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EPUB
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E-book file format
For publications that are accessed electronically, see Electronic
article.
Electronic Publication (EPUB)
EPUB logo.svg
Filename extension .epub
Internet media type application/epub+zip
Magic number PK\x03\x04 (Zip)
Developed by International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF)
Initial release September 2007; 13 years ago (2007 -09)
Latest release 3.2
(May 15, 2019; 22 months ago (2019-05-15)^[1])
Type of format e-book file format
Contained by OEBPS Container Format (OCF; Zip)
Extended from Open eBook, XHTML, CSS, DTBook
Standard ISO/IEC TS 30135
Open format? Yes
Website www.w3.org/publishing/epub32/
EPUB is an e-book file format that uses the ".epub" file extension.
The term is short for electronic publication and is sometimes styled
ePub. EPUB is supported by many e-readers, and compatible software is
available for most smartphones, tablets, and computers. EPUB is a
technical standard published by the International Digital Publishing
Forum (IDPF). It became an official standard of the IDPF in September
2007, superseding the older Open eBook standard.^[2]
The Book Industry Study Group endorses EPUB 3 as the format of choice
for packaging content and has stated that the global book publishing
industry should rally around a single standard.^[3] The EPUB format
is implemented as an archive file consisting of XHTML files carrying
the content, along with images and other supporting files. EPUB is
the most widely supported vendor-independent XML-based (as opposed to
PDF) e-book format; that is, it is supported by almost all hardware
readers, except for Kindle.^[4]
[ ]
Contents
* 1 History
+ 1.1 Version 2.0.1
o 1.1.1 Open Publication Structure 2.0.1
o 1.1.2 Open Packaging Format 2.0.1
o 1.1.3 Open Container Format 2.0.1
+ 1.2 Version 3.0.1
+ 1.3 Version 3.2
* 2 Features
+ 2.1 Digital rights management
* 3 Adoption
* 4 Security and privacy concerns
* 5 Implementation
+ 5.1 Container
+ 5.2 Publication
+ 5.3 Contents
+ 5.4 Media overlays
* 6 Software
+ 6.1 Reading and creation software
* 7 Notes
* 8 References
* 9 External links
History[edit]
A successor to the Open eBook Publication Structure, EPUB 2.0 was
approved in October 2007,^[5] with a maintenance update (2.0.1)
approved in September 2010.^[6]
The EPUB 3.0 specification became effective in October 2011,
superseded by a minor maintenance update (3.0.1) in June 2014.^[7]
New major features include support for precise layout or specialized
formatting (Fixed Layout Documents), such as for comic books,^[8] and
MathML support. The current version of EPUB is 3.2, effective May 8,
2019.^[9] The (text of) format specification underwent reorganization
^[10] and clean-up; format supports remotely-hosted resources and new
font formats (WOFF 2.0 and SFNT)^[11] and uses more pure HTML and CSS
.^[12]
In May 2016 IDPF members approved World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
merger,^[13] "to fully align the publishing industry and core Web
technology".^[14]
Version 2.0.1[edit]
EPUB 2.0 was approved in October 2007, with a maintenance update
(2.0.1) intended to clarify and correct errata in the specifications
being approved in September 2010.^[6] EPUB version 2.0.1 consists of
three specifications:
* Open Publication Structure (OPS) 2.0.1, contains the formatting
of its content.^[15]
* Open Packaging Format (OPF) 2.0.1, describes the structure of the
.epub file in XML.^[16]
* Open Container Format (OCF) 2.0.1, collects all files as a ZIP
archive.^[17]
EPUB internally uses XHTML or DTBook (an XML standard provided by the
DAISY Consortium) to represent the text and structure of the content
document, and a subset of CSS to provide layout and formatting. XML
is used to create the document manifest, table of contents, and EPUB
metadata. Finally, the files are bundled in a zip file as a packaging
format.
Open Publication Structure 2.0.1[edit]
An EPUB file uses XHTML 1.1 (or DTBook) to construct the content of a
book as of version 2.0.1. This is different from previous versions
(OEBPS 1.2 and earlier), which used a subset of XHTML. There are,
however, a few restrictions on certain elements. The mimetype for
XHTML documents in EPUB is application/xhtml+xml.^[15]^[a]
Styling and layout are performed using a subset of CSS 2.0, referred
to as OPS Style Sheets. This specialized syntax requires that reading
systems support only a portion of CSS properties and adds a few
custom properties. Custom properties include oeb-page-head,
oeb-page-foot, and oeb-column-number. Font-embedding can be
accomplished using the @font-face property, as well as including the
font file in the OPF's manifest (see below). The mimetype for CSS
documents in EPUB is text/css.^[15]^[b]
EPUB also requires that PNG, JPEG, GIF, and SVG images be supported
using the mimetypes image/png, image/jpeg, image/gif, image/svg+xml.
Other media types are allowed, but creators must include alternative
renditions using supported types.^[15] For a table of all required
mimetypes, see Section 1.3.7 of the specification.
Unicode is required, and content producers must use either UTF-8 or
UTF-16 encoding.^[15] This is to support international and
multilingual books. However, reading systems are not required to
provide the fonts necessary to display every unicode character,
though they are required to display at least a placeholder for
characters that cannot be displayed fully.^[15]
An example skeleton of an XHTML file for EPUB looks like this:
Pride and Prejudice
...
Open Packaging Format 2.0.1[edit]
The OPF specification's purpose is to "...[define] the mechanism by
which the various components of an OPS publication are tied together
and provides additional structure and semantics to the electronic
publication."^[16] This is accomplished by two XML files with the
extensions .opf and .ncx.
.opf file
The OPF file, traditionally named content.opf, houses the EPUB book's
metadata, file manifest, and linear reading order. This file has a
root element package and four child elements: metadata, manifest,
spine, and guide. Furthermore, the package node must have the
unique-identifier attribute. The .opf file's mimetype is application/
oebps-package+xml.^[16]
The metadata element contains all the metadata information for a
particular EPUB file. Three metadata tags are required (though many
more are available): title, language, and identifier. title contains
the title of the book, language contains the language of the book's
contents in RFC 3066 format or its successors, such as the newer RFC
4646 and identifier contains a unique identifier for the book, such
as its ISBN or a URL. The identifier's id attribute should equal the
unique-identifier attribute from the package element.^[16]^[c]
The manifest element lists all the files contained in the package.
Each file is represented by an item element, and has the attributes
id, href, media-type. All XHTML (content documents), stylesheets,
images or other media, embedded fonts, and the NCX file should be
listed here. Only the .opf file itself, the container.xml, and the
mimetype files should not be included.^[16]
The spine element lists all the XHTML content documents in their
linear reading order. Also, any content document that can be reached
through linking or the table of contents must be listed as well. The
toc attribute of spine must contain the id of the NCX file listed in
the manifest. Each itemref element's idref is set to the id of its
respective content document.^[16]
The guide element is an optional element for the purpose of
identifying fundamental structural components of the book. Each
reference element has the attributes type, title, href. Files
referenced in href must be listed in the manifest, and are allowed to
have an element identifier (e.g. #figures in the example).^[16]^[d]
An example OPF file:
Pride and Prejudiceen123456789XJane Austen
.ncx file
The NCX file (Navigation Control file for XML), traditionally named
toc.ncx, contains the hierarchical table of contents for the EPUB
file. The specification for NCX was developed for Digital Talking
Book (DTB), is maintained by the DAISY Consortium, and is not a part
of the EPUB specification. The NCX file has a mimetype of application
/x-dtbncx+xml.
Of note here is that the values for the docTitle, docAuthor, and meta
name="dtb:uid" elements should match their analogs in the OPF file.
Also, the meta name="dtb:depth" element is set equal to the depth of
the navMap element. navPoint elements can be nested to create a
hierarchical table of contents. navLabel's content is the text that
appears in the table of contents generated by reading systems that
use the .ncx. navPoint's content element points to a content document
listed in the manifest and can also include an element identifier
(e.g. #section1).^[16]^[18]
A description of certain exceptions to the NCX specification as used
in EPUB is in Section 2.4.1 of the specification. The complete
specification for NCX can be found in Section 8 of the Specifications
for the Digital Talking Book.^[18]
An example .ncx file:
Pride and PrejudiceAusten, JaneChapter 1
Open Container Format 2.0.1[edit]
An EPUB file is a group of files that conform to the OPS/OPF
standards and are wrapped in a ZIP file.^[19] The OCF specifies how
to organize these files in the ZIP, and defines two additional files
that must be included.
The mimetype file must be a text document in ASCII that contains the
string application/epub+zip. It must also be uncompressed,
unencrypted, and the first file in the ZIP archive. This file
provides a more reliable way for applications to identify the
mimetype of the file than just the .epub extension.^[17]
Also, there must be a folder named META-INF, which contains the
required file container.xml. This XML file points to the file
defining the contents of the book. This is the OPF file, though
additional alternative rootfile elements are allowed.^[17]
Apart from mimetype and META-INF/container.xml, the other files (OPF,
NCX, XHTML, CSS and images files) are traditionally put in a
directory named OEBPS.
An example file structure:
--ZIP Container--
mimetype
META-INF/
container.xml
OEBPS/
content.opf
chapter1.xhtml
ch1-pic.png
css/
style.css
myfont.otf
An example container.xml, given the above file structure:
Version 3.0.1[edit]
The EPUB 3.0 Recommended Specification was approved on 11 October
2011. On June 26, 2014 EPUB 3.0.1 was approved as a minor maintenance
update to EPUB 3.0. EPUB 3.0 supersedes the previous release 2.0.1.^
[e]
EPUB 3 consists of a set of four specifications:^[20]
* EPUB Publications 3.0, which defines publication-level semantics
and overarching conformance requirements for EPUB Publications
* EPUB Content Documents 3.0, which defines profiles of XHTML, SVG
and CSS for use in the context of EPUB Publications
* EPUB Open Container Format (OCF) 3.0, which defines a file format
and processing model for encapsulating a set of related resources
into a single-file (ZIP) EPUB Container.
* EPUB Media Overlays 3.0, which defines a format and a processing
model for synchronization of text and audio
The EPUB 3.0 format was intended to address the following criticisms:
* While good for text-centric books, EPUB was rather unsuitable for
publications that require precise layout or specialized
formatting, such as comic books.^[8]
* A major issue hindering the use of EPUB for most technical
publications was the lack of support for equations formatted as
MathML. They were included as bitmap or SVG images, precluding
proper handling by screen readers and interaction with computer
algebra systems. Support for MathML is included in the EPUB 3.0
specification.
* Other criticisms of EPUB were the specification's lack of detail
on linking within or between EPUB books, and its lack of a
specification for annotation. Such linking is hindered by the use
of a ZIP file as the container for EPUB. Furthermore, it was
unclear if it would be better to link by using EPUB's internal
structural markup (the OPF specification mentioned above) or
directly to files through the ZIP's file structure.^[21] The lack
of a standardized way to annotate EPUB books led to difficulty in
sharing and transferring annotations and therefore limited the
use scenarios of EPUB, particularly in educational settings,
because it cannot provide a level of interactivity comparable to
the web.^[22]
On June 26, 2014, the IDPF published EPUB 3.0.1 as a final
Recommended Specification.^[23]
In November 2014, EPUB 3.0 was published by the International
Standards Organization as ISO/IEC TS 30135 (parts 1-7).^[24]
In January 2020, EPUB 3.0.1 was published by the International
Standards Organization as ISO/IEC 23736 (parts 1-6).^[25]
Version 3.2[edit]
EPUB 3.2 was announced in 2018,^[26] and the final specification was
released in 2019.^[27] A notable change is the removal of a
specialized subset of CSS, enabling the use of non-epub-prefixed
properties. The references to HTML and SVG standards are also updated
to "newest version available", as opposed to a fixed version in time.
^[28]
Features[edit]
The format and many readers support the following:
* Reflowable document: optimize text for a particular display
* Fixed-layout content:^[29] pre-paginated content can be useful
for certain kinds of highly designed content, such as illustrated
books intended only for larger screens, such as tablets.^[30]
* Like an HTML web site, the format supports inline raster and
vector images, metadata, and CSS styling.
* Page bookmarking
* Passage highlighting and notes
* A library that stores books and can be searched
* Re-sizable fonts, and changeable text and background colors
* Support for a subset of MathML^[31]
* Digital rights management--can contain digital rights management
(DRM) as an optional layer^[32]
Digital rights management[edit]
An EPUB file can optionally contain DRM as an additional layer, but
it is not required by the specifications.^[32] In addition, the
specification does not name any particular DRM system to use, so
publishers can choose a DRM scheme to their liking. However, future
versions of EPUB (specifically OCF) may specify a format for DRM.^
[17]
The EPUB specification does not enforce or suggest a particular DRM
scheme. This could affect the level of support for various DRM
systems on devices and the portability of purchased e-books.
Consequently, such DRM incompatibility may segment the EPUB format
along the lines of DRM systems, undermining the advantages of a
single standard format and confusing the consumer.^[33]^[34]^[35]^
[36]^[37]^[38]
DRMed EPUB files must contain a file called rights.xml within the
META-INF directory at the root level of the ZIP container.^[17]^[
clarification needed]
Adoption[edit]
EPUB is widely used on software readers such as Google Play Books on
Android and Apple Books on iOS and macOS, but not by Amazon Kindle's
e-readers or associated apps for other platforms. Kindle uses mainly
the Mobipocket (MOBI) format, or their proprietary formats AZW, AZW3
or KFX. iBooks also supports the proprietary iBook format, which is
based on the EPUB format but depends upon code from the iBooks app to
function.^[39]
EPUB is a popular format for electronic data interchange because it
can be an open format and is based on HTML, as opposed to Amazon's
proprietary format for Kindle readers. Popular EPUB producers of
public domain and open licensed content include Project Gutenberg,
PubMed Central, SciELO and others.
Security and privacy concerns[edit]
EPUB requires readers to support the HTML5, JavaScript, CSS, SVG
formats, making EPUB readers use the same technology as web browsers.
Such formats are associated with various types of security issues and
privacy-breaching behaviors e.g. Web beacons, CSRF, XSHM due to their
complexity and flexibility.
Such vulnerabilities can be used to implement Web tracking and
Cross-device tracking on EPUB files^[40] ^[41] ^[42]
Security researchers also identified attacks leading to local files
and other user data being uploaded.^[43]^[44]
The "EPUB 3.1 Overview" document provides a security warning:
Authors need to be aware that scripting in an EPUB Publication
can create security considerations that are different from
scripting within a Web browser. For example, typical same-origin
policies are not applicable to content that has been downloaded
to a user's local system. Therefore, it is strongly encouraged
that scripting be limited to container constrained contexts^[45]
EPUB also requires PNG, JPEG and GIF.
Implementation[edit]
An EPUB file is an archive that contains, in effect, a website. It
includes HTML files, images, CSS style sheets, and other assets. It
also contains metadata. EPUB 3.2 is the latest version. By using
HTML5, publications can contain video, audio, and interactivity, just
like websites in web browsers.^[30]
Container[edit]
An EPUB publication is delivered as a single file. This file is an
unencrypted zipped archive containing a set of interrelated
resources.^[46]
An OCF (Open Container Format) Abstract Container defines a file
system model for the contents of the container. The file system model
uses a single common root directory for all contents in the
container. All (non-remote) resources for publications are in the
directory tree headed by the container's root directory, though EPUB
mandates no specific file system structure for this. The file system
model includes a mandatory directory named META-INF that is a direct
child of the container's root directory. META-INF stores
container.xml.
The first file in the archive must be the mimetype file. It must be
unencrypted and uncompressed so that non-ZIP utilities can read the
mimetype. The mimetype file must be an ASCII file that contains the
string "application/epub+zip". This file provides a more reliable way
for applications to identify the mimetype of the file than just the
.epub extension.^[46]
An example file structure:
--ZIP Container--
mimetype
META-INF/
container.xml
OEBPS/
content.opf
chapter1.xhtml
ch1-pic.png
css/
style.css
myfont.otf
toc.ncx
There must be a META-INF directory containing container.xml. This
file points to the file defining the contents of the book, the OPF
file, though additional alternative rootfile elements are allowed.^
[46] Apart from mimetype and META-INF/container.xml, the other files
(OPF, NCX, XHTML, CSS and images files) are traditionally put in a
directory named OEBPS. An example container.xml:
Publication[edit]
The ePUB container must contain:^[47]
* At least one content document.
* One navigation document.
* One package document listing all publication resources. This file
should use the file extension .opf. It contains metadata, a
manifest, fallback chains, bindings, and a spine. This is an
ordered sequence of ID references defining the default reading
order.
The ePUB container may contain:
* Style sheets
* Pronunciation Lexicon Specification (PLS) documents
* Media overlay documents
Contents[edit]
Content documents include:^[48] HTML 5 content, navigation documents,
SVG documents, scripted content documents, and fixed layout
documents. Contents also include CSS and PLS documents. Navigation
documents supersedes the NCX grammar used in EPUB 2.
Media overlays[edit]
Books with synchronized audio narration are created in EPUB 3 by
using media overlay documents to describe the timing for the
pre-recorded audio narration and how it relates to the EPUB Content
Document markup. The file format for Media Overlays is defined as a
subset of SMIL.^[49]
Software[edit]
EPUB reader software exists for all major computing platforms, such
as Adobe Digital Editions and calibre on desktop platforms, Google
Play Books and Aldiko on Android and iOS, and Apple Books on macOS
and iOS. There is also cross-platform editor software for creating
EPUB files, including the open source programs calibre and Sigil.
Most modern web browsers also support EPUB reader plugins. The
Microsoft Edge browser had EPUB reader capability built in until
September 2019.^[50]
Reading and creation software[edit]
See also: Comparison of Android e-reader software and Category:EPUB
readers
The following software can read and display EPUB files:
Reading systems and software^[19]
DRM
Software License Platform formats Notes
supported
Microsoft Requires
Windows, Adobe online
Adobe Digital Editions Proprietary Apple Mac OS Content activation
X, Android, Server for EPUB
iOS files with
DRM.
Adobe Supports
Aldiko Proprietary Android Content EPUB for
Server Android
devices.
Supports
EPUB 2 and
EPUB 3.
FairPlay^ Books not
Apple Books Proprietary OS X, iOS [51] readable
directly on
computers
other than
Macs.
Adobe Supports
Bluefire Reader Proprietary Apple iOS, Content EPUB for
Android Server Android and
iOS devices.
Primarily
for library
management,
conversion,
and
Windows, OS transferring
calibre GPL X, Linux None to devices,
it includes
an EPUB
reader and
editor.
"About".
Calibre.
Windows,
FBReader Proprietary Linux, None
^[52] Android,
PDAs, OS X
Supports
Foliate GPL Linux None also Mobi,
AZW(3)
Supports
Web downloading
Google Play Books Proprietary application, Lektz DRM purchased
Android, books as
Apple iOS EPUB and/or
PDF.
Supports
Kitabu Proprietary OS X None ePub3,
ePub2, fixed
layout.
Windows, OS
X, Android, Adobe Supports
Kobo Proprietary Apple iOS, Content EPUB 2 and
Kobo eReader Server EPUB 3.
Software,
Supports
also Mobi,
Lector GPL Linux None AZW(3/4),
CBR/CBZ,
PDF, DjVu,
FB2
eBook
Readers for
PDF, ePUB/2
and ePUB3
Web providing
application, uniform
Google experience
Lektz Readers Proprietary Android, OS Lektz across
X, iOS, different
Windows platforms -
iOS,
Android,
Windows PC,
Mac Desktop
and Web.
Windows, Free app for
Android, eBooks and
Libby Proprietary Apple macOS, audiobooks
iOS, iPadOS from local
libraries.
Ebook reader
add-on with
annotations
for Firefox.
Supports
open
Windows, OS standard
Lucifox GPL X, Linux None ebooks in
EPUB 3- and
EPUB 2
format and
retrieval of
books from
OPDS book
catalogues.
Okular GPL Windows, OS
X, Linux
Supports
downloading
Adobe purchased
All Web Content books as
browsers, Server EPUB and/or
Snapplify Proprietary Apple iOS, Snapplify PDF.
Android SnappSafe Supports
DRM PDF, ePUB2
and ePUB3
standard of
e-books.
Windows, Free app for
Android, eBooks and
Sora Proprietary Apple macOS, audiobooks
iOS, iPadOS from
schools.
Supports
many
STDU Viewer Freeware Windows documents
format
including
EPUB.
Adobe Supports
Sumatra PDF GPL Windows Content EPUB for
Server devices.
Creation software
Software Platform License Notes
ABBYY Microsoft Proprietary Version 11 exports to EPUB format.
FineReader Windows
FreeBSD, Support EPUB 2.0 format export
Abiword Linux, GPL since 2.9.1 release^[53]
Windows
Exports to EPUB format. Versions
prior to 5.5 create EPUBs that
Adobe Windows, require significant editing to
InDesign OS X Proprietary pass ePubCheck or ePubPreFlight.
As from InDesign CC 2014, InDesign
can export in ePub3 fixed-layout
format.
Adobe Windows Unknown Online documentation tool that
RoboHelp supports export to EPUB format
Atlantis Windows, Converts any document to EPUB;
Word Portable Shareware supports multilevel TOCs, font
Processor app embedding, and batch conversion.
Book production platform that
outputs to many formats, including
Booktype Web GPL EPUB. The platform can import
content in various formats and
supports collaborative editing.
Conversion software and e-book
Windows, organizer. Allows plugins,
calibre OS X, GPL including for editing EPUB files;
FreeBSD, there is for instance a plugin to
Linux merge several EPUB files into one.
^[54]
The eLesson Markup Language is a
Windows, platform-independent XML-based
OS X, open source framework to create
eLML FreeBSD, Unknown eLearning content. It supports
Linux various output formats like SCORM,
HTML, PDF and also eBooks based on
the EPUB format.
Free cloud service for downloading
Feedbooks Web Unknown public domain works and for
self-publishing.
Help & Single source publishing tool that
Manual Windows Proprietary generates EPUB amongst several
other documentation formats.
Free for
personal Help authoring tool that generates
HelpNDoc Windows use, EPUB files and other formats.
commercial
otherwise.
Desktop publishing and page layout
application. Free from Apple. Can
export .ibooks format, which is a
proprietary format based on EPUB.^
[55] There are restrictions on the
iBooks OS X Unknown commercial distribution of works
Author created with iBooks in the .ibooks
format.^[56] These restrictions
apply to the .ibooks format only^
[57] and it can be argued that a
file renamed to .epub is not
distributed in the .ibooks format.
iStudio OS X Proprietary Desktop publishing and page layout
Publisher application.
Mozilla Text processor with a
Public functionality to export as EPUB3
Windows, License, format since version 6.0. Also
LibreOffice OS X, GNU Lesser allowed to export as EPUB format
Linux General via installing extension, such as
Public eLaix.^[58]
License
Converts .doc, .docx, or PDF
Lulu.com Web Proprietary manuscripts to an EPUBin order
that they may be sold on the
Website in question.
Madcap Windows Proprietary Single source publishing tool that
Flare can export content as EPUB.
OS X, oXygen XML editor is the first
oXygen XML Windows, tool that supports creating,
Editor FreeBSD, Proprietary transforming, and validating the
Linux documents that comprise the EPUB
package.
Word processor (part of the iWork
Pages OS X Unknown '09 suite) that can export to EPUB
format (Pages '09 only, and only
with the iWork 9.0.4 update).
Pages Apple iOS Unknown Word processor for mobile devices
that can export to EPUB format
Pandoc Unix-like, GPLv2 Can convert to and from EPUB
Windows versions 2 and 3
Native EPUB-based word processor.
Playwrite OS X Proprietary Native to EPUB 3 with EPUB 2
compatibility.
OS X, Desktop publishing tool, page
QuarkXPress Windows Proprietary layout application. Exports also
to the EPUB format.
Desktop publishing program that
can export to the EPUB 2 and EPUB
3 format. Comes with built-in
output conversion profiles for
Serif Windows Proprietary targeting specific devices, as
PagePlus well as generic devices. Also
includes pre-tested blank eBook
templates, or can open and edit
existing PDF files and publish as
EPUB.
Program for writers. Includes
Scrivener Windows, Proprietary organization capabilities for
OS X fiction writers. Publishes to
multiple formats.
Windows, Can open and edit EPUB books,
FreeBSD, instead of just converting from
Sigil Linux, OS GPL other formats to EPUB. Since
X version 0.7, supports embedding
video or audio in EPUB.^[59]
Windows, Can be used to create educational
eXeLearning Linux, OS GPL interactive Web content, HTML5,
X IMS, SCORM and EPUB3 books^[60]
Mellel OS X Proprietary Word processor application, can
export its documents to EPUB^[61]
Notes[edit]
1. ^ For a table of the required XHTML modules and a description of
the restrictions, see "Section 2.2", ePub OPS 2.0.1
(specification draft), IDPF.
2. ^ For a table of supported properties and detailed information,
see "Section 3.0", ePub OPS 2.0.1 (specification draft), IDPF.
3. ^ For a full listing of metadata, see "Section 2.2", ePub OPF
2.0.1 (specification draft), IDPF.
4. ^ A list of possible values for type is in "Section 2.6", ePub
OPDF 2.0.1 (specification draft), IDPF.
5. ^ Detailed descriptions of the differences between 3.0 and 2.0.1
can be found on ePub 3.0 spec changes, IDPF.
References[edit]
1. ^ "Specifications". IDPF. Archived from the original on July 6,
2017. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
2. ^ "OPS 2.0 Elevated to Official IDPF Standard". IDPF. eBooklyn.
Oct 15, 2007.
3. ^ "Endorsement of EPUB 3". BISG. Book Industry Study Group.
2012-08-06. Archived from the original on 2016-04-17. Retrieved
2020-05-05.
4. ^ "The Different Ebook Formats Explained: EPUB, MOBI, AZW, IBA,
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February 21, 2011.
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2011.
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External links[edit]
* ISO/IEC TS 30135-1:2014 - EPUB3 -- Part 1: EPUB3 Overview
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