates and bisphenol A, including novel and most comprehensive biomonitoring data from Germany and the United States. We discuss several factors relevant for interpreting and understanding biomonitoring data, including selection of both biomarkers of exposure and human matrixes, and toxicokinetic information. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXpt1Skt7g%253D&md5= d3344c6cbb907a946d873820f9d957cf 25. 25 Meeker, J. D.; Sathyanarayana, S.; Swan, S. H. Phthalates and Other Additives in Plastics: Human Exposure and Associated Health Outcomes. Philos. Trans. R. Soc., B 2009, 364, 2097- 2113, DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0268 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 25 Phthalates and other additives in plastics: human exposure and associated health outcomes Meeker, John D.; Sathyanarayana, Sheela; Swan, Shanna H. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B: Biological Sciences (2009), 364 (1526), 2097-2113CODEN: PTRBAE; ISSN:0962-8436. (Royal Society) A review. Concern exists over whether additives in plastics to which most people are exposed, such as phthalates, bisphenol A or polybrominated di-Ph ethers, may cause harm to human health by altering endocrine function or through other biol. mechanisms. Human data are limited compared with the large body of exptl. evidence documenting reproductive or developmental toxicity in relation to these compds. Here, we discuss the current state of human evidence, as well as future research trends and needs. Because exposure assessment is often a major weakness in epidemiol. studies, and in utero exposures to reproductive or developmental toxicants are important, we also provide original data on maternal exposure to phthalates during and after pregnancy (n = 242). Phthalate metabolite concns. in urine showed weak correlations between pre- and post-natal samples, though the strength of the relationship increased when duration between the two samples decreased. Phthalate metabolite levels also tended to be higher in post-natal samples. In conclusion, there is a great need for more human studies of adverse health effects assocd. with plastic additives. Recent advances in the measurement of exposure biomarkers hold much promise in improving the epidemiol. data, but their utility must be understood to facilitate appropriate study design. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXpt1Skt7Y%253D&md5= 218e195cb18f037242d34befa7ffc995 26. 26 Turner, A. Black Plastics: Linear and Circular Economies, Hazardous Additives and Marine Pollution. Environ. Int. 2018, 117, 308- 318, DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.036 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 26 Black plastics: Linear and circular economies, hazardous additives and marine pollution Turner, Andrew Environment International (2018), 117 (), 308-318CODEN: ENVIDV; ISSN:0160-4120. (Elsevier Ltd.) A review. Black products constitute about 15% of the domestic plastic waste stream, of which the majority is single-use packaging and trays for food. This material is not, however, readily recycled owing to the low sensitivity of black pigments to near IR radiation used in conventional plastic sorting facilities. Accordingly, there is mounting evidence that the demand for black plastics in consumer products is partly met by sourcing material from the plastic housings of end-of-life waste electronic and elec. equipment (WEEE). Inefficiently sorted WEEE plastic has the potential to introduce restricted and hazardous substances into the recyclate, including brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Sb, a flame retardant synergist, and the heavy metals, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb. The current paper examines the life cycles of single-use black food packaging and black plastic WEEE in the context of current international regulations and directives and best practices for sorting, disposal and recycling. The discussion is supported by published and unpublished measurements of restricted substances (including Br as a proxy for BFRs) in food packaging, EEE plastic goods and non-EEE plastic products. Specifically, measurements confirm the linear economy of plastic food packaging and demonstrate a complex quasi-circular economy for WEEE plastic that results in significant and widespread contamination of black consumer goods ranging from thermos cups and cutlery to tool handles and grips, and from toys and games to spectacle frames and jewellery. The environmental impacts and human exposure routes arising from WEEE plastic recycling and contamination of consumer goods are described, including those assocd. with marine pollution. Regarding the latter, a compilation of elemental data on black plastic litter collected from beaches of southwest England reveals a similar chem. signature to that of contaminated consumer goods and blended plastic WEEE recyclate, exemplifying the pervasiveness of the problem. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXpvFGntL0%253D&md5= f33c5abc5d719a86a814d67f4e674ff7 27. 27 Day, M.; Cooney, J. D.; MacKinnon, M. Degradation of Contaminated Plastics: A Kinetic Study. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 1995, 48, 341- 349, DOI: 10.1016/0141-3910(95)00088-4 [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar 27 Degradation of contaminated plastics: a kinetic study Day, M.; Cooney, J. D.; MacKinnon, M. Polymer Degradation and Stability (1995), 48 (3), 341-9CODEN: PDSTDW; ISSN:0141-3910. (Elsevier) The thermal degrdn. of polypropylene (PP), ABS, polyurethane (PU), and PVC were studied in the presence of Cu, Fe2O3, and dirt. The rate consts. and kinetic parameters for the degrdn. processes were measured using the variable heating rate isoconversion method. The results suggest that the presence of metal contamination in these polymer systems can influence the degrdn. behavior of the pure polymers. Generally it was found that certain metal contaminants could have a catalytic effect on the degrdn. processes of the polymers studied. This effect resulted in an increase in the measured rate consts. and a lower onset temp. of their degrdn. The largest effects were noted with PP, where substantial increases in the rate const. were noted as well as significant differences in the apparent activation energies. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK2MXotlWkurg%253D& md5=58f35709c79280dff5b19cfffb210aae 28. 28 Hunt, A.; Dale, N.; George, F. World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe. Circular Economy and Health: Opportunities and Risk: Copenhagen, 2018. https:// www.euro.who.int/en/publications/abstracts/ circular-economy-and-health-opportunities-and-risks-2018 (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 29. 29 Leslie, H. A.; Leonards, P. E. G.; Brandsma, S. H.; de Boer, J.; Jonkers, N. Propelling Plastics into the Circular Economy -- Weeding out the Toxics First. Environ. Int. 2016, 94, 230- 234, DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.012 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 29 Propelling plastics into the circular economy - weeding out the toxics first Leslie, H. A.; Leonards, P. E. G.; Brandsma, S. H.; de Boer, J.; Jonkers, N. Environment International (2016), 94 (), 230-234CODEN: ENVIDV ; ISSN:0160-4120. (Elsevier Ltd.) The Stockholm Convention bans toxic chems. on its persistent org. pollutants (POPs) list in order to promote cleaner prodn. and prevent POPs accumulation in the global environment. The original 'dirty dozen' set of POPs has been expanded to include some of the brominated di-Ph ether flame retardants (POP-BDEs). In addn. to cleaner prodn., there is an urgent need for increased resource efficiency to address the finite amt. of raw materials on Earth. Recycling plastic enhances resource efficiency and is part of the circular economy approach, but how clean are the materials we are recycling. With the help of a new screening method and detailed analyses, we set out to investigate where these largely obsolete BDEs were showing up in Dutch automotive and electronics waste streams, calc. mass flows and det. to what extent they are entering the new product chains. Our study revealed that banned BDEs and other toxic flame retardants are found at high concns. in certain plastic materials destined for recycling markets. They were also found in a variety of new consumer products, including children's toys. A mass flow anal. showed that 22% of all the POP-BDE in waste elec. and electronic equipment (WEEE) is expected to end up in recycled plastics because these toxic, bioaccumulative and persistent substances are currently not effectively sepd. out of plastic waste streams. In the automotive sector, this is 14%, while an addnl. 19% is expected to end up in second-hand parts (reuse). These results raise the issue of delicate trade-offs between consumer safety/cleaner prodn. and resource efficiency. As petroleum intensive materials, plastic products ought to be repaired, reused, remanufd. and recycled, making good use of the 'inner circles' of the circular economy. Keeping hazardous substances - whether they are well known POPs or emerging contaminants - out of products and plastic waste streams could make these cycles work better for businesses, people and nature. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhtVWgtbfI& md5=d88ebf1681e8f7a74fbb2e16eba9ed88 30. 30 Eriksen, M. K.; Pivnenko, K.; Olsson, M. E.; Astrup, T. F. Contamination in Plastic Recycling: Influence of Metals on the Quality of Reprocessed Plastic. Waste Manag. 2018, 79, 595- 606, DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.08.007 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 30 Contamination in plastic recycling: Influence of metals on the quality of reprocessed plastic Eriksen, M. K.; Pivnenko, K.; Olsson, M. E.; Astrup, T. F. Waste Management (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2018), 79 (), 595-606CODEN: WAMAE2; ISSN:0956-053X. (Elsevier Ltd.) The global consumption of plastic continues to increase, and plastic recycling is highlighted as crucial for saving fossil resources and closing material loops. Plastic can be made from different polymers and contains a variety of substances, added intentionally to enhance the plastic's properties (metals added as fillers, colorants, etc.). Moreover, plastic can be contaminated during use and subsequent waste management. Consequently, if substances and contaminants are not removed during recycling, potentially problematic substances might be recycled with the targeted polymers, hence the need for quant. data about the nature and presence of these substances in plastic. Samples of selected polymers (PET, PE, PP, PS) were collected from different origins; plastic household waste, flakes/pellets of reprocessed plastic from households and industry, and virgin plastic. Fifteen selected metals (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Ti, Zn) were quantified and the statistical anal. showed that both the polymer and origin influenced the metal concn. Sb and Zn were potentially related to the prodn. stage of PET and PS, resp. Household plastic samples (waste and reprocessed) were found to contain significantly higher Al, Pb, Ti and Zn concns. when compared to virgin samples. Only the concn. of Mn was reduced during washing, suggesting that parts of it was present as phys. contamination. While most of the metals were below legal limit values, elevated concns. in reprocessed plastic from households, aligned with increasing recycling rates, may lead to higher metal concns. in the future. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhsFOhsLvE& md5=783d0654b50da66a40f5443533d68844 31. 31 Hansen, E.; Nilsson, N. H.; Lithner, D.; Lassen, C. Hazardous Substances in Plastic Materials; COWI, Danish Technological Institute: Vejle, Denmark, 2013. https://www.byggemiljo.no/ wp-content/uploads/2014/10/72_ta3017.pdf (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 32. 32 Rossi, M.; Blake, A.; Clean Production Action. Plastics Scorecard; Clean Production Action: Somerville, 2014. https:/ /www.cleanproduction.org/resources/entry/ plastics-scorecard-resource (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 33. 33 Stenmarck, A.; Belleza, E. L.; Frane, A.; Busch, N.; Larsen, A.; Wahlstrom, M. Hazardous Substances in Plastics--Ways to Increase Recycling; Swedish Environmental Research Institute IVL, Nordic Council of Ministers: Stockholm, Sweden, 2017. [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 34. 34 Hahladakis, J. N.; Velis, C. A.; Weber, R.; Iacovidou, E.; Purnell, P. An Overview of Chemical Additives Present in Plastics: Migration, Release, Fate and Environmental Impact during Their Use, Disposal and Recycling. J. Hazard. Mater. 2018, 344, 179- 199, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 34 An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling Hahladakis, John N.; Velis, Costas A.; Weber, Roland; Iacovidou, Eleni; Purnell, Phil Journal of Hazardous Materials (2018), 344 (), 179-199CODEN: JHMAD9; ISSN:0304-3894. (Elsevier B.V.) A review is given. Over the last 60 yr plastics prodn. has increased manifold, owing to their inexpensive, multipurpose, durable and lightwt. nature. These characteristics have raised the demand for plastic materials that will continue to grow over the coming years. However, with increased plastic materials prodn., comes increased plastic material wastage creating a no. of challenges, as well as opportunities to the waste management industry. The present overview highlights the waste management and pollution challenges, emphasizing on the various chem. substances (known as additives) contained in all plastic products for enhancing polymer properties and prolonging their life. Despite how useful these additives are in the functionality of polymer products, their potential to contaminate soil, air, water and food is widely documented in literature and described herein. These additives can potentially migrate and undesirably lead to human exposure via e.g. food contact materials, such as packaging. They can, also, be released from plastics during the various recycling and recovery processes and from the products produced from recyclates. Thus, sound recycling has to be performed in such a way as to ensure that emission of substances of high concern and contamination of recycled products is avoided, ensuring environmental and human health protection, at all times. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhs1GktrjI& md5=63944bf5a0dc86fd1672f445f9156cee 35. 35 Lithner, D.; Larsson, A.; Dave, G. Environmental and Health Hazard Ranking and Assessment of Plastic Polymers Based on Chemical Composition. Sci. Total Environ. 2011, 409, 3309- 3324, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.038 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 35 Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition Lithner, Delilah; Larsson, Aake; Dave, Goeran Science of the Total Environment (2011), 409 (18), 3309-3324 CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.) Plastics constitute a large material group with a global annual prodn. that has doubled in 15 years (245 million tons in 2008). Plastics are present everywhere in society and the environment, esp. the marine environment, where large amts. of plastic waste accumulate. The knowledge of human and environmental hazards and risks from chems. assocd. with the diversity of plastic products is very limited. Most chems. used for producing plastic polymers are derived from non-renewable crude oil, and several are hazardous. These may be released during the prodn., use and disposal of the plastic product. In this study the environmental and health hazards of chems. used in 55 thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers were identified and compiled. A hazard ranking model was developed for the hazard classes and categories in the EU classification and labeling (CLP) regulation which is based on the UN Globally Harmonized System. The polymers were ranked based on monomer hazard classifications, and initial assessments were made. The polymers that ranked as most hazardous are made of monomers classified as mutagenic and/or carcinogenic (category 1A or 1B). These belong to the polymer families of polyurethanes, polyacrylonitriles, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resins, and styrenic copolymers. All have a large global annual prodn. (1-37 million tons). A considerable no. of polymers (31 out of 55) are made of monomers that belong to the two worst of the ranking model's five hazard levels, i.e. levels IV-V. The polymers that are made of level IV monomers and have a large global annual prodn. (1-5 million tons) are phenol formaldehyde resins, unsatd. polyesters, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, and urea-formaldehyde resins. This study has identified hazardous substances used in polymer prodn. for which the risks should be evaluated for decisions on the need for risk redn. measures, substitution, or even phase out. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXotlGiur4%253D&md5= cffe4e19919dcd84dfa9539e70a85c1c 36. 36 Hollender, J.; Schymanski, E. L.; Singer, H. P.; Ferguson, P. L. Nontarget Screening with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry in the Environment: Ready to Go?. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017 , 51, 11505- 11512, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02184 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 36 Nontarget Screening with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry in the Environment: Ready to Go? Hollender, Juliane; Schymanski, Emma L.; Singer, Heinz P.; Ferguson, P. Lee Environmental Science & Technology (2017), 51 (20), 11505-11512CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society) The vast, diverse universe of org. pollutants is a formidable challenge for environmental sciences, engineering, and regulation. Nontarget screening (NTS) based on high resoln. mass spectrometry (HRMS) has enormous potential to help characterize this universe. Here, we argue that development of mass spectrometers with increasingly high resoln. and novel couplings to both liq. and gas chromatog., combined with the integration of high performance computing, have significantly widened our anal. window and have enabled increasingly sophisticated data processing strategies, indicating a bright future for NTS. NTS has great potential for treatment assessment and pollutant prioritization within regulatory applications, as highlighted here by the case of real-time pollutant monitoring on the River Rhine. We discuss challenges for the future, including the transition from research toward soln.-centered and robust, harmonized applications. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhsVGjsLnL& md5=635c3bbbda9808f9762d21b65825878e 37. 37 Schymanski, E. L.; Singer, H. P.; Slobodnik, J.; Ipolyi, I. M.; Oswald, P.; Krauss, M.; Schulze, T.; Haglund, P.; Letzel, T.; Grosse, S.; Thomaidis, N. S.; Bletsou, A.; Zwiener, C.; Ibanez, M.; Portoles, T.; de Boer, R.; Reid, M. J.; Onghena, M.; Kunkel, U.; Schulz, W.; Guillon, A.; Noyon, N.; Leroy, G. ; Bados, P.; Bogialli, S.; Stipanicev, D.; Rostkowski, P.; Hollender, J. Non-Target Screening with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: Critical Review Using a Collaborative Trial on Water Analysis. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2015, 407, 6237- 6255, DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8681-7 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 37 Non-target screening with high-resolution mass spectrometry: critical review using a collaborative trial on water analysis Schymanski, Emma L.; Singer, Heinz P.; Slobodnik, Jaroslav; Ipolyi, Ildiko M.; Oswald, Peter; Krauss, Martin; Schulze, Tobias; Haglund, Peter; Letzel, Thomas; Grosse, Sylvia; Thomaidis, Nikolaos S.; Bletsou, Anna; Zwiener, Christian; Ibanez, Maria; Portoles, Tania; de Boer, Ronald; Reid, Malcolm J.; Onghena, Matthias; Kunkel, Uwe; Schulz, Wolfgang; Guillon, Amelie; Noyon, Naike; Leroy, Gaela; Bados, Philippe; Bogialli, Sara; Stipanicev, Drazenka; Rostkowski, Pawel; Hollender, Juliane Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (2015), 407 (21), 6237-6255CODEN: ABCNBP; ISSN:1618-2642. (Springer) A review is given. A dataset from a collaborative non-target screening trial organized by the NORMAN Assocn. is used to review the state-of-the-art and discuss future perspectives of non-target screening using high-resoln. mass spectrometry in water anal. A total of 18 institutes from 12 European countries analyzed an ext. of the same water sample collected from the River Danube with either one or both of liq. and gas chromatog. coupled with mass spectrometry detection. This article focuses mainly on the use of high resoln. screening techniques with target, suspect, and non-target workflows to identify substances in environmental samples. Specific examples are given to emphasize major challenges including isobaric and co-eluting substances, dependence on target and suspect lists, formula assignment, the use of retention information, and the confidence of identification. Approaches and methods applicable to unit resoln. data are also discussed. Although most substances were identified using high resoln. data with target and suspect-screening approaches, some participants proposed tentative non-target identifications. This comprehensive dataset revealed that non-target anal. techniques are already substantially harmonized between the participants, but the data processing remains time-consuming. Although the objective of a fully-automated identification workflow remains elusive in the short term, important steps in this direction have been taken, exemplified by the growing popularity of suspect screening approaches. Major recommendations to improve non-target screening include better integration and connection of desired features into software packages, the exchange of target and suspect lists, and the contribution of more spectra from std. substances into (openly accessible) databases. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXosFKjsr8%253D&md5= df4d6c3c01f2b1004041b5473af134cd 38. 38 Martinez-Bueno, M. J.; Gomez Ramos, M. J.; Bauer, A.; Fernandez-Alba, A. R. An Overview of Non-Targeted Screening Strategies Based on High Resolution Accurate Mass Spectrometry for the Identification of Migrants Coming from Plastic Food Packaging Materials. TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem. 2019, 110, 191- 203, DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.035 [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar 38 An overview of non-targeted screening strategies based on high resolution accurate mass spectrometry for the identification of migrants coming from plastic food packaging materials Martinez-Bueno, M. J.; Gomez Ramos, M. J.; Bauer, A.; Fernandez-Alba, A. R. TrAC, Trends in Analytical Chemistry (2019), 110 (), 191-203 CODEN: TTAEDJ; ISSN:0165-9936. (Elsevier B.V.) Identification and quant. detn. of analytes released from food contact materials (FCMs) is still an anal. challenge for scientists since neither chem. nor spectral databases nor anal. stds. are available. Gas and liq. chromatog. hyphenated to a variety of accurate mass analyzers based on the use of high-resoln. have been used for this purpose. In this review, we present an overview of current approaches based on high resoln. accurate mass spectrometry (HRAMS) anal., particularly based on software tools for data acquisition and data processing used for the identification of unknown migrants coming from plastic FCMs. The main advantages and disadvantages of identification strategies have been put into evidence. A summary of the different intentionally and non-intentionally added substances identified or tentatively identified in plastic FCMs using HRAMS anal. has also been presented. Finally, we discuss the main current risk assessment strategies for food packaging migration studies found in the literature. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXit1Chs77F& md5=e7fae11900116129b7ec169e5603b839 39. 39 Onghena, M.; van Hoeck, E.; Vervliet, P.; Scippo, M. L.; Simon, C.; van Loco, J.; Covaci, A. Development and Application of a Non-Targeted Extraction Method for the Analysis of Migrating Compounds from Plastic Baby Bottles by GC-MS. Food Addit. Contam., Part A 2014, 31, 2090- 2102, DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.979372 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 39 Development and application of a non-targeted extraction method for the analysis of migrating compounds from plastic baby bottles by GC-MS Onghena, Matthias; van Hoeck, Els; Vervliet, Philippe; Scippo, Marie Louise; Simon, Coraline; van Loco, Joris; Covaci, Adrian Food Additives & Contaminants, Part A: Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment (2014), 31 (12), 2090-2102CODEN: FACPAA; ISSN:1944-0057. (Taylor & Francis Ltd.) In 2011, the European Union prohibited the prodn. of polycarbonate (PC) baby bottles due to the toxic effects of the PC monomer bisphenol-A. Therefore, baby bottles made of alternative materials, e.g. polypropylene (PP) or polyethersulfone (PES), are currently marketed. The principal aim of the study was the identification of major compds. migrating from baby bottles using a liq.-liq. extn. followed by GC/MS anal. A 50% EtOH in water soln. was selected as a simulant for milk. After sterilization of the bottle, three migration expts. were performed during 2 h at 70degC. A non-targeted liq.-liq. extn. with Et acetate-n-hexane (1:1) was performed on the simulant samples. Identification of migrants from 24 baby bottles was done using com. available WILEY and NIST mass spectra libraries. Differences in the migrating compds. and their intensities were obsd. between the different types of plastics, but also between the same polymer from a different producer. Differences in the migration patterns were perceived as well between the sterilization and the migrations and within the different migrations. Silicone, Tritan and PP exhibited a wide variety of migrating compds., whereas PES and polyamide (PA) showed a lower amt. of migrants, though sometimes in relatively large concns. (azacyclotridecan-2-one up to 250 mg kg-1). Alkanes (esp. in PP bottles), phthalates (dibutylphthalate in one PP bottle (+-40 mg kg-1) and one silicone bottle (+-25 mg kg-1); diisobutylphthalate in one PP (+-10 mg kg-1), silicone (up to +-80 mg kg-1); and Tritan bottle (+-30 mg kg-1)), antioxidants (Irgafos 168, degrdn. products of Irganox 1010 and Irganox 1076), etc. were detected for PP, silicone and Tritan bottles. Although the concns. were relatively low, some compds. not authorised by European Union Regulation No. 10/ 2011, such as 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (10-100 mg kg-1) or 2-butoxyethyl acetate (about 300 mg kg-1) were detected. Migrating chems. were identified as confirmed (using a std.) or as tentative (further confirmation required). >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhvF2ht7fJ& md5=09de89a31cd933b3cca8868c6c25b42a 40. 40 Vera, P.; Canellas, E.; Nerin, C. Identification of Non Volatile Migrant Compounds and NIAS in Polypropylene Films Used as Food Packaging Characterized by UPLC-MS/QTOF. Talanta 2018, 188, 750- 762, DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.022 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 40 Identification of non volatile migrant compounds and NIAS in polypropylene films used as food packaging characterized by UPLC-MS/QTOF Vera, Paula; Canellas, Elena; Nerin, Cristina Talanta (2018), 188 (), 750-762CODEN: TLNTA2; ISSN:0039-9140. (Elsevier B.V.) Migration of non volatile compds. from twenty six PP films used as food contact materials has been studied in four simulants (ethanol 95% and 10%, acetic acid 3% and Tenax ) and analyzed by UPLC-MS/QTOF. Seventy six compds. have been identified, where 76% of them were non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) coming from degrdn. of additives used, such as Me or Et or hexyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) from irganox 1076 and irganox 1010 degrdn.; or impurities such as N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) amines, or compds. of unknown origin, like hydro-ceramides. The most common compds. found were glyceryl monostearate or monopalmitate, erucamide, irganox 1010, irgafos 168, irgafos 168 OXO, N,N-bis (2-hydroxyethyl) tridecylamine and N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) pentadecylamine. Six films didn't comply with the European Regulation Ndeg 10/2011/EU, where irganox 1010 and the group of N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) amines exceeded their SMLs. Other films surpassed the max. concn. recommended by Cramer for the compds. of class II (degrdn. products) or III (amide compds.) when ethanol 95% was used as simulant. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtF2qu7%252FP&md5= ef91896f35bf1b74a73a597f10c60c99 41. 41 Nerin, C.; Alfaro, P.; Aznar, M.; Domeno, C. The Challenge of Identifying Non-Intentionally Added Substances from Food Packaging Materials: A Review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2013, 775, 14 - 24, DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.02.028 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 41 The challenge of identifying non-intentionally added substances from food packaging materials: A review Nerin, C.; Alfaro, P.; Aznar, M.; Domeno, C. Analytica Chimica Acta (2013), 775 (), 14-24CODEN: ACACAM; ISSN:0003-2670. (Elsevier B.V.) A review. Packaged food can contain non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) as a result of reaction and degrdn. processes or the presence of impurities in the raw materials used for the packaging prodn. This manuscript reviews the evidence of NIAS and their possible origin. One of the most challenging and difficult tasks when a sample of packaging materials arrives at the lab. is knowing the procedure to apply for identifying the unknown compds. This work proposes an anal. procedure for sample treatment, applicable to polymers as well as to migration samples, and for NIAS identification. The identification protocol comprises the detn. of both volatile and non-volatile compds. A review is presented of the most novel anal. techniques used for identification purposes, particularly high resoln. mass spectrometry (HRMS). >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXktFagtb8%253D&md5= 368cb4bcb52846c4db64bd8c5caa95b9 42. 42 Schymanski, E. L.; Williams, A. J. Open Science for Identifying "Known Unknown" Chemicals. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 5357- 5359, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01908 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 42 Open Science for Identifying "Known Unknown" Chemicals Schymanski, Emma L.; Williams, Antony J. Environmental Science & Technology (2017), 51 (10), 5357-5359 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society) High resoln. mass spectrometry (HR-MS) has expanded assessment of chem. exposure in the environment well beyond screening for a limited subset of target ("known") chems. Deposition of high quality, curated open data on chems. and environmental observations will be vital for improving chem. identification with HR-MS, empowering international efforts to protect human and ecol. health. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXntVyqsr8%253D&md5= daed4daa2290bce1bac702fcb21e7b26 43. 43 Lithner, D. Environmental and Health Hazards of Chemicals in Plastic Polymers and Products. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/24978 (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 44. 44 Wagner, S.; Schlummer, M. Legacy Additives in a Circular Economy of Plastics: Current Dilemma, Policy Analysis, and Emerging Countermeasures. Resour., Conserv. 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Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 57. 57 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Classification Search on eChemPortal. https:// www.echemportal.org/echemportal/ghs-search (accessed August 12, 2020). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 58. 58 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). OECD Existing Chemicals Database--High Production Volume (HPV) chemicals. https://hpvchemicals.oecd.org/UI/Search.aspx (accessed January 10, 2020). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 59. 59 United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Chemical Data Reporting (CDR)--2016 CDR Data. https://www.epa.gov/ chemical-data-reporting/access-cdr-data#2016 (accessed February 1, 2019). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 60. 60 European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). Registered Substances. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/ registered-substances (accessed January 29, 2020). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 61. 61 norden. SPIN--Substances in Preparations in Nordic Countries. http://spin2000.net/ (accessed December 16, 2019). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 62. 62 Wang, Z.; Walker, G. W.; Muir, D. C. G.; Nagatani-Yoshida, K. Toward a Global Understanding of Chemical Pollution: A First Comprehensive Analysis of National and Regional Chemical Inventories. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 2575- 2584, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06379 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 62 Toward a Global Understanding of Chemical Pollution: A First Comprehensive Analysis of National and Regional Chemical Inventories Wang, Zhanyun; Walker, Glen W.; Muir, Derek C. G.; Nagatani-Yoshida, Kakuko Environmental Science & Technology (2020), 54 (5), 2575-2584 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society) Chems., while benefitting society, may be released during their life cycle and possibly harm humans and ecosystems. Chem. pollution is mentioned as a planetary boundaries within which humanity can safely operate, but is not comprehensively understood. This work analyzed 22 chem. inventories from 19 countries and regions to achieve a first comprehensive overview of chems. on the market as an essential first step toward a global understanding of chem. pollution. More than 350,000 chems. and chem. mixts. have been registered for prodn. and use, up to three times as many as previously estd. and with substantial differences across countries/regions. A noteworthy finding was that identities of many chems. remain publicly unknown because they are claimed as confidential (> 50,000) or ambiguously described (up to 70,000). Coordinated efforts by all stake-holders including scientists from different disciplines are urgently needed; new areas of interest and opportunities are highlighted. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhsFaitL0%253D&md5= 5f731031fadaccfe5bd723138725c8a7 63. 63 Pelzl, B.; Wolf, R.; Kaul, B. L. Plastics, Additives. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA: Weinheim, Germany, 2018; pp 1- 57. [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 64. 64 Kawecki, D.; Scheeder, P. R. W.; Nowack, B. Probabilistic Material Flow Analysis of Seven Commodity Plastics in Europe. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52, 9874- 9888, DOI: 10.1021/ acs.est.8b01513 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 64 Probabilistic Material Flow Analysis of Seven Commodity Plastics in Europe Kawecki, Delphine; Scheeder, Paul R. W.; Nowack, Bernd Environmental Science & Technology (2018), 52 (17), 9874-9888 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society) The omnipresence of plastics in our lives and their ever-increasing application range continuously raise requirements to monitor environmental and health impacts related to plastics and their additives. A static probabilistic material flow anal. of seven polymers through European and Swiss anthropospheres to provide a strong basis for exposure assessments of polymer-related impacts, which necessitates plastic flows from prodn. to use and waste management are well-understood, is presented. Seven different polymers, chosen for their popularity and application variety were selected: low-d. polyethylene (LDPE), high-d. polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), expanded polystyrene (EPS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Synthetic textile products were considered as were trade flows at various life cycle stages to achieve a complete overview of consumption for these polymers. In Europe, the order of consumption was: PP > LDPE > PET > HDPE > PVC > PS > EPS. Textile products accounted for 42 +- 3% of PET consumption and 22 +- 4% PP consumption. Incineration is the major waste management method for HDPE, PS, and EPS. No significant difference between landfilling and incineration for the remaining polymers was detd. Highest recycling share was for PVC. Results serve as a basis for a detailed assessment of plastics or their additives exposure pathways in the environment or exposure of additives on human health. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtlWgtbvO& md5=3291d2a6750021b934dc35ac2f21bf40 65. 65 Klotz, M.; Haupt, M.; Hellweg, S. A High-Resolution Dataset on the Plastic Material Flows in Switzerland in 2017, 2021. (Unpublished Research). https://esd.ifu.ethz.ch/research/ research-and-theses/clean-cycle.html (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 66. 66 Bolinius, D. J.; Sobek, A.; Lof, M. F.; Undeman, E. Evaluating the Consumption of Chemical Products and Articles as Proxies for Diffuse Emissions to the Environment. Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts 2018, 20, 1427- 1440, DOI: 10.1039/ C8EM00270C [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 66 Evaluating the consumption of chemical products and articles as proxies for diffuse emissions to the environment Bolinius, Damien J.; Sobek, Anna; Loef, Marie F.; Undeman, Emma Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts (2018), 20 (10), 1427-1440CODEN: ESPICZ; ISSN:2050-7895. (Royal Society of Chemistry) In this study we have evaluated the use of consumption of manufd. products (chem. products and articles) in the EU as proxies for diffuse emissions of chems. to the environment. The content of chem. products is relatively well known. However, the content of articles (products defined by their shape rather than their compn.) is less known and currently has to be estd. from chems. that are known to occur in a small set of materials, such as plastics, that are part of the articles. Using trade and prodn. data from Eurostat in combination with product compn. data from a database on chem. content in materials (the Commodity Guide), we were able to calc. trends in the apparent consumption and in-use stocks for 768 chems. in the EU for the period 2003-2016. The results showed that changes in the apparent consumption of these chems. over time are smaller than in the consumption of corresponding products in which the chems. are present. In general, our results suggest that little change in chem. consumption has occurred over the timespan studied, partly due to the financial crisis in 2008 which led to a sudden drop in the consumption, and partly due to the fact that each of the chems. studied is present in a wide variety of products. Estd. in-use stocks of chems. show an increasing trend over time, indicating that the mass of chems. in articles in the EU, that could potentially be released to the environment, is increasing. The quant. results from this study are assocd. with large uncertainties due to limitations of the available data. These limitations are highlighted in this study and further underline the current lack of transparency on chems. in articles. Recommendations on how to address these limitations are also discussed. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhslSntL3N& md5=dc1ec662fc98e0741f8cc0aab550cae8 67. 67 Directorate-General for Environment (DG Environment); European Commission; Risk & Policy Analysts (RPA); Milieu Ltd; RIVM; Oekopol; Reihlen, A. Study for the Strategy for a Non-Toxic Environment of the 7th EAP--Sub-Study b: Chemicals in Products and Non-Toxic Material Cycles: Brussels, Belgium, 2017. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/non-toxic/ pdf/Sub-studybarticlesnon-toxicmaterialcyclesNTEfinal.pdf (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 68. 68 European Commission. Sustainable products initiative. https:/ /ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/ initiatives/12567-Sustainable-Products-Initiative (accessed May 8, 2021). 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This paper documents the design, layout and algorithms of the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier, InChI. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2MbpslOrtQ%253D%253D&md5= 4acc4f470f8cdb9b4f84558fd3302470 74. 74 Eurostat. Statistics explained. NACE background. https:// ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title= NACE_background (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 75. 75 United States Census Bureau. North American Industry Classification System. https://www.census.gov/naics/ (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 76. 76 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). https:// unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/ISIC.cshtml (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 77. 77 Varnek, A.; Baskin, I. Machine Learning Methods for Property Prediction in Chemoinformatics: Quo Vadis?. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2012, 52, 1413- 1437, DOI: 10.1021/ci200409x [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 77 Machine Learning Methods for Property Prediction in Chemoinformatics: Quo Vadis? Varnek, Alexandre; Baskin, Igor Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (2012), 52 (6), 1413-1437CODEN: JCISD8; ISSN:1549-9596. (American Chemical Society) This paper is focused on modern approaches to machine learning, most of which are as yet used infrequently or not at all in chemoinformatics. Machine learning methods are characterized in terms of the modes of statistical inference and modeling levels nomenclature and by considering different facets of the modeling with respect to input/ouput matching, data types, models duality, and models inference. Particular attention is paid to new approaches and concepts that may provide efficient solns. of common problems in chemoinformatics: improvement of predictive performance of structure-property (activity) models, generation of structures possessing desirable properties, model applicability domain, modeling of properties with functional endpoints (e.g., phase diagrams and dose-response curves), and accounting for multiple mol. species (e.g., conformers or tautomers). >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XmvV2ntL4%253D&md5= ffcc0a146f20c0bbf146313c6ef87372 78. 78 Mitchell, J. B. O. Machine Learning Methods in Chemoinformatics. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Comput. Mol. Sci. 2014, 4, 468- 481, DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1183 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 78 Machine learning methods in chemoinformatics Mitchell, John B. O. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Molecular Science (2014), 4 (5), 468-481CODEN: WIRCAH; ISSN:1759-0884. (Wiley-Blackwell) Machine learning algorithms are generally developed in computer science or adjacent disciplines and find their way into chem. modeling by a process of diffusion. Though particular machine learning methods are popular in chemoinformatics and quant. structure-activity relationships (QSAR), many others exist in the tech. literature. This discussion is methods-based and focused on some algorithms that chemoinformatics researchers frequently use. It makes no claim to be exhaustive. We conc. on methods for supervised learning, predicting the unknown property values of a test set of instances, usually mols., based on the known values for a training set. Particularly relevant approaches include Artificial Neural Networks, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, k-Nearest Neighbors and naive Bayes classifiers. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2014, 4:468-481. Conflict of interest: The author has declared no conflicts of interest for this article. For further resources related to this article, please visit the . >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXht1ans77J& md5=11535e2daa9cace139eb364b4aba3210 79. 79 Linguamatics--An iQVIA company. Chemical Search and natural language processing. https://www.linguamatics.com/products/ chemistry (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 80. 80 Rugard, M.; Coumoul, X.; Carvaillo, J.-C.; Barouki, R.; Audouze, K. Deciphering Adverse Outcome Pathway Network Linked to Bisphenol F Using Text Mining and Systems Toxicology Approaches. Toxicol. Sci. 2020, 173, 32- 40, DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz214 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 80 Deciphering Adverse Outcome Pathway Network Linked to Bisphenol F Using Text Mining and Systems Toxicology Approaches Rugard Marylene; Coumoul Xavier; Carvaillo Jean-Charles; Barouki Robert; Audouze Karine Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology (2020), 173 (1), 32-40 ISSN:. Bisphenol F (BPF) is one of several Bisphenol A (BPA) substituents that is increasingly used in manufacturing industry leading to detectable human exposure. Whereas a large number of studies have been devoted to decipher BPA effects, much less is known about its substituents. To support decision making on BPF's safety, we have developed a new computational approach to rapidly explore the available data on its toxicological effects, combining text mining and integrative systems biology, and aiming at connecting BPF to adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). We first extracted from different databases BPF-protein associations that were expanded to protein complexes using protein-protein interaction datasets. Over-representation analysis of the protein complexes allowed to identify the most relevant biological pathways putatively targeted by BPF. Then, automatic screening of scientific abstracts from literature using the text mining tool, AOP-helpFinder, combined with data integration from various sources (AOP-wiki, CompTox, etc.) and manual curation allowed us to link BPF to AOP events. Finally, we combined all the information gathered through those analyses and built a comprehensive complex framework linking BPF to an AOP network including, as adverse outcomes, various types of cancers such as breast and thyroid malignancies. These results which integrate different types of data can support regulatory assessment of the BPA substituent, BPF, and trigger new epidemiological and experimental studies. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3Mnmt1OmsA%253D%253D&md5= d69329f1428078443211e66286cf360e 81. 81 ChemAxon. ChemLocator. https://chemaxon.com/products/ chemlocator (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 82. 82 Horodytska, O.; Cabanes, A.; Fullana, A. Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) in Recycled Plastics. Chemosphere 2020, 251, 126373, DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126373 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 82 Non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in recycled plastics Horodytska, O.; Cabanes, A.; Fullana, A. Chemosphere (2020), 251 (), 126373CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN: 0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.) The demand for high quality recycled polymers in the European plastic industry is on the increase, likely due to the EU's Plastic Strategy intended to implement the circular economy model in this sector. The problem is that there is not enough recycled plastic in the market. In terms of vol., post-consumer plastic waste could be key to meet the current and future demand. Nevertheless, a high level of contamination originated during the product's life cycle restricts its use. The first step to change this must be identifying the undesired substances in post-consumer plastics and performing an effective risk assessment. The acquired knowledge will be fundamental for the development of innovative decontamination technologies. In this study, 134 substances including volatile and semi-volatile compds. have been identified in recycled LDPE and HDPE from domestic waste. Headspace and solvent extn. followed by GC/MS were used. The possible origin of each substance was studied. The main groups were additives, polymer and additives breakdown products, and contamination from external sources. The results suggest that recycled LDPE contains a broader no. of additives and their degrdn. products. Some of them may cause safety concerns if reused in higher added value applications. Regarding recycled HDPE, the contaminants from the use phase are predominant creating problems such as intense odors. To reduce the no. of undesired substances, it is proposed to narrow the variety of additives used in plastic manufg. and to opt for sep. waste collection systems to prevent cross-contamination with org. waste. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXkvVejt78%253D&md5= 64c757ebcfb0c5106633c74147192073 83. 83 Krohnke, C.; Schacker, O.; Zah, M. Antioxidants. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA: Weinheim, Germany, 2015. [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 84. 84 Dexter, M.; Thomas, R. W.; King, R. E. Antioxidants. Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2002. [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 85. 85 Groh, K. J.; Geueke, B.; Martin, O.; Maffini, M.; Muncke, J. Overview of Intentionally Used Food Contact Chemicals and Their Hazards. Environ. Int. 2021, 150, 106225, DOI: 10.1016 /j.envint.2020.106225 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 85 Overview of intentionally used food contact chemicals and their hazards Groh, Ksenia J.; Geueke, Birgit; Martin, Olwenn; Maffini, Maricel; Muncke, Jane Environment International (2021), 150 (), 106225CODEN: ENVIDV ; ISSN:0160-4120. (Elsevier Ltd.) Food contact materials (FCMs) are used to make food contact articles (FCAs) that come into contact with food and beverages during, e.g., processing, storing, packaging, or consumption. FCMs/FCAs can cause chem. contamination of food when migration of their chem. constituents (known as food contact chems., FCCs) occurs. Some FCCs are known to be hazardous. However, the total extent of exposure to FCCs, as well as their health and environmental effects, remain unknown, because information on chem. structures, use patterns, migration potential, and health effects of FCCs is often absent or scattered across multiple sources. Therefore, we initiated a research project to systematically collect, analyze, and publicly share information on FCCs. As a first step, we compiled a database of intentionally added food contact chems. (FCCdb), presented here. The FCCdb lists 12'285 substances that could possibly be used worldwide to make FCMs/FCAs, identified based on 67 FCC lists from publicly available sources, such as regulatory lists and industry inventories. We further explored FCCdb chems.' hazards using several authoritative sources of hazard information, including (i) classifications for health and environmental hazards under the globally harmonized system for classification and labeling of chems. (GHS), (ii) the identification of chems. of concern due to endocrine disruption or persistence related hazards, and (iii) the inclusion on selected EU- or US-relevant regulatory lists of hazardous chems. This anal. prioritized 608 hazardous FCCs for further assessment and substitution in FCMs/FCAs. Evaluation based on non-authoritative, predictive hazard data (e.g., by in silico modeling or literature anal.) highlighted an addnl. 1411 FCCdb substances that could thus present similar levels of concern, but have not been officially classified so far. Lastly, for over a quarter of all FCCdb chems. no hazard information could be found in the sources consulted, revealing a significant data gap and research need. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXisVOrsrfP& md5=6bc7846f8667a5f0c0b0935d29cc31de 86. 86 IHS Markit. Plastic Additives, 2017. https://ihsmarkit.com/ products/chemical-plastics-additives-scup.html (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 87. 87 IHS Markit. Plasticizers--Chemical Economics Handbook, 2018. https://ihsmarkit.com/products/ plasticizers-chemical-economics-handbook.html (accessed May 8, 2021). 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Toxicology Reports (2015), 2 (), 228-237CODEN: TROEF9; ISSN: 2214-7500. (Elsevier B.V.) Humans are exposed to thousands of chems. in the workplace, home, and via air, water, food, and soil. A major challenge in estg. chem. exposures is to understand which chems. are present in these media and microenvironments. Here we describe the Chem./Product Categories Database (CPCat), a new, publically available (http://actor.epa.gov/cpcat) database of information on chems. mapped to "use categories" describing the usage or function of the chem. CPCat was created by combining multiple and diverse sources of data on consumer- and industrial-process based chem. uses from regulatory agencies, manufacturers, and retailers in various countries. The database uses a controlled vocabulary of 833 terms and a novel nomenclature to capture and streamline descriptors of chem. use for 43,596 chems. from the various sources. Examples of potential applications of CPCat are provided, including identifying chems. to which children may be exposed and to support prioritization of chems. for toxicity screening. CPCat is expected to be a valuable resource for regulators, risk assessors, and exposure scientists to identify potential sources of human exposures and exposure pathways, particularly for use in high-throughput chem. exposure assessment. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXmtlejsLw%253D&md5= a14847c9982611989a2cdba40b23a549 90. 90 Sheftel, V. O. Indirect Food Additives and Polymers, 1st ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, 2000. [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 91. 91 Godwin, A.; ExxonMobil Chemical Company. Uses of Phthalates and Other Plasticizers, 2010; pp 1- 17. https://www.cpsc.gov/ s3fs-public/godwin.pdf (accessed May 8, 2021). 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According to this view, risk analysis methods provide information on the likelihood and severity of various possible outcomes; this information should then be assessed using a decision-theoretic approach (such as cost/benefit analysis) to determine whether the risks are acceptable, and whether additional regulation is warranted. However, this view ignores the fact that in many industries (particularly industries that are technologically sophisticated and employ specialized risk and safety experts), risk analyses may be done by regulated firms, not by the regulator. Moreover, those firms may have more knowledge about the levels of safety at their own facilities than the regulator does. This creates a situation in which the regulated firm has both the opportunity-and often also the motive-to provide inaccurate (in particular, favorably biased) risk information to the regulator, and hence the regulator has reason to doubt the accuracy of the risk information provided by regulated parties. Researchers have argued that decision theory is capable of dealing with many such strategic interactions as well as game theory can. This is especially true in two-player, two-stage games in which the follower has a unique best strategy in response to the leader's strategy, as appears to be the case in the situation analyzed in this article. However, even in such cases, we agree with Cox that game-theoretic methods and concepts can still be useful. In particular, the tools of mechanism design, and especially the revelation principle, can simplify the analysis of such games because the revelation principle provides rigorous assurance that it is sufficient to analyze only games in which licensees truthfully report their risk levels, making the problem more manageable. Without that, it would generally be necessary to consider much more complicated forms of strategic behavior (including deception), to identify optimal regulatory strategies. Therefore, we believe that the types of regulatory interactions analyzed in this article are better modeled using game theory rather than decision theory. In particular, the goals of this article are to review the relevant literature in game theory and regulatory economics (to stimulate interest in this area among risk analysts), and to present illustrative results showing how the application of game theory can provide useful insights into the theory and practice of risk-informed regulation. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC38fpvFynuw%253D%253D&md5= 6214516fcdb8400a7422f1190a2e2878 94. 94 Stafford, S. L. Self-Policing in a Targeted Enforcement Regime. South. Econ. J. 2008, 74, 934- 951, DOI: 10.2307/ 20112008 [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 95. 95 European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). PBT assessment. https:// echa.europa.eu/understanding-pbt-assessment (accessed May 8, 2021). 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Besides these beneficial properties, food packaging causes rising concern for the environment due to its high prodn. vol., often short usage time, and problems related to waste management and littering. Redn., reuse, and recycling, but also redesign support the aims of the circular economy. These tools also have the potential to decrease the environmental impact of food packaging. In this article, we focus on chem. safety aspects of recycled food packaging, as recycling is currently seen as an important measure to manage packaging waste. However, recycling may increase the levels of potentially hazardous chems. in the packaging and -after migration- in the food. Since exposure to certain chems. migrating from food packaging has been assocd. with chronic diseases, it is of high importance to assess the safety of recycled packaging. Therefore, we describe recycling processes of commonly used food packaging materials, including plastics, paper and board, aluminum, steel, and multimaterial multilayers (e.g., beverage cartons). Further, we give an overview of typical migrants from all types of recycled food packaging materials, and summarize approaches to reduce chem. contamination. We discuss the role of food packaging in the circular economy, where recycling is only one of many complementary tools for providing environmentally-friendly and safe food packaging. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXpvVKnsbw%253D&md5= 2d3f14bb3322b992411f4368a76ca639 113. 113 European Environment Agency (EEA). Designing Safe and Sustainable Products Requires a New Approach for Chemicals Key Messages; European Environment Agency (EEA): Copenhagen, 2020. https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/human/chemicals/ delivering-products-that-are-safe (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 114. 114 Wang, Z.; Hellweg, S. First Steps toward Sustainable Circular Uses of Chemicals: Advancing the Assessment and Management Paradigm. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2021, 9, 6939, DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c00243 [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar 114 First Steps Toward Sustainable Circular Uses of Chemicals: Advancing the Assessment and Management Paradigm Wang, Zhanyun; Hellweg, Stefanie ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering (2021), 9 (20), 6939-6951CODEN: ASCECG; ISSN:2168-0485. (American Chemical Society) Environmental and human health impacts assocd. with chem. prodn. and losses from value chains make the current linear produce-use-dispose model no longer an option for chems. Based on our anal. herein, we propose next steps on how to embed the concept of "circularity" into practice (including the design phase) to foster systemic transition toward sustainable circular uses of chems. We first analyze major causes of chem. losses throughout their life cycles. Then, we propose to advance the current chems. assessment and management paradigm by (1) introducing the consideration of multiple use cycles in the hazard and risk assessment stage and (2) introducing an addnl. "sustainable circularity" assessment stage, as a crit. first step to guide systematic decision-making at all levels toward sustainable circular use of chems. We further look into how to enable the proposed changes and a larger systemic transition, both on the tech. and socioeconomic sides. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhtVCiurrF& md5=13d6847f2e835714e1104b14297351fd 115. 115 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Guidance on Key Considerations for the Identification and Selection of Safer Chemical Alternatives. Series on Risk Management No.60; Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): Paris, 2021. https://www.oecd.org/ chemicalsafety/risk-management/ guidance-on-key-considerations-for-the-identification-and-selection-of-safer-chemical-alternatives.pdf (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 116. 116 European PET Bottle Platform (EPBP). Design for Recycling Guidelines for PET bottles. https://www.epbp.org/ design-guidelines (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 117. 117 Cousins, I. T.; Goldenman, G.; Herzke, D.; Lohmann, R.; Miller, M.; Ng, C. A.; Patton, S.; Scheringer, M.; Trier, X.; Vierke, L.; Wang, Z.; Dewitt, J. C. The Concept of Essential Use for Determining When Uses of PFASs Can Be Phased Out. Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts 2019, 21, 1803- 1815, DOI: 10.1039/c9em00163h [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 117 The concept of essential use for determining when uses of PFASs can be phased out Cousins, Ian T.; Goldenman, Gretta; Herzke, Dorte; Lohmann, Rainer; Miller, Mark; Ng, Carla A.; Patton, Sharyle; Scheringer, Martin; Trier, Xenia; Vierke, Lena; Wang, Zhanyun; DeWitt, Jamie C. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts (2019), 21 (11), 1803-1815CODEN: ESPICZ; ISSN:2050-7895. (Royal Society of Chemistry) Because of the extreme persistence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and their assocd. risks, the Madrid Statement argues for stopping their use where they are deemed not essential or when safer alternatives exist. To det. when uses of PFASs have an essential function in modern society, and when they do not, is not an easy task. Here, we: (1) develop the concept of "essential use" based on an existing approach described in the Montreal Protocol, (2) apply the concept to various uses of PFASs to det. the feasibility of elimination or substitution of PFASs in each use category, and (3) outline the challenges for phasing out uses of PFASs in society. In brief, we developed three distinct categories to describe the different levels of essentiality of individual uses. A phase-out of many uses of PFASs can be implemented because they are not necessary for the betterment of society in terms of health and safety, or because functional alternatives are currently available that can be substituted into these products or applications. Some specific uses of PFASs would be considered essential because they provide for vital functions and are currently without established alternatives. However, this essentiality should not be considered as permanent; rather, const. efforts are needed to search for alternatives. We provide a description of several ongoing uses of PFASs and discuss whether these uses are essential or non-essential according to the three essentiality categories. It is not possible to describe each use case of PFASs in detail in this single article. For follow-up work, we suggest further refining the assessment of the use cases of PFASs covered here, where necessary, and expanding the application of this concept to all other uses of PFASs. The concept of essential use can also be applied in the management of other chems., or groups of chems., of concern. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhtVGgs7jK& md5=c5ab87c71bbe9cd2843731d85f9ac75b 118. 118 Schut, J. H. More Filler, Less Resin: Bag Films Load up to Cut Costs. Plastics Technology, January 12, 2006. https:// www.ptonline.com/articles/ more-filler-less-resin-bag-films-load-up-to-cut-costs (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 119. 119 Zimmerman, J. B.; Anastas, P. T. Toward Substitution with No Regrets. Science 2015, 347, 1198- 1199, DOI: 10.1126/ science.aaa0812 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 119 Toward substitution with no regrets Zimmerman, Julie B.; Anastas, Paul T. Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2015), 347 (6227), 1198-1199CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science) There is no expanded citation for this reference. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXls1Squ7Y%253D&md5= 4539fc1fe159ead2954d6dadcdab4078 120. 120 Trasande, L. Exploring Regrettable Substitution: Replacements for Bisphenol A. Lancet Planet. Heal. 2017, 1, e88- e89, DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30046-3 [Crossref], [PubMed], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 121. 121 Tang, J. P. Pollution Havens and the Trade in Toxic Chemicals: Evidence from U.S. Trade Flows. Ecol. Econ. 2015, 112, 150- 160, DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.02.022 [Crossref], Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 122. 122 Slunge, D.; Alpizar, F. Market-Based Instruments for Managing Hazardous Chemicals: A Review of the Literature and Future Research Agenda. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4344, DOI: 10.3390 /su11164344 [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar 122 Market-based instruments for managing hazardous chemicals: a review of the literature and future research agenda Slunge, Daniel; Alpizar, Francisco Sustainability (2019), 11 (16), 4344CODEN: SUSTDE; ISSN: 2071-1050. (MDPI AG) We take stock of the lessons learned from using market-based instruments in chems. management and discuss the potential for increased use of risk-based taxation in the management of pesticides and other hazardous chems. Many chem. substances cause significant diffuse emissions when emitted over wide areas at individually low concns. These emissions are typically very difficult and costly to control. The targeted chem. may exist in many products as well as in a wide variety of end uses. However, the current regulatory instruments used are primarily bans or quant. restrictions, which are applied to individual chems. and for very specific uses. Policy makers in the area of chems. management have focused almost solely on chems. with a very steep marginal damage cost curve, leading to low use of price regulations. The growing concerns about cumulative effects and combination effects from low dose exposure from multiple chems. can motivate a broader use of market-based instruments in chems. management. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXlt1Ogtbk%253D&md5= 578f7ccb6917247977fff4cf58f41629 123. 123 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Global Chemicals Outlook II-from Legacies to Innovative Solutions; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): Geneva, 2019. https:// www.unep.org/resources/report/ global-chemicals-outlook-ii-legacies-innovative-solutions (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 124. 124 European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). REACH-Authorisation process . https://echa.europa.eu/authorisation-process (accessed May 8, 2021).web Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 125. 125 Directorate-General for Environment (DG Environment); European Commission; Risk & Policy Analysts (RPA); Milieu Ltd.; RIVM; Oekopol; Camboni, M. Study for the Strategy for a Non-toxic Environment of the 7th EAP: Sub-study a: Substitution, Including Grouping of Chemicals & Measures to Support Substitution: Brussels, Belgium, 2017. https:// ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/non-toxic/pdf/ Sub-studyasubstitutiongroupingNTEfinal.pdf (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 126. 126 Jacobs, M. M.; Malloy, T. F.; Tickner, J. A.; Edwards, S. Alternatives Assessment Frameworks: Research Needs for the Informed Substitution of Hazardous Chemicals. Environ. Health Perspect. 2016, 124, 265- 280, DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409581 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 126 Alternatives Assessment Frameworks: Research Needs for the Informed Substitution of Hazardous Chemicals Jacobs Molly M; Malloy Timothy F; Tickner Joel A; Edwards Sally Environmental health perspectives (2016), 124 (3), 265-80 ISSN:. BACKGROUND: Given increasing pressures for hazardous chemical replacement, there is growing interest in alternatives assessment to avoid substituting a toxic chemical with another of equal or greater concern. Alternatives assessment is a process for identifying, comparing, and selecting safer alternatives to chemicals of concern (including those used in materials, processes, or technologies) on the basis of their hazards, performance, and economic viability. OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this substantive review of alternatives assessment frameworks are to identify consistencies and differences in methods and to outline needs for research and collaboration to advance science policy practice. METHODS: This review compares methods used in six core components of these frameworks: hazard assessment, exposure characterization, life-cycle impacts, technical feasibility evaluation, economic feasibility assessment, and decision making. Alternatives assessment frameworks published from 1990 to 2014 were included. RESULTS: Twenty frameworks were reviewed. The frameworks were consistent in terms of general process steps, but some differences were identified in the end points addressed. Methodological gaps were identified in the exposure characterization, life-cycle assessment, and decision-analysis components. Methods for addressing data gaps remain an issue. DISCUSSION: Greater consistency in methods and evaluation metrics is needed but with sufficient flexibility to allow the process to be adapted to different decision contexts. CONCLUSION: Although alternatives assessment is becoming an important science policy field, there is a need for increased cross-disciplinary collaboration to refine methodologies in support of the informed substitution and design of safer chemicals, materials, and products. Case studies can provide concrete lessons to improve alternatives assessment. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi= 1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC287ptFOmsw%253D%253D&md5= 7968028e1435b705c2f6a6853b050075 127. 127 van Dijk, J.; Gustavsson, M.; Dekker, S. C.; van Wezel, A. P. Towards "One Substance - One Assessment": An Analysis of EU Chemical Registration and Aquatic Risk Assessment Frameworks. J. Environ. Manage. 2021, 280, 111692, DOI: 10.1016/ j.jenvman.2020.111692 [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar 127 Review on towards one substance-one assessment and an analysis of European union chemical registration and aquatic risk assessment frameworks van Dijk, Joanke; Gustavsson, Mikael; Dekker, Stefan C.; van Wezel, Annemarie P. Journal of Environmental Management (2021), 280 (), 111692 CODEN: JEVMAW; ISSN:0301-4797. (Elsevier Ltd.) A review. With the Green Deal the EU aims to achieve a circular economy, restore biodiversity and reduce environmental pollution. As a part of the Green Deal a one-substance one-assessment (OS-OA) approach for chems. has been proposed. The registration and risk assessment of chems. on the European market is currently fragmented across different legal frameworks, dependent on the chem. use. In this review, we analyzed the five main European chem. registration frameworks and their risk assessment procedures for the freshwater environment, covering (1) medicines for human use, (2) veterinary medicines, (3) pesticides, (4) biocides and (5) industrial chems. Overall, the function of the current frameworks is similar, but important differences exist between the frameworks environmental protection goals and risk assessment strategies. These differences result in inconsistent assessment outcomes for similar chems. Chems. are also registered under multiple frameworks due to their multiple uses, and chems. which are not approved under one framework are in some instances allowed on the market under other frameworks. In contrast, an OS-OA will require a uniform hazard assessment between all different frameworks. In addn., we show that across frameworks the industrial chems. are the least hazardous for the freshwater environment (median PNEC of 2.60E-2 mg/L), while biocides are the most toxic following current regulatory assessment schemes (median PNEC of 1.82E-4 mg/L). Finally, in order to facilitate a successful move towards a OS-OA approach we recommend (a) harmonisation of environmental protection goals and risk assessment strategies, (b) that emission, use and prodn. data should be made publicly available and that data sharing becomes a priority, and (c) an alignment of the criteria used to classify problematic substances. >> More from SciFinder ^(r) https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS& resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXisFOnsLzJ& md5=8208663ce674eaf2b93d83abece8be64 128. 128 European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). Factsheet--International Cooperation; European Chemicals Agency (ECHA): Helsinki, 2013 . https://echa.europa.eu/about-us/partners-and-networks/ international-cooperation (accessed May 8, 2021). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. 129. 129 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM); United Nations Environmental Programme: Geneva, 2006. https:/ /www.unep.org/resources/report/ strategic-approach-international-chemicals-management (accessed May 8, 2021). 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