https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1700_Cascadia_earthquake 1700 Cascadia earthquake From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search January 1700 megathrust earthquake affecting the North American Pacific North West coast 1700 Cascadia earthquake 1700 Cascadia earthquake is located in North America 1700 Cascadia earthquake USGS-ANSS ComCat Local date January 26, 1700 (1700-01-26) Local time 21:00 local time^[1] Magnitude 8.7-9.2 M[w]^[2] Epicenter 45degN 125degW / 45degN 125degW / 45; -125Coordinates: 45degN 125degW / 45degN 125degW / 45; -125^[1] Fault Cascadia subduction zone Type Megathrust Tsunami Yes The 1700 Cascadia earthquake occurred along the Cascadia subduction zone on January 26, 1700 with an estimated moment magnitude of 8.7-9.2. The megathrust earthquake involved the Juan de Fuca Plate from mid-Vancouver Island, south along the Pacific Northwest coast as far as northern California. The length of the fault rupture was about 1,000 kilometers (620 miles), with an average slip of 20 meters (66 ft). The earthquake caused a tsunami which struck the west coast of North America and the coast of Japan.^[3] [250px-Cascadia_subduction_zone_USG] Cascadia subduction zone [ ] Contents * 1 Scientific research * 2 Cultural research * 3 Future threats * 4 Evidence * 5 Bridge of the Gods - Bonneville Slide * 6 See also * 7 References * 8 External links + 8.1 General + 8.2 Native and Japanese accounts + 8.3 Current hazards Scientific research[edit] The most important clue linking the tsunami in Japan and the earthquake in the Pacific Northwest comes from studies of tree rings (dendrochronology), which show that several "ghost forests" of red cedar trees in Oregon and Washington, killed by lowering of coastal forests into the tidal zone by the earthquake, have outermost growth rings that formed in 1699, the last growing season before the tsunami.^[4] This includes both inland stands of trees, such as one on the Copalis River in Washington,^[4] and pockets of tree stumps that are now under the ocean surface and become exposed only at low tide.^[5] Sediment layers in these locations demonstrate a pattern consistent with seismic and tsunami events around this time.^[6] Core samples from the ocean floor, as well as debris samples from some earthquake-induced landslides in the Pacific Northwest, also support this timing of the event.^[5] Archaeological research in the region has uncovered evidence of several coastal villages having been flooded and abandoned around 1700.^[7] Cultural research[edit] Local Native American and First Nations groups residing in Cascadia used oral tradition to transmit knowledge from one generation to the next, so there is no written documentation like that of the Japanese tsunami. However, numerous oral traditions describing a great earthquake and tsunami-like flooding exist among indigenous coastal peoples from British Columbia to Northern California.^[4]^[8] These do not specify an exact date, and not all earthquake stories in the region can be definitively isolated as referring to the 1700 quake in particular; however, virtually all of the native peoples in the region have at least one traditional story of an event much stronger and more destructive than any other that their community had ever experienced. Some of the stories contain temporal clues -- such as an estimate of how many generations had passed since the event^[7] -- which can be traced back to a date range in the late 1600s or early 1700s,^[4] or which concur with the event's timing in other ways. The Huu-ay-aht legend of a large earthquake and ocean wave devastating their settlements at Pachena Bay, for instance, speaks of the event taking place on a winter evening shortly after the village's residents had gone to sleep.^[9] Masit was the only community on Pachina Bay not to have been wiped out, as it sat on a mountainside approximately 75 feet (23 m) above sea level.^[10] Nobody else from Pachina Bay survived the event -- Anacla aq sop, a young woman who happened to be staying at Kiix-in on the more tsunami-sheltered Barkley Sound at the time of the event, came to be known as the last living member of her community. Kwakwaka'wakw (Kwakiutl) stories from the north end of Vancouver Island report a night-time earthquake that caused virtually all houses in their community to collapse;^[7] Cowichan stories from Vancouver Island's inner coast speak of a nighttime earthquake, causing a landslide that buried an entire village.^[7] Makah stories from Washington speak of a great night-time earthquake, of which the only survivors were those who fled inland before the tsunami hit.^ [11] The Quileute people in Washington have a story about a flood so powerful that villagers in their canoes were swept inland all the way to Hood Canal.^[12] Ethnographic research has focused on a common regional pattern of art and mythology depicting a great battle between a thunderbird and a whale,^[7] as well as cultural signifiers such as earthquake-inspired ritual masks and dances.^[13] Future threats[edit] Earthquake recurrence est. year interval (years) 1700 AD > 321 1310 AD 390 810 AD 500 400 AD 410 170 BC 570 600 BC 430 The geological record reveals that "great earthquakes" (those with moment magnitude 8 or higher) occur in the Cascadia subduction zone about every 500 years on average, often accompanied by tsunamis. There is evidence of at least 13 events at intervals from about 300 to 900 years with an average of 570-590 years.^[14] Previous earthquakes are estimated to have been in 1310 AD, 810 AD, 400 AD, 170 BC and 600 BC. [250px-Cascadia_earthquake_sources] Cascadia earthquake sources [page1-220px-9] A scenario of a magnitude 9.0 earthquake on the Cascadia subduction zone by the United States Geological Survey. As seen in the 1700 quake, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, and the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami, subduction zone earthquakes can cause large tsunamis, and many coastal areas in the region have prepared tsunami evacuation plans in anticipation of a possible future Cascadia earthquake. However, the major nearby cities, notably Seattle, Portland, Vancouver, Victoria, and Tacoma, which are located on inland waterways rather than on the coast, would be sheltered from the full brunt of a tsunami. These cities do have many vulnerable structures, especially bridges and unreinforced brick buildings; consequently, most of the damage to the cities would probably be from the earthquake itself. One expert asserts that buildings in Seattle are vastly inadequate even to withstand an event of the size of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, let alone any more powerful one.^[15] Kenneth Murphy, who directs FEMA's Region X, the division responsible for Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Alaska, put it quite dramatically: "Our operating assumption is that everything west of Interstate 5 will be toast."^[16] Recent findings conclude that the Cascadia subduction zone is more complex and volatile than previously believed.^[17] In 2010, geologists predicted a 37% chance of an M8.2+ event within 50 years, and a 10 to 15% chance that the entire Cascadia subduction zone will rupture with an M9+ event within the same time frame.^[18]^[19] Geologists have also determined the Pacific Northwest is not prepared for such a colossal quake. The tsunami produced could reach heights of 80 to 100 feet (24 to 30 m).^[20] A 2004 study revealed the potential for relative mean sea level rise (cause by subsidence) along the Cascadia subduction zone. It postulated that cities on the west coast of Vancouver Island, such as Tofino and Ucluelet, are at risk for a 1-2 m subsidence, relative to mean sea level.^[21] The confirmation of their oral traditions about a great earthquake has led many aboriginal groups in the area to initiate projects to relocate their coastal communities to higher and safer ground in preparation for the predicted next earthquake.^[9] The Huu-ay-aht people have rebuilt their administration building on a high point of land in their territory;^[9] coastal residents are immediately evacuated to this building whenever a tsunami warning is issued, as an interim measure toward eventually relocating all residents to higher ground.^[22] The Quileute people secured a land grant from the federal government of the United States in 2012 to move their settlement inland, both as protection from a future tsunami threat and because of more frequent flooding on the Quillayute River.^[12] The Shoalwater Bay Indian Tribe has also set a goal of moving their community uphill and has received a FEMA PDM grant to build the first vertical evacuation tower on their coast, scheduled to be completed near the Tokeland Marina by 2022. Some other subduction zones have such earthquakes every 100 to 200 years; the longer interval results from slower plate motions. The rate of convergence between the Juan de Fuca Plate and the North American Plate is 60 millimetres (2.4 in) per year.^[23] Evidence[edit] The earthquake took place at about 21:00 Pacific Time on January 26, 1700 (NS). Although there are no written records for the region from the time, the timing of the earthquake has been inferred from Japanese records of a tsunami that does not correlate with any other Pacific Rim quake. The Japanese records exist primarily in the modern-day Iwate Prefecture, in communities such as Tsugaruishi, Miyako (Kuwagasaki) and Otsuchi.^[24] Bridge of the Gods - Bonneville Slide[edit] It was once conjectured that it may also have been linked to the Bridge of the Gods - Bonneville Slide and the Tseax Cone eruption in British Columbia, Canada.^[25] However, recent investigations using radiocarbon dating and dendrochronology date the Bonneville landslide around 1450.^[26]^[27]^[28] See also[edit] * 1949 Queen Charlotte Islands earthquake * Geology of the Pacific Northwest * List of earthquakes in Canada * List of earthquakes in the United States * List of historical earthquakes * List of historical tsunamis * Lists of earthquakes * Neskowin Ghost Forest References[edit] 1. ^ ^a ^b National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972), Significant Earthquake Database (Data Set), National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K 2. ^ Atwater et al. 2005, p. 98 3. ^ Atwater, B. F.; Musumi-Rokkaku, S.; Satake, K.; Yoshinobu, T.; Kazue, U.; Yamaguchi, D. K. (2005). The Orphan Tsunami of 1700--Japanese Clues to a Parent Earthquake in North America. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1707. United States Geological Survey-University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-98535-0. 4. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kathryn Schulz (July 20, 2015). "The Really Big One". The New Yorker. 5. ^ ^a ^b "Jan. 26, 1700: How Scientists Know When The Last Big Earthquake Happened Here". Oregon Public Broadcasting, January 26, 2015. 6. ^ "Ghosts of Tsunamis Past" Archived 2018-08-28 at the Wayback Machine. American Museum of Natural History. 7. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Ruth S. Ludwin; Robert Dennis; Deborah Carver; Alan D. McMillan; Robert Losey; John Clague; Chris Jonientz-Trisler; Janine Bowechop; Jacilee Wray; Karen James (2005), "Dating the 1700 Cascadia Earthquake: Great Coastal Earthquakes in Native Stories" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 76 (2): 140-148, doi:10.1785/gssrl.76.2.140, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-24, retrieved 2015-07-24 8. ^ "Tsunamis and Earthquakes - Native American Legends of Tsunamis in Pacific NW - USGS PCMSC". 9. ^ ^a ^b ^c Meissner, Dirk (18 January 2015), "Earth will rip open like a zipper, expert says, when overdue Vancouver Island quake strikes", Toronto Star, retrieved 19 January 2015 10. ^ "Prepare for next tsunami, says chief". Raven's Eye, Vol. 8, No. 9, 2009. 11. ^ "Cascadia's Locked Fault Means Massive Earthquake Is Due in Pacific Northwest: Seismologists" Archived 2015-07-31 at the Wayback Machine. Indian Country Today Media Network, December 16, 2014. 12. ^ ^a ^b "Haida Gwaii Quake Brings Home the Importance of Quileute Relocation Legislation" Archived 2016-08-23 at the Wayback Machine. Indian Country Today Media Network, November 6, 2012. 13. ^ "Get ready for the Big One". The Globe and Mail, April 22, 2011. 14. ^ Witter, Robert C.; Kelsey, Harvey M.; Hemphill-Haley, Eileen (October 2003). "Great Cascadia earthquakes and tsunamis of the past 6700 years, Coquille River estuary, southern coastal Oregon". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 115 (10): 1289-1306. Bibcode:2003GSAB..115.1289W. doi:10.1130/b25189.1. 15. ^ Yanev, Peter (27 March 2010). "Shake, Rattle, Seattle". The New York Times. p. WK11. 16. ^ Schulz, Kathryn (20 July 2015). "The Really Big One". The New Yorker. 17. ^ "A Major Earthquake in the Pacific Northwest Looks Even Likelier". The Atlantic. August 16, 2016. 18. ^ "Odds Are 1-In-3 That A Huge Quake Will Hit Northwest In Next 50 Years". Oregon State University. 24 May 2010. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-24. 19. ^ "Odds are about 1-in-3 that mega-earthquake will hit Pacific Northwest in next 50 years, scientists say" (Press release). Oregon State University. May 25, 2010 - via Science Daily. 20. ^ "Perilous Situation". The Oregonian. 2009-04-19. Archived from the original on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-12. 21. ^ Leonard, Lucinda J.; Hyndman, Roy D.; Mazzotti, Stephane (2004). "Coseismic subsidence in the 1700 great Cascadia earthquake: Coastal estimates versus elastic dislocation models". GSA Bulletin. 116 (5-6): 655-670. Bibcode:2004GSAB..116..655L. doi:10.1130/B25369.1. 22. ^ Munro, Margaret (March 8, 2012). "Monster earthquake threat looms over B.C. coastal communities". Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on February 3, 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2019 . 23. ^ Kate Potter (September 2007). "The Big One: Understanding Why The Big Earthquake Is Predicted For Vancouver". The Science Creative Quarterly. Archived from the original on 27 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-18. 24. ^ Kenji Satake; Kunihiko Shimazaki; Yoshinobu Tsuji; Kazue Ueda (18 January 1996). "Time and size of a giant earthquake in Cascadia inferred from Japanese tsunami records of January 1700". Nature. 379 (6562): 246-249. Bibcode:1996Natur.379..246S. doi: 10.1038/379246a0. S2CID 8305522. 25. ^ Hill, Richard L. (2002-05-15). "Great Cascadia Earthquake Penrose Conference". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on 2008-10-24. 26. ^ O'Connor, Jim E. (September 2004). "The Evolving Landscape of the Columbia River Gorge: Lewis and Clark and Cataclysms on the Columbia". Oregon Historical Quarterly. 105 (3). Archived from the original on 2009-03-28. Retrieved 2009-09-07. 27. ^ Pringle, Patrick T. (2009). "The Bonneville slide" (PDF). Columbia Gorge Interpretive Center Museum Explorations (Fall-Winter 2009): 2-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-05. Retrieved 2012-02-03. 28. ^ "10,000 years of Cascadia earthquakes". The Oregonian. Retrieved June 11, 2019. External links[edit] General[edit] * Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquakes: A magnitude 9.0 earthquake scenario - The Cascadia Region Earthquake Workgroup 2005 * Tsunami Animation: Cascadia 1700 - Pacific Tsunami Warning Center * USGS Scientist Shows Evidence for 300-Year-Old Tsunami to Participants in International Tsunami Training Institute - USGS Native and Japanese accounts[edit] * Native American Stories expand history - Pacific Northwest Seismic Network * Native American Legends of Tsunamis in Pacific NW - United States Geological Survey * Fault slip and seismic moment of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake inferred from Japanese tsunami descriptions - Journal of Geophysical Research * Japanese Shipwreck Adds To Evidence Of Great Cascadia Earthquake In 1700 - Science Daily * Atwater, Brian F.; Musumi-Rokkaku, Satoko; Satake, Kenji; Tsuji, Yoshinobu; Ueda, Kazue; Yamaguchi, David K. (2015) [2005]. The orphan tsunami of 1700--Japanese clues to a parent earthquake in North America (in English and Japanese) (Second ed.). USGS. doi: 10.3133/pp1707. Current hazards[edit] * Surviving a Tsunami--Lessons from Chile, Hawaii, and Japan - United States Geological Survey * Big earthquake coming sooner than we thought, Oregon geologist says - The Oregonian * v * t * e Earthquakes in Canada * 1663 Charlevoix * 1700 Cascadia Historical * 1732 Montreal * 1872 North Cascades * 1918 Vancouver Island * 1925 Charlevoix-Kamouraska * 1929 Grand Banks * 1933 Baffin Bay * 1935 Timiskaming 20th Century * 1944 Cornwall-Massena * 1946 Vancouver Island * 1949 Queen Charlotte Islands * 1985 Nahanni * 1988 Saguenay * 1989 Ungava * 2000 Kipawa * 2001 Nisqually 21st Century * 2007-2008 Nazko * 2010 Central Canada * 2012 Haida Gwaii * 2013 Craig * v * t * e Earthquakes in the United States * 1638 New Hampshire * 1663 Charlevoix * 1700 Cascadia * 1755 Cape Ann * 1811-12 New Madrid * 1812 San Juan Capistrano * 1812 Santa Barbara * 1838 San Andreas * 1857 Fort Tejon * 1865 Memphis Historical * 1867 Manhattan, Kansas * 1868 Hawaii * 1868 Hayward * 1871 Lana`i * 1872 Owens Valley * 1872 North Cascades * 1886 Charleston * 1887 Sonora * 1892 Laguna Salada * 1892 Vacaville-Winters * 1898 Mare Island * 1901 Richfield * 1906 San Francisco * 1906 Aleutian Islands * 1909 Wabash River * 1914 Reno * 1915 Pleasant Valley * 1916 Irondale * 1918 San Jacinto * 1921 Sevier Valley * 1925 Santa Barbara * 1927 Lompoc * 1931 Valentine * 1932 Eureka * 1932 Cedar Mountain * 1933 Long Beach * 1934 Hansel Valley * 1935 Helena * 1936 State Line * 1940 El Centro * 1940 New Hampshire * 1944 Cornwall-Massena * 1946 Aleutian Islands * 1947 Wisconsin * 1948 Desert Hot Springs * 1949 Olympia * 1952 Kern County * 1954 Churchill County * 1957 Andreanof Islands * 1957 San Francisco * 1958 Huslia * 1958 Lituya Bay * 1959 Hebgen Lake * 1962 Cache Valley * 1964 Alaska 20th-century * 1965 Rat Islands * 1965 Puget Sound * 1968 Borrego Mountain * 1968 Illinois * 1969 Santa Rosa * 1971 San Fernando * 1973 Point Mugu * 1975 Near Islands * 1975 Morris * 1975 Hawaii * 1979 Coyote Lake * 1979 Imperial Valley * 1980 Eureka * 1981 Westmorland * 1983 Coalinga * 1983 Borah Peak * 1984 Morgan Hill * 1986 North Palm Springs * 1986 Chalfant Valley * 1987 Whittier Narrows * 1987 Imperial Valley * 1989 Loma Prieta * 1990 Upland * 1991 Sierra Madre * 1992 Big Bear * 1992 Cape Mendocino * 1992 Landers * 1992 St. George * 1993 Scotts Mills * 1993 Klamath Falls * 1994 Northridge * 1995 Marathon * 1998 Pymatuning * 1999 Hector Mine * 2000 Yountville * 2001 Nisqually * 2002 Denali * 2003 Alabama * 2003 San Simeon * 2006 Gulf of Mexico * 2006 Kiholo Bay * 2008 Illinois * 2008 Chino Hills * 2008 Reno * 2008 Wells * 2010 Eureka * 2010 Baja California * 2010 Indiana * 2011 Colorado * 2011 Virginia 21st-century * 2011 Oklahoma * 2013 Port Alexander * 2014 Aleutian Islands * 2014 Southeast Alaska * 2014 South Napa * 2016 Oklahoma * 2018 Alaska * 2018 Hawaii * 2018 Anchorage * 2018 Southern Appalachian * 2019 Ridgecrest * 2020 Salt Lake City * 2020 Central Idaho * 2020 Monte Cristo Range * 2020 Sparta earthquake * 2001 Enola * 2008 Reno Swarms * 2010-11 Guy-Greenbrier * 2012 Brawley * 2009-present Oklahoma * 2019 Ridgecrest * v * t * e Earthquakes in Washington (state) * 1700 Cascadia (8.7 - 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