https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_prime Illegal prime From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Numbers (typically cryptographic) that are illegal to reproduce publicly An illegal prime is a prime number that represents information whose possession or distribution is forbidden in some legal jurisdictions. One of the first illegal primes was found in 2001. When interpreted in a particular way, it describes a computer program that bypasses the digital rights management scheme used on DVDs. Distribution of such a program in the United States is illegal under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.^[1] An illegal prime is a kind of illegal number. [ ] Contents * 1 History * 2 Discovery * 3 See also * 4 References * 5 External links History[edit] [250px-DeCSS] The DeCSS code can be used by a computer to circumvent a DVD's copy protection. One of the earliest illegal prime numbers was generated in March 2001 by Phil Carmody. Its binary representation corresponds to a compressed version of the C source code of a computer program implementing the DeCSS decryption algorithm, which can be used by a computer to circumvent a DVD's copy protection.^[1] Protests against the indictment of DeCSS author Jon Lech Johansen and legislation prohibiting publication of DeCSS code took many forms.^ [2] One of them was the representation of the illegal code in a form that had an intrinsically archivable quality. Since the bits making up a computer program also represent a number, the plan was for the number to have some special property that would make it archivable and publishable (one method was to print it on a T-shirt). The primality of a number is a fundamental property of number theory and is therefore not dependent on legal definitions of any particular jurisdiction. The large prime database of The Prime Pages website records the top 20 primes of various special forms; one of them is proof of primality using the elliptic curve primality proving (ECPP) algorithm. Thus, if the number were large enough and proved prime using ECPP, it would be published. Discovery[edit] Specifically, Carmody applied Dirichlet's theorem to several prime candidates of the form k*256^n + b, where k was the decimal representation of the original compressed file. Multiplying by a power of 256 adds as many trailing null characters to the gzip file as indicated in the exponent which would still result in the DeCSS C code when unzipped. Of those prime candidates, several were identified as probable prime using the open source program OpenPFGW, and one of them was proved prime using the ECPP algorithm implemented by the Titanix software.^ [3]^[4] Even at the time of discovery in 2001, this 1401-digit number, of the form k*256^2 + 2083, was too small to be mentioned, so Carmody discovered a 1905-digit prime, of the form k*256^211 + 99, that was the tenth largest prime found using ECPP, a remarkable achievement by itself and worthy of being published on the lists of the highest prime numbers.^[1] In a way, by having this number independently published for a completely unrelated reason to the DeCSS code, he had been able to evade legal responsibility for the original software. Following this, Carmody discovered an 1811-digit prime--this one being non-compressed, directly executable machine language in the ELF format for Linux i386, implementing the same DeCSS functionality.^[5] See also[edit] * AACS encryption key controversy * HDCP master key release * The Library of Babel * Normal number * PlayStation 3 homebrew SS Private key compromised * Prior art * Streisand effect * Texas Instruments signing key controversy References[edit] 1. ^ ^a ^b ^c "Prime glossary - Illegal prime". Primes.utm.edu. 6 October 1999. Retrieved 26 March 2013. 2. ^ Hamilton, David P. "Banned Code Lives in Poetry and Song" 3. ^ DVD descrambler encoded in 'illegal' prime number (Thomas C. Greene, The Register, Mon 19 March 2001) 4. ^ "Prime Curios - first illegal prime". Primes.utm.edu. Retrieved 26 March 2013. 5. ^ "Prime Curios - first known non-trivial executable prime". Primes.utm.edu. 10 September 2001. Retrieved 26 March 2013. External links[edit] * The first illegal prime * Phil Carmody's page discussing executable primes. * v * t * e Prime number classes * Fermat (2^2^n + 1) * Mersenne (2^p - 1) * Double Mersenne (2^2^p-1 - 1) * Wagstaff (2^p + 1)/3 * Proth (k*2^n + 1) * Factorial (n! +- 1) * Primorial (p[n]# +- 1) * Euclid (p[n]# + 1) * Pythagorean (4n + 1) * Pierpont (2^m*3^n + 1) By formula * Quartan (x^4 + y^4) * Solinas (2^m +- 2^n +- 1) * Cullen (n*2^n + 1) * Woodall (n*2^n - 1) * Cuban (x^3 - y^3)/(x - y) * Carol (2^n - 1)^2 - 2 * Kynea (2^n + 1)^2 - 2 * Leyland (x^y + y^x) * Thabit (3*2^n - 1) * Williams ((b-1)*b^n - 1) * Mills ([?]A^3^n[?]) * Fibonacci * Lucas * Pell By integer * Newman-Shanks-Williams sequence * Perrin * Partitions * Bell * Motzkin * Wieferich (pair) * Wall-Sun-Sun * Wolstenholme * Wilson * Lucky * Fortunate * Ramanujan * Pillai By property * Regular * Strong * Stern * Supersingular (elliptic curve) * Supersingular (moonshine theory) * Good * Super * Higgs * Highly cototient * Palindromic * Emirp * Repunit (10^n - 1)/9 * Permutable * Circular * Truncatable * Minimal * Weakly Base-dependent * Primeval * Full reptend * Unique * Happy * Self * Smarandache-Wellin * Strobogrammatic * Dihedral * Tetradic * Twin (p, p + 2) * Bi-twin chain (n - 1, n + 1, 2n - 1, 2n + 1, ...) * Triplet (p, p + 2 or p + 4, p + 6) * Quadruplet (p, p + 2, p + 6, p + 8) * k-Tuple * Cousin (p, p + 4) Patterns * Sexy (p, p + 6) * Chen * Sophie Germain/Safe (p, 2p + 1) * Cunningham (p, 2p +- 1, 4p +- 3, 8p +- 7, ...) * Arithmetic progression (p + a*n, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...) * Balanced (consecutive p - n, p, p + n) * Titanic (1,000+ digits) * Gigantic (10,000+ digits) By size * Mega (1,000,000+ digits) * Largest known * Eisenstein prime Complex numbers * Gaussian prime * Pseudoprime + Catalan + Elliptic + Euler + Euler-Jacobi + Fermat + Frobenius Composite numbers + Lucas + Somer-Lucas + Strong * Carmichael number * Almost prime * Semiprime * Interprime * Pernicious * Probable prime * Industrial-grade prime Related topics * Illegal prime * Formula for primes * Prime gap * 2 * 3 * 5 * 7 * 11 * 13 * 17 * 19 * 23 * 29 * 31 * 37 * 41 * 43 * 47 * 53 * 59 * 61 * 67 * 71 * 73 * 79 * 83 * 89 * 97 * 101 * 103 * 107 * 109 * 113 First 60 primes * 127 * 131 * 137 * 139 * 149 * 151 * 157 * 163 * 167 * 173 * 179 * 181 * 191 * 193 * 197 * 199 * 211 * 223 * 227 * 229 * 233 * 239 * 241 * 251 * 257 * 263 * 269 * 271 * 277 * 281 List of prime numbers * Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Illegal_prime&oldid=994592763" Categories: * Computer law * Crypto-anarchism * Cryptography law * Prime numbers Hidden categories: * Articles with short description * Short description is different from Wikidata * AC with 0 elements * Use dmy dates from April 2020 Navigation menu Personal tools * Not logged in * Talk * Contributions * Create account * Log in Namespaces * Article * Talk [ ] Variants Views * Read * Edit * View history [ ] More Search [ ] [Search] [Go] Navigation * Main page * Contents * Current events * Random article * About Wikipedia * Contact us * Donate Contribute * Help * Learn to edit * Community portal * Recent changes * Upload file Tools * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Permanent link * Page information * Cite this page * Wikidata item Print/export * Download as PDF * Printable version Languages * Asturianu * Cestina * Deutsch * Espanol * frsy * Francais * Hayeren * Hrvatski * Bahasa Indonesia * Italiano * Nederlands * Ri Ben Yu * Portugues * Russkii * Simple English * Zhong Wen Edit links * This page was last edited on 16 December 2020, at 14:55 (UTC). * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. 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