https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial-stress-derived_noun Initial-stress-derived noun From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Phonological process where stress is shifted to change a verb to a noun; such as record (v.) and record (n.) Initial-stress derivation is a phonological process in English that moves stress to the first syllable of verbs when they are used as nouns or adjectives. (This is an example of a suprafix.) This process can be found in the case of several dozen verb-noun and verb-adjective pairs and is gradually becoming more standardized in some English dialects, but it is not present in all. The list of affected words differs from area to area, and often depends on whether a word is used metaphorically or not. At least 170 verb-noun or verb-adjective pairs exist. Some examples are: * record. as a verb, "Remember to record the show!". as a noun, "I'll keep a record of that request." * permit. as a verb, "I won't permit that." as a noun, "We already have a permit." [ ] Contents * 1 Origins * 2 List * 3 Comments * 4 See also * 5 References + 5.1 Sources + 5.2 Citations * 6 External links Origins[edit] In English, since the early modern period,^[1]^[failed verification] polysyllabic nouns tend to have an unstressed final syllable, while verbs do not. Thus, the stress difference between nouns and verbs applies generally in English, not just to otherwise-identical noun-verb pairs.^[2] The frequency of such pairs in English is a result of the productivity of class conversion. When "re-" is prefixed to a monosyllabic word, and the word gains currency both as a noun and as a verb, it usually fits into this pattern, although, as the following list makes clear, most words fitting this pattern do not match that description. Many of these have first syllables that evolved from Latin prepositions, although again that does not account for all of them. See also list of Latin words with English derivatives. When the stress is moved, the pronunciation, especially of vowels, often changes in other ways as well. Most common is the reduction of a vowel sound to a schwa when it becomes unstressed. List[edit] This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. absent * abstract * accent * addict * address (North America only) * advocate * affect * affix * alloy * ally * annex * array * assay * attribute * augment * belay * bisect * bombard * combat * combine * commune * compact * complex * composite * compost * compound * compress * concert * conduct * confect * confine(s) * conflict * conscript^[3] * conserve * consist * console * consort * construct^ [4]^[5] * consult * content * contest^[6] * contract * contrast * converse * convert * convict * decrease * default * defect * desert * detail * dictate * digest * discard * discharge * discount * discourse * dismount * display * embed * envelope * escort * essay * excise * exploit * export * extract * ferment * finance * foretaste * forward * frequent * gallant * impact * implant * impound * import * impress * imprint * incense * incline * increase * indent * inlay * insert * insult * intercept * interchange * intercross * interdict * interlink * interlock * intern * interplay * interspace * interweave * intrigue * invert * invite * involute * mandate * mentor^[7] * mismatch * misprint * object * offset * overcount * overlap * overlay * overlook * override * overrun * perfect * perfume * permit * pervert * prefix * present * proceed(s) * process * produce * progress * project * protest * purport * rebel * recall * recap * recess * recoil * record * recount * redirect * redo * redress * refill * refresh * refund * refuse * regress * rehash * reject * relapse * relay * remake * repeat * repose * repost * reprint * research * reserve * reset * retake * retard * retract * retread * rewrite * segment * separate * subject * survey * suspect * torment * transfer * transform * transplant * transect * transport * transpose * traverse * undercount * upgrade * uplift * upset Comments[edit] Some two-word phrases follow this pattern. Nouns derived from phrasal verbs like the following are written solid or hyphenated: hand out, drop out, hand over, crack down, follow through, come back. If the derived noun is widely used (for example "the backup"), its spelling may cause widespread incorrect spelling of the verb (*to backup instead of to back up). However, the past tense of such verbs is very rarely written as *backedup or *backupped, but almost always as backed up. In some cases the spelling changes when the accent moves to another syllable, as in the following verb/noun pairs which show the addition of a "magic e", which changes the previous vowel from lax to tense: * envelop, envelope * unite, unit In British English, annexe is the noun from the verb annex. The verb secrete "conceal" probably derives from the noun secret rather than vice versa.^[8] Pronunciations vary geographically. Some words here may belong on this list according to pronunciations prevailing in some regions, but not according to those in others.^[9] Some speakers, for example, would consider display as one of these words. For some other speakers, however, address carries stress on the final syllable in both the noun and the verb. There is a dialect in the United States referred to informally by linguists as P/U or police/umbrella because many nouns are stressed on the first syllable; including police, umbrella, and many verb-derived nouns. Some dialects of Scottish English have this in "police".^[10] Some derived nouns are used only in restricted senses; often there is a more generic noun not identical in spelling to the verb. For instance, to combine is to put together, whereas a combine may be a farm machine or a railway car; the generic noun is combination. Perhaps transpose is used as a noun only by mathematicians; the transpose of a matrix is the result of the process of transposition of the matrix; the two-syllable noun and the four-syllable noun differ in meaning in that one is the result and the other is the process. Similar remarks apply to transform; the process is transformation, the result of the process is the transform, as in Laplace transform, Fourier transform, etc. In the case of the word protest, as a noun it has the stress on the first syllable, but as a verb its meaning depends on stress: with the stress on the second syllable it means to raise a protest; on the first it means to participate in a protest. This appears to result from the derived noun being verbed. Entrance is also a noun when stressed on the first syllable and a verb when on the second, but that is not a true example since the words are unrelated homographs. The same thing is true for console - the verb derives from Latin consolare (to give solace), while the noun derives from Latin consolidare (cf. consolidate). See also[edit] * Suprafix * List of English homographs * Stress and vowel reduction in English * v * t * e Lexical categories and their features * Abstract / Concrete * Adjectival * Agent * Animacy * Bare * Collective * Countable Noun * Initial-stress-derived * Mass * Noun adjunct * Proper * Relational * Strong / Weak * Verbal / Deverbal * Attributive * Converb * Finite / Nonfinite * Gerund * Gerundive Forms * Infinitive * Participle * Supine * Transgressive * Verbal noun * Ambitransitive * Andative / Venitive * Anticausative * Autocausative * Auxiliary * Captative * Catenative * Compound * Copular * Defective * Denominal * Deponent * Ditransitive * Dynamic Verb * Exceptional case-marking * Frequentative * Germanic strong * Germanic weak * Impersonal Types * Inchoative * Intransitive * Labile * Lexical * Light * Modal * Negative * Performative * Phrasal * Predicative * Preterite-present * Pure * Reflexive * Regular / Irregular * Separable * Stative * Stretched * Transitive * Unaccusative * Unergative * Anti-intersective * Collateral * Common * Demonstrative * Intersective * Nominalized Adjective * Non-intersective * Possessive * Postpositive * Proper * Pure intersective * Relative subsective * Subsective * Conjunctive * Flat * Genitive * Interrogative Adverb * Locative * Prepositional * Pronominal * Relative * Bound variable * Demonstrative * Disjunctive * Distributive * Donkey * Dummy * Formal / Informal * Gender-neutral / Gender-specific * Inclusive / Exclusive * Indefinite Pronoun * Intensive * Interrogative * Personal * Possessive * Reciprocal * Reflexive * Relative * Resumptive * Strong / Weak * Subject / Object / Prepositional * Casally modulated Adposition * Inflected * Stranded * Article * Demonstrative Determiner * Interrogative * Possessive * Quantifier * Discourse * Interrogative Particle * Modal * Noun * Possessive * Classifier + Measure word * Complementizer * Conjunction * Copula * Coverb * Expletive Other * Interjection + Ideophone + Onomatopoeia * Preverb * Procedure word * Pro-form + Pro-verb / Pro-sentence * Prop-word * Yes and no References[edit] Sources[edit] * Jespersen, Otto (24 May 2013) [1954]. "5.7 Distinctive stress". Sounds and Spellings. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Volume 1. Routledge. ISBN 9781135663513. Retrieved 5 July 2016. |volume= has extra text (help) Citations[edit] 1. ^ Lahiri, Aditi; Thomas Riad; Haike Jacobs (1999). "Diachronic prosody". In Harry van der Hulst (ed.). Word Prosodic Systems in the Languages of Europe. Typology of Languages in Europe. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. SS 6.7 Romance Loans : p.375-6. ISBN 3-11-015750-0. `noun-verb stress alternation occurred only in the beginning of the modern period' 2. ^ Spencer, Andrew (1998). "Morphological Operations". In Andrew Spencer & Arnold Zwicky (ed.). The Handbook of Morphology. Blackwell. p. SS 3.4: Stress; p.134. ISBN 0-631-22694-X. 3. ^ "Conscript | Define Conscript at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com. Retrieved June 1, 2017. 4. ^ "Construct | Define Construct at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com. Retrieved June 1, 2017. 5. ^ http://static.sfdict.com/audio/lunawav/C07/C0782500.ogg 6. ^ "Contest | Define Contest at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com. Retrieved June 1, 2017. 7. ^ http://static.sfdict.com/audio/lunawav/M03/M0310000.ogg 8. ^ "se*crete^2". American Heritage Dictionary (4th ed.). Yahoo!. Retrieved 4 February 2014. 9. ^ Pilch, Herbert (1988). "Lexical Indeterminacy". In E.G. Stanley; T.F. Hoad (eds.). Words: For Robert Burchfield's Sixty-Fifth Birthday. D.S. Brewer. SS4: disyllabic nouns with different stress; p.148. ISBN 0-85991-259-0. 10. ^ Kriman, Alfred M. "SBF Glossary : P/U, PU". Stammtisch Beau Fleuve. Retrieved 2007-11-19. External links[edit] * November 1, 2007 strip of Dinosaur Comics, by Ryan North. * Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Initial-stress-derived_noun&oldid=1024564223" Categories: * English grammar * Stress (linguistics) * Phonology * English phonology * Homonymy * Nouns by type Hidden categories: * Articles with short description * Articles with long short description * Short description matches Wikidata * Use American English from January 2019 * All Wikipedia articles written in American English * All articles with failed verification * Articles with failed verification from June 2020 * Incomplete lists from March 2014 * CS1 errors: extra text: volume * CS1: long volume value Navigation menu Personal tools * Not logged in * Talk * Contributions * Create account * Log in Namespaces * Article * Talk [ ] Variants Views * Read * Edit * View history [ ] More Search [ ] [Search] [Go] Navigation * Main page * Contents * Current events * Random article * About Wikipedia * Contact us * Donate Contribute * Help * Learn to edit * Community portal * Recent changes * Upload file Tools * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Permanent link * Page information * Cite this page * Wikidata item Print/export * Download as PDF * Printable version Languages Add links * This page was last edited on 22 May 2021, at 22:16 (UTC). * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. 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