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Zooko's triangle

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[220px-Zooko]
 
Zooko's triangle defines the three desirable traits of a network
protocol identifier as Human-meaningful, Decentralized and Secure.

Zooko's triangle is a trilemma of three properties that are generally
considered desirable for names of participants in a network protocol:
^[1]

  * Human-meaningful: Meaningful and memorable (low-entropy) names
    are provided to the users.
  * Secure: The amount of damage a malicious entity can inflict on
    the system should be as low as possible.
  * Decentralized: Names correctly resolve to their respective
    entities without the use of a central authority or service.

[ ]

Contents

  * 1 Overview
  * 2 Solutions
  * 3 See also
  * 4 References
  * 5 External links

Overview[edit]

Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn conjectured that no single kind of name can
achieve more than two. For example: DNSSec offers a decentralized,
human-meaningful naming scheme, but is not secure against compromise
by the root; .onion addresses and bitcoin addresses are secure and
decentralized but not human-meaningful; and I2P uses name translation
services which are secure (as they run locally) and provide
human-meaningful names - but fail to provide unique entities when
used globally in a decentralised network without authorities.

Solutions[edit]

Several systems which exhibit all three properties of Zooko's
triangle have now been created, including:

  * Computer scientist Nick Szabo's paper "Secure Property Titles
    with Owner Authority" illustrated that all three properties can
    be achieved up to the limits of Byzantine fault tolerance.^[2]
  * Activist Aaron Swartz described a naming system based on Bitcoin
    employing Bitcoin's distributed blockchain as a proof-of-work to
    establish consensus of domain name ownership.^[3] These systems
    remain vulnerable to Sybil attack,^[4] but are secure under
    Byzantine assumptions.

Several platforms implement refutations of Zooko's conjecture,
including: Twister (which use Swartz' system with a bitcoin-like
system), Blockstack (separate blockchain), Namecoin (separate
blockchain),Monero OpenAlias^[5] and Ethereum Name Service.

See also[edit]

  * Petname
  * GNU Name System

References[edit]

 1. ^ Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn. "Names: Decentralized, Secure,
    Human-Meaningful: Choose Two". Archived from the original on 20
    October 2001.
 2. ^ Nick Szabo, Secure Property Titles, 1998
 3. ^ Aaron Swartz, Squaring the Triangle: Secure, Decentralized,
    Human-Readable Names, Aaron Swartz, 6 January 2011
 4. ^ Dan Kaminsky, Spelunking the Triangle: Exploring Aaron Swartz's
    Take On Zooko's Triangle, 13 January 2011
 5. ^ Monero core team (19 September 2014). "OpenAlias". Retrieved 3
    February 2015.

External links[edit]

  * Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn, Names: Decentralized, Secure,
    Human-Meaningful: Choose Two - the essay highlighting this
    difficulty
  * Marc Stiegler, An Introduction to Petname Systems - a clear
    introduction
  * Nick Szabo, Secure Property Titles - argues that all three
    properties can be achieved up to the limits of Byzantine fault
    tolerance.
  * Bob Wyman, The Persistence of Identity: Updating Zooko's Pyramid
  * Paul Crowley, Squaring Zooko's Triangle
  * Aaron Swartz, Squaring the Triangle using a technique from
    Bitcoin

                              * v
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                 Object-capability security
                        * Principle of least privilege (PoLP)
                        * Confused deputy problem
                        * Ambient authority
                        * File descriptor
                        * C-list
      Concepts          * Object-capability model
                        * Capability-based security
                        * Capability-based addressing
                        * Zooko's triangle
                        * Petnames

                        * Hydra
                        * NLTSS
                        * KeyKOS
                        * EROS
                        * CapROS
     OS kernels         * iMAX 432
                        * Midori
                        * seL4
                        * Genode
                        * Fuchsia
                        * Capsicum

                        * Joule
                        * E
Programming languages   * Joe-E
                        * Cajita

    File systems        * Tahoe-LAFS

                        * Flex
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Specialised hardware    * Cambridge CAP
                        * IBM System/38
                        * Intel iAPX 432
                        * BiiN

*
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=
Zooko%27s_triangle&oldid=1007359515"
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