INDEX.
VOLUME I.
- Abbot, M. L. (and Humphreys, A. A.), 106, 202
- Abrasion,
- by ice, 281
- by streams, 119
- by waves, 342
- by wind, 38
- Abysmal fauna, 671
- Abysmal sea, 326
- Accretion hypothesis,
- internal temperature on, 564, 567
- recombination of material on, 568
- Actinolite, 447, 460
- Adams, F. D., 474
- Adjustment of streams,
- structural, 146, 150
- topographic, 162, 163, 197
- Adobe, 467
- Agassiz, 366, 604
- Agassiz, L., 321, 322, 323, 366
- Agate, 460
- Agate structure, 436
- Agglomerate, 434, 467
- Aggradation,
- by ice, 298
- by streams, 2, 177
- by wind, 25
- in sea, 333, 355
- Aggrading streams, characteristics, 179, 187
- Airy, Sir G., 341
- Alabaster, 460
- Albite, 400, 460
- Alferric rocks, 454
- Algæ,
- geologic contribution of, 653
- influence on precipitation, 225
- Alkalicalcic rocks, 458
- Alluvial cone, 181–3
- growth, 181
- levees, 182
- Alluvial deposits, 177–96
- Alluvial fans, 181–3
- Alluvial plains, 181, 184–96
- material of, 196
- origin of, 184, 185
- piedmont, 183
- topography of, 196
- Alluviation, 181, 196, 467
- ill-defined, 183
- Alpine glaciers, 251
- Alps,
- crustal shortening involved in formation of, 549, 576
- structure, 504, 507
- Amber, 646
- Amethyst, 460
- Amphibole, 460
- Amphiboles, 400
- Amygdaloid, 411, 467
- Analcite, 460
- Analyses,
- American river-waters, 107
- American spring-waters, 235
- rain-waters, 107
- river-waters, 106, 107, 108
- sea-water, 324
- waters of enclosed lakes, 392
- Anamorphism, 446
- Andalusite, 460
- Andes, snow-line in, 246
- Andesine, 400, 460
- Andesite, 467
- Angiosperms, 657
- Anhydrite, 460
- Animal kingdom,
- geologic contribution of, 658–63
- synopsis of, 659
- Anorthite, 460
- Anorthosite, 467
- Antarctica, snow-line in, 246
- Antecedent streams, 169, 173
- Anthracite, 426, 460
- Anticlinal valleys, 159
- Anticline, 504
- plunging, 155, 157, 506
- Anticlinoria, 504
- Antimony, 460
- Apatite, 460
- Aphanite, 451, 452, 467
- Aplite, 415
- Appalachian Riser, 173
- Appalachians,
- crustal shortening due to folding, 549
- extent of piracy in, 169
- peculiarities of drainage, 169
- rejuvenation of streams in, 165
- stream adjustment in, 147
- Aqueous rocks, 467
- Aragonite, 460
- Archean complex, 18
- Arch of earth’s crust, strength of, 582
- Archeozoic era, 19
- Arenaceous rocks, 468
- Arid regions, erosion in, 131
- Argillite, 448, 468
- Arkose, 422, 468, 645
- Artesian wells, 242
- Arthropoda, geologic contribution of, 662
- Asiderites, 5
- Asphaltum, 460
- Asteroids, 661
- Astronomic geology, 1, 2
- Atlantic coastal plain, 587
- Atmosphere, 5
- affected by life, 639, 640
- carbonation by, 43
- chemical work of, 41–43
- evaporation and precipitation, 50
- fluctuations in composition, 639–44
- geologic activity of, 6, 21–43
- mass and extent, 6
- mechanical work of, 21–41
- oxidation by, 42
- thermal effects of, 7
- Atmospheric electricity, 43, 52
- Atmospheric precipitation, amount of, 51
- Augite, 400, 429, 461
- Augitite, 468
- Autoclastic rock, 444
- Australia, fauna of, 668
- Babb, C. C., 107
- Bad-lands, 93, 130
- Badger Mountain, 231
- Bain, H. F., 67, 474
- Barbadoes earth, 661
- Barite, 461
- Barrier, the, 356
- Bars, 181, 357
- Barus, Carl, 562, 563
- Basalt, 417, 452, 468
- Basaltic columns, 417
- Base-level, 60, 62, 82, 168
- Cretaceous, 169
- Kiltatinny, 168
- temporary, 84
- Basement complex, 18
- Batholiths, 500, 592
- Bayou, 192
- Bayou lakes, 193
- Bays, origin of, 331, 332
- Beach, the, 355
- Beauxite, 461
- Beck, R., 474
- Becker, G. F., 474
- Bergschrund, 258
- Bertin, 323
- Beryl, 461
- Bighorn Mountains, lateral moraines in, 302
- Biotite, 400, 461
- Bischoff, Gustav, 108
- Bismuth, 461
- “Bittern,” 377
- Bitumen, 461
- Bituminous coal, 426, 468
- Blake, W. P., 474
- Blanford, W. T., 28, 203
- Blood rain, 25
- Blue mud, 380
- Bone beds, 663
- Bonneville lake, 360
- Bonneville shore, 352
- Bottom-set beds, 202
- Bowlders, 468
- Brachiopods, geologic contributions of, 662
- Brahmaputra delta, 203
- Branner, J. C., 489
- Breakers, 341
- force of, 344
- Breccia, 423, 434, 468
- Britannare, 459
- Bronzite, 461
- Bryozoans, geologic contributions of, 662
- Buckley, E. R., 48, 50, 221
- Buhrstone, 468
- Burton (and Milne, J.), 636
- Buttes, 142
- Bysmaliths, 500, 592
- Calcareous springs, 235
- Calcareous tufa, 390
- Calcimiric rocks, 458
- Calcite, 461
- Calc-sinter, 468
- Calumet and Hecla mine, temperature in, 569
- Calvin, S., 88, 204, 373, 389
- Campbell, M. R., 167, 171, 173
- Camphene, 646
- Cannel coal, 468
- Canoe-shaped valleys, 155
- Canyons, 94–100
- Colorado, 98, 233
- Niagara, 99
- Yellowstone, 100
- Carbonation, 43, 429
- Carbon dioxide,
- amount in air, 5, 640
- and plant-life, 665
- climatic effects of, 643
- loss of, 640
- supply of, 618, 640
- Cascade, 264
- Cassiterite, 461
- Catlinite, 461
- Causes of crustal movement, 551–557
- Caverns (see Caves)
- Caves, 143, 227–231
- deposits in, 228
- Mammoth, 227
- sea, 350
- Wyandotte, 227
- Cazin, F. M. F., 474
- Cementation,
- effected through chemical precipitation, 222, 225, 226
- effected through evaporation, 42
- Cephalopods, geologic contributions of, 662
- Chalcedony, 461
- Chalk, 468, 660
- Challenger deep, 587, 588
- Chalybeate springs, 235
- Chamberlin, T. C., 23, 242, 256, 322, 477, 565, 668
- Changes of level, 537–551
- caused by earthquakes, 536
- causes of, 551–557
- effect on drainage, 161
- sea versus land, 538
- Changes of temperature,
- conditions affecting, 45
- effect on rocks, 44, 49
- internal (see Internal temperatures)
- Charleston earthquake, 530
- Chatter marks, 284
- Chemical combination, cause of crustal movement, 556
- Chemical deposits, 222–26
- in deep sea, 383
- in lakes, 391
- in shallow sea, 374–378
- Chemical work of atmosphere, 41–43
- Chemical work of life, 638–46
- Chert, 426, 468
- Chiastolite, 461
- Chimney rocks, 350
- Chlorite, 461
- Chlorite schist, 468
- Chloritic rock, 431
- Chromite, 461
- Chrysolite, 462
- Chrysotile, 462
- Cinder-cones, 608
- Cinders, 405
- Cirques, 286
- Clarke, F. W., 396, 573
- Classification of rocks, 449
- new system of, 451
- Clastic rock, 468
- Clay, 468
- Clay ironstone, 468
- Claypole, E. W., 549
- Cleavage planes and erosion, 125
- development of (see Slate and Schist)
- Cliff glacier, 256
- Climate, influence on erosion, 127–132
- Climatic effects of carbon dioxide, 643
- Climatic effects of life, 643
- Climatic effects of water vapor, 643
- Clinkstone, 468
- Clinometer, 501
- Coal, 468
- Coast-lines 353, 363–6
- effect of gradation on, 333, 363
- effect of subsidence on, 329, 332
- effect of vulcanism on, 332–33
- forms of, 329, 333, 363, 364
- Coast ranges, crustal, shortening due to folding of, 549
- Coasts, natural bridges on, 351
- Cobb, C., 36
- Cœlenterata, geologic contribution of, 661
- Collins, A. L., 474
- Colorado, Canyon of, 98, 233
- Columbia River, 171
- Columnar structure, 498–500
- effect on weathering, 153, 154
- Common springs, 235
- Compression joints, 514
- Concave tracts of crust, 585, 586
- Concretions, 438, 468, 490
- Cones,
- cinder, 608
- composite, 610
- formation of, 608
- geyser, 237
- lava, 608
- spatter, 610
- tufa, 611
- Configuration of coasts, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 353, 363–6
- Conformability, 15
- Conglomerate, 423, 434, 468, 487
- Continental glaziers, 251
- Continental platforms, 11
- relief of, 11
- Continental segments, size of, 547
- Continental shelf, 11
- Continent-forming movements, 544
- Contour interval, 31
- Contour lines, 31
- Convection hypothesis,
- internal heat on, 559
- thermal distribution on, 559
- Cooley, E. G., 195
- Coon Butte, 596
- Copalite, 646
- Coprolites, 646
- Coquina, 469
- Coral mud, 380
- Cornish, V., 26, 28, 29
- Corrasion, 110, 113
- by glaciers, 281–86
- by streams, 119
- by waves, 342–49
- by wind, 38
- effect of sediment on, 120
- Corthell, E. L., 202
- Cosmopolitan faunas, 668
- Coulter, J. M., 667
- Coves, 143
- Cowles, H. C., 35, 667
- Credner, H., 35, 538
- Creep, 231
- Cretaceous base-level, 169
- Crevasses, 264
- Crinoids, 661
- Croll, James, 322, 323, 339
- Crosby, W. O., 513
- Cross-bedding, 373, 487
- Cross-currents, in streams, 117
- Cross, Whitman, 412, 451, 535, 573
- Croton River, material in solution in, 108
- Crustal movements, 526–589
- causes of, 551–57
- differential extent of, 548
- due to chemical changes, 556
- due to cohesion and crystallization, 554
- due to diffusion, 555
- earthquake, 527–33
- minute and rapid, 526
- periodicity of, 517, 539
- resistance to, 557
- slow and massive, 537–59
- Crustal shortening, 548–51
- Crust of earth, 13
- depth of, 14
- varieties of rock in, 14
- Crystalline rocks, types of, 16
- Crystallites, 407
- Crystallization of lava, 401–2
- stages of, 403
- Crystals, enlargement of, 435
- Cut-and-fill, 190, 193
- Cut-off, 191
- Cycle of erosion,
- its stages, 80
- definition of, 82
- recognition of, 164
- Cystoids, 661
- Dacite, 469
- Dale, T. N., 505
- Daly, R. A., 631
- Dana, J. D., 203, 340, 349, 511, 543, 604, 636
- Daniell, A., 572, 573
- Danube River,
- delta of, 202
- material in solution in, 108
- sediment carried by, 107
- Darton, N. H., 41, 50, 53, 94, 135, 154, 494, 570
- Darwin, C., 604, 636, 665
- Darwin, G. H., 534, 561, 576, 579, 583, 604
- Daubree, G. A., 626
- Davis, B. M., 225
- Davis, W. M., 83, 159, 164, 170, 188, 202, 204 210 349,
- and Shaler, N. S., 256
- Davis, C. A., 655
- Davison, C., 527, 538, 561
- DeBeaumont, Eli, 323
- Decarbonation, 429, 430
- DeCharpentier, J., 321, 322, 323
- Deeley, R. M., 322
- Deep-sea deposits, 368, 378–86
- chemical, 383–86
- extra-terrestrial, 381
- inorganic, 380
- manganiferous, 384
- organic, 382
- Deep-sea fauna, 670
- Deposition,
- by glaciers, 298–305
- by streams, 177–204
- by shore currents, 355
- by undertow, 355
- by waves, 355–63
- by wind, 25–37
- Deformation of earth’s crust, 526–89
- causes of, 551–57, 574–89
- relation to distribution of volcanoes, 601, 604, 627, 629
- Deformation of ice, 312
- Degradation, 2
- by water, 58–177
- rate of, 105
- De Launay, L. C., 474
- Delesse, A., 221, 341
- Delessite, 462
- Dells of the Wisconsin, 152
- Delta lakes, 204
- Deltas, 181, 198–204
- bottom set beds, 202
- development, 199
- fore-set beds, 202
- fossil, 203
- in tidal seas, 202
- of the Ganges and Brahmaputra, 202
- of the Hoang-Ho, 202, 203
- of the Mackenzie, 202
- of the Mississippi, 197, 202
- of the Nile, 202
- of the Po, 202
- of the Rhone, 203
- of the Yukon, 202
- rate of growth, 202
- shape, 201
- structure, 198, 199
- top-set beds, 202
- Densities within the earth, on Laplace’s law, 564
- Denudation and volcanic action, 627
- Deoxidation, 427
- Deposition of mineral matter from solution, 50, 225, 428
- at surface, 50, 224
- by ground-water, 224, 428
- in lakes, 387
- in sea, 375, 383
- Deposition of sediment, 66
- by rivers, 177–204
- by wind, 25–38
- in ocean, 355–63, 368–86
- Deposition of drift, at edge of glaciers, 299
- at end glaciers 299
- beneath ice, 298
- Deposits,
- deep-sea, 368, 378–86
- hot springs, 237, 241
- lacustrine, 387
- littoral, 369
- made by animals, 658–63
- made by Arthropoda, 662
- made by Bryophytes, 656
- made by Echinodermata, 661
- made by ice, 298–305
- made by Mollusca, 662
- made by Molluscoidea, 662
- made by Protozoa, 660
- made by Pteridophytes, 657
- made by plant kingdom, 652–58
- made by rivers, 177–204
- made by Spermatophytes, 657
- made by Thallophytes, 653
- made by Vermes, 662
- made by Vertebrata, 663
- made by wind, 25–38
- shallow-water, 369–78
- silicious, 237, 241, 425
- tufa, 237, 241, 473, 611, 653
- Depression and volcanic action, 629
- Depth of the ocean, 7
- greatest, 8, 548
- Diabases, 418, 431, 469
- Diallage, 400, 462
- Diastrophism, 2, 329, 526
- effect on coast lines, 329
- Diatom ooze, 380, 382, 425, 469
- Diffusion,
- in earth’s interior, 555
- cause of crustal movement, 555
- Dikes, 591
- effect on topography, 143
- sandstone, 514
- Diller, J. S., 29, 514
- Diorites, 416, 452, 469
- Dip, 501
- quaquaversal, 504
- Dip-fault, 522
- DiRossi, M. S., 537
- Displacement of fault, 514
- Disruption of rock, due to changes of temperature, 44, 49
- by carbonation, 43
- by hydration, 111
- Distributive fault, 519
- Divides, permanence of, 69
- Docalcic rocks, 458
- Dodge, R. E., 204
- Dofemane, 455
- Dofemic rocks, 454
- Doferrous rocks, 459
- Dohemic rocks, 457
- Dolenic rocks, 456
- Dolerites, 417, 452, 469
- Dolomites, 424, 469
- Domagnesic rocks, 459
- Domalkalic rocks, 458
- Domes of crust, strength of, 581, 582
- Domilic rocks, 582
- Domiric rocks, 458
- Domirlic rocks, 458
- Domitic rocks, 457
- Dopolic rocks, 456
- Dopotassic rocks, 458
- Dopyric rocks, 457
- Doquaric rocks, 456
- Dosalic rocks, 454
- Dosodic rocks, 458
- Dotilic rocks, 457
- Drainage,
- effect of change of level on, 161
- mature, 86
- of glaciers, 273
- old age, 89
- youthful, 86
- Dreikanter, 40
- Drift, 287, 469
- composition of, 304
- deposition of, 298–305
- wear of, in transit, 298
- Drygalski, E. von, 322
- Dump moraine, 301
- Dune areas, topography of, 32
- Dunes, 24–37
- distribution of, 35
- effect of vegetation on, 29
- formation of, 26
- migration of, 33
- shapes of, 26
- slopes of, 29
- Dust,
- volcanic, 22, 23
- wind-blown, 22
- Dust-wells, 269, 280
- Dutton, C. E., 132, 534, 574, 636
- Dynamic geology, 1
- Earth, the,
- as a planet, 2
- constitution, 5
- crust, 13
- deformation of, 526
- dependence on sun, 4
- distance from sun, 3
- inclination of axis, 3
- interior of, 14, 559
- internal heat, 559–74
- motions, 3
- orbit, 3
- tremors of surface, 526
- warpings of crust, 526–89
- Earthquakes, 527–537
- causes of, 527
- destruction of life by, 536
- distribution of, 533
- destructive effects of, 530
- epicentra of, 531
- foci of, 527
- gaseous emanations during, 533
- geologic effects of, 534–537
- Earthquake vibrations, 526
- amplitude of, 529
- Charleston, 534
- Lisbon, 535
- sequences of, 533
- Earth’s crust,
- composition of, 14, 396
- warpings of, 538–551
- Eastman, C. R., 658
- Echinodermata, geologic contributions of, 661
- Echinoids, geologic contributions of, 661
- Economic geology, 1
- Efflorescence, 42
- Elæolite, 462
- Electricity,
- atmospheric, 43
- chemical effects of, 43
- geological effects of, 43, 52
- Ells, R., 443
- Emmons, S. F., 474
- Emmons, W. H., 474, 573, 585
- Englacial drift, 282
- Enlargement of crystals, by secondary growth, 435
- Enstatite, 400, 462
- Eolian rocks, 469
- Epeirogenic movements, 537
- Epicontinental seas, 11, 326
- Epidote, 431, 462
- Equisetæ, geologic contribution of, 657
- Eras, 17–19
- Erosion,
- affected by rotation, 194
- analysis of, 110
- base-level of, 60
- by glaciers, 281–286
- by rain, 57
- by rivers, 56–177
- by undertow, 342, 346
- by waves, 342–349
- by wind, 38
- conditions affecting rate of, by glaciers, 283
- conditions affecting rate of, by running water, 123
- cycle of, 80, 82, 164
- in arid regions, 131
- influenced by climate, 127, 128, 129
- influenced by composition of rock, 124
- influenced by declivity, 123
- influenced by structure, 124, 126
- influenced by vegetation, 129, 644
- sheet, 59
- subaërial, 58
- Erosion and cleavage planes, 125
- Erosion and joints, 125
- Erosion by streams (see Erosion by running water)
- Eruptions, 591
- fissure, 593
- volcanic, 594
- Eskers, 306
- Etna, 605, 610
- discharge of stream from, 636
- Evaporation, 50
- Everett, 578
- Evolution restrictive and expansional, 672
- Exfoliation, 44
- Expansional evolution, 672
- Expansion and contraction,
- due to temperature, 44
- due to wetting and drying, 52
- Extinct lakes, 388
- Extrusive processes, 590–637
- Falb, R., 537
- False bedding, 487
- Faulting and vulcanism, 627
- Faults,
- conditions of, 521
- dip, 522
- displacement, 514
- distributive, 519
- effect on outcrops, 522
- hade, 514
- heave of, 514
- normal, 517
- oblique, 525
- relation to folds, 515
- reversed, 517, 521
- stratigraphic throw, 518
- significance of, 521
- strike, 522
- thrust, 517, 518
- Fault scarp, 514
- Faunas,
- abysmal, 670
- Australian, 668
- cosmopolitan, 668
- deep-sea, 670
- pelagic, 670
- photobathic, 670
- Faunas and floras,
- basis of, 663
- effect of geographic conditions on evolution of, 668
- Feldspar, 462
- Feldspar-leucophyres, 453
- Feldspar-melaphyres, 453
- Feldspathic minerals, 400
- Feldspathoids, 400
- Felsites, 452, 469
- Fenneman, N. M., 339
- Ferguson, A. M., 203
- Ferns, geologic contribution of, 657
- Fiords, 290
- Fisher, O., 561, 565, 574, 581
- Fissure eruptions, 593
- Fletcher, G. (and Deeley, R. M.), 322
- Flints, 426, 469
- Floods, 109
- of the Mississippi, 188
- Flood-plain meanders, 190
- Flood-plains, 184–98
- development of, 165
- materials of, 196
- Mississippi, 194
- relation to terraces, 205
- topography, 196
- Floras and faunas,
- basis of, 663
- effect of geographic conditions on, 668
- Flowering plants, geologic contributions of, 657
- Flowing wells, 234, 242
- Flow structure of lavas, 410
- Fluorite, 462
- Fluvio-glacial work, 305–7
- Folded ranges, distribution of, 543
- Folding and vulcanism, 628
- Folds,
- anticlinal, 504, 505
- effect on valleys, 154
- isoclinal, 504
- synclinal, 504
- Folds and faults, 515
- Foliation of ice, 272
- Foliation of rocks, 443
- Foraminifera, geologic contribution of, 660
- Forbes, J. D., 256, 322
- Forel, F. A., 323, 386
- Fore-set beds, 202
- Formation, 487
- Forster, W. G., 536
- “Fossil” deltas, 203
- Fossils, 16, 646
- a means of correlation, 647
- Fossils and stratigraphy, 647
- Fouqué, F., 635, 636
- Fracture, zone of, 219
- Frank, A. B., 642
- Freestone, 469
- French Broad River, the, 168
- Fulgurites, 52, 469
- Fungi, geologic contribution of, 653
- Gabbroids, 453
- Gabbros, 416, 452, 469
- Galenite, 441
- Ganges River, delta of, 203
- Gangue, 469
- Gannister, 469
- Garnet, 462
- Garnetite, 469
- Gaseous emanations,
- during earthquakes, 533
- from volcanoes, 617
- Gases in volcanic rocks, 619
- Gases, volcanic, 617–623
- amount of, 620
- kinds of, 618, 619
- proportions of, 620, 622
- sources of, 621
- Gastropods, geologic contributions of, 662
- Geantcline, 505
- Geest, 469
- Geikie, A., 203, 224, 344, 534–536, 636
- Geodes, 436, 497
- Geognosy, 1, 5, 393–485
- Geologic effects of earthquakes, 534
- Geologic functions of life, 638
- Geologic processes, man’s influence on, 649
- Geologic time divisions, 19
- Geology,
- astronomic, 1, 2
- atmospheric, 2
- cosmic, 1
- dominant processes of, 2
- dynamic, 1
- economic, 1
- geotectonic, 1, 486
- glacial, 2
- historical, 1
- mining, 1
- paleontologic, 1
- philosophic, 1
- physiographic, 1
- scope of, 1
- structural, 1, 486
- subdivisions of, 1
- George, R. D., 545
- Geosyncline, 505
- Geotectonic geology, 1, 486–525
- Gerber, E., 195
- Gerland, 538
- Geschiebe wall, 300
- Geyserite, 463, 469
- Geysers, 236
- deposits of, 237
- of Yellowstone Park, 239
- period of eruption, 240
- positions of, 241
- Gilbert, G. K., 11, 110, 140, 194, 198, 203, 339, 355, 388, 489, 596
- Glacial débris,
- how carried, 290
- nature of, 286
- shifting position in transit, 292, 293, 294, 296, 297
- Glacial deposits, nature of, 304
- Glacial erosion,
- conditions influencing, 283
- topographic effects of, 287
- Glacial motion, 313–321
- auxiliary elements of, 317
- fundamental element of, 313
- Glacial plucking, 282
- Glaciated rock surfaces, 304
- Glacier ice,
- beginning of movement, 248
- definition of, 250
- granular texture of, 247
- shearing of, 317
- Glacier movement, 259, 313–323
- at low temperature, 279
- effect of water on, 318
- rates, 260, 261
- views of, 321
- Glaciers,
- alpine, 254
- cliff, 256
- compared with rivers, 262
- conditions influencing movement, 261
- constitution, 308
- continental, 251
- crevasses, 264
- deformation, 312
- drainage of, 273, 280
- foliation, 247, 272
- evaporation, 279
- general phenomena, 256
- getting load, 282
- growth of, 308
- growth of granules, 310, 311
- high-latitude, 254
- limits of, 258
- motion in terminal part, 316
- movements of, 259, 279, 313–323
- piedmont, 254
- polar, 254
- rate of movement of, 260, 261
- reconstructed, 256
- stratification of, 247
- structure of, 308
- surface features of, 266
- temperature of, 273–279
- thickening of layers at end, 297
- topography of, 266
- types of, 251
- upturning of ice at ends and edges, 296, 297, 298
- valley, 254
- waste of, 273
- work of, 244, 281
- Glacio-fluvial work, 305–308
- Glass, volcanic, 451
- Glassy rocks, 406
- Glauconite, 384, 386, 463
- Globigerina ooze, 380, 382, 660
- Globulites, 407, 469
- Gneiss, 415, 446, 448, 469
- Gooch, F. A. (and Whitfield, J. E.), 236
- Gorge, 100
- Grad, Ch., 322
- Gradation, 2
- by running water, 56–212
- effect on coast-lines, 334
- in ocean, 334
- Grade, 61
- Graded plain, 82, 169
- Graded valley, 83
- Granitell, 470
- Granites, 413, 452, 469
- Granitite, 470
- Granitoids, 420, 453
- Granulite, 470
- Graphite, 426, 463
- Gravitational energy, 552
- Gravitational force, 552, 553
- Gravity,
- a cause of crustal movements, 552
- effect on erosion, 113
- Gray, T. (and Milne, J.), 578
- Greenland,
- glaciers of, 246
- snow-fields of, 245
- snow-line in, 246
- Green mud, 380
- Greensand, 470
- Greensand marl, 386
- Greenstone, 419, 470
- Greisen, 415, 470
- Greywacke, 470
- Ground ice, 119
- Ground moraine, 301
- Ground-water, 213–243
- affects internal heat, 570
- amount of, 221
- descent of, 213
- fate of, 221
- lower limit of, 216
- movement of, 220
- results of, 226
- solution by, 222, 223
- work of, 222
- Ground-water and vulcanism, 635
- Ground-water level, 71, 215
- Ground-water surface, 71, 215
- Guano, 646
- Gulf stream, 366
- Gullies, growth of, 63
- Gymnosperms, geologic contributions of, 657
- Gypsum, deposition of, 376, 377
- Hade of faults, 514
- Hall, Jas., 511
- Halleflinta, 470
- Halophytes, geologic contributions of, 667
- Hanging valley, 164, 290
- Haüynite, 463
- Hayes, W., 173
- Hayes, W. (and Campbell, M. R.), 171
- Head erosion, 64
- Heat, by compression of ice, 311
- causes crustal movement, 557
- causes of, in ice, 278, 279
- distribution of, within earth, 559
- distribution, original, 559
- internal, of earth, 559–570
- metamorphism by, 446, 448
- original distribution of, 559
- Heave of faults, 514
- Heilprin, A., 636
- Heim, A., 256, 322, 549, 576
- Hematite, 425, 447, 463
- High-latitude glaciers, 254
- Himalayas, snow-line in, 246
- Historical geology, 1
- Hoang-Ho delta, 202, 203
- Hog-backs, 142
- Holden, E. S., 538
- Holmes, W. H., 99
- Holocrystalline rock, 412
- Holosiderites, 5
- Hook (along shore), 363
- Hopkins, W., 322
- Horizontal configuration of coasts, due to deposition, 363, 364
- due to wave erosion, 353
- Hornblende, 400, 463
- Hornblende-granite, 415
- Hornblendite, 417, 452, 470
- Hornstone, 470
- Horsetails (see Equisetæ)
- Hoskins, L. M., 219, 552, 581
- Hot springs, deposits of, 225
- Howell, Capt., 171
- Hudson River, material in solution in, 108
- Hugi, F. J., 321
- Hull, E., 636
- Humphreys, A. A. (and Abbot, M. L.), 106, 202
- Huxley, T. H., 322
- Hyalite, 463
- Hydration, 43, 222
- disruption of rock by, 111
- Hydrophytes, geologic contributions of, 667
- Hydrosphere, the, 7 (see also Ground-water and Ocean)
- geologic activity of, 8
- horizons of activity, 9
- Hypersthene, 400, 463
- Hypogene rocks, 470
- Ice, glacial (see Glaciers)
- ground, 119
- of lakes, 389
- of rivers, 118
- Icebergs, 307
- Ice-caps, 249, 250
- Ice crystals, arrangement in glacier ice, 311
- Ice-fall, 264
- Iceland spar, 463
- Iddings, J. P., 412, 451, 573, 614, 636
- Igneous rocks, 16
- composition of, 395
- leading minerals of, 399
- origin of, 393
- relations to stratified rocks, 16
- structural features of, 498
- Ilmenite, 463
- Incrustation, 223
- Infusorial earth, 470
- Inorganic deposits, in deep sea, 380
- Interior of earth, 14 (see Vulcanism)
- densities, based on Laplace’s law, 564
- heat of, 562, 564
- pressures, 564
- Intermittent springs, 235
- Internal heat (see Internal temperature)
- Internal temperature, 562
- affected by ground-water, 570
- at centre of earth, 571
- on accretion hypothesis, 564, 567
- on convection hypothesis, 559
- on Laplacian hypothesis, 559
- Intrusions, 591
- Iron-ore beds, origin, 425
- Iron oxide, 400
- Iron pyrites, 463
- Ironstone, 425, 470
- Irruptions, 591
- Isoclinal folds, 504
- Isoseismals, 532
- Itacolumite, 470
- Italy, lateral moraines in, 303
- Jasper, 470
- Jefferson, M. W., 193
- Johnson, S. W., 109, 190, 665
- Johnston-Lavis, H. J., 636
- Joints, 510
- causes of, 511, 531
- compression, 514
- effect on valleys, 150
- Joints, tension, 514
- Joints and erosion, 125
- Judd, J. W., 636
- Kaaterskill Creek, piracy of, 105
- Kames, 307
- serpentine, 306
- Kansas, volcanic dust in, 23
- Kanawha River, 168
- Kaolin, 463
- Katamorphism, 446
- Keith, A., 442, 444
- Kelvin, Lord, 560, 583
- Keratophyre, 470
- Kersantite, 470
- Keyes, C. R., 474
- Kidd, D. A., 313
- Kilauea, 605
- King, C., 560
- King, F. H., 220
- Kittatinny base-level, 168
- Kotö, Dr., 534
- Krakatoa, 22, 610, 611, 618
- Kümmel, H. B., 203
- Labradorite, 400, 429, 464
- Laccolith, 500, 592
- Lacustrine deposits, 388
- Lake ice, 389
- Lake Pepin, 179
- Lakes, 386–392
- bayou, 192, 193
- changes taking place in, 387
- delta, 204
- deposits in, 387
- extinct, 388
- formed by rivers, 191, 192, 198
- ice of, 389
- ox-bow, 192, 198
- Landslide, 231
- topography of, 230
- Landslip mountain, 230
- Lane, A. C., 557, 636
- Lapilli, 470
- in sea, 381, 405
- Laplace, Marquis de, 564
- Laramide range, crustal shortening due to folding, 549
- Lateral moraines, 266, 302
- in Bighorn Mountains, 303
- in Italy, 303
- in Uinta Mountains, 303
- in Wasatch Mountains, 303
- Lateral pressure, metamorphism by, 448
- Laterite, 470
- Lava cones, 608
- Lavas, 612–616
- and ground-water, 616
- consanguinity and succession of, 614
- crystallization of, 402, 403
- depth of source of, 616
- modes of reaching surface, 631
- origin of, 623–631
- rhyolitic (flow) structure of, 410
- solidification of, 393
- temperatures of, 615, 626
- Lavas and underground water, 627
- LeConte, J., 474, 549
- Lendofelic, 456
- Lenfelic, 456
- Lepidolite, 464
- Leucite, 464
- Leucophyre, 412, 453
- Levees, breaking of, 188
- miniature, 182
- natural, 188
- on alluvial cones, 182
- Level of no stress, 561
- Life, 638–672
- atmospheric effects of, 638–644
- chemical work of, 638–646
- climatic effects of, 643
- effect on rock decomposition, 130, 644
- geologic effects of, 639
- inorganic rocks due to, 646
- influenced by environment, 666
- man’s influence on, 650
- protection against erosion, 130, 644
- Life and carbon dioxide, 640, 642, 643
- Lightning, effects of, 52
- Lignite, 426, 470
- Limburgite, 470
- Lime carbonate, deposition of, 375, 376
- Limonite, 425
- Limestone, 378, 424, 434
- origin of, 378, 654, 655
- stratification of, 487
- Limestone-forming animals, 660–662
- plants, 654, 655
- Limestone sinks, 227, 231
- Lindgren, W., 474
- Liparase, 459
- Liparite, 470
- Lisbon earthquake, 535
- Lithosphere, 9–19
- crust of, 13
- irregularities of, 10
- relief of, 11
- size and shape of, 9
- surface mantle of, 12
- Littoral currents, 342
- Littoral deposits, 368, 369, 379
- Littoral zone, 369
- Liverworts, geologic contribution of, 656
- Livingstone, D., 49
- Load (of streams), 177–179
- Loess, 23, 470
- Lodge moraine, 301
- Loop (along shore), 357, 363
- Lunar craters, 598
- Lunn, A. C., 552, 565, 566, 567, 572
- Lycopods, geologic work of, 657
- Lydekker, R. (and Nicholson, A.), 658
- Lyell, Sir Charles, 649
- Mackenzie River, delta, 202
- Magma, nature of, 401
- Magnesite, 464
- Magnesium salts in sea, 377
- Magnetic nodules in sea, 381
- Magnetite, 464
- Malay peninsula, tin ores of, 478
- Malaspina glacier, 254
- Mallet, R., 322, 537, 538, 628, 636
- Mammoth Cave, 227
- Mammoth hot springs, 654
- Manganiferous deposits, 384
- Mantle rock, 12, 422
- Marble, 447, 471
- Marcasite, 464
- Marine deposits, 355–363, 370–386
- chemical, 367, 375, 383
- deep-sea, 368, 378–386
- extra-terrestrial, 381
- littoral, 368, 369
- mechanical, 369, 380
- organic, 375
- shallow-water, 369–378
- table of, 380
- Marine life, distribution of, 328
- Marl, 471 (see also Greensand marl and Shell marl)
- formed by plants, 655
- green-sand (see Greensand marl)
- Martinique, 605
- Martite, 464
- Mason, W. P., 107
- Mass action, 478, 484, 554
- Mature drainage, 86
- Mature streams, characteristics of, 86
- Mauna Loa, 605, 606, 624
- McConnell, J. C., 313, 322, 323, 549
- McGee, W. J., 59, 524
- Meander belt, relation to width of stream, 193
- Meanders, flood-plain, 190
- intrenched, 164
- of the Meuse, 164
- of the Moselle, 164
- of the Seine, 164
- Mean sphere level, 548
- Medial moraine, 266, 297
- Medlicott, H. B., 203
- Medicinal springs, 235
- Melaphyres, 412, 431, 453, 471
- Menaccanite, 464
- Mendelejeff, D. (and Moissan, H.), 646
- Mental element, material effects of, 649
- Merrill, G. P., 35, 111, 221
- Mesas, 142
- Mesophytes, 667
- Meta-diabase, 471
- Meta-igneous rock, 471
- Metamorphic rocks, 17
- Metamorphism, 427, 433, 440, 449
- by heat, 446
- by lateral pressure, 448
- deep-seated, 449
- Meteorites, 4
- number of, 381
- Meuse, meanders of, 164
- Mica, 400, 464
- Mica schists, 448
- Microcline, 400, 464
- Microlites, 407, 471
- Microgranite, 471
- Migration of dunes, 33
- Millstone, 471
- Milne, J., 533, 537, 538, 583
- (and Gray, T.), 578
- (and Burton), 636
- Mineral matter in sea, 324–326
- amount of, 325
- Minerals, felspathic, 400, 462
- ferromagnesian, 400, 460
- formation of, 397, 612
- of igneous rocks, 399
- list of, 460–467
- Mineral springs, 235
- Minette, 415, 471
- Mining geology, 1
- Minnehaha Falls, 137
- Mirlic rocks, 458
- Mississippi River, delta, 197, 202
- depth of channel, 171
- flood-plain, 194
- floods of, 188
- levees of, 188
- material in solution in, 108
- sediment carried by, 106
- Mississippi flood-plain, 194
- lakes of, 192
- Missouri River, scour-and-fill of, 195
- Mitic rocks, 456
- Moissan, H., 646
- Mollusca, geologic contribution of, 662
- Molluscoidea, geologic contribution of, 662
- Molten interior, lava from, 624
- Molten magmas, nature of, 401
- Molten reservoirs, lavas from, 624
- Monadnocks, 145
- Monoclinal shifting, 127
- Monocline, 504
- Monzonite, 471
- Moon, 3, 598
- Moraines, dump, 301
- ground, 302
- lateral, 266, 302
- lodge, 301
- medial, 266, 297
- molluscan shells in, 297
- push, 301
- surface, 266
- terminal, 266, 301
- types, 301
- Moselle River, intrenchment meanders, 164
- Moseley, H., 322
- Mosses, geologic contributions of, 656
- Moulton, F. R., 565
- Mountain-forming movements, 542
- Mountains, serration of, 48, 50
- Mount Erebus, 603
- Mount Hecla, 603
- Mount Shasta, 611
- Mount Terror, 603
- Movements of glaciers, 259, 261, 279, 313–323
- Movements of sea-water, 334–342
- causes of, 334–339
- Movements of the earth’s body, 526–589
- causes of, 551–557
- continent-forming, 544
- distribution in time, 545
- epeirogenic, 537
- folding movements, 545
- minute and rapid, 526
- mountain-forming, 542
- orogenic, 537
- periodic, 542
- plateau-forming, 543
- relation of vertical and horizontal, 545
- slow and massive, 537
- Mud-cracks, 489
- Mud-flows, volcanic, 610
- Mud-rain, 25
- Mudstone, 471
- Mügge, O., 313, 322, 323
- Muir glacier, 259
- Murray, Sir John, 11, 215, 325, 326, 369, 604, 655
- Muscovite, 400, 464
- Narrows, 141
- Natural bridges, 153, 231
- of Virginia, 156
- on coasts, 351
- Natural gases, 646
- Natural levees (see Levees)
- Natural oils, 646
- Nebraska, volcanic dust in, 23
- Nephelinite, 471
- Nephelite, 400, 464
- Nevadite, 471
- Névé, 246
- New River, 168
- Newsom, J. F., 514
- Niagara Falls, 139
- recession of, 139
- Niagara River, 120
- Nicholson, A. (and Lydekker, R.), 658
- Nile River, delta of, 202
- material in solution in, 108
- sediment carried by, 107
- Nitrogen and life, 642
- Nodules, 471
- Nomenclature of rocks, 449
- new system of, 451
- Norite, 471
- Normal faults, 517
- North America, average elevation of, 106
- Nosite, 465
- Novaculite, 471
- Nummulites, 661
- Oblique fault, 525
- Obsidian, 407, 453, 471
- Ocean basins, 11
- areas of, 7
- connection of, 8
- deposits on, 368–386
- relief of bottom, 11
- topography of, 326
- Ocean basin segments, size of, 547
- Oceanic deposits, chemical, 375
- deep-sea, 368, 378–386
- organic, 375, 382
- shallow water, 369–378
- Ocean, the, 7, 324–392
- changes in, 329
- composition of, 324
- diastrophism in, 329
- gradation in, 333
- salts of, 324
- volume of, 8
- vulcanism in, 332
- work of, 324–392
- Offset with gap, 525
- Offset with overlap, 525
- Oldham, R. D., 534, 535
- Oligoclase, 400, 465
- Olivine, 400, 465
- Omeose, 459
- Omphacite, 465
- Onyx, 471
- Oolite, 435, 471, 496
- Ooze, 471
- Opal, 465
- Ore deposits (see Ores)
- O’Reilly, J. P., 538
- Ore regions, origin of, 477
- Ores, 428, 474–485
- concentration by reprecipitation, 479
- concentration by solution, 479
- concentration by surface leaching, 478
- “flaxseed,” 497
- influence of rock walls on deposition, 484
- magmatic segregation, 475
- marine segregation, 476
- original distribution, 475
- purification by leaching, 478
- residual concentration, 478
- Organic processes, 638
- Organic residue, 640, 641
- Organic rocks, 449, 646
- Original heat distribution, 559–568
- Origin and descent of rocks, 393–484
- Orogenic movements, 537
- Orthoclase, 400, 465
- Orthophyre, 471
- Osars, 306
- Outcrops, effects of faults on, 522
- Outwash plain, 306
- Overloading of streams, 177, 178, 186
- Overthrust, 518
- Oxbow lakes, 192, 198
- Oxidation, 42, 427
- Ozocerite, 465, 646
- Paleontologic geology, 1
- Paleontology, 1
- Paraffine, 646
- Peastone, 472
- Peat, 406, 472
- Pegmatite, 472
- Pelagic deposits, 379–386
- organic constituents of, 382
- Pelagic fauna, 670
- Pelecypods, shells of, 662
- Pele’s, 618
- “Pele’s hair,” 404
- Pelites, 472
- Peneplain, 81, 169
- Penrose, R. A. F., Jr., 478
- Peralkalic rocks, 458
- Percaleic rocks, 458, 459
- Perfemane, 455
- Perfemic rocks, 454
- Perfelic rocks, 456
- Perferrous rocks, 459
- Peridotites, 416, 453
- Perlenic rocks, 456
- Perlite, 408, 453, 472
- Permiric rocks, 458
- Permirlic rocks, 458
- Permitic rocks, 457
- Perolic rocks, 457
- Perpolic rocks, 456
- Perpotassic rocks, 458
- Perpyric rocks, 457
- Perquaric rocks, 456
- Perrey, A., 537
- Perrine, 538
- Persalane, 455, 459
- Persalic rocks, 454
- Persodic rocks, 458
- Pertilic rocks, 457
- Petrifaction, 223
- “Petrified turtles,” 496
- Petroleum, 465
- Petrology, 1, 393–485
- Petrosilex, 472
- Pfaff, F., 537
- Phanerites, 451
- Phanerocrystalline rocks, 412
- Phenocrysts, 412
- Philosophic geology, 1
- Phonolite, 472
- Photobathic fauna, 670
- Photobathic zone, 670
- Phyllite, 472
- Physiographic geology, 1
- Picrolite, 465
- Pictotite, 465
- Piedmontite, 465
- Piedmont glacier, 254
- Piedmont plain, alluvial, 183
- Piracy, 160
- domestic, 104
- extent of, in Appalachians, 170
- foreign, 104
- of Kaaterskill Creek, 105
- of Plaaterskill Creek, 105
- Pirsson, Louis V., 412 451, 573
- Pisolite, 465, 496
- Pitchstones, 408, 453, 472
- Plagioclase, 465
- Plain, alluvial, 181, 184
- graded, 169
- outwash, 306
- Planation, 82
- Plant kingdom, geologic contributions of, 652–658
- Plant life and carbon dioxide, 665
- Plant societies, 667
- Plants, contributions to deposits, 652–658
- contribution to limestone, 654
- effect on erosion, 131, 644
- reference table of, 653
- weathering influenced by, 112
- Platte River, 187
- Plaaterskill Creek, piracy of, 105
- Plugs, volcanic, 591
- Plumbago, 465
- Plunging anticline, 155
- Plutonic rocks, 472
- Polar glaciers, 254
- Poincaré, H., 576
- Polic rocks, 456
- Polmitic rocks, 457
- Ponding of streams, 171
- Po River, delta of, 202
- sediment carried by, 107
- Porphyries, 453
- Porphyrite, 472
- Porphyritic rocks, 411
- Porphyry, 472
- Posepny, F., 474
- Potash, in sea-water, 377
- Pot holes, 140
- Potomac River, 168
- sediment carried by, 107
- Potonié, H., 652
- Powell, J. W., 519, 521
- Precipitation, 50
- from atmosphere, 51
- from solution, 41, 225, 239, 375–379
- Precipitation from solution, conditions influencing, 225
- influenced by algæ, 225
- Pressures within earth, based on Laplace’s law, 564
- Prestwich, J., 203, 225
- Propylite, 472
- Protogine, 472
- Protozoa, geologic contribution of, 660
- Provincial faunas, 668
- Pseudomorphs, 465
- Psilomelane, 465
- Psychological factors 651
- Pteridophytes, geologic contribution of, 657
- Pteropod ooze, 380, 382
- “Pulpit rocks,” 350
- Pumice, 406, 453, 472
- Push moraine, 301
- Puzzalana, 405
- Pyrite, 465
- Pyroclastic rocks, 404, 406, 472
- Pyrolic rocks, 457
- Pyroxene, 400, 465
- Pyroxenite, 417, 452, 472
- Quaquaversal dip, 504
- Quardofelic rocks, 456
- Quarfelic rocks, 456
- Quartz, 466
- Quartzite, 447, 472
- Quartz-leucophyres, 453
- Quartzophyres, 453
- Quartz-porphyries, 453
- Radiolarian ooze, 380, 382, 425, 661
- Rain, amount of, 51
- erosion by, 57
- mechanical work of, 51
- Rain-drop impressions, 490
- Rainfall, effect on erosion, 128
- Ransome, F. L., 130, 513
- Rapids, development of, 133, 146
- Rate of erosion, conditions affecting, 123
- Ravine, 64
- Raymond, R. W., 474
- Reade, T. M., 225, 366, 561, 572
- Reconstructed glacier, 256
- Red clay, 380, 383, 384
- Red mud, 380
- Red River of Louisiana, 188
- Reid, H. F., 256, 259, 261
- Regolith, 400, 472
- Rejuvenation of streams, 162–163
- criteria of, 164, 165, 166
- Relief, of lithosphere, 11
- of ocean basins, 11
- representation on maps, 30
- Relief of pressure, a cause of volcanic action, 627
- Rendu, L. C., 321, 322
- Restrictive evolution, 672
- Reversed fault, 517, 521
- Reyer, E., 636
- Rhine River, material in solution in, 108
- Rhizopoda, geologic contributions of, 660
- Rhone River, delta of, 203
- material in solution in, 108
- sediment carried by, 107
- Rhyolite, 472
- Rhyolitic structure, of lavas, 41
- Ricard, T. A., 474
- Richthofen, Baron von, 23, 604, 614, 615
- Rigidity, distribution of, 578
- Rill-marks, 372, 489
- Rink, H., 248
- Ripple-marks, 371, 489
- due to wind, 37
- Rio Grande River, sediment of, 107
- River lakes, 198
- River erosion (see Stream erosion)
- Roanoke River, 168
- Roches Moutonnées, 304
- Rock breaking, by changes of temperature, 44, 49
- Rocks, alferric, 454
- alkalicalcic, 458
- alkalimirlic, 458
- alterations of, 426
- aqueous, 467
- arenaceous, 468
- autoclastic, 444
- calcimiric, 458
- “chimney,” 350
- chloritic, 431
- classification and nomenclature, 449
- clastic, 468
- crystalline, 16
- determination of age, 15
- disruption by hydration, 111
- docalcic, 458
- dofemic, 454
- doferrous, 459
- dohemic, 457
- dolenic, 456
- domagnesic, 459
- domalkalic, 458
- domilic, 457
- domiric, 458
- domirlic, 458
- domitic, 457
- dopolic, 456
- dopotassic, 458
- dopyric, 457
- doquaric, 456
- dosalic, 454
- dosodic, 458
- dotilic, 457
- eolian, 469
- femic, 454
- glassy, 406
- holocrystalline, 412
- hypogene, 470
- igneous, 16, 393, 498
- leading elements of, 396
- lendofelic, 456
- lenfelic, 456
- magnesiferrous, 459
- meta-igneous, 471
- metamorphic, 16
- mirlic, 458
- mitic, 456
- organic, 646
- origin and descent of, 393–485
- peralkalic, 458
- percalcic, 458, 459
- perfelic, 456
- perfemic, 454
- perferrous, 459
- perhemic 457
- perlenic, 456
- permagnesic, 459
- permiric, 458
- permerlic, 458
- permitic, 457
- perolic, 457
- perpolic, 456
- perpotassic, 458
- perquaric, 456
- persalic, 454
- persodic, 458
- pertilic, 457
- perpyric, 457
- phanerocrystalline, 412
- plutonic, 472
- polic, 456
- polmitic, 457
- porphyritic, 411
- precipitate, 427
- “pulpit,” 350
- pyroclastic, 404, 406, 472
- quardofelic, 456
- quarfelic, 456
- salfemic, 454
- salic, 454
- secondary, 420
- sedimentary, 422, 486
- sodipotassic, 458
- solution of, 427
- specific heat of, 552
- stratified, 14
- talcose, 431
- tilhemic, 457
- Rock terraces, 140, 204
- Rock waste, 12
- Roots, wedge-work of, 112, 131, 150
- Rotation of earth, change in rate of, 575
- effect on stream erosion, 194
- Rotation and vulcanism, 604
- Roth, J., 108
- Running water (see Streams)
- Run-off, 59
- Russell, I. C., 108, 118, 151, 172, 194, 203, 232, 256, 283, 388, 392, 636
- Rutile, 466
- Saint Vincent, 605
- Salfemane, 455
- Salfemic rocks, 454
- Saline lakes (see Salt lakes)
- Saline springs, 235
- Salisbury, R. D., 203, 256
- Salt lakes, 391
- composition of, 372
- deposits in, 388
- Salts, deposition of, 375–378
- in sea-water, 324–326
- Sand, eolian, 26–37
- Sandstone, 422, 434, 472
- stratification of, 487
- Sandstone dikes, 514
- Sanidine, 466
- Sapping, 127, 133
- Satinspar, 466
- Schist, 446, 472
- Schistosity, 443
- Schmidt, J. F. J., 537
- Schoharie Creek, beheaded, 105
- Scoriæ, 405, 473
- Scour-and-fill, 194
- of Missouri River, 195
- Scrope, G. P., 636
- Sea-caves, 350
- Sea-cliffs, 349
- Sea, the (see Ocean)
- Sea-water, aperiodic movements of, 338
- movements generated by attraction, 337
- movements of, 334–342
- salts in, 376, 377, 378
- Sea-waves, caused by earthquake, 535
- Secondary rocks, derivation of, 420
- “Second bottoms,” 205
- Secretions, 497
- Sediment, carried by Danube, 107
- carried by Irrawaddy, 107
- carried by Mississippi, 107
- carried by Nile, 107
- carried by Po, 107
- carried by Potomac, 107
- carried by Rhone, 107
- carried by Rio Grande, 107
- carried by Uruguay, 107
- character of, influenced by land vegetation, 645
- deposited by rivers, 65, 177–204
- deposited in lakes, 387
- deposited in sea, 368–386
- effect on corrasion, 120
- effect on falls, 137
- how carried by streams, 116
- Sedimentary rocks, classes of, 422
- structural features of, 486
- Sedimentation and vulcanism, 629
- Seed-plants, 657
- Segregation of ores, 475
- Seiches, 386
- Seine River, intrenched meanders of, 164
- Selenite, 466
- Septaria, 473, 495
- Serpentine, 431, 466, 473
- Serpentine kames, 306
- Seward, A. C., 652
- Shale, 422, 434, 473
- stratification of, 487
- Shaler, N. S., 227, 349, 357 (and Davis, W. M.), 256
- Shallow-water deposits, 368, 369, 379
- characteristics of, 373
- topography of, 374
- Shearing of glacier ice, 317
- Sheet erosion, 59
- Shell marl, 655
- Shore currents, 342
- deposition by, 355
- Shore deposition and coastal configuration, 363
- Shore drift, 355
- Shore ice, 389
- Shoshone Falls, 135
- Siderite, 425, 466
- Silicified wood, 439
- Silicious deposits, 425
- Sills, 446, 592
- Sketcherly, S. B., 23
- Slate, 473
- Slaty structure, 441
- Slichter, C. S., 221, 563, 576
- Slumps, 231
- Smaragdite, 466
- Smith, E. A., 543
- Snow-fields, 244
- distribution of, 244
- Snowflakes, forms of, 310
- Snow-line, 245
- in Andes, 246
- in Antarctica, 246
- in Greenland, 246
- in Himalayas, 246
- Snow, work of, 244
- Soapstone, 431, 473
- Sodipotassic rocks, 458
- Solms-Laubach, 652
- Solution, by ground-water, 222
- by rivers, 108, 122
- Solution of rocks, 427
- Solvent action, location of, 480
- Sorby, H. C., 367
- Source of streams, 178
- Spatter cones, 609, 610
- Specific heat of rock, 552
- Spermatophytes, geologic contribution of, 657
- Sphenophyllum, 657
- Sphericity, a factor in deformation, 580
- Spherosiderite, 466
- Spinel, 466
- Spit, the, 357
- Sponges, secretions of, 661
- Sporadosiderites, 5
- “Spouting horn,” 351
- Springs, calcareous, 235
- chalybeate, 235
- cold, 234
- common, 235
- deep, 234
- intermittent, 235
- medicinal, 235
- mineral, 235
- saline, 235
- shallow, 234
- sulphur, 235
- Stalactite, 437, 473
- formation of, 227
- Stalagmite 437, 473
- St. Anthony Falls, 136
- Stapff, F. M. 388
- Staurolite, 466
- Steam discharge from volcanoes, 635
- Steatite, 431, 466, 473
- Stevenson, D., 341, 344, 370
- Stoping, 632
- Stoss side, 299
- Strachey, R., 51
- Stratification, 486
- Stratified rocks, 14
- Stratigraphic geology, 1
- Stratigraphy and fossils, 647
- Stratigraphy and paleontology, 647
- Stream erosion, 56–177
- economic effects of, 108
- influenced by rock, 124
- influenced by declivity, 123
- influenced by structure, 125, 127
- topography developed by, 92
- Streams, abrasion by, 119
- adjustment in Appalachians, 148
- adjustment of, 146, 147
- affected by rotation of earth, 194
- aggradational work of, 177–204
- antecedent, 169, 171
- characteristics of aggrading, 179, 187
- compared with glaciers, 262
- consequent, 78
- corrasion by, 119
- cross-currents in, 117
- decrease in size of, 179, 180
- deposition by, 177
- drowning of, 170
- effect of change of level on, 161, 171
- erosion by, 57–177
- floods of, 109
- ice of, 118
- intermittent, 71, 72
- mature, 86
- mechanical work of, 226
- migration from synclines to anticlines, 159
- mineral matter in solution in, 225
- old age of, 89
- overloading of, 178, 179, 186
- permanent, 70
- piracy of, 103
- ponding of, 171
- relation of width to meander belt, 193
- solution by, 108, 122
- sources of, 178
- struggle for existence among, 100
- superimposed, 150
- topographic adjustment of, 162, 163, 197
- transportation by, 115, 116
- velocity of, 115
- young, 85
- Stream-terraces, 204–212
- Stream velocity, effect on transportation, 115
- Stream work, 57–212
- Stress-accumulation, 583, 588
- Striæ, 283
- Strike, 501
- Strike fault, 522
- Stromboli, 636
- Structural adjustment of valleys, 147
- Structural features of rocks, 486–525
- arising from disturbance, 500
- of igneous rocks, 498
- of sedimentary rock, 486
- Structural geology, 1, 486
- Structural valleys, 77
- Structure of glacier ice, 308
- Structure of rock, influence on erosion, 125
- Struggle for existence among valleys, 100
- Subaërial erosion, 58
- Sub-atomic forces, causes of crustal movement, 556
- Subdivisions of geology, 1
- Subglacial load, 282
- Subsidence, effect on coast-lines, 331
- Suess, Edw., 538
- Sulphur, 466
- Sulphur springs, 235
- Sun-cracks, 373, 490
- Superglacial load, 282
- Superimposed streams, 150
- Surface moraines, 266
- Susquehanna River, 168
- Switzerland, snow-fields of, 245
- Syenites, 415, 452, 473
- Syncline, 157, 504
- Synclinoria, 504
- Syssiderites, 5
- Tachylite, 473
- Tait, P. G., 552, 572, 573 (and Thompson, J.), 560, 579
- Talc, 466
- Talcose rock, 431
- Talus, 112
- Talus cone, 182
- Talus glacier, 233, 232
- Tarr, R. S., 165
- Temperature, at centre of earth, 571
- atmospheric, 43, 46, 49
- based on Laplace’s law, 564
- effect on erosion, 129
- effects of changes on rocks, 44
- expansion and contraction due to changes of, 44
- in excavations, 569
- of interior of earth, 559–570
- of lavas, 615, 627
- Tennessee River, history of, 168–169
- Tension joints, 514
- Terminal moraine, 266, 301
- Terraces, stream, 204–212
- flood-plain, 205
- rock, 140, 204
- termini of, 210
- wave-built, 363
- wave-cut, 351, 353
- Terrigenous deposits, in sea, 379
- Thallophytes, geologic contribution of, 653
- Thames River, 224
- material in solution in, 108
- Thibetan plateau, 548
- Thompson, James, 322, 560, 579
- Thompson, W. G., 119
- “Thorofares,” 358
- Thrust-fault, 517, 518
- Tides, 4, 338
- effect on rotation, 4
- Tilden, W. A., 620
- Tilhemic rocks, 457
- Till, 473
- Titanite, 467
- Todd, J. E., 195
- Topaz, 467
- Topographic adjustment of streams, 162, 163, 197
- Topographic effects of glacial erosion, 287
- Topographic effects of ground-water, 231
- Topographic map, explanation of, 30
- Topographic maturity, 86
- Topographic old age, 89
- Topographic youth, 86
- Topography, developed by river erosion, 92
- dune, 32
- landslide, 231
- mature, 86
- of alluvial deposits, 196
- of glaciers, 266
- of ocean bottom, 326
- of shallow-water deposits, 374
- youthful 86
- Top-set beds, 202
- Trachyte, 473
- Transportation, 110
- by glaciers, 281
- by ocean currents, 367
- by streams, 115, 119
- by waves, 354
- by wind, 22, 25
- Trap, 419, 473
- Travertine, 473
- Trees, uprooting of, 40
- Tremolite, 447, 467
- Tributaries, development of, 78
- position of, 79
- topographic adjustment of, 197
- Tripoli, 661
- Tripolite, 426
- Trout creek, 193
- Tschermak, G., 538
- Tufa (see Tuffs)
- Tufa cones, 611
- Tufa deposits, 611
- Tuffs, 404, 434, 473
- Tuscarora deep, 548
- Two Medicine River, 154, 157
- Tyndall, J., and Huxley, T. H., 322
- Udden, J. A., 22
- Uinta Mountains, lateral moraines of, 303
- Underground water (see Ground-water)
- Undertow, 341
- deposition by, 355
- erosion by, 342, 347
- United States Geological Survey, VI., 32
- Upham, W., 388
- Uprooting of trees, 40
- Uralite, 431
- Uruguay River, sediment carried by, 107
- Usiglio, 375
- Valleys,
- affected by folds, 154
- antecedent (see Streams, antecedent)
- canoe-shaped, 155
- consequent, 78
- courses of, 77
- development of, 63, 70, 73, 80
- hanging, 164, 290
- limits of growth, 67
- oldest parts, 76
- profiles of, 66
- relations to lakes, 74
- slopes of, 94
- special forms of, 94
- structural, 77
- struggle for existence among, 100
- Van Hise, C. R., 219, 434, 448, 474, 479, 504, 543, 555, 570
- Vegetation,
- effect on dunes, 29
- effect on erosion, 131, 644
- effect on sediments, 645
- effect on weathering, 131
- Veins, 223, 428, 511
- Vermes, geologic contribution of, 662
- Vermeule, C. C., 109
- Vertebrata, geologic contribution of, 663
- Vesuvius, 605
- Virginia, natural bridge of, 156
- Viridite, 467
- Volcanic action, causes of, 623–633
- activity, periodicity of, 607
- ash, 23, 404, 592, 617
- bombs, 406, 592, 617
- cinders, 592
- cones, 500
- débris in sea, 381
- dust (see Volcanic ash)
- eruptions, 594
- and atmospheric pressure, 606
- and tidal strain, 607
- types of, 593
- gases, 617–623
- action of, 617
- kinds of, 618
- proportions of, 620, 622
- sources of, 619, 620, 621, 633
- glass (see Obsidian)
- in sea, 381
- mud, 380
- flows of, 610
- neck, 500
- plug, 500
- rocks, 395–418
- residual gases in, 619
- smoke, 592, 617
- Volcanoes, 599–611
- coincidence in eruption of, 606
- cones of, 608
- distribution of, in curved lines, 603
- distribution of, in latitude, 603
- distribution of, in relation to crustal movements, 601, 604, 628
- distribution of, in relation to land and sea, 599
- distribution of, in time, 599
- independence of, 605, 623
- periodicity of, 607
- relations of, 604–607
- relations to one another, 605
- Volume of ocean, 325
- Vuggs, 437
- Vulcanism, 2, 590–637
- causes of, 623–633
- effects on coast-lines, 332
- in ocean, 332
- Vulcanism and deep sedimentation, 629
- ground-water, 635
- rotation, 603
- Wacke, 422, 473, 645
- Wad, 467
- Walcott, C. D., 194, 246, 371, 438, 440, 441, 502, 503, 509
- Wallace, A. R., 665, 668
- Walther, J., 50, 670
- Warming, E., 667
- Warping, effect of, on streams, 171
- of earth’s crust, 526, 541, 542
- Wasatch Mountains, lateral moraines of, 303
- Washington, H. S., 412, 451, 573
- Waste of glaciers, 273
- Water (see Streams, Ground-water, Ocean, etc.)
- amount of, 7
- geologic activity of, 8
- Water-gaps, 141, 167
- Waterfalls, 132
- development of, 133
- Minnehaha, 137
- Niagara, 139
- Shoshone, 135
- St. Anthony, 135
- Upper Yosemite, 138
- Yellowstone, 135
- Waterfalls and sediment, 137
- Water-lime, 473
- Water-table, 71, 215
- Water-vapor, climatic effects of, 643
- Wave-built terraces, 363
- Wave-cut terraces, 351, 352
- Wave erosion, 342–354
- range of, 346
- topographic features developed by, 349
- Wave erosion and horizontal configuration, 353, 363, 364
- Wave-marks, 490
- Wave-motion, 339
- Waves, 339
- deposition by, 355
- erosion by, 342–354
- force of, 344
- transportation by, 354
- work of, 342–366
- Weathering, 54, 110, 226
- affected by life, 644
- aided by plants, 112
- aided by hot vapors, 113
- effect of gravity, 112
- effect of joints, 151, 153
- importance of, in valley growth, 114
- Wedgework of ice, 45, 48, 150
- of roots, 112, 131, 150
- Weed, W. H., 225, 237, 474, 656
- Wells,
- artesian, 242
- flowing, 234, 242, 243
- Wheeling well, temperature of, 569
- White glacier, 263
- Whitfield, J. E. (and Gooch, F. A.), 236
- Williams, H. S., 658
- Willis, B., 157, 168, 169, 257, 344, 355, 365, 516, 543, 550
- Winchell, H. V., 474
- Wind, abrasion by, 38
- effects on plants, 40
- movements of sea, generated by, 336
- transports organisms, 41
- work of, 21–41
- Wind-blown dust, 22
- Wind-blown sands, 25
- Wind-ripples, 37
- Winslow, A., 474
- Wisconsin River, dells of, 152
- Woodward, R. S., 560, 581
- Work of glaciers, 281
- Wyandotte Cave, 227, 228
- Yazoo River, 188
- Yellowstone Park,
- geysers of, 238
- hot springs of, 225
- Yellowstone River,
- canyon of, 100
- falls of, 135
- Yukon River, delta of, 202
- Zeiller, 652
- Zeolites, 428, 467
- Zircon, 467
- Zittel, K. von, 658, 659
- Zone of fracture, 219, 427