The Project Gutenberg eBook of Early European History, by Hutton Webster

[25] Or Noncomformists. This name is still applied to English Protestants not members of the Anglican Church.

[27] Whig had originally been applied to rebellious Presbyterians in Scotland; Tory had designated Roman Catholic outlaws in Ireland.

[32] Many important corrections were embodied in the Revised Version, published in 1881-1885 A.D. by a committee of English scholars.

APPENDIX

TABLE OF EVENTS AND DATES

Before 1000 B.C., and in some instances even later, nearly all dates must be regarded as merely approximate.

THE ORIENT

B.C.

   3400 Menes, king of Egypt
   3000-2500 The pyramid kings
   2000 Hammurabi, king of Babylonia
   1800-1600 Rule of the Hyksos in Egypt
   1292-1225 Rameses II, king of Egypt
   1035-925 The undivided Hebrew monarchy
                         Saul, 1035-1015
                         David, 985-955
                         Solomon, 955-925
    925-722 Kingdom of Israel
    925-586 Kingdom of Judea
    722-705 Sargon II, king of Assyria
    705-681 Sennacherib, king of Assyria
    606 Destruction of Nineveh
    604-561 Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylonia
    553-465 Persian kings
                         Cyrus the Great, 553-529
                         Cambyses, 529-522
                         Darius I, 521-485
                         Xerxes I, 485-465
    539 Capture of Babylon by Cyrus the Great

GREECE

B.C.

   1600-1100 The Aegean Age
   1100-750 Homeric Age
    776 First recorded Olympiad
    750-500 Period of colonial expansion
    594-593 Reforms of Solon
    560-527 Tyranny of Pisistratus
    508-507 Reforms of Clisthenes
    499-493 Ionian Revolt
    490 Battle of Marathon
    480 Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis
    479 Battles of Plataea and Mycale
    477-454 Delian League
    461-429 Age of Pericles
    431-404 The Peloponnesian War
    404-371 Spartan supremacy
    401-400 Expedition of the "Ten Thousand"
    371-362 Supremacy of Thebes
    371 Battle of Leuctra
    362 Battle of Mantinea
    359-336 Philip II, king of Macedonia
    338 Battle of Chaeronea
    336-323 Reign of Alexander the Great
    335 Destruction of Thebes
    334 Battle of the Granicus
    333 Battle of Issus
    332 Siege of Tyre; founding of Alexandria
    331 Battle of Arbela
    323 Death of Alexander

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

B.C.

753(?) Founding of Rome 753(?)-509(?) Legendary Roman kings 509(?) Establishment of the republic 449 Laws of the Twelve Tables 390(?) Battle of the Allia; capture of Rome by the Gauls 340-338 Latin War; dissolution of the Latin League 327-290 Samnite Wars 281-272 War between Rome and Tarentum; invasion of Pyrrhus 264-241 First Punic War 218-201 Second Punic War 216 Battle of Cannae 202 Battle of Zama 201 Peace between Rome and Carthage 197 Macedonia becomes a dependent ally of Rome 190 Syria becomes a dependent ally of Rome 149-146 Third Punic War 146 Destruction of Carthage and Corinth; Africa and Macedonia become Roman provinces 133 Acquisition of the province of Asia; final subjugation of Spain 133 Tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus 123-122 Tribunate of Gaius Gracchus 112-106 Jugurthine War 102-101 Invasion of the Germans 90-88 The Social War 88-84 War with Mithridates 83-82 Civil War between Marius and Sulla 82-79 Dictatorship of Sulla 70 Impeachment of Verres 67 Pompey and the war with the pirates 63 Conspiracy of Catiline 60-53 First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar 58-50 Conquest of Gaul by Caesar 53 Defeat of Crassus by the Parthians at Carrhae 48 Battle of Pharsalus 44 Assassination of Caesar 43 Second Triumvirate: Lepidus, Antony, and Octavian 42 Battles of Philippi 31 Battle of Actium

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

    31 B.C.-68 A.D. The Julian and Claudian Caesars
                         Augustus, 31 B.C.-I4 A.D.
                         Tiberius, 14-37
                         Gaius (Caligula), 37-41
                         Claudius, 41-54
                         Nero 54-68
    27 Octavian receives the title Augustus
     4(?) Birth of Christ

A.D.

    43-85 Conquest of Britain
    64 The Great Fire in Rome; Nero's persecution of the
                         Christians
    68-69 The year of military revolution; Galba, Otho, and
                          Vitellius emperors
    69-96 The Flavian Caesars
                         Vespasian, 69-79
                         Titus, 79-81
                         Domitian, 81-96
    70 Capture of Jerusalem by Titus
    79 Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum
    96-180 The "Good Emperors"
                         Nerva, 96-98
                         Trajan, 98-117
                         Hadrian, 117-138
                         Antoninus Pius, 138-161
                         Marcus Aurelius, 161-180
   101-106 Conquest of Dacia by Trajan
   180-284 The "Soldier Emperors"
                         Commodus, 180-192
                         Septimius Severus, 193-211
                         Aurelian, 270-275
   212 Edict of Caracalla
   227 Rise of the Sassanian or New Persian Empire
   284 Reorganization of the Roman Empire by Diocletian
   284-395 The "Absolute Emperors"
                         /Diocletian, 284-305
                         \Maximian, 286-305
                         Constantine I, 306-337
                           (sole emperor, 324-337)
                         Julian, 361-363
                         Theodosius I (East), 379-395
   311 Edict of Galerius
   312 Battle of the Milvian Bridge
   313 Edict of Milan
   325 Council of Nicaea
   326 330 Removal of the capital to Constantinople
   376 The Visigoths cross the Danube
   378 Battle of Adrianople
   395 Death of Theodosius I
   410 Capture of Rome by Alaric
   415-711 Visigothic kingdom in Spain (in Gaul, 415-507)
   429-534 Vandal kingdom in Africa
   443-534 Kingdom of the Burgundians
   449 Invasion of Britain by the Anglo-Saxons
   451 Battle of Châlons
   455 Sack of Rome by the Vandals
   476 Deposition of Romulus Angustulus

THE MIDDLE AGES

486 Clovis defeats the Romans at Soissons 493-553 Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy 496 Clovis accepts Christianity 527-565 Justinian, Roman emperor in the East 529(?) Rule of St. Benedict 568-774 Lombards in Italy 590-604 Pontificate of Gregory the Great 597 Augustine's mission to the Anglo-Saxons 610-641 Heraclius, Roman emperor in the East 622 The Hegira 632-661 The "Orthodox Caliphs" 661-750 The Ommiad Caliphs 711 Arabs and Berbers invade Spain 716-717 Siege of Constantinople by the Arabs 732 Battle of Tours 750-1058 The Abbassid Caliphs 768-814 Reign of Charlemagne 800 Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the Romans 829 England united under Egbert 843 Treaty of Verdun 862(?) Northmen under Ruric settle in Russia 870 Treaty of Mersen 871-901(?) Reign of Alfred the Great 911 Northmen settle in northwestern France (Normandy) 962 Otto the Great crowned Holy Roman Emperor 982 Greenland discovered 987-996 Reign of Hugh Capet 988 Christianity introduced into Russia 1000(?) Vinland discovered 1016 England conquered by Canute 1054 Final rupture of Greek and Roman churches 1066 Battle of Hastings; Norman conquest of England 1066-1087 William I, the Conqueror, king of England 1073-1085 Pontificate of Gregory VII 1077 Humiliation of Henry IV at Canossa 1090-1153 St. Bernard 1095-1291 The Crusades 1095 Council of Clermont 1099 Capture of Jerusalem 1147-1149 Second Crusade 1189-1192 Third Crusade 1202-1204 Fourth Crusade; sack of Constantinople 1204-1261 Latin Empire of Constantinople 1291 Fall of Acre; end of the crusades 1122 Concordat of Worms 1152-1190 Reign of Frederick I, Barbarossa 1154-1189 Henry II, king of England 1180-1223 Philip II, Augustus, king of France 1181(?)-1226 St. Francis of Assisi 1198-1216 Pontificate of Innocent III 1206-1227 Mongol conquests under Jenghiz Khan 1215 Magna Carta 1226-1270 Louis IX, the Saint, king of France 1230 Union of Léon and Castile 1237-1240 Mongol conquest of Russia 1254-1273 The Interregnum 1261 Fall of Latin Empire of Constantinople 1271-1295 Travels of Marco Polo 1272-1307 Edward I, king of England 1273 Rudolf of Hapsburg becomes Holy Roman Emperor 1285-1314 Philip IV, the Fair, king of France 1291 First Swiss Confederation 1295 "Model Parliament" of Edward I 1309-1377 "Babylonian Captivity" of the Papacy 1314 Battle of Bannockburn 1337-1453 Hundred Years' War 1346 Battle of Crécy 1356 Battle of Poitiers 1429 Joan of Arc appears 1348-1349 Black Death in Europe 1378-1417 The "Great Schism" 1381 Peasants' Revolt in England 1396 Greek first taught at Florence 1405 Death of Timur the Lame 1415 John Huss burned

TRANSITION TO MODERN TIMES

1453 Constantinople captured by the Ottoman Turks 1455-1485 War of the Roses 1461-1483 Louis XI, king of France 1462-1505 Ivan III, the Great, tsar of Russia 1476 Caxton's printing press set up in England 1479 Castile and Aragon united under Ferdinand and Isabella 1485-1509 Henry VII, king of England 1488 Cape of Good Hope rounded by Diaz 1492 America discovered by Columbus 1497 North America rediscovered by John Cabot 1498 Vasco da Gama reaches India 1513 Discovery of the Pacific by Balboa 1517-1555 Reformation in Germany 1517 The Ninety-five Theses 1520 Burning of the papal bull 1521 Edict of Worms 1555 Peace of Augsburg 1519-1521 Mexico conquered by Cortés 1519-1522 Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe 1519-1556 Reign of Charles V 1531-1537 Peru conquered by Pizarro 1533-1558 Reformation in England 1534 Jesuit order founded by Loyola 1545-1563 Council of Trent 1556-1598 Reign of Philip II 1558-1603 Elizabeth, queen of England 1568-1609 Revolt of the Netherlands 1571 Battle of Lepanto 1572 Massacre of St. Bartholomew 1579 Union of Utrecht 1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1589-1610 Henry IV, king of France 1598 Edict of Nantes 1600 English East India Company chartered 1603-1625 Reign of James I 1607 Colonization of Virginia; Jamestown founded 1611 Authorized Version of the Bible 1618-1648 Thirty Years' War 1625-1649 Reign of Charles I 1628 The Petition of Right 1630-1640 Puritan exodus to Massachusetts 1640 Meeting of the Long Parliament 1642-1649 The Great Rebellion 1643-1715 Louis XIV, king of France 1648 Peace of Westphalia 1649 Execution of Charles I 1649-1660 The Commonwealth and the Protectorate 1651 First Navigation Act 1660 Restoration of Charles II 1688-1689 The "Glorious Revolution" 1692 Salem witchcraft persecution 1702-1713 War of the Spanish Succession 1713 Peace of Utrecht 1744-1748 "King George's War" 1754-1763 "French and Indian War" 1763 Peace of Paris

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY EUROPEAN HISTORY ***

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APPENDIX

TABLE OF EVENTS AND DATES

THE ORIENT

B.C.

GREECE

B.C.

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

B.C.

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

A.D.

THE MIDDLE AGES

TRANSITION TO MODERN TIMES

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