INDEX.

Abercrombie, Dr, quoted on intemperate eating, 225, 282.
Absorbents of the bowels, 163.
Absorption most active before breakfast, 195.
Rapid absorption of liquids from the stomach, 38, 79, 117, 140, 195.
Acids, in what cases they promote digestion, 104.
Acidity of stomach, 283.
Ages, different, require different kinds of food, 255.
Americans intemperate and rapid eaters, 223, 294.
Animal food more digestible and nutritious than vegetable, 118, 138, 281, 283.
Cause of its greater digestibility, 140.
Also more stimulating, 141.
Why apparently more binding, 183.
Improper for infants, 264.
Anxiety impedes digestion, 300.
Aorta, 170.
Appetite, its necessity as a warning that nutriment is required, 10, 11.
Susceptible of being trained, 32.
Not to be relied on when morbid, 34.
See Hunger. Thirst.
Arrowroot, 125, 138.

Barras quoted on the sensibility of the stomach, 85.
Bathing improper immediately after meals, 295.
Beaumont, Dr, his view of the exciting cause of hunger, 18.
Quoted on mastication, 53.
His observations on the stomach of a patient named St Martin, quoted, 73, 78, 88, 106, 112, 128, 133, et seq., 283, 285, 289, 308, 319.
Makes little pretension to the honour of discovery, 108, 147.
Summary of inferences drawn from his experiments, 147.
Quoted on the quantity of food proper to be eaten, 219.
Bile secreted by the liver, 173.
Account of it, 174.
Not found in the stomach during health, 175.
Its presence there facilitates the digestion of fat and oily food, 285.
Birds, gizzards of granivorous, 50, 71.
Blaine quoted on hunger, 20.
Bladder, 170.
Blood circulated in the stomach increased by its action, 77, 289.
Breathing necessary for the conversion of chyle into blood, 168.
Fulness of blood, 240.
Bloodletting improper immediately after meals, 295.
Bloodvessels of the stomach, 76.
Boarding-schools, time for breakfast and dinner in, 193, 201, 205.
Insufficient food often given there, 250, 277.
Bowels described, 154.
Their different coats—
the peritoneal, 156;
muscular, 158;
and mucous, 160.
Action of purgatives on the, 158, 162.
Contain air, 160.
Their sympathy with the skin, 161.
Excretion and absorption of the, 161.
Conditions essential to their perfect action, 169.
Their vermicular or peristaltic motion, 158, 179, 330.
Their nerves, 169.
Why most open when vegetable food is used, 183, 326.
Do not naturally require the aid of laxatives, 238.
Their uses, 324;
as an outlet of waste matter, 325.
Their action bears a relation to the kind of food, 326.
Causes of their inactivity considered, 330.
Natural aids to their action, 159, 330.
General neglect of these, 331.
Bad health thence arising, 332.
Their regularity important, 337.
Bowel-complaint frequently produced by chill of the skin, 162, 325.
Brachet, his experiments shewing that hunger is an affection of the brain, 14.
Quoted on hunger, 20.
Brain the seat of the sensations of hunger and thirst, 12.
Should not be overtasked in childhood, 271.
Influence of its state upon digestion, 296, et seq.
Breakfast, proper time for, 193.
Labour before it improper without refreshment, 193.
Diseases easily caught before breakfast, 194.
Reading newspapers during it improper, 52.
Liquid food necessary, 307.
Brigham, Dr, referred to, 271.

Caldwell, Dr, quoted on intemperate eating in America, 223;
on the influence of the state of the brain as a source of indigestion, 301.
Carnivorous animals have small organs of digestion, 68, 140, 145.
Their existence necessary, 98.
Their gastric juice, 102.
Carsewell, Prof., on softening and erosion of the dead stomach by the gastric juice, 99, note.
Cassius, his leanness as described by Shakspeare, 300.
Cheerfulness promotes digestion, 126, 297.
Chewing, 40.
See Mastication.
Chicken, 286.
Children, great importance of regulating their diet properly, 204, 232.
Prevalent error of over-feeding them, 233, 273.
Suffer also from deficiency of food, 249.
Animal diet not to be given them too early, 264.
Impropriety of tasking and confining them too much at school, 269.
Dull children often become talented men, 270.
Whether they ought to be allowed wine, 315.
Cholera, loss of the fluid parts of the body in, 38, 162, 305.
Chyle, 62.
Its composition the same, from whatever food derived, 58.
Chylification described, 152.
This subject rather obscure, 153.
Chyle converted into blood in the lungs, 167.
Chyme, 62, 127.
Clark, Dr, on the great importance of the proper regulation of diet in youth, 266, 267, 276.
Clarke, Adam, a dunce at school, 270.
Climate ought to modify food, 143.
Appetite in warm climates, 28.
Coagulation of milk and albumen by gastric juice, 100, 116.
Cœcum, 178.
Coffee, 209, 307, 312.
Colon described, 178.
Condiments, 150.
Constitution, food ought to vary according to, 252.
Susceptible of being greatly modified by regimen, 279.
Consumption, pulmonary, how productive of leanness of the body, 167.
Often the result of mismanagement of diet in childhood, 266, 276.
Cornaro, 226.
Costiveness, causes of, 159, 239, 326.
How removable, 329.
Cumberland, Richard, beneficial effects of his temperate habits, 299.

Deffand, Madame de, quoted, 19.
Deglutition of food, 55.
Diet. See Food. Meals.
Dietetics, principles of, viewed in relation to the laws of digestion, 187.
Digestion vigorous and rapid in proportion to the quantity of nourishment required by the body, 22.
Organs of, described, 58, et seq.
Its wonderful power of reducing the most opposite varieties of food to the same substance, 58.
Nervous energy essential to, 83, 296.
Different theories of, 109.
Is a chemico-vital process, 111.
Conditions requisite for it—
1. A sufficiency of gastric juice, 112;
2. A temperature of 98° or 100°, 119;
and, 3. Gentle agitation of the contents of the stomach, 121.
Aided by laughter and cheerfulness, 126.
Ill performed when previous meal remains in stomach, 129.
Comparative digestibility of different kinds of food, 133.
Time required for digestion of the same article different in different states of the body, 136.
Animal food more digestible than vegetable, 118, 138, 281, 283;
and why, 140.
A proper selection of food not the only requisite of good digestion, 188.
Is the temperature of the stomach raised during digestion? 146.
Vegetable food partly digested in the intestines, 180.
Vigorous in youth, 272.
Retarded by bodily or mental exertion immediately before or after eating, 288, et seq.
Intellectual vivacity diminished while digestion is going on, 290, 296.
Influence of the mind upon digestion, 296, et seq.
Dinner, proper time for, 199.
Necessity of early dinner-hours for children, 204.
Fashionable late dinner-hours, 207.
Relaxation necessary after dinner, 208.
Time for dinner ought to vary with circumstances, 209.
Second courses, 226.
Drams at, 323.
Dressmakers, an improvement in the regulation of their establishments suggested, 230.
Drink necessary to supply the waste of the liquid portions of the body, 36.
Bad effects when withheld, 37.
Absorbed directly from the stomach into the system, 38, 79, 117, 140, 195.
Temperature of drinks considered, 308.
Water as a drink, 314.
Wine and other fermented liquors, 314.
Spirits hurtful, 316.
Sudden changes of its temperature hurtful to the teeth, 45.
See Liquid. Thirst.
Dunglison’s Elements of Hygiene quoted and recommended, 305, 311.
Duodenum, 62, 170.

Eating ought not to be too rapid, 51, 122.
Times of, 188.
Eating too much, a prolific source of disease, 24, 219.
Conditions to be observed before and after eating, 273.
See Food. Meals.
Epiglottis, 55.
Excrement, 153, 178.
Excretion of waste matter into the bowels, 161.
Exercise renders appetite keen, 19, 21, et seq.
Prevents costiveness, 180, 332.
Improper immediately before and after meals, 288.

Farinaceous food, 118, 138, 284.
Fat and oily food, 281, 285.
Fermentation and digestion different processes, 110.
Fermented liquors, 314.
Fever, loss of appetite during it a wise arrangement, 31, 107.
Fish, 286.
Fluids. See Drink. Liquid. Thirst.
Follicles of the stomach, 77.
Food necessary to supply waste of the substance of living beings, 5.
Requisite quantity varies according to circumstances, 6, et seq.
Warning given by hunger when food is required, 10, 11, 19, 218.
Most necessary during growth, 22, 315;
and when the life is active, 23, et seq.
Error of eating too much, 24, et seq., 219.
Thirst varies in intensity according to the kind of food, 37.
Mastication, 40,
insalivation, 49,
and deglutition of food, 55.
Its quality modifies the amount of saliva secreted, 53.
The most opposite kinds of food reduced by digestion to the same substance, 58.
Different stages through which food passes between its reception into the stomach and its assimilation, 61.
Size of the stomach varies according to its quality, 67.
Advantages of our want of consciousness of its presence in the stomach, 85.
Sudden and extreme changes of diet injurious; and why, 103.
Ought not to be rapidly swallowed, 51, 122.
Thoroughly mixed with the gastric juice in the stomach, 124.
Concentrated food, why digested with difficulty, 125, 142, 326.
Ought not to be taken till previous meal is digested, 129.
Comparative digestibility of different kinds of, 133.
Animal food more digestible and nutritious than vegetable, 118, 138, 281, 283;
and why, 141.
Farinaceous food, 118, 138, 284.
Soup, 117, 125, 139, 281, 312.
Changes of food in the bowels, 152.
Injection of food into the bowels, 164.
Times of eating, 188.
Quantity to be eaten, 218.
Bad effects of eating too much, 222.
Are mixtures of food hurtful?, 226.
Food of children, 204, 232.
Food of the poor too scanty, 247.
Errors of over-feeding and underfeeding children, 234, 249, 259, 273.
Proper food of man, 251.
Different kinds of food suitable in different climates, 143;
for different constitutions, 252;
and at different ages, 255.
Sensations after eating furnish a valuable guide, 280.
Food of invalids, 286.
French meals, 210.
See Meals. Eating.

Gall-bladder, 174.
Gall-stones, 175.
Game, 286.
Gastric juice, 61, 87.
Secreted only when there is food in the stomach, 93.
Its chemical composition, 96.
Acts only upon dead inorganic substances, 97.
Its power of coagulating milk and albumen, 100, 116.
Its antiseptic quality, 100, 117.
Adapted in different animals to the nature of the food, 101.
Modified in the same individual according to the wants of the system, 104.
On which of its elements does its solvent power depend?, 112.
The amount secreted always in proportion to the quantity of aliment required by the body, 105, 220.
Its secretion retarded by disagreeable mental emotions and feverishness, 106, 322.
Indispensable to digestion, 112.
Thoroughly mixed with the food in the stomach, 124.
Adaptation of food to its qualities in different individuals, 141.
Quantity secreted at each meal, 289.
Time occupied by its secretion, 295.
Gizzard of granivorous birds, 50, 71.
Grief enfeebles digestion, 126, 297.
Growth, periods of, require an increased supply of food in vegetables, 8;
and animals, 9, 22, 221.
Diet during, 315.
Gullet, 55.

Head, Sir Francis, quoted on the quantities of cold water drunk at the brunnens of Nassau, 196;
and on the prejudicial effects of intemperate eating, 222.
Heidler, case quoted from, 229.
Herbivorous animals have large organs of digestion, 68, 140, 145.
Their gastric juice, 102.
The digestion of their food partly effected in the intestines, 180.
Hippocrates, his theory of digestion, 109.
Horse, should not have diet suddenly changed, 103.
Digestion of the, 181.
Is not fed immediately before or after a journey, 293.
May sometimes drink a little though perspiring, 313.
Hufeland quoted on the beneficial influence of laughter in aiding digestion, 127.
Hunger, necessity of the sense of, as a warning that food is required, 10, 218.
An affection of the brain, 12.
Allayed by narcotics, 14, 15.
Influenced by mental emotions, 16.
By what condition of the stomach is it excited?, 17.
Felt keenly when the body is in need of repair, 19, et seq.
Sharpened by muscular exercise, 19, 21.
Its absence during fever a wise arrangement, 31.
Susceptible of being trained, 32.
Error of confounding it with taste, 33.
Morbid cravings of hunger when food is not required, 34.
Instances of extraordinary voracity, 35.
Periodicity of, 189.
Does not return till stomach has been for some time empty, 190.
Hydra, stomach of the, 63.

Ices and ice-creams hurtful after a meal, 309.
Ice useful in warm weather when used with caution, 311.
Examples in Italy and Virginia, 311.
Ileum, 177.
Indigestion, why prevalent among sedentary persons, 29, 301.
Injures the teeth, 47.
Often beneficial in warding off more serious diseases, 245.
Caused by grief, anxiety, and over-study, 126, 297.
Infants, food proper for, as indicated by the state of their teeth, 45.
Diet of, 232, 256.
Prevalent errors in the treatment of, 233.
Proper time for weaning them, 263.
See Children.
Infection, why most easily caught before breakfast, 194.
Injection of food into the bowels, 164.
Insalivation of food, 49.
Intemperate eating a prevalent cause of disease, 222.
Drinking, 319.
Intestines described, 154.
See Bowels.

Jejunum, 177.
Jelly, 125.

Kitchiner, Dr, quoted on digestion, 120, 190.

Lacteals, 62, 163.
La Trappe, diet of the monks of, 191.
Laughter aids digestion, 127, 297.
Laxatives, 158, 238, 326.
Lent, rapid recovery of the sick in Catholic countries during it, 222.
Liquid food, 79, 117, 139, 281, 304.
Too cold or hot injurious, 308, 312.
Different kinds in use, 314.
Literary men, indigestion of, 209, 297.
Liver, its function, 173.
Londe, Dr, quoted on the digestion of vegetables, 182.
On the diet of infants, 235.
Luncheon, 203.
Lungs, how wasting of the body is produced by their disease, 167.
See Consumption.
Lymphatics, 164.

Mastication, process of, described, 40.
Its apparatus various in different animals according to the nature of their food, 50.
Bad effects when mastication is incomplete, 51.
Purpose of, 53.
Meals, at what times and after what intervals they ought to be taken, 187, et seq.
Relaxation necessary after them, 208.
Principles on which their times and number ought to be fixed, 213.
Conduct proper before and after meals, 288.
Inaptitude for bodily and mental exertion after them, 290.
Rest and tranquillity then necessary, 291.
Whether drink is proper during meals, 306.
French Meals, 210.
See Food. Eating.
Meconium, 238.
Menstruation ceases during pregnancy and suckling, 262.
Mesenteric glands, 166.
Mesentery, 157.
Mesocolon, 158.
Milk, coagulated in the stomach by the gastric juice, 100, 116.
Digested with ease, 139.
The natural food of infants, 237, 256.
Causes of its vitiation in mothers, 259.
Milliners, an improvement in the management of their establishments suggested, 230.
Mind, its influence on appetite for food, 16.
Deteriorated by defective nutrition, 249.
Its efficiency depends on the health of the body, 106, 126.
Ought to rest during digestion, 291.
Its influence on digestion, 296, et seq.
Mirth promotes digestion, 126, 297.
Mixtures of food, whether prejudicial, 226.
Montègre’s opinion of the use of the saliva, 54, 99.
Morning, exposure before breakfast often dangerous, 194.
Vigour of the system then least, 198.
Mortality of children, 233.
Mortality greatest among the poor, 248.
Mothers generally ignorant of the rational mode of treating children, 232.
Their duties in relation to suckling, 258.
Mucous or villous coat of the stomach, 74;
and intestines, 160, 172.
Muscular coat of the stomach, 72;
and intestines, 158.
Muscular exercise. See Exercise.
Mutilation of animals, unsatisfactory nature of experiments so made, 82.

Napoleon not a bright schoolboy, 270.
Narcotics allay hunger, 14, 15.
Nerves of the stomach, 21, 79.
Of the bowels, 169.
Nervous energy essential to digestion, 83, 296.
Newton, Sir Isaac, a dull schoolboy, 270.
Nursing of children, 233, et seq. 256.
Nurses ought not to be overfed, 260.
Nutrition required to repair waste of substance in living beings, 5.
See Food.

Œsophagus, 55.
Operatives ought not to resume work immediately after meals, 298.
Opium allays hunger, 15.

Pancreas, and pancreatic juice, 62, 176.
Paris, Dr, an opinion of his controverted, 137.
Pastry not easily digestible, 285.
Periodicity of appetite, 189.
Peristaltic motion of the bowels, 158, 179, 330.
Peritoneum, 72, 156.
Perspiration affects the other secretions, 325.
Philip, Dr Wilson, an opinion of his controverted, 128.
Pneumogastric nerve, 80.
Poor have larger stomachs than the rich, 67.
Their food too scanty and innutritious, 247.
Their minds thereby deteriorated, 249.
Precocity of talent little to be desired, 270.
Purgatives, their mode of action, 158, 162.
Not required by nature, 238.
When improper, 329.
Putrefaction, digestion different from, 110.
Pylorus, 67.
Allows only digested food to issue from the stomach, 132.

Quantity of food proper to be eaten, 218.

Rapid eating improper, 51, 122.
Reading during meals improper, 52.
Rectum, 179.
Respiration, use of, 63.
Digestion aided by, 126, 180.
Necessary for the conversion of chyle into blood, 168.
Aids the action of the bowels, 332.
Rice, 118, 138, 284.
Roget, Dr, quoted on nutrition, 26;
on varieties of food, 59.
Rumination of animals, 42, 50.
Stomach of ruminants described, 69.

Sago, 138, 284.
Saliva, secretion and purpose of, 49.
Its amount greatest when food spicy, 53.
Different in quality from gastric juice, 99.
Salt meat, how productive of thirst, 37.
Sanguification, 63, 167.
Satiety, 220.
Schools, children too much confined and tasked in, 269.
See Boarding Schools.
Scrofula frequently the result of a penurious diet, 250, 278;
also of too exciting food, 276.
Sedentary habits, how productive of indigestion, 24, 301;
and costiveness, 159, 180, 332.
Less food required by sedentary than by active persons, 228, 299.
Sheridan a dunce at school, 270.
Siesta, 295.
Skin, its sympathy with the bowels, 161, 325.
Smith, Dr Southwood, quoted, 185, 248.
Soldiers, private, why inferior in strength and health to officers, 248.
Ought not to eat immediately after a march, 293.
Soup, digestion of, 117, 125, 139, 281, 312.
Spirits, their indiscriminate use hurtful, 316.
Spittle, 49.
See Saliva.
Spleen, 170.
St Martin, Alexis, remarkable case of, 88.
Suggestion as to farther observations on, 92, note.
See Beaumont.
Stays injure the action of the bowels, 159, 180, 333.
Stomach, peculiar to animals, 6.
By what state of it is hunger excited?, 17.
Its sympathy with the rest of the body, 18, et seq.
Described, 63, et seq.
Stomach in the lowest class of animals, 63.
In man, 65.
Various in size, according to quantity and quality of food, 67.
Stomach of ruminating animals described, 68.
Coats of the stomach—external, 72;
muscular, 72;
and mucous or villous, 74.
Its muscular action, 73.
Its bloodvessels and follicles, 76.
Its sanguineous circulation increased during digestion, 78.
Its power of absorbing fluids, 38, 79, 117, 140, 195.
Its nerves, 21, 79.
Contracts when each morsel is introduced, 122.
Its motion during digestion, 124.
Is its temperature then increased?, 146.
Contains no bile in the healthy state, 175.
Sensibility of the, a sign of disease, 85.
Numerous diseases unjustly laid to its charge, 241.
Study before breakfast, 193, 196.
After meals, 297.
See Literary Men.
Suckling of infants, 233, 256.
Supper, in what cases proper, 211.
Swallowing, process of, 55.
Sympathetic nerve, 84.

Tartar on the teeth, 46.
Tasso, his genius precocious, 270.
Taste, error of confounding it with appetite, 33.
Its gratification proper, 51.
Tea, 209, 307, 312.
Teeth described, 43.
Modified in different animals to suit their habits of life, 42.
Milk-teeth, 44.
Changes of the condition of the teeth indicate the propriety of certain kinds of diet, 45, 256.
Necessity of keeping them clean, 46.
Impaired by indigestion, 47.
Sudden changes of temperature hurtful to them, 48.
Temperaments, different, require different kinds and quantities of food, 252.
May be greatly modified by regimen, 279.
Temperance in eating may be carried too far, 250.
Temperance Societies, 319.
Temperature necessary for digestion, 119.
Whether that of the stomach is thereby increased, 146.
That of drinks considered, 308.
Thinking, intense, impedes digestion, 296.
Thirst necessary as a warning when drink is required by the system, 10, 36, 304.
Nature of, 12, 36.
Greatest when body in need of liquid nourishment, 36.
Varies in intensity according to nature of the food, 37.
Consequences of its craving not being gratified, 37.
See Drink.
Thoracic duct, 62, 166.
Time in which the digestion of an article is effected varies with circumstances, 136.
Times of eating, 188.
Tobacco allays hunger, 15.
Tooth-powders, 46.
Travelling before breakfast frequently improper, 106.
Diet in travelling, 216.
Trituration, digestion not effected by, 110.

Vegetables, continual waste of their substance, 3.
How repaired, 5.
Quantity of nourishment requisite for them varies with circumstances, 7.
Principle of forcing their growth, 8.
Vegetable food less digestible than animal, 118, 138, 281, 283;
and why, 140.
Also less nutritious, 139.
Its digestion effected to some extent in the intestines, 181.
Why more laxative than animal food, 183, 326.
Venison, 286.
Vermicular motion of the bowels, 158, 179, 330.
Villous or mucous coat of the stomach, 75;
and bowels, 160.
Vomiting, inverted action of the gullet and bowels in, 57, 158.
Vomiting of bile, 175.
Voracity, remarkable instances of, 35.

Waste universally the attendant of action, 1.
Food the means of repairing it in living beings, 5.
See Food.
Waste matter excreted into the bowels, 161, 325.
Water safe as a drink, 314.
Cold spring-water dangerous when person overheated, 308.
Water-brash, 77.
Weaning of infants, proper time for, 263.
Wine, how productive of thirst, 37.
Circumstances in which its use is proper and improper, 314.
Preferable to spirits, 318.
Worms in the bowels, 163.

Youth, appetite keen and digestion vigorous in, 22.
Importance of properly regulating the times of eating in youth, 204.
Supper frequently necessary, 212.
Importance of attending to the development of the body in youth, 271.
Period of transition from youth to manhood a critical season, 231.
Diseases of the stomach and bowels why then common, 335.
See Children. Infancy. Mothers.